WALLS AND OPENINGS

WALLS AND OPENINGSSubmitted toAr.Sharmin Khan

Submitted bySangeetaNazeraNishiAmber

CONTENTSDesign is a plan for arranging elements in such a way as best to accomplish a particular purpose

For a house to be successful, the objects in it must communicate with one another, respond and balance one another

WALLS 3FUNCTION OF WALL ..4-5BUILDING WALLS 6-7BOUNDARY WALL 8-9RETAINING WALL ..10-11PARTITION WALL ..12-13WALL COVERING.14-25WOOD..15MIRROR ..16EXPOSED BRICK .17TILES.18PLASTER.21GYPSUM WALL .22MOSAIC..23GLASS ..24PAINTS..25WALL HANGING 30-38OPENINGS .. 39-BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area.

Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into rooms, or protects or delineates a space in the open air.

WALLS

Electrical outlets are usually mounted in walls.There are three principal types of structural walls: Building walls, Exterior boundary walls, and Retaining walls.

FUNCTIONS OF A WALL

Aesthetics: formal walls have smooth surfaces and are symmetrical in the window and door placements. They are also more closed with more of a vertical emphasis. Informal walls are rough, asymmetrical, and are more open with a horizontal feel

Function and Flexibility: why use moveable walls? They offer flexibility for tenants that experience change. Moveable walls provide electrical and data lines (some even offer plumbing) built into the wall system. The flooring is installed continuous so that the walls can be moved and not require the flooring to be changed.

FUNCTIONS OF A WALLS

FUNCTIONS OF A WALLSDegree of enclosure and privacy: opaque walls mean that you cant see thru them. Translucent means that you can see thru the windows.Light qualities: Psychology of light. White reflects up to 89% of light and black reflect about 2%. Texture also plays a role. Smooth surfaces reflect more light that rough textures.

Durability: the amount of time and money needed to maintain the walls must be considered. This is your responsibility when specifying a wall treatment to understand your clients needs.Acoustics: smooth, hard surfaces reflect sound while soft, porous surfaces absorb sound. Insulate wall cavities when sound transmission is an issue.Thermal qualities: comfort and energy efficiency.

BUILDING WALLSSuch walls most often have three or more separate components. In today's construction, a building's wall will usually have the structural elements (such as 24 studs in a house wall), insulation, and finish elements, or surface (such as drywall or panelling).

In addition, the wall may house various types of electrical wiring or plumbing.

Building walls have two main purposes: To support roofs and ceilings,To divide space, providing security against intrusion and weather.

Building walls frequently become works of art externally and internally, such as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect.

BUILDING WALLS

BOUNDARY WALLSBoundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and city walls.

These intergrade into fences; the conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often is open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque.

More to the point, if an exterior structure is made of wood or wire, it is generally referred to as a fence, while if it is made of masonry, it is considered a wall.

Another kind of wall/fence ambiguity is the ha-ha which is set below ground level, so as not to interrupt a view yet acting as a barrier to cattle for example.

BOUNDARY WALLS

RETAINING WALLS

In architecture and civil engineering, the term curtain wall refers to the facade of a building which is not load-bearing but functions as decoration, finish, front, face, or history preservation.

Retaining walls are a special type of wall, that may be either external to a building or part of a building, that serves to provide a barrier to the movement of earth, stone or water.

The ground surface on one side of a retaining wall will be noticeably higher than on the other side.

A dike is one type of retaining wall, as is a levee, a load-bearing foundation wall, and a sea wall.

RETAINING WALLS

PARTITION WALLSPartition walls typically have an inner hidden support structure and an outer surface that in turn may be covered with surface finish exterior

a) wood strips: it is usually 2x4spaced 16 apart and running from floor to ceiling are the most common

partition structure in non fire proof construction.

They provide space for piping ,wiring and ducts.

Where drain pipes are to be seen within a partition 2x6 strips are used

Traditionalmethodsof partitioning a building interior include the use of masonry walls 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) thick made of concrete, gypsum, or pumice block, painted or plastered; or wood or metal frames covered with lath over which plaster is spread.

Plasterboard and wallboard are increasingly used.

