Presentation on Environmental Impacts of Water Resource Projects and Transpiration
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Transcript of Presentation on Environmental Impacts of Water Resource Projects and Transpiration
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Presentation on environmentalimpacts of water resource
projects and transpiration
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Introduction
76%of total water is used by agriculture, 6.2%by power generation, 5.7% by the industries.
Impacts of W.R.P. on the environment are quite
diverse. The diversity may be due to varieties of
resources and associated transformation ofthese resources.
These impacts may be political, social,economical and environmental.
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Environmental impacts
Impacts caused by dams and reservoirs.
Down stream effects caused by alternationin hydraulic regime.
Regional effects in terms of overallaspects including resources use and socio-economic impacts.
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Impacts by the dams
Effects on Floating debris, fish, boats
Effects on Sediment load
Effects on Sedimentation
Effects on Nutrient transport
Effects on Retention of water from smalland moderate floods
Effects on Tidal barriers and barrages
Effects on sea
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Effects on Floating debris fish, boats
A dam is obstacle to the passage of trees,ice, wildlife, fish and boats.
Overflow spillways also permit thepassage of debris.
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Effects on sediment load
A dam can completely blocks the passageof the sediments conveyed by river.
Blocked bed load may disturb the balanceof delta areas.
Due to reduction in suspended solid loadmay deprive arable sand of silt.
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Effects on sedimentation
The settled sediments reduce the storagecapacity of the reservoir.
When desedimented water released fromreservoir into river then it tends toreacquire its sediment load and erodesthe bank of the canal.
This erosion reduces the stability of thecanal
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Effects on nutrient transport
Decomposition of suspended nutrients inreservoir may have consequence foraquatic biota downstream.
It also responsible for smaller sardinecatches in delta
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Action on retention of water fromsmall and moderate floods
Small floods provides ready access tospawning and renew the water in them.
They prevent the river banks becomingovergrown with trees.
They brings nutrients into lake and ponds.
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Effects on tidal barriers andbarrages
These barriers and barrages are effectedof preventing some upstream tidal flow.
Coastal protection works need to be raisedagainst this effect.
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Effects on sea
Large number of dams affect the foodweb structure of sea.
Bio-geo-chemical cycling of materials ofcoastal seas are also affected.
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Effect of flooding on fauna
Many animals die due to new reservoir.
Some animals migrate to new areas.
A few animals accommodate to the newenvironment.
Birds such as water-fowl and waders move
into new water habitat.
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Effect on climate
Change in temperature
Formation of fog
Formation of a new microclimate Change in rainfall pattern
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Effects on reservoir water
Water temperature:-in deep reservoir, there isdifference occurs b/w the temperature of upper layerand inflow.
Dissolved gas content:-it depends upon fourfactors
1)the extent of thermal layering in the reservoir
2)the depth of the intake under the water surface.
3)the amount of organic material present.4)the amount of decomposition product in th reservoir
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Nitrogen and oxygen supersaturation:-it will decrease with thedepth of water.
Eutrophication:-taste and odourproblem can develop in drinking water.
* water treatment process itself can also
become more expensive.* large masses of dead algae can
accumulate on beach with negative
effects.* excessive algal densities can interfere
significantly with swimming.
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Dissolved solid content:-A complexeffect can be occur here by suchmechanism, as oxidation, reduction, andion exchange.
*Area can vulnerable to water loggingand salinization
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Effect on Health:-Main disease spread
that is malaria, bilharziasis caused byblood flukes.
Malaria is transmitted by the bite of a
small fly of the simuliidae family. Bilharziasis is caused by transmitted
trough a snail.
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Action on water other than in thereservoir
Drying up of water
Change in water table
Catchment management landside
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Induced earthquakes
Earthquakes are due to release of pre-existing stresses
These are shallow, generally less than10km deep
There is a possibility of load influenceseismicity can be reduced
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Transpiration
Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant byevaporation
Water can only evaporate from the plant if thewater potential is lower in theairsurrounding the plant
Most transpiration occurs via the leaves
Most of this transpiration is via the stomata.
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Importance
Transpiration is not simply a hazard ofplant life. It is the "engine" that pullswater up from the roots to:
supply photosynthesis (1%-2% of the total)
bring minerals from the roots for biosynthesiswithin the leaf
cool the leaf
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leaves
The exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide in the leaf (as well as the loss ofwater vapor in transpiration) occurs
through pores called stomata(singular = stoma).
Normally stomata open when the light
strikes the leaf in the morning and closeduring thenight.
H T i ti i
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How Transpiration isMeasured
12345678910111213
The rate of water lossfrom the shoot can bemeasured under different
environmental conditions
volume of water taken upin given timeLimitations
measures water uptake
cutting plant shoot may damage plant
plant has no roots so no resistance to water being pulled up
Water is pulled up
through the plant
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Rate of transpiration
Time Osmotic Pressure,lb/in2
7 A.M. 21211 A.M. 4565 P.M. 272
12 midnight 191
6 E i t l F t
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6 Environmental FactorsAffecting Transpiration
1. Relative humidity:- air inside leaf is saturated (RH=100%).The lower the relative humidity outside the leaf the faster therate of transpiration as the gradient is steeper
2. Air Movement:- increase air movement increases the rate oftranspiration as it moves the saturated air from around theleaf so the gradient is steeper.
3. Temperature:- increase in temperature increases the rate oftranspiration as higher temperature
Provides the latent heat of vaporisation
Increases the kinetic energy so faster diffusion
Warms the air so lowers the of the air, so gradient is steeper
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4.Atmospheric pressure:- decrease in atmosphericpressure increases the rate of transpiration.
5. Water supply:- transpiration rate is lower if there is littlewater available as transpiration depends on the mesophyllcell walls being wet (dry cell walls have a lower ).When cells are flaccid the stomata close.
6. Light intensity :- greater light intensity increases the rateof transpiration because it causes the stomata to open, soincreasing evaporation through the stomata.
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The Effect of Wind Speed on theRate of Transpiration
Stomata diameter/m
10 20
Stomataltranspiration rate
/ gcm-2s-1 In still air closing thestomata is less effective incontrolling thetranspiration rate
moving air
still air
Moving Air Removes the Boundary Layer of
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Moving Air Removes the Boundary Layer ofWater Vapour From the Leaf
Boundary layer
Saturated air accumulates around leaf
Still air Moving air
Lower
Water vapour is removed from theleaf surface
the gradient is increased,so faster rate of waterevaporation via the stomata
cross section through a leaf
Refrences
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Refrences
1. Gopal, B. and K.P. Sharma, 1981. Water-Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)the most troublesome
weed of the world. Hindasia Publ., pp: 128.
2. Ludang, Y. and S. Mangkoedihardjo, 2009. Leaf Area Based TranspirationFactor for Phytopumping of High Organic Matter Concentration. Journal of Applied
Sciences Research, 5(10): 1416-1420. 3. Little, E.C.S., 1967. Progress report on transpiration of some tropical
water weeds. PANS., 13: 127-132. 4. Dunigan, E.P., Z.H. Shamsuddin and R.A. Phelan, 1975. Can water-
hyacinth eat pollution?. Compost Sci., 16(2): 11. 5. Mangkoedihardjo, S., 2007. Leaf Area for Phytopumping of Wastewater.
Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 5(1): 37-42 7. Wooteh, T.W. and J.D. Dodd, 1976. Growth of water hyacinth in treated
sewage effluent. Econ.Bot., 30: 29-37.
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