Presentation on Compressed Air Vehicles

8/11/2019 Presentation on Compressed Air Vehicles

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SELF STUDY PROJECT

AUTOMOBILE

ENGINEERING 2nd

yearSTUDY OF COMPRESSED

AIR VEHICHLE


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ABSTRACT

In this modern era we want more comfortable life & to achieve this,there are many inventions and researches are going on in the field ofengineering but as each action having there some opposite reaction

that may be good or bad. Some achievements may lead toproblems in future and one of these achievements is fossil fuel

engines which were a good achievement for us before 30-40 years

but now they are one of the sources of contributor of global warmingand pollution with fossil fuel crises.


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Made By:

JALAJ SINGH

ISHANT MEHTAHARSHIT DHAWAN

HARMINDER DHILLON

ISHAN AGGARWAL

JISHNU MITRA


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Introduction

A Compressed-air engine is a pneumatic actuator

that creates useful work by compressed air. Acompressed-air vehicle is powered by an air

engine, using compressed air, which is stored in atank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in

the engine to drive pistons with hot expandinggases, compressed air vehicles (CAV) use the

expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons.


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Introduction

The laws of physics dictate that uncontainedgases will fill any given space. The easiest wayto see this in action is to inflate a balloon. Theelastic skin of the balloon holds the air tightly

inside, but the moment you use a pin to createa hole in the balloon's surface, the air expandsoutward with so much energy that the balloon

explodes. Compressing a gas into a small spaceis a way to store energy. When the gas expandsagain, that energy is released to do work. That's

the basic


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Fig 1.2

The Victor Tatin airplane of 1879 used a compressed-air engine forpropulsion


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Applications

The compressed air engine can be used in many vehicles. Some of its applications to be used as engine for vehiclesare:

(a) Mopeds

Jem Stansfield, an English inventor has been able to convert a regular scooter to a compressed air moped. This hasbeen done by equipping the scooter with a compressed air engine and air tank.

(b) Buses

MDI makes MultiCATs vehicle that can be used as buses or trucks. RATP has also already expressed an interest in thecompressed-air pollution-free bus.

(c) Locomotives

Compressed air locomotives have been historically used as mining locomotives and in various areas.

(d) Trams

Various compressed-air-powered trams were trialed, starting in 1876 and has been successfully implemented in somecases.

(e) Watercraft and aircraft

Currently, no water or air vehicles exist that make use of the air engine. Historically compressed air engines propelledcertain torpedoes.


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Advantages

(a) Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately be poweredthrough the electrical grid, which makes it easier to focus on reducing pollutionfrom one source, as opposed to the millions of vehicles on the road.

(b) Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off theelectrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created during fueltransportation would be eliminated.

(c) Compressed air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%,because there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, Ignition Systems or

silencers.(d) Air, on its own, is non-flammable.

(e) High torque for minimum volume.

(f) The mechanical design of the engine is simple and robust.


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(g) Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy

maintenance.

(h) Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less

pollution than batteries.

(i) Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradation

problems associated with current battery systems.

(j) The tank may be able to be refilled more often and in less time

than batteries can be recharged, with re-fuelling ratescomparable to liquid fuels.

(k) Lighter vehicles would mean less abuse on roads. Resulting inlonger lasting roads.

(l) The price of fuelling air-powered vehicles will be significantly

cheaper than current fuels.

Advantages


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Disadvantages

(a) When air expands, as it would in the engine, it cools dramatically(Charles law) and must be heated to ambient temperature using aheat exchanger similar to the Intercooler used for internal

combustion engines. The heating is necessary in order to obtain asignificant fraction of the theoretical energy output. The heatexchanger can be problematic. While it performs a similar task to theIntercooler, the temperature difference between the incoming airand the working gas is smaller. In heating the stored air, the devicegets very cold and may ice up in cool, moist climates.

(b) Refuelling the compressed air container using a home or low-endconventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours though thespecialized equipment at service stations may fill the tanks in only 3minutes.


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(c) Tanks get very hot when filled rapidly. SCUBA tanks are sometimes immersed in

water to cool them down when they are being filled. That would not be

possible with tanks in a car and thus it would either take a long time to fill the

tanks, or they would have to take less than a fullcharge, since heat drives upthe pressure.

(d) Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks; the

only published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was limited

to a range of 7.22 km.

(e) A 2005 study demonstrated that cars running on lithium-ion batteries

outperform both compressed air and fuel cell vehicles more than three-fold at

same speeds. MDI has recently claimed that an air car will be able to travel

140km in urban driving, and have a range of 80 km with a top speed of

110km/h on highways, when operating on compressed air alone.

Disadvantages


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In practical terms compressed air at 300bars is stored in the carbon fibre tanksA. The air is released through the mainline firstly to an alternator Bwhere the

first stage of decompression takesplace. The now cold air passesthrough a heat exchanger C whichadds thermal energy to the air andprovides a convenient opportunity forair conditioning D. The warmedcompressed air now passes to themotor E. where a two more stages of

decompression and re-heating takeplace. The motor drives the rear axleG through the transmission F. Controlof engine speed is through aconventional accelerator pedal Hcontrolling a valve within the motor.

