Presentation Study of New Town - Canberra, Australia.

7/29/2019 Presentation Study of New Town - Canberra, Australia.

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STUDY OF NEW TOWN

CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA.


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INTRODUCTION

Australia is the world's smallest continent and the

worlds largest island.

Canberra city was designed to be the Federal

Capital of Australia.

The word "Canberra" is derived from the word

Kambera or Canberry and mean "meeting place" in

the old Ngunnawal language.

It is located near the Brindabella Ranges,

approximately 150 kilometres inland from

Australia's east coast.


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INTRODUCTION

ESTABLISHED 12 March 1913

POPULATION 3,58,222 as on 31 March 2011

DENSITY 428.6/km

COORDINATES 35 18 29 S and 149 07 28 E

AREA 814.2 km

LOCATION 286 km SW of Sydney(New South Wales)

669 km NE of Melbourne(Victoria)

1159 km E of Adelaide(South Australia)

1203 km SSW of Brisbane(Queensland)

3726 km ESE of Perth(West Australia)MEAN Max TEMPERATURE 19.7 C or 67 F

MEAN Min TEMPERATURE 6.5 C or 44 F

ANNUAL RAINFALL 616.4 mm


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HISTORY

European exploration and settlement started in the

Canberra area as early as the 1820s. Before

European settlement, the area in which Canberra

would eventually be constructed was seasonally

inhabited by Indigenous Australians.

Archaeological evidence of settlement in the region

includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and

engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites,

and stone tools and arrangements. The evidencesuggests human habitation in the area for at least

21,000 years.


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HISTORY

The European population in the Canberra area

continued to grow slowly throughout the 19th

century.

The oldest surviving public building in the inner-city

is the Anglican Church of St John the Baptist, in the

suburb of Reid, which was consecrated in 1845. St

John's churchyard contains the earliest graves in

the district.

As the European presence increased, theindigenous population dwindled, mainly from

disease such as smallpox and measles.


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SELECTION OF NEW CAPITAL

There was a long dispute over whether Sydney orMelbourne should be the national capital, later acompromise was reached: the new capital would bebuilt in New South Wales, so long as it was at least

160 km from Sydney.As a result of survey work done by the government

during 1908-1909, Canberra District was selectedas a site for a new City of Australia due to itsprominent location and commanding position with

extensive views. In 1911, an International Competition (conducted by

the Department of Home Affairs) for the design ofits new city was launched.


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Walter Burley Griffin, a Chicago

landscape architect was the first

prize-winner of the International

Competition for the design of thiscity.

Griffins design approach was

greatly influenced by

topographical and landscapeconsiderations, which left for

further development of the

Capital City today. However, it

was also criticized asextravagant.


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TOPOGRAPHYOF

CANBERRA CITY

DISTRICT


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ORIGINAL PLANNING CONCEPT

Griffins design of Canberra was influenced by two

popular movements.

CityBeautifulan idea used in Chicago City Plan

by Daniel Burnham involving planning and

landscaping, main buildings around formal water

basins.

English Garden City by Ebenezer Howard which

used parks to screen residential areas by major

highways and used street patterns to changedirections so as to discourage through traffic from

using residential roads as shortcuts.


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ORIGINAL PLANNING CONCEPT

In comparison with the Central Washington Plan

designed by McMillan in 1901, Griffins Geometrical

Concept is much the same.

With this regard, it is evident that government

buildings were located around an artificial lake

named Lake Burley Griffinand reflecting the

identity of Canberra as a National Capital and

residential buildings adjacent to North Bourne

Avenue and Federal Highway were built andseparated by residential streets.


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CANBERRA, BASEDON GRIFFINSPLAN, 1912.


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GRIFFINS ILLUSTRATION OF HIS CITY

PLAN


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LAND AND WATER AXES

Walter Burley Griffin defined two bisecting axes -

land and water - that determine the central part of

the design of Canberra.

The land axis begins at Mount Ainslie, the mountain

with the domed building (the Australian War

Memorial) at the base, continues across the water

axis defined by Lake Burley Griffin, through

Parliament House, the large building in the

foreground with the tripod flagpole, and terminatessome distance outside the city at Bimberi Peak in

the Brindabella Range (not visible from Canberra).


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THE JOURNEY BEGAN

On 12 March 1913 the foundation stone was laid on

the Capital Hill and the City was formally named

Canberra.

In mid-1913, due to a change of government, Griffin

was invited to Australia to help the Board with the

development of the City.

The new Ministry appointed Griffin as a Federal

Director of Design and Construction.

World War I, changes of government and lack of

money slowed progress of the city but several major

works were undertaken.


