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Statuary Publication

The document which are published here is the sole publication of the Author. Any

misuse and the mis-interpretation of this document by anyone, author does not

take the responsibility for the same.

Er. Amit Pokhrel

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Theories of Urban Design

Pedestrian Zones

11/26/2012

Amit Pokhrel

Pedestrian Zones

The article presented by Roberto Brambilla and Gianni Longo offers guidelines and

checklists for design of pedestrian streets, created as traffic free zones.

First pedestrian experiments was done in Europe and it provided examples for a new

approach to renewal, appropriate for preservation and revitalization of historic urban

centers.

A pedestrian street often features for relaxation, entertainment or set of activities.

The space may be landscaped with trees, flower and water. fountains can be a centre of

attraction for children as well as adults.

Street lightining is usually proportioned to pedestrian scale, with variations for dramatic

effects and for safety.

Benches and tables are provided for places for socializing.

The term “traffic free zone” defines area where motor vehicle traffic is banned and

priority given to pedestrians.

A pedestrian street can attract a diversity and range of activities.

Drawing all ages and social strata, ttourists and residents into the public life of the city

*Design of pedestrian precincts described in this article include*

Pedestrian districts:

-Many European cities have adopted this type of trafic free zoning because it suits the

physical conditions of historic central areas.

- Characterized by eliminating vehicular traffic over a portion of a city and considered as

a unit for architectural, historic or comercial reasons.

Pedestrian streets:

-Pedestrian streets are individual streets from which traffic has been eliminated

-Emergency vehicles, however have access and service and deliver trucks are often

allowed during restricted hours.

-The term “pedestrian streets” is synonymous with “pedestrian mall”, a term that was first

used in North America to describe traffic free zones, such as a central street.

-Many pedestrian streets have been built as an omnibus solution to all of city’s problems,

and in such cases they are failed.

- unless a traffic-free zones is conceived in the context of an overall city effort to solve.

its problem- it cannot succeed for long, furthermore the project must be designed at a

time and for a place where it can function as designed.

A. Establishing Design Principle Criteria

Design objectives should be stated in terms of the performance criteria to be used as a

basis for evaluation of the design proposals

In formulating design objectives within a community, the experience of another city,

while familiar to the community, may not be applicable to every situation and to the

proposal project context.

Grouping a list of daily activities into a reasonable number of categories can facilitate

design proposals. the following division provides a workable model:

1. Functional Objectives

-Use of the street, its accessibility, maintenance and services

2. Improved Mobility

-For people, goods, services and emergency vehicles and access for maintenance of the

utility system.

3. Improved access by car/or public transport

-This may involve updating streets or highway patterns, modifying existing bus and or by a

subway lines, or adding a few more facilities. signs, lighting and traffic information may

need improvements.

4. Social and community improvements

-Participation in as well as the observation, of activities such as resting, talking, playing,

celebrating festivals and events, promoting educational and culural peformances

5. Economic improvement

6. Environmental improvement

B. Traffic Management

A pedestrain street must be seen as part of a traffic system plan, that is , the success of the

pedestrain zones depends on a larger, overall traffic plans that address the urban wide

transportation needs.

The plan must address potential problems of increased traffic, and parking an adjacent

streets. in many cities such as Portland, Oregon, the downtown pedestrain zones are

supported by an affordable, efficient and attractive public transportation.

Pomona, Fresno, and Sacramento, in California, provide colorful electrically powered

vehicles for shopper’s convenience. improving public tansportation is fundamental to the

success of a pedestrian zone.

In a number of North American cities, pedestrian streets have been created to provide

better accessibility to downtown stores and offices

The point of traffic-free-zoning is not to eliminate the automobile, but to seprate

vehicular and pedestrian movement

For parking, a large area should be selected outside the pedestrian zones

Annual growth rate of population and private automobiles in selected cities like

Washinton DC, London, Paris, Calcutta, Mexican city, Istanbul, Tehran and Tokyo in

1960/1970, automobile > population(greater)

C. Economic Revitalization

Encouragement of national level products to sell for tourism management, as well as

expensive hotels, book stalls, theatres, resturant and movies houses are also typically

included in the plans

D. Environmental Improvement

Noise level will be eradicated

Pollution free

Helps in preservation and enhancement of urban and historic districts

Friendly streetscape

E. Social Benefits

Safety is improved by pedstrian zoning

Providing socially responsible places in crowded downtown area in an important service

to an urban population

An environment free from the restraints imposed by traffic inorder to offer unhampered

movement

F. Community Participation

By way of summary , the following list of reasons to create “Traffic-free-zone” provides

some, a useful summary of the above points:-

1) To attract people which creates more oppurtunities for shopping, socializing, business

and fun, along with increased financial sources for both the citizen and municipality

2) To provide a sense of place that strengthen community identity and pride

3) To reduce noise and air pollution

4) To provide a safe and attractive environment

5) To provide urban conservation

6) To increase property values

7) To improve the visual environment

8) To invite walking and to permit special right of way to be reserved for bicycles and

public transportation vehicles

9) To decrease the number of motor vehicles related to accidents, saving lives, police work

and judical time

10) To promote citizen participation in the planning and implementation of the pedestrian

areas

Planning Surveys

-Planning a traffic free zone is a complex process

-Potential problem should be studied

-Local, physical, economical and social resources must be properly evaluated.