CONSTRUCTIONAL

DETAILS

Chassis of air powered car


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An energy recycler J is under test which uses engine braking K to

recompress air during braking into a secondary storage facility,providing additional energy for re-start and acceleration.

Conventional hydraulic braking L is supplied. The vehicle can berefilled by using the onboard compressor Mor by refilling the tank

at an air station at N. Ultimately the engine generates 37

Kilowatts, notwithstanding the small size of this unit.

The "exhaust" leaves the engine at about zero degrees Celsius, a

result of the expansion and cooling action. The exhaust is totallypure and fit to breathe. A compressed air driven engine offers

enormous benefits to the car designer. Because of its small size

and weight, and the removal of a host of devices and parts not

required, the designer has free rein to maximize his materials and

space to provide a simple, economic platform for the vehicle.

CONSTRUCTIONAL

DETAILS


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Engine & pneumatic engine andapplication

Fig.2.2 Pneumatic hybridization of Diesel Engine


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A pneumatic motor or compressed air engine is a type

of motor which does mechanical work byexpanding compressed air. Pneumatic motors generally convert

the compressed air energy to mechanical work through eitherlinear or rotary motion. Linear motion can come from either a

diaphragm or piston actuator, while rotary motion is supplied by

either a vane type air motor or piston air motor.

Pneumatic motors have existed in many forms over the past two

centuries, ranging in size from hand-held turbines to engines of upto several hundred horsepower. Some types rely on pistons and

cylinders; others use turbines. Many compressed air engines

improve their performance by heating the incoming air or the

engine itself.

Engine & pneumatic engine andapplication


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The storage vessel is often anunderground cavern createdby solution mining (salt isdissolved in water forextraction) or by utilizing anabandoned mine; use of porousrock formations such as those inwhich reservoirs of natural gasare found has also beenstudied. Plants operate on a dailycycle, charging at night anddischarging during the day.

Heating of the compressed airusing natural gas or geothermalheat to increase the amount ofenergy being extracted has beenstudied by the Pacific NorthwestNational Laboratory

Tanks

Compressed Air Cylinder


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Compressed Air

Compressed air has a low energy density. In 300 bar containers, about0.1 MJ/L and 0.1 MJ/kg is achievable, comparable to the values ofelectrochemical lead-acid batteries. While batteries can somewhatmaintain their voltage throughout their discharge and chemical fueltanks provide the same power densities from the first to the last litre,the pressure of compressed air tanks falls as air is drawn off. A

consumer-automobile of conventional size and shape typicallyconsumes 0.30.5 kWh (1.11.8 MJ) at the drive shaftper mile of use,though unconventional sizes may perform with significantly less.


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Emission output

Like other non-combustion energy storage technologies, an airvehicle displaces the emission source from the vehicle's tailpipe to the central electrical generating plant. Where lowemissions sources are available, net production of pollutantscan be reduced. Emission control measures at a centralgenerating plant may be more effective and less costly thantreating the emissions of widely dispersed vehicles.

Since the compressed air is filtered to protect the compressormachinery, the air discharged has less suspended dust in it,though there may be carry-over of lubricants used in theengine.


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WorkingIn principle the technology is very similar to the internalcombustion system in that compressed air is used to drive apiston in a barrel. The secret of the engine lies in the way it

efficiently converts the energy stored in the tanks ofcompressed air.

By way of explanation, it has long been known that tocompress air to high pressures a staged process should beused, compressing air to first 50 bars, then to 150 bars then

three hundred and so on. This technique, commonlyemployed by the air and gas liquefaction industries, uses afraction of the energy used to compress the gas in oneoperation. The secret of the compressed air motor is simply toreverse the process - decompress the air in stages and in sodoing efficiently release energy at each point in the chain.


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PROCESS DESCRIPTION1. The first piston takes in ambient air compressed it to approximately

300psi and 200F in the compression chamber during the first cycle ofengine

working of air operated engine


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2. When the piston pauses, a small amount of compressed air from thetanks is released into the expansion chamber to create a lowpressured, low temperature volume of about 140 psi.

3. Shortly before the valve to the expansion cylinder is opened a high-speed shutter connects the compression and expansion chambersthis sudden pressure and temperature difference between the twochambers creates pressure waves in the expansion chamber,thereby producing work in the expansion cylinder that drives thepiston to power the engine The air tanks for storing the compressedare located underneath the vehicle they are constructed of

reinforced carbon fiber with a thermoplastic liner each tank can held3180 ft3of air at a pressure of up to 4,300 psi when connected to aspecial compressor station the tanks can be recharged within 3-4mints they can also be recharged using the on-board compressorwithin 3-4 hours after connection to standard power outlet.