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In 1914 the railway was extended from

Queanbeyan to the south-east comer of Canberra,

a power station was built at Kingston, brick-works

were opened at Yarralumla and in 1915 Cotter Dam

was completed.

Griffin was frustrated by repeated efforts to change

his city plan and his relationship with the Australian

authorities was strained. He was fired in 1920, with

little work done due to lack of funding.


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From 1920 to 1957, three bodies, successively the

Federal Capital Advisory Committee, the Federal

Capital Commission and the National Capital Planning

and Development Committee(NCDC) continued to planthe further expansion of Canberra in the absence of

Griffin.

Between 1921-1930, under the guidance of the

Federal Capital Advisory Committee constructionprogressed slowly. Road and sewerage layouts

continued, tree planting was carried out, Parliament

House constructed. Shops were built at Civic, Manuka

and Kingston; offices, hostels and houses completedfor 1100 public servants.


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The federal legislature moved to Canberra in 1927,

with the opening of the Provisional Parliament House.

The Prime Minister, Stanley Bruce, had officially taken

up residence in The Lodge a few days earlier.


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OLD PARLIAMENT HOUSE WITH THE PRESENT

PARLIAMENT HOUSE BEHIND IT.


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Meanwhile, in 1936 Walter Burley Griffin died.

The years of the Depression, World War II and

post-war shortages caused a lengthy period of

stagnation in development, and only a small

number of national projects were brought to fruition,

including the Australian War Memorial (1941) and

the Australian-American Memorial (1954). Some

projects planned for that time, including Roman

Catholic and Anglican cathedrals, were nevercompleted.


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AUSTRALIAN WAR MEMORIAL


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AUSTRALIAN- AMERICAN WAR MEMORIAL


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Immediately after the end of the war, Canberra wascriticised for resembling a village, and its disorganisedcollection of buildings was deemed ugly.

Griffin originally designed the city for a population of75,000 people. The population grew by more than 50%in every five-year period from 1955 to 1975. SeveralGovernment departments, together with publicservants, were moved to Canberra from Melbournefollowing the war. Government housing projects wereundertaken to accommodate the city's growingpopulation.

Prime Minister Robert Menzies regarded the state of

the national capital as an embarrassment. Over time hisattitude changed towards championing its development.He fired two ministers charged with the development ofthe city for poor performance.


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CITY HILLSURROUNDEDBYCARPARKS,ARTERIAL

ROADSANDEMERGINGCIVICCENTRE, 1960S


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The Federal Government under Robert Menzies

established the National Capital Development

Commission (NCDC) in 1957 to create a capital city of

which all Australians would be proud.

The Commission had a four-fold task:

to complete the establishment of Canberra as seat

of government

to develop it fully as the administrative centre

to create the buildings, avenues, lakes, parks and

other features appropriate to Australia's national

capital

to design living areas with high standard of

amenities and attractive surroundings.


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NCDC was responsible for a number of major projects.

Russell Offices for the Department of Defence were

built flanking the Australian American Memorial at the

end of Kings Avenue. Kings Avenue Bridge (1962) and Commonwealth

Avenue Bridge (1963) provided dignified crossings

which allowed Lake Burley Griffin to be formed in 1963.

Anzac Parade was developed in 1965 to commemorate

the jubilee of the Gallipoli campaign, the Royal

Australian Mint ( 1965), the National Library ( 1968), the

National Botanic Gardens, the Carillon and Captain

Cook Memorial Jet (1970).

Between 1961 and 1965 new office blocks, retail stores,banks, theatres and law courts filled in most of the

empty areas around Civic Centre.


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BRIDGES


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Canberra was growing so rapidly because of the

transfer of Public Service departments in the 1960s

that new residential areas had to be developed.

either by increasing the density of the existing city

- areas and allowing a sprawl of suburbs to take

place as in other Australian cities; or

by planning new towns (satellite cities) adjacent to

North and South Canberra.


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NEW (SATELLITE) TOWNS

In 1962, the first new town, Woden was begun 12 kmsouth of Civic Centre and an adjoining valley, WestonCreek was later added to accommodate more than 60,000people.

Woden-Weston Creek today has its own town centre, amajor employment area with around 8,000 peoplecurrently engaged in government administration, retail andservice trades activities.

In 1973, Tuggeranong, the third new town, wascommenced south of Woden-Weston Creek in a series ofvalleys, ridges and hills intersected by the MurrumbidgeeRiver.

Rugged mountain ranges often snow-capped in winter,provide a dramatic backdrop to Tuggeranong, which willeventually have a population of around 1,00,000.