The survey has 3 objectives

-It provides the information about the city

-It provides tools for sponsors and designers

-It provides information, which may be useful in the full scale feasibilty study

Natural Evironment

-Temperature and humidity

-Precipitation and wind

-Solar access

-Lanscape

Built Environment

-Building and open space

-Type, scale, configuration and materials

-Function

-Ownership

-Outdoor services and amenities

Thank you

THE NEW URBANISM—

Andres Duany and Elizabeth plater-zyberk

New Urbanism is an urban planning and design movement that began in the United States in the

early 1980s. Its goals are to reduce dependence on the car, and to create livable and walkable,

neighborhoods with a densely packed array of housing, jobs and commercial sites.

New Urbanism also promotes a return to the traditional town planning seen in places such

as downtown Charleston, South Carolina and Georgetown in Washington, D.C. These locations

are ideal for New Urbanists because in each one there is an easily walkable "Main Street," a

downtown park, shopping districts and a gridded street system.

New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes walkable neighborhoods

containing a range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and

has gradually reformed many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and

municipal land-use strategies.

New Urbanism is strongly influenced by urban design standards that were prominent until the

rise of the automobile in the mid-20th century; it encompasses principles such as traditional

neighborhood design (TND) and transit-oriented development (TOD).[1]

It is also closely related

to regionalism, environmentalism and the broader concept of smart growth.

The movement also includes a more pedestrian-oriented variant known as New Pedestrianism,

which has its origins in a 1929 planned community in Radburn, New Jersey

History of New Urbanism

In the beginning of the 19th century, development of American cities often took a compact,

mixed-use form, reminiscent of that found in places like old town Alexandria, Virginia. With the

development of the streetcar and affordable rapid transit however, cities began to spread out and

create streetcar suburbs. The later invention of the automobile further increased this

decentralization from the central city which later led to separated land uses and urban sprawl.

New Urbanism is a reaction to the spreading out of cities. The ideas then began to spread in the

late 1970s and early 1980s, as urban planners and architects started to come up with plans to

model cities in the U.S. after those in Europe.

In 1991, New Urbanism developed more strongly when the Local Government Commission, a

nonprofit group in Sacramento, California, invited several architects, including Peter Calthorpe,

Michael Corbett, Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk among others, to Yosemite

National Park to develop a set of principles for land use planning that focused on the community

and its livability.

The principles, named after Yosemite's Ahwahnee Hotel where the conference was held, are

called the Ahwahnee Principles. Within these, there are 15 community principles, four regional

principles and four principles for implementation. Each one however, deals both past and present

ideas to make cities as clean, walkable and livable as possible. These principles were then

presented to government officials in late 1991 at the Yosemite Conference for Local Elected

Officials.

Shortly thereafter, some of the architects involved in creating the Ahwahnee Principles formed

the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) in 1993. Today, CNU is the leading promoter of

New Urbanists ideas and has grown to over 3,000 members. It also holds conferences yearly in

cities across the U.S. to further promote New Urbanism design principles.

Core New Urbanists Ideas

Within the concept of New Urbanism today, there are 3 key ideas.

-The first of these is to ensure that a city is walkable. This means that no resident should need a

car to get anywhere in the community and they should be no more than a five minute walk from

any basic good or service. To achieve this, communities should invest in sidewalks and narrow

streets. In addition to actively promoting walking, cities should also de-emphasize the car by

placing garages behind homes or in alleys. There should also only be on-street parking, instead

of large parking lots.

-Another core idea of New Urbanism is that buildings should be mixed both in their style, size,

price and function. For example, a small townhouse can be placed next to a larger, single family

home. Mixed-use buildings such as those containing commercial spaces with apartments over

them are also ideal in this setting.

Finally, a New Urbanists city should have a strong emphasis on the community. This means

maintaining connections between people with high density, parks, open spaces and community

gathering centers like a plaza or neighborhood square.

Examples of New Urbanists Cities

Although New Urbanists design strategies have been tried in various places across the U.S., the

first fully developed New Urbanists town was Seaside, Florida, designed by architects Andres

Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. Construction began there in 1981 and almost immediately, it

became famous for its architecture, public spaces and quality of streets.

Criticisms of New Urbanism

Despite the popularity of New Urbanism in the recent decades, there have been some criticisms

of its design practices and principles. The first of these is that the density of its cities leads to a

lack of privacy for residents. Some critics claim that people want detached homes with yards so

they are further away from their neighbors. By having mixed density neighborhoods and possibly

sharing driveways and garages, this privacy is lost.

Critics also say that New Urbanists towns feel inauthentic and isolated because they do not

represent the "norm" of settlement patterns in the U.S.

Finally, critics of New Urbanism argue that instead of promoting diversity and community, New

Urbanists neighborhoods only attract affluent white residents as they often become very

expensive places to live. Regardless of these criticisms though, New Urbanists ideas are

becoming a popular form of planning communities and with a growing emphasis on mixed-use

buildings, high density settlements and walkable cities, its principles will continue into the

future.

Le Corbusier

LA VILLE RADIUSE (RADIANT CITY)

-Originally Charles-Eduardo Jeanneret1887-1965

founding father of the modernist movement

CIAM 1928

-(Congress Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne).

Le Corbusier organized in CIAM, Assembly of Constructors for an Architectural

Renewal(ASCORAL) which systematically studied the problems of construction, architecture

and city planning.

It resulted in the publication of ‘The Three Human Establishments

-The Farming unit–the cooperative village:a unit for agricultural production

-The linear industrial city

-The radio concentric city-same as Radiant city(Ville Radieuse) for the exchange of goods and

services.

philosophy of Le Corbusier

No matter how open and green, cities should be frankly urban,

urban surroundings are to be definitely contrasting with rural surroundings-Densities are in

themselves not a problem.

Congestion and slum conditions in the cities are due to excessive coverage, persistence of old

street patterns and unrestricted land speculation

Slums exist because of the failure to provide the proper surrounding for high density living

He protests against strict functionalism: “Human creations that survive are those which produce

emotions, and not those which are only useful”

LA VILLE RADIUSE

(RADIANT CITY)

Le Corbusier re-arranged the key features of the ville contemproraine

The basic idea of free circulation and greenary were still present, but the juxta position of

different land-uses had changed. for example, the central areas was now residential

instead of a sky scraper office core

Element of the Le Corbusier plan

very high density

-1,200 people per acre in skyscrapers

-over crowded sectors of paris and london ranged from 169-213 pers./acre at the time

-Manhattan has only 81 pers./acre

120 people per acre in the luxury houses

-6 to 10 times denser than current luxury housing in the united states

Multi-level traffic system to manage the intensity of the traffic

Analogy of the city with the abstract image of the man

The skyscrapers(business area) of the ville contemporaine were re-arranged from the city

center at the head'.{the } body was made up of acres of “housing strips” laid out in a

stepping plan to generate semi-courts and harbors of greenery containing tennis-court,

playing fields and path.

Traffic pattern--an orthogonal system with super imposed diagonals and the civic center

is on the main axis

light manufacturing, freight yard and the heavy industries at the bottom

Access to the green space

-between 48% and 95% of the surface area is reserved for green space, gardens,

squares,sport fields, Resturant, theatres, with no sprawl, acess to the “protected

zones”(green belt/open space) is quick and easy

-

THANK YOU

Urban green infrastructure-

Lynda H.Schneekloth, Editor.

The green infrastructure of a city consists of those parts that contribute to the natural processes of

keeping the water and the air clean and recycling of waste, It includes the parks and wild lands,

stream corridors, utility corridors and vacant regenerating sites, These fragments of city property,

if considered as a single system similar to transportation or waste treatment, offer opportunities

for keeping our cities clean and for providing recreational space.

Arboriculture, bios wale, conservation corridor, Eco roof, green walls, heat island, infrastructure,

parks, porous paving, retaining wall, vegetation Cities are a complex interaction of the natural

and built elements. In order to maintain some degree of balance in the natural systems, we have

to introduce engineered systems to create and transport energy, to remove and process wastes, to

control storm runoff, etc

The green infrastructure of the city is comprised of natural and designed systems of the elements

of the city that functions in ways analogous to natural processes in managing air, water,

microclimatic and energy resources

especially for

Air quality improvement

microclimatic modification

storm water management

density zoning

cluster development

street with limits

pollutant collector

next,

GREENWAYS BY –Loring LaB. Schwarz, editor

The term ‘Greenway” suggests two separate images: green suggest natural amenities such

as forests, riverbanks, wildlife; ways implies route or path.

types

1. urban riverside

2. recreational greenway

3. ecologically

4. scenic historic routes

5. based on landforms and other

Design Guidelines

-define a corridor large enough to allow flexibility

-keeping a broadway greenery concept in mind-when defining the primary area

Design Objectives

-safety

-way-finding

interpretation

-universal design

figure of South Colorado

figure of university- planned as a green city concept in Newyork

figure- Texas, based on green infrastructure concept

While comparing Radiant city, New urbanism concept and Green cities, the author has their own

concept of designing and planning; which are very good according to the principles of city

building movement.

Planning is one concept and making that plan possible is another concept.

In my opinion, Green cities or green infrastructure performs ecological, recreational and

aesthetic functions in the city. it improves the quality of urban environment, provides access to

the natural habitat, avoid damage to the built-form, and in general it keeps us healthy. Morever,

wise use and expansion of green structure is cost-efficient at both the individual home/business

level and for the municipality.

Presented by

Amit Pokhrel

Post-graduate student of Urban design and conservation