PROCESS DESCRIPTION


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flow of air tank to exhaust

Compensate for the coolingeffect that takes place, athermal exchanger heats thecompressed air using thewarmth of external air. Thisprocess is repeated as manytimes as possible to extract themaximum energy efficiency

from the compressed air. Forthe somewhat technicallyminded, the following drawingillustrates the theoreticalexplanation for this process.

PROCESS DESCRIPTION


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COMPARISON WITH

ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

Comparison between air car and electric vehicle


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Compressed-air vehicles are comparable in many ways to electric vehicles,but use compressed air to store the energy instead of batteries. Theirpotential advantages over other vehicles include:

Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately bepowered through the electrical grid. Which makes it easier to focus onreducing pollution from one source, as opposed to the millions of vehicleson the road

Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing poweroff the electrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollutioncreated during fuel transportation would be eliminated. Compressed-airtechnology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%,because there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, IgnitionSystems or silencers.

The engine can be massively reduced in size

The engine runs on cold or warm air, so can be made of lower strength

light weight material such as aluminium, plastic, low friction teflon or acombination.

COMPARISON WITH

ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon


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Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easymaintenance.

Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with lesspollution than batteries.

Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradationproblems associated with current battery systems.

The air tank may be refilled more often and in less time than batteriescan be recharged, with re-filling rates comparable to liquid fuels.

Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads, resulting in lowermaintenance cost.

The price of filling air powered vehicles is significantly cheaper thanpetrol, diesel or biofuel. If electricity is cheap, then compressing airwill also be relatively cheap.

COMPARISON WITH

ELECTRICAL VEHICLES


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Possible Improvements

Compressed-air vehicles operate to a thermodynamic process as aircools down when expanding and heats up when being compressed. As

it is not possible in practice to use a theoretically ideal process, lossesoccur and improvements may involve reducing these, e.g., by usinglarge heat exchangers in order to use heat from the ambient air and atthe same time provide air cooling in the passenger compartment. At theother end, the heat produced during compression can be stored inwater systems, physical or chemical systems and reused later.

It may be possible to store compressed air at lower pressure using anabsorption material within the tank. Absorption materials suchas Activated carbon, or a metal organic framework is used tostore compressed natural gas at 500 psi instead of 4500 psi, whichamounts to a large energy saving


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Developers and

ManufacturersAPUQAPUQ (Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasiturbine) has made the

APUQ Air Car, a car powered by a Quasiturbine.

MDI

MDI has proposed a range of vehicles made up of AirPod, OneFlowAir,CityFlowAir, MiniFlowAir and MultiFlowAir. One of the main innovations of thiscompany is its implementation of its "active chamber", which is acompartment which heats the air (through the use of a fuel) in order todouble the energy output. This 'innovation' was first used in torpedoes in 1904.

TATA Motors

As of January 2009 Tata Motors of India had planned to launch a car with an MDI

compressed air engine in 2011.In December 2009 Tata's vice president ofengineering systems confirmed that the limited range and low enginetemperatures were causing problems.Tata Motors announced in May2012 that they have assessed the design passing phase 1, the "proof of thetechnical concept" towards full production for the Indian market. Tata hasmoved onto phase 2, "completing detailed development of the compressedair engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications".


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Honda

Fig.4.1 PSA Peugeot Citron Hybrid Air concept exhibited at the 2013 GenevaMotor Show.

Developers and

Manufacturers


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Kernelys

The "K air mobiles " project of Kernelys aimed to produce commercialvehicles in France. The project was started in 2006-2007 by a smallgroup of researchers. They said to be working on 2 types of vehicles;

namely "VPA" (Vehicles with Pneumatic Assistance) and "VPP" (Vehicleswith Pneumatic Propulsion) vehicles. However, the project has in theend not been able to gather the necessary funds to go commercial.

People should note that, meantime, the team has recognized the physicalimpossibility to use on-board stored compressed air due to its poor

energy capacity and the thermal losses resulting from the expansion ofthe gas.

These days, using the patent pending 'K'Air Fluid Generator', converted towork as a compressed-gas motor, the company has reworked itsproject in 2010 together with a North American group of investors, nowintended for the purpose of developing a green energy power system.

Developers and

Manufacturers


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CONCLUSION

Nowadays the earth is facing the biggest problem of globalwarming. The major cause for this is the environmental

pollution. Fossil fuel vehicles are the major contributors to thispollution. In order to irradiate this problem the solution is hybridelectrical vehicles but again they emit some pollutants, henceit is not a complete solution. The compressed air technologyi.e. zero emission vehicles is the best feasible alternative and

hence the complete solution of this problem.


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Bibliography

http://www.theaircar.com/

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/air-car.htm

http://www.planetsave.com/ViewStory.asp?ID=24

http://www.evworld.com/databases/shownews.cfm?pageid=news040303-06

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stm

htto://zevcat.com/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2281011.stm

Presentation on Compressed Air Vehicles

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