PARTITION WALLS

WALL COVERINGSWall coverings may be divided into following categories:

Non-Resilient coverings Plaster. Wood .BoardsMoldings Metal. Mirrors. Plastic. Ceramic Tiles. Paints and Finishes. Mosaic. Resilient Coverings Wall Carpets. Rubber Tiles. Leather Covering.

WHY WOOD?

boards can be of any wood type cut in various shapes , stained in any colour and led vertically , horizontally and diagonally.

a wide variety of wood sheet panels same with thin veneers are also available with numerous finishes colors and styles are considerably less expensive.WALL COVERINGS

WHY MIRROR?

Mirrors can expand an area visually which is an advantage in todays diminished spaces.

Mirrors are available in large sheet and pre cut panels.

ready to install and they cover the entire wall or be spaced on a wall for function and a double wall with two separate sets of struts can impos acoustical isolation between spaces. WALL COVERINGS

WHY EXPOSED BRICK ?

it was far less expensive to expose the brick in older homes then it was to repair or replace the damaged plasterwork. they add character and rustic charm to any interior and can make any room looks quiteindustrial. especially popular they are in modern lofts and in historical buildings.

WALL COVERINGS

WHY TILES?

light and easy to install.cost-effective and environmentally friendly.made from natural clay and often from other (recycled) materials.durabledoes not necessitate the use of heavy chemicals.

Tile,thinslabofglazed or unglazed fired clay used structurally or decoratively on walls.

WALL COVERINGS

TYPES OF TILES

ceramic tilesquarry tilesporcelain tilesmosaic tilesmarble tilesnatural stone tilestravertine tilesslate tilessubway tilesWALL COVERINGS

CERAMIC TILE

COMES IN TWO FORMS: GLAZED (PORCELAIN) AND UNGLAZED (QUARRY). MADE FROM CLAY AND THEN HEATED. THE GLAZE IS ADDED AFTER THE FIRING OF THE CLAY TILE, WHICH CREATES THE COLOR OF THE TILE. INEXPENSIVE,DURABLE AND NATURAL OPTIONS.MARBLE TILE

MOST BEAUTIFUL, VERSATILE AND DURABLE NATURAL STONES. STRONG

WALL COVERINGS

WALL COVERINGSPlaster:An old technique in which plaster is applied over the wallboard or concrete block using a lath. Textures range from smooth to stucco. This technique is almost a lost trade and is not used in new homes. It often chips and cracks as a house settles over the years.

WALL COVERINGSGypsum Wallboard - Drywall

Gypsum wallboard is the most commonly used material to cover walls in interior projects. It has evolved into a versatile, dependable material that is quick to install and easy to repair. Made from a natural crystallized mineral, wallboard is naturally fire resistant and can also act as a sound barrier. Gypsum board of 4 wide sheets x 8, 9, or 10 high is attached directly to the stud walls. The joints are taped, spackled and sanded so the seams do not show. Texture may be applied or various other finish techniques. Note: Sheetrock is brand name but used as a generic term.

WHY MOSAIC?

Mosaics,worksofartofsurface decorations, composed of variously colored small pieces of glass, stone, ceramics, or other materials.

thin slabs of marble or of colored stone were cut into strips, which were then cut or broken into cubes.

WALL COVERINGS

WHY GLASS?

CLEAR GLASS PARTITIONS PROVIDE AN INNOVATIVE WAY OF CREATING SEPARATE WORKING AREAS .GIVING A MODERN & SPACIOUS LOOK.THEY ARE AN INNOVATIVE, MODERN AND STYLISH ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL PARTITIONS.

WALL COVERINGS

WALL COVERINGSWHY PAINTS?

Paints come in numerous colours producing unlimited shades tones and tints.

Paints are made from a vast array of synthetic and legend materials

Types of paints:AlkydAcrylicLatexEnamelVarnishShellac

INSTANCE A STIPPLING EFFECT IS CREATED IN BANDS OF COLOUR STARTING FROM THE LIGHTEST SHADE AT THE TOP AND FINISHING WITH THE DARKEST SHADE AT THE BOTTOM.

