Autoimmune Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus) :
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Transcript of Presentation on Diabetes Mellitus
8/7/2019 Presentation on Diabetes Mellitus
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DIABETES MELLITUS IN PREGNANCY
DR. NAILA AMIN NITU
--------------------------------Junior Consultant
MCHTI, Azimpur
Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Pre-gestational diabetes : Pregnancies which are
complicated by pre-gestational diabetes, type-1 ortype-2.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) : Any degree of
glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during
pregnancy.
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Metabolic changes during pregnancy
Pregnancy is a state of insulin resistance & relative
glucose intolerance due to placental production of
anti-insulin hormones :GH, hPL, cortisol, progesteroneand glucagon.
Due to peripheral insulin resistance which ensures an
adequate supply of glucose for the baby.
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Metabolic changes during pregnancy
Relative baseline hypoglycemia.
Proliferation of pancreatic beta cells (insulin-secreting cells)
leads to increased insulin secretion
Insulin levels are higher than in pregnant than non-pregnantwomen in fasting and postprandial states.
Hypoglycemia between meals and at night
because of continuous fetal draw.
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Metabolic changes during pregnancy
Lipid metabolism :
– Increased lipolysis (preferential use of fat for fuel, in
order to preserve glucose and protein)
– Spares glucose for fetus, since lipids do not cross
the placenta.
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Magnitude of problem
Prevalence :
1% - 4 %
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Congenital abnormalities
Macrosmia > 4 Kg
Birth trauma (due to macrosmia and shoulder dystocia )
Prematurity
Unexplained fetal death
IUGR
Delayed lung maturation.
Effects of DM on the fetus
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Fetal Morbidity
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Cardiac : transposition of great vessels, VSD, ASD, Coarctation of
Aorta.
CNS : Neural tube defects, Anencephaly, Microcephaly, Sacral
agenesis.
Skeletal: cleft lip/palate, caudal regression syndrome.
Gastrointestinal: duodenal or anorectal atresia.
Single umbilical artery.
Genitourinary : Renal agenesis, Duplex ureters, Cystic Kidney
Situs inversus.
Congenital abnormalities due to DM
Poor Glycemic control at time of conception: Risk factor
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Effects of DM on neonates
Respiratory distress. Hypoglycemia.
Hypocalcaemia.
Hyperbilirubinemia.
Polycythaemia.
Cardiac Hypertrophy.
Chances of developing of Type 2 Diabetes.
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Caudal regression syndrome
(abnormal development of lower spine)
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Miscarriages , Repeated pregnancy loss.
Pre-eclampsia: 10-25%
Hypertension
UTI and Infections like- chorioamnionitis .
Polyhydramnios 25%-50%
Ketoacidosis.
Third trimester fetal deaths.
Preterm labour 20%.
Obstructed labour
Failed induction as unfavorable cervix Caesarean section.
Postpartum bleeding.
Long term risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Effects of DM on the mother
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Effect of pregnancy on diabetes
More insulin is necessary to achieve metabolic control
Progression of retinopathy: esp. severe proliferative
retinopathy
Progression of nephropathy
Increased risk of Coronary artery disease.
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Risk stratification
Low risk: no screening
Average risk: at 24-28 weeks
High risk: as soon as possible
Whom to screen?
.
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Age <25 years . Weight normal before pregnancy.
Member of an ethnic group with a low prevalence of GDM .
No known diabetes in first-degree relatives . Weight normal at Birth.
No history of abnormal glucose tolerance.
No history of poor obstetric outcome.
Low risk for GDM
USUALLY NOT ROUTINELY SCREENED.
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Age >=25 years.
Diabetes in 1st degree relative
Over weight before pregnancy.
Weight high at Birth.
Member of an ethnic group with a average .prevalence of GDM
.
Average risk for GDM
Screening Test at 24-28 Weeks.
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History of Still Birth, Neonatal death, Fetal macrosomia.
Marked obesity and / or hypertension.
Previous history of GDM, impaired glucose metabolism or
glycosuria.
Strong family history.
Ethnic group with high diabetes prevalence.
High risk for GDM
Screening test as soon as feasible, if negative then repeat at 26- 30 weeks.
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Screening test
Two step approach
Glucose Challenge Test (GCT):
An excellent screening test for gestational diabetes is the
measurement of plasma glucose 1 hour after ingesting 50 g of glucose without regard to the time since the last meal.
Using a cut-off value > 7.8 mg/dl is considered cut-off point
for consideration of 3 hours glucose tolerance test (100 gm glucose).
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Glucose Tolerance Test
– Draw a fasting glucose level .
– Give 100 gram glucose load with glucose levels drawn after 1, 2
and 3 hours.
F:<5.3 1 hr:<10 2 hr:<8.6 3 hr:<7.8
– 2 or more abnormal values = GDM.
Screening test
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One-step approach:
Perform a diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
screening with 75 gm glucose.