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ANEXAMPLEOF CANBERRASNEIGHBOURHOODOPEN

SPACES, WODENTOWNCENTREINDISTANCE


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NEW (SATELLITE) TOWNS

In 1975, Gungahlin, the fourth new town, north of

Canberra City, was begun. So far only the Mitchell

Industrial Estate has been developed, but eventually

Gungahlin's population could grow to 85,000.

The four satellites are being built with many of thecharacteristics of independent cities with their own

commercial employment and retail centres, each having

the potential to develop its individual character.

All are linked by a comprehensive transportation system

including roads, cycle-ways and an inter-town public

transport network and each accommodates some of the

national capital functions of Canberra.


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TODAYS CANBERRA

As the seat of the government of Australia, Canberra isthe site of Parliament House, the High Court andnumerous government departments and agencies.

It is also the location of many social and culturalinstitutions of national significance, such as the AustralianWar Memorial, Australian National University, AustralianInstitute of Sport, National Gallery, National Museum, theHigh Court, Parliament House, the Museum of AustralianDemocracy at Old Parliament House, the Aboriginal TentEmbassy, and the National Library of Australia.

The Australian Army's officer corps are trained at theRoyal Military College, Duntroon and the AustralianDefence Force Academy is also located in the capital.


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TODAYS CANBERRA

As the city has a high proportion of public servants,

the federal government contributes the largest

percentage of Gross State Product and is the

largest single employer in Canberra.

As the seat of government, the unemployment rateis lower and the average income higher than the

national average, while property prices are

relatively high, in part due to comparatively

restricted development regulations. Tertiary education levels are higher, while the

population is younger.


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TOP VIEW OF CANBERRA


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GRIFFINS (PARLIAMENTARY) TRIANGLE


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RESIDENCES


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RESIDENCES AND ROAD NETWORK


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CIVIC CENTRE


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MARKET CENTRE


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PLANNING PHILOSOPHY IN CANBERRA

The planning philosophy in Canberra is that should be

directed towards the users convenience.

All development must be aimed to satisfy their desires and

to ensure that business could operate economically.

Residents could travel without facing chronic trafficcongestion, people from Canberra region and other cities

could move in and out without transport frustration.

City structures must be flexible to adapt to new social and

technological change, possible more outdoor leisure

pursuits, new methods of transports and it could be a

structure that could be transformed easily into a practical

program for development.


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LANDUSE PLANNING IN CANBERRA

The concept is to disperse land use for residential settlement

purposes in distinct towns, linked by a system of peripheralparkways and decentralise population growth from the centralcities.

Dispersal planning provides no traffic congestion in one area andpromoting local business and employment opportunities forpeople in the areas, upon which economic growth is based.

This refers to a situation where people in a community canreduce journey to work times and achieve other transport andeconomic benefits.

Space requirements for residential development, recreationalfacilities become a major factor for planning bodies to consider.

Building new homes on hills or slopes is more problematic thanthose on flat sites; it needs to take into account the gradient forsewer and sewerage systems and driveway; and of course, thecost of the buildings are almost twice as much as normal ones.


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TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN CANBERRA

Major roads follow a wheel-and-spoke pattern

rather than a grid.

Griffin's proposal had an abundance of geometric

patterns, including concentric hexagonal and

octagonal streets emanating from several radii.

However, the outer areas of the city, built later, are

not laid out geometrically. On the basis of the linear

development of Canberra, major highways and

route networks were constructed to link new towncentres and dispersed residential areas together.


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THELEGACYOFMODERNISTPLANNING

FREEWAYSINAGARDENLANDSCAPE


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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The development of Canberra is ongoing.

Major new works under construction in recent years

include the Gungahlin Town Centre, City West

Precinct and the Kingston Foreshores

Development.

On 5 March 2004, the Canberra Spatial Plan for the

city's future development was released. As of 2005

plans were under development for a new Canberra

district to be situated west of Lake Burley Griffin, onland formerly occupied by a pine plantation.


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On a controversial note, dispersal planning is

criticized for excessive car use and car dependence

which will impact on environment and concentration

of pollutants will significantly increase.

More compact cities with viable and the betterutilized public transport systems were better in

terms of air pollution than Canberra is now seen.

The dispersal planning development in Canberra,

land use and transportation planning havecontributed a great deal of problems to the citys

environment as the city becomes car-dependent.


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The dispersal of a residential community would lose

social contact between other community in a way

that the people live far away from each other and it

would be uneconomical for them to travel long

distance. From a landscape viewpoint, Canberra deserves

the name of Garden City because this well

planned city has its settings with the integration of

natural landscape, hill backdrops and water basinsand used topographical elements to form its

structure.


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THANK YOU

Presentation Study of New Town - Canberra, Australia.

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