DESIRED DECORATIVE EFFECT IS CREATED BY GLAZE. COLOURS OF OUR CHOICE AND IS INVARIABLY APPLIED OVER A BASE COLOUR,. THE COLOUR OF THE GLAZE SHOULD CONTRAST WELL WITH THE BASE COAT, SO USE THE SAME COLOUR, BUT EITHER A SHADE DARKER OR LIGHTER.

PAINTS

COMBING IS A QUICK AND EASY TECHNIQUE .DIFFERENT COMBS CREATE DIFFERENT EFFECTS THESE ARE AVAILABLE IN METAL, CARD OR RUBBER.

MASKING INVOLVES PAINTING IN BETWEEN THE LINES OF THE TAP. SIMPLY POSITION THE TAPE ON THE WALL IN SOFT SWEEPING CURVES. THIS EFFECT WAS ACHIEVED USING THREE DIFFERENT SHADES OF BLUE.PAINTS

STAMPING AND BLOCKING TECHNIQUE.T HE IDEA IS TO PAINT THE STAMP WITH A SMALL ROLLER AND THEN SIMPLY POSITION THE STAMP ONTO THE WALL USING FIRM PRESSURE SO THAT THE ENTIRE STAMP HAS MADE CONTACT WITH THE SURFACE.

RAG-ROLLING TECHNIQUE .USE A COLOUR GLAZE THAT IS SIMILAR IN HUE OR TONE TO THE EMULSION PAINTED ON THE WALL. THE EFFECT ACHIEVED IS SOFT AND SUBTLE IN TEXTURE.PAINTS

Wall Hangings

WALL HANGING

SOME OF THE TYPES OF WALL HANGINGS PROMINENTLY USED TO DECORATE INTERIORS ARE

PAINTINGSMURALSPHOTOGRAPHSCLOCKS

WALL HANGING

WALL HANGINGThere are many different types of wall hangings. Some of the more common are wall art, tapestries and mirrors. Framed photos, sconces, baskets and vinyl images are other kinds. There are so many different types, styles and designs of wall hangings that there is one for virtually every style of home decor.

TapestryMacramMetalMirrorQuiltedHandmadeFabricShelves

WALL HANGING

FramedFabric

WALL HANGING

Hand-made wall hangings

Macram

WALL HANGING

Metal

MirrorWALL HANGING

QuiltedWALL HANGING

TapestryWALL HANGING

WALL HANGINGShelves

Wall Openings..WindowsDoors.

AN ARCH MAY BE DEFINED AS THE MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT OF WEDGE SHAPED BLOCKS OF STONES OR BRICKS MUTUALLY SUPPORTING EACH OTHER AND SUPPORTED AT THE ENDS BY PIERS OR ABUTMENTS.BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE THE BLOCKS SUPPORT EACH OTHER BY MUTUAL PRESSURE OF THEIR OWN WEIGHT AND THE STRUCTURE REMAINS IN POSITION BY THE RESISTANCE FROM THE SUPPORT.Arches:OPENINGS

TYPES OF ARCHESOPENINGS

OPENINGS IN THE WALL CAN BE USED AS STORAGE PLACE.A SERIES OF ARCHES GIVES A LOOK OF CONTINUITY.OPENINGS

SIMPLE AND FORMAL ENTRANCEROYAL AND INFORMAL ENTRANCE WHEN SEGMENTAL ARCH USEDOPENINGS

SEMI OPEN SPACE CREATED IN AN ARCH OPENINGVAULT SUPPORTED BY ARCHOPENINGS

JAALI openings

Partial separationVisual connectionActs like a window as it provides light and air

French windowBay windowBow windowJalousie windowFanlight and sidelight windowPalladian windowOPENINGSWindows:

Double-hung windowGliding Sash windowHinged-casement window

OPENINGSWindow BlindsCurtainsGrills

Plain window but emphasis is given by curtainCornices play an important role in emphasising wallsCurtain valances give an elegant lookOPENINGS

BIBLIOGRAPHYwww.myspace.com

www.interiordesign.net

www.wallmuralsgallery.com

www.home-designing.com

Images from google

Design is a plan for arranging elements in such a way as best to accomplish a particular purpose

For a house to be successful, the objects in it must communicate with one another, respond and balance one another