INCOME INEQUALITY IN INDIA MADHURA SWAMINATHAN AND VIKAS RAWAL.
Presentation of Mofizul Islam Given to Dr. Swaminathan Foundation
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Transcript of Presentation of Mofizul Islam Given to Dr. Swaminathan Foundation
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WelcomeMD Mofizul Islam
Senior Agriculture Specialist IFDC; Dhaka
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At present IFDC is working in 29 countries also in many countries and International organizations , research institutes, universities, public and private sector organization on collaborative basis signing MOU.
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“About half of the world’s population is alive today because of increased food production fueled by mineral
fertilizers,”
Dr. Amit Roy; President,IFDC
“About half of the world’s population is alive today because of increased food production fueled by mineral
fertilizers,”
Dr. Amit Roy; President,IFDC
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How Deep Placement How Deep Placement Works?Works?
CO2
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N Balance for UDP and Split Applied Urea in Wetland Rice. N Balance for UDP and Split Applied Urea in Wetland Rice. IRRI-IFDCIRRI-IFDC
In Grain42%
In Straw23%
In Soil31%
Unaccounted4%
In Grain23%
In Straw9%
In Soil33%
Unaccounted35%
Deep Placed Urea
Briquette
Split Applicatio
n
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Location Urea application 15N Balance (%of applied N)
Plant recovery Soil(+roots) UnaccountedInstitute of soil science, Nanjing, China
PU incorporated 29-45 20-32 35-40USG at 6cm placement 55-74 12-24 13-21
IRRI, Philippines dry & wet season
PU incorporated 32-33 33-36 11-35USG,10cm placement 65-73 22-31 4-5
Pangasinan, Philippines, wet season
Basal incorporated & top dressing
31-39 33-35 26-36
USG,10cm placement 64-78 19-26 3-14
Pila, Laguna, Philippines ,wet season
Two third b,cd-incorporated 30 22 48
USG placement 70 23 7
15N balance sheet for deep-placed USG-N and split-applied PU-N in transplanted rice
Source: Fertilizer Research, vol.25, No.1,October 1990
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FER
TIL
IZE
R 1
5N
(%) 0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Urea Super Granules Placedat 8-cm Soil Depth
Urea Broadcast and Incorporated
UNACCOUNTED
ROOT + SOIL
PLANT
UNACCOUNTED
ROOT + SOIL
PLANT
DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTING Source: Use of Urea Super Granules for Wetland Rice: A Review. By: NK Savant, ET Craswell and RB Diamond
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Important Agronomic advantages of UDP
• No hidden hunger to plants for shortage of nitrogen
•Less weeds grow due to N availability beyond root zone
• Dark green color of leaves continues without yellowing
• Number of tillers more than broadcast urea applied plot
• Panicle is large with more number of bold grains
• Add more bio-mass in soils
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Potential N losses due to presence of urea-N in floodwater with surface broadcast application of broadcast urea versus deep placed granules (1-g size), 1994 dry season, Philippines. Source: IFDC-IRRI Project
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Project Locations
AAPI Total• 22 Districts• 124 Upazilas
FtF Districts• 20 Districts• 107 Upazilas
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ResultIndicators Units Target Actual
% of Achievement
Guti Urea Manufac./Sold
Metric Ton
- 4,01690 -
Guti Urea Dealers/Machines Installed
Number 795 905 114%
Farmers Applied Guti Urea in last four rice seasons
Number 2,957,713 4,653,687 157%
Rice Area under Guti Urea in last four rice seasons
Hectare 1,478,857 1,547,873 105%
AAPI Results Achieved through(three crops) June 2013AAPI Results Achieved through(three crops) June 2013
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ItemsFertilizer Used
(Average)Fertilizer Cost
(Average)Yield
(Average)
(kg/ha) (Tk/ha) (kg/ha)
Guti Urea 169 3,713($48) 7,029
Broadcast Urea
295 5,903($76) 6,163
Difference 126 2,190($28) 866
CV 0.25 0.24 12.39
LSD (0.05) 0.08 1.63 113.82
Influence of N Fertilizer Application Method of Fertilizer Used, Saving and Yield of Rice Boro 2013 demos
Source: AAPI 397 Demonstration Plots, Boro 2013
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ResultIndicators Units Target Actual
% of Achievement
Incremental Rice Production
Metric Ton 1,492,129 1,297,426 87%
Increased Value of Rice
Million US $
477.48 457.70 96%
Urea Saved Metric Ton 196,061 196,973 100%
Value of Urea Saved Million US $
66.65 105.64 158%
GOB Savings on Urea Subsidy
Million US $
31.92 62.75 197%
AAPI Results Achieved(aman2012,boro2013&aus2013) through June 2013AAPI Results Achieved(aman2012,boro2013&aus2013) through June 2013
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5.33
5.6
5.715.68
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
In P
erc
en
tag
e (
%)
Prilled Urea USG 2 NPK (2.40
gm)
1 NPK (3.40
gm)
Treatment
Protein content in grain of boro rice
Protein content(%)
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Cultivars (Varieties
No. of demons-trations
Yield (Kg/ha)
Remarks Yield difference
(a-b)
Average UDP (Guti Urea)
(a)
Average Broadcast Urea
(b)
BRRI dhan 29 114 7579 6522 1057
BRRI dhan 28 168 6876 5956 920
BRRI dhan 47 20 6465 5560 905
BINA dhan 8 11 6484 5715 769
Hybrids 33 7911 6804 1107
Effect of N-Fertilizer Applied as Broadcast Urea or UDP on the Grain Yield (kg/ha) of Different Varieties Grown in Boro, 2012 (Demo)
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Deep –placed USG
were found to be agronomically efficient in calcareous soils and in problem soils
such as acidic soils, sodic soils, alkali soils, coastal saline soils and poorly
drained soils.
Source: “Fertilizer Research” An International Journal on Fertilizer Use and Technology, vol.25, No.1,Oct.1990
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Poverty Alleviation of Resource Poor Farmers
a household cultivating 0.2 ha in both wet and dry seasons and obtaining the yield increments