F: <6mmol/l2 hr after glucose: <7.8mmol/l.
Cost Effective.
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What is our target ?
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To keep fasting blood glucose <5.3 mmol/l and
2 hrs after breakfast < 6.8 mmol/l
To keep HbA1C <6.5%.
Target
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Preconceptional counselling
Achieve optimum diabetes control before conception
Jointly seen by Obstetrician, Endocrinologist, Dietician
Ideally HbA1C should be < 6.5% before
conception.(HbA1C < 8% have 3% risk of congenitalanomalies while >10% the risk is 25%).
Screened for complications like retinopathy (Fundoscopy),
nephropathy and cardiac dysfunction.
Teach mother about need of good Glycemic control andself monitored blood glucose measurement and Glycemic
targets
Stop oral antidiabetic agent and start insulin and teach
how to administer insulin.
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Emphasis on regular antenatal check up.
They should be counseled regarding possible pregnancy-
related risks.
Preconception folic acid 5mg/day should be started.
Cost of pregnancy.
Preconceptional counselling
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How to manage ?
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Diet
Exercise
Insulin
Drug
Treatment
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Approximately 30 kcal/kg of ideal body weight.
Average 1950-2200 kcal/day.
BMI>27 -- 25 kcal/kg/ideal body weight/d
BMI 20-26 -- 30“
BMI<20 -- 38 “
45-50% should be carbohydrates, 20-25% protein, 25-30% fat.
6-7 meals daily (3 meals, 3-4 snacks). Bed time snack to preventketosis.
During lactation require an additional 200 calories.
Medical nutrition therapy
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Breakfast 15-20 grams - 1 starch + ½ milk1 sl Bread or 1/c hot cereal + 4 oz milk
Morning snack 10-15 grams - 1 milk or 1 starch (or ½ of
each)
8 oz milk or 4 oz milk + 2 crackersLunch 45-60 grams - 2 starch, 1 milk, 1 fruit bread
Sandwich, milk, fruit and salad
Afternoon snack 10-15 grams - 1 milk or 1 fruitDiet yogurt or small apple
Dinner 45-60 grams - 2 starch, 1 fruit, 1milk1 cup potatoes, vegetables, small apple, 8 oz milk
Night Snack 10-15 grams – 1 milk
Diet yogurt
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Walking.
Aerobic exercise.
Exercise
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Insulin.
Other Oral Hypoglycemic agents.
Drugs in management of DM
in pregnancy
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When to start ?
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MANAGEMENT
Maintain blood sugar at FBS <5.3 , 2hrPBS< 6.7 mmol/l.
If this level is not achieved with diet control within 1
week then insulin should be started.
Start insulin immediately if fasting blood sugar > 5.8 and
2hrPBS >8.0 mmol/l.
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Insulin in DM
Short and intermediate acting insulin can be
used to achieve postprandial control.
Long acting insulin is not licensed in pregnancy.
Insulin requirements increase by 50% from
24-28 weeks.
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Twice or thrice daily ( before breakfast, lunch and
before dinner) injections of a combination of short
and intermediate acting insulin.
Patients usually receive two thirds their total dose
with breakfast and the remaining third in theevening.
Insulin therapy ….. cont.
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6 times/day ( 4 times minimum), fasting and 2
hours after start of meals.
Maintain log book.
Self monitored blood glucose
(SBMG)
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Each time the fasting or pre-meal glucose, the
patient refers to the supplemental regular insulin
scale to determine if additional regular insulin is
needed.
Insulin Dose adjustment
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Supplemental regular insulin scale
Additional units
(regular insulin)
Pre-prandial
glucose mg/dl
0<100
2100-140
3140-160
4160-180
5180-2006200-250
8250-300
10>300
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Management : Glycemic control
Significant benefit of insulin therapy
– Prior to insulin use, perinatal mortality was 65%
– After introduction of insulin therapy, perinatal mortality
declined to 5%.
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Oral Hypoglycemic agents
Glyburide is a clinically effective in DM ( on-trial ).
(Langer et al. 2000)
Metformin is effective in DM ( Ratner et al., 2008 ;
Coustan, 2007)
Langer O, Conway DL, Berkus MD, Xenakis EM, Gonzales O. A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women withgestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med . 2000;343:1134-8
Ratner RE, Christophl CA, Metzger BE, Dabalea D, Bennett PH, Pi-Sunyer X, Fowler S, Kahn SE, Diabetes
Prevention Program Research Group. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects
of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4774-9
Coustan DR Pharmacological management of gestational diabetes: an overview. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 Suppl2:S206-8.
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In patients who are not well controlled, a brief period
of hospitalization is often necessary for the initiation
and adjustment of therapy.
Hospitalization
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Obstetric management
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MANAGEMENT
Aims
To control diabetes.
Timing of delivery.
Management in labor.
Care of the newborn.
