1.SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING UNDERTAKENAT 33/11 KV SUBSTATION IN JUBILANT LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED Bhagwanpur ,Rookee,Haridwar

2. WHAT IS A SUBSTATION ?A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in several steps. 3. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM Single Line Diagrams do not show the exact electrical connections of the circuits. As the name suggests, SLDs use a single line to represent all three phases. They show the relative electrical interconnections of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines, loads, circuit breakers, etc., used in assembling the power system. The amount of information included in an SLD depends on the purpose for which the diagram is used. 4. CONCEPT OF BUS 1. The concept of bus is Same as the concept of a node in an electrical circuit. 2. There is one bus for each phase. 3. Shown in SLDs as lines connecting equipment to the buses. 4. Made of aluminum or copper bars or pipes and can be several meters long. 5. The impedance of buses is very low, practically zero, so electrically the whole bus is at the same potential. 5. EQUIPMENTS AT THE SUBSTATION 1.MAJOR EQUIPMENT:POWER TRANSFORMERS2.MEASURING INSTRUMENTS: A) CURRENT TRANSFORMER B) POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER3.PROTECTING DEVICES: A) B) C) D)ISOLATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER RELAY LIGHTNING ARRESTOR 6. OTHER ELEMENTS: A) B) C) D) E)CONDUCTORS AND CABLES CAPACITOR BANK CONTROL BATTRIES BUS BARS WAVE TRAP 7. POWER TRANSFORMER The substation has the two 220/66 KV step down power transformers (100 MVA) installed made by BHEL and ABB and two 66/11 KV step down power transformer (20 MVA) made by ECE and TA.WHAT IS A POWER TRANSFORMER ? Transformer is a vital link in a power system which has made possible the power generated at low voltages (6600 to 22000 volts) to be stepped up to extra high voltages for transmission over long distances and then transformed to low voltages for utilization at proper load centers. With this tool in hands it has become possible to harness the energy resources at far off places from the load centers and connect the same through long extra high voltage transmission lines working on high efficiencies. At that, it may be said to be the simplest equipment with no motive parts. Nevertheless it has its own problems associated with insulation, dimensions and weights because of demands for ever rising voltages and capacities. 8. PARTS OF THE TRANSFORMER 1. Transformer Tank 2.High Voltage Bushing 3. Low Voltage Bushing 4.Cooling Fins/Radiator 5. Cooling Fans 6. Conservator Tank 7. System Ground Terminal 8. Drain Valve 9.Dehydrating breather 10. Oil Temperature/Pressure gauges 11. Bushing Current Transformers 12. Control Panel 13. Surge Arresters 9. 2. ISOLAOTRSIt is just like a switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely deenergized for service or maintenance. Difference b/w Isolator and circuit Breaker The major difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an off-load device intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device. 10. CIRCUIT BREAKER 1.The basic functions of circuit breaker is protection, which is interruption of short-circuit and overload fault currents. 2. High-voltage breakers are nearly always solenoid-operated, with current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers. High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc. 1.Bulk oil 2.Minimum oil 3.Air blast 4.Vacuum 5.SF6Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) high-voltage circuit-breakers A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench the arc. They are most often used for transmission-level voltages and may be incorporated into compact gasinsulated switchgear. 11. RELAY A protective relay is an electromechanical apparatus, often with more than one coil, designed to calculate operating conditions on an electrical circuit and trip circuit breakers when a fault is detected. DISTANCE RELAY The most common form of protection on high voltage transmission systems is distance relay protection. Power lines have set impedance per km. and using this value and comparing voltage and current the distance to a fault can be determined. 12. LIGHTNING ARRESTOR 1. A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. 2. When a lightning surge travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth. 13. CURRENT TRANSFORMER AND POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER1. Current transformers, together with potential transformers (PT) are known as instrument transformers. 2. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformer are used in electrical power system for stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are designed for low voltage. 14. CAPACITOR BANK A capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used to correct or counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor lag or phase shifts inherent in alternating current (AC) electrical power supplies.CONTROL BATTERIES Generally we gave dc supply to the all protective equipment like relays ,indicators , and for all controlling devices through batteries in substation . 15. the Transformer"the heart of the alternating current system" - William Stanley Jr. 16. POWER TRANSFORMERS 17. PARTS OF THE TRANSFORMER 1. Transformer Tank 2.High Voltage Bushing 3. Low Voltage Bushing 4.Cooling Fins/Radiator 5. Cooling Fans 6. Conservator Tank 7. System Ground Terminal 8. Drain Valve 9.Dehydrating breather 10. Oil Temperature/Pressure gauges 11. Bushing Current Transformers 12. Control Panel 13. Surge Arresters 18. Main components of a transformer are: Magnetic core Primary and secondary windings Insulation of windings Expansion tank or conservator Tank , oil , cooling arrangement , temperature gauge, oil gauge Buchholz relay Silica gel breather 19. (1) MAGNETIC CORE Magnetic core consists of an iron core. The core is laminated and made of silicon steel. Thickness varies from 0.35mm to 0.5mm. Laminations are insulated from each other by coating then with a thin coat of varnish. Various types of stampings and laminations employed in the construction of transformers. There are two types of transformer cores ,they are (a) Shell type (b)Core type Shell type Two windings are carried by central limb. Core is made up of E and I stampings and has three limbs. Has two parallel paths for magnetic flux. Core type- Has two limbs for two windings and is made up of two L-type stampings. Has only one magnetic path. 20. (2) Winding There are two windings in a transformer. They are primary and secondary windings. Made up of copper. (3) Insulation Paper is still used as basic conductor insulation. For power transformers enamelled copper with paper insulation is also used. (4) Insulating oil The coil used in transformer protects the paper from dirt and moisture and removes the heat produced in the core and coils, It also acts as insulating medium. Oil must possess following properties: High dielectric strength Free from inorganic acid , alkali and corrosive sulphur. Low viscosity to provide good heat transfer. Good resistance to emulsion so that the oil may throw down any moisture entering the tank instead of holding it. 21. (5)EXPANSION TANK or Conservator A small auxiliary oil tank mounted above the transformer and connected to main tank by a pipe. Its function is to keep transformer tank full of oil. (6)TEMPERATURE GAUGE Is to indicate hot oil or hottest spot temperature. It is self contained weather proof unit made of alarm contacts. 22. (7) OIL GAUGE Every transformer is fitted with an oil gauge to indicate the oil level present inside the tank. It is provided with an alarm contact which gives an alarm when the oil level drops beyond permissible height due to oil leak or due to any other reason.(8) BUCHHOLZ RELAY First warning that fault is present is given by presence of bubbles in oil. It gives an alarm in case of minor fault and to disconnect transformer From the supply mains in case of severe faults. 23. (9) Breather It is a chamber which prevents entry of moisture inside the transformer tank. It is filled with drying agent such as calcium chloride or silica gel. This absorbs moisture and allows dry air to enter transformer tank. It is replaced regularly. 24. CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS Transformers are classified on basis of 1.Duty they perform 2.Construction 3.Voltage output 4.Application 5.Cooling 6.Input supply Duty they perform I.Power transformer from transmission and distribution II.Current transformer- instrument transformers III.Potential transformer- instrument transformers Construction I.Core type transformer II.Shell type transformer III.Berry type transformer Voltage output I.Step down transformer(Higher to Lower) II.Step up transformer(Lower to Higher) III.Auto transformer(Variable from 0 to rated value) 25. Application I.Welding transformer II.Furnace transformer Cooling I.Duct type transformer II.Oil immersed transformer self cooled Forced air cooled Water cooled Forced oil cooled Input supply I.Single phase transformer II.Three phase transformer star- star Star-delta Delta-deltaDelta-Star Open- Delta Scott connection 26. EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER Wkt, T=1/f Average emf (e)= d/dt d = m dt = 1/4f Average rate of change of flux= m / (1/4f) = 4f m volts Average emf induced per turn = Average rate of change of flux= 4f m volts Form factor = RMS value/ Average value = 1.11 RMS value= Form factor x Average value =1.11 x Average value RMS value of emf induced/turn = 1.11 x 4f m = 4.44 f m volts Primary and Secondary winding having N1 and N2 turns. RMS value of emf induced Primary winding, E1 = 4.44 f m N1 volts RMS value of emf induced Secondary winding, E1 = 4.44 f m N2 volts 27. TRANSFORMER RATIO For an ideal transformer, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 There is no voltage drop in the windings. V1 I1 = V2 I2 V2 / V1 = E2 / E1 = I1 / I2 = N2 / N1 = K V2 / V1 = K -> Voltage ratio E2 / E1 = K -> Transformation ratio N2 / N1 = K -> Turns ratio I1 / I2 = K -> Current ratio (i)If K > 1 , then the transformer is called step-up transformer. (ii) If K < 1 , then the transformer is called step-down transformer. 28. RATING OF TRANSFORMER The rating of transformer is expressed by Volt- Ampere (VA) Cu loss depends on Current (A) Iron loss depends on Voltage (V) Total loss depends upon Volt- Ampere (VA) It is independent of Load power factor cos . 29. Ideal transformer Ideal transformer has following properties : No winding resistance i.e., purely inductive No magnetic leakage flux No cu loss No core loss Ideal transformer secondary is open. Ac supply is connected to primary winding. Current flows through primary winding. This current is called MAGNETISING CURRENT (I). Value of Magnetising current is small. The Magnetising current produces an alternating flux (). I and are in-phase. This changing flux links primary with secondary winding. Due to alternating flux a self-induced emf (E1) is produced in primary winding which is equal to and in opposition with V1. It is known as counter emf or back emf of primary winding. Induced emf E2 is produced in secondary winding because of alternating flux linking with secondary winding. This emf is known as mutually induced emf. 30. PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER ON NOLOAD If the primary winding is connected to alternating voltage and secondary winding is left open then transformer is said to be on NOLOAD. Since secondary is open this current is called no-load primary current (Io). No load input power, P0= V1 I0 cos 0 Active or working or iron loss or wattful component (Iw) which is inphase with V1 and supplies iron loss and small amount of primary cu loss. Iw = I0 cos 0 Where, cos 0 is no load power factor. Reactive or magnetizing or wattles component I which is in quadrature with V1 and its function is to sustain flux in core. I= I0 Sin 0 31. TRANSFORMER ON LOAD When the secondary winding is connected to load then the transformer is said to be on load. Phase angle between V2 and I2 depends on type of load. Resistive = I2 in-phase with V2 Load Inductive = I2 will lag V2 capacitive= I2 will lead V2 When transformer is loaded, Flux is constant at no-load as well as at loaded condition, therefore transformer is called as constant flux apparatus. Total primary current will be vector sum of I0 and I2 32. Transformer winding resistance In practical transformer the winding have some resistances. Primary winding has primary resistance(R2).Transformer winding leakage reactance Primary leakage flux(L1) All the flux generated by the primary winding does not link with secondary winding. Some part of flux passes through air rather than around the core. This flux is in-phase with I1. Secondary leakage flux(L2) Leakage flux is set up in secondary winding. This flux induces eL2 in secondary winding. This flux L2 does not link with primary is also in-phase with I2. 33. OPEN CIRCUIT / NO-LOAD TEST ON TRANSFORMER PURPOSE OF THIS TEST IS TO DETERMINE Core loss or Iron loss Or Magnetic loss (Pi) No load current (I0) Shunt branch parameters R0 and X0 One of the winding is kept open. Rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to other(LV) winding. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer. Ammeter > Reads No-Load Current, I0 Voltmeter > Reads Applied Voltage, V0 Wattmeter> Reads No-Load Input Power, W0 or P0 34. DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT CONSTANTS THROUGH NO- LOAD TEST No load power factor, Cos0 = W0 / V0 I0 Core loss component, Iw = I0 Cos0 Magnetising component, Im = I0 Sin0 Core Loss, Pi = No load power (W0) Core loss resistance, R0 = V0 / Iw = V0 / I0 Cos0 Magnetising reactance, X0= V0 / Im = V0 / I0 Sin0 35. SHORT CIRCUIT / IMPEDANCE TEST ON TRANSFORMER PURPOSE OF THIS TEST IS TO DETERMINE Z01 or Z02 Total impedance referred to either primary or secondary side R01 or R02- Total resistance referred to either primary or secondary side X01 or X02- Total reactance referred to either primary or secondary side Full load cu loss I22 R02 In this test one of the winding is short circuited by thick conductor. Current rating of HV side is low compared with LV side. Power input gives total cu loss at rated load. Unity power factor wattmeter is used for measuring power in SC test. 36. DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT CONSTANTS THROUGH LOAD TESTSC power factor, Cossc = Wsc / Vsc Isc Resistance of transformer referred to primary side , R01 = Wsc / (Isc)2 Impedance of transformer referred to primary side, Z01 = Z01 Cos sc= Vsc / Isc