A t t l t
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Antenatal management
1st trimester
Referral to combined diabetic obstetrics antenatal hospital
Dating scan.
Screening for diabetic complication in each trimester. Screening for non-diabetic co morbidities.
Assessment & optimization of Glycemic control.
Advice on hypoglycemia prevention.
Long term control can be checked using HbA1C levels Antenatal supervision should be a monthly intervals upto 20
weeks and thereafter 2 weeks intervals.
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Antenatal management
2nd trimester
Optimization of Glycemic control.
Screening for congenital abnormalities.
Surveillance for medical obstetrics complications.
Assessment of fetal growth.
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Antenatal management
3rd trimester
• Optimization of Glycemic control.
• Assessment of fetal growth.
• Timing and mode of delivery.
Antenatal management
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Antenatal management
Fetal surveillance
A mid-trimester detailed anomaly scan at 16-20 weeks .
Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein at 16 week.
At 20-22 weeks Fetal echocardiography .
Umbilical and middle cerebral artery Doppler velocimetryat 24 weeks.
At 26 weeks onwards Regular fetal growth scans and AFI
at 4 weekly.
Close fetal surveillance in the third trimester including - Fetal kick chart.
NST, biophysical profile or modified BPP weekly from
32 weeks.
Antenatal management
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Antenatal management
Maternal surveillance
Besides the routine baseline investigations, ECHO, RFTs
(to detect undiagnosed nephropathy) and fundoscopy (to
exclude proliferative retinopathy), thyroid function test
and urine analysis with urine culture should be done.
Hypertension should be treated with a target DBP of
80mmHg being advised.
Antenatal management
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Antenatal management
Preterm labour is best managed with nifedipine and magnesium
sulphate as there is a high risk of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis
with beta sympathomimetics.
Steroids to enhance lung maturity also increase the risk of
hyperglycemia.
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Provided the pregnancy has gone well, aim should beto achieve a vaginal delivery at term
In low risk patient, termination can be done at 39-
40 weeks.
In high risk patient termination should be done at
38 weeks.
As there is small risk of IUD even with good glycemic
control after 38 weeks. Never over run beyond EDD.
Timing of delivery
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Vaginal delivery usually preferred.
Caesarian section only for routine obstetric indication.
DM alone is not an indication. Failed induction due to unfavorable cervix is a
common problem.
Maintain euglycemia during labor (4.5-6.5 mmol/l).
Management of labor and delivery
Glycemic management during labour
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Usual dose of intermediate-acting insulin is given atbedtime.
Morning dose of insulin is withheld.
Once active labor begins infusion of dextrose salineshould be started.
Glucose levels are checked hourly.
Regular insulin in administered by intravenous infusionpump
if glucose levels 6-8 mmol/l insulin 4 unit.
8-10 mmol/l insulin 6 unit.
10-12 mmol/l insulin 8 unit.
12-14 mmol/l insulin 10 unit.
Glycemic management during labour
Indication of Caesarean section
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Elderly primigravida Multipara with a bad obstetrics history
Diabetes with complication or difficult to control
Obstetrics complication like pre-eclampsia,polyhydramnious, malpresentation
Fetal macrosomia >4 kg .
About 50% of diabetic mothers are delivered by C-section.
Indication of Caesarean section
I di t t f t
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Neonatologist should be present at time of delivery.
Should be preferably delivered a center where
incubator is available.
Look for any congenital malformation.
Glucose should be checked within 2 hours of birth. Early breast feeding within ½ hours to minimise
hypoglycaemia (when sugar <40g/dl).
Anticipate and treat hypoglycemia in the infant
Immediate management of neonate
Postpartum management
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Postpartum management
Following delivery, Adjustment of insulin as requirements fall to
pre-pregnancy levels.
GDM patients should perform OGTT at 6 weeks after delivery to
ensure that the diabetes has resolved. They should be counseledthat they have a risk of developing diabetes in later life of nearly
50% and before next pregnancy she should again undergone
screening test.
Contraceptive options like progesterone only contraception,
barrier methods should be discussed. Permanent sterilisation is
considered if family is completed.
l
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Gestational diabetes is a common problem in worldwide.
Risk stratification and screening is essential in all pregnant
women, particularly those from ethnicities with increased risk.
Tight Glycemic targets are required for optimal maternal and fetal
outcome.
Patient education is essential to meet targets.
Long term follow up of the mother and baby is essential.
Conclusion
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17 pound baby born of diabetic motherCourtesy: MSNBC News SeJan. 24, 2005
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References
ACOG practice bulletin. Gestational Diabetes. ObstetricGynecology 2001;93:525-34
ADA position statement. Standards of Medical Care inDiabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:S4-42
Crowther CA et al. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2477-86
Casey BM et al. Obstetric Gynecology 1997;90:867-73
Practical guide to high risk pregnancy and delivery byFernando Arias, 3rd edition.
Dewhurst’s textbook of Obs and Gynae.
Current Obs and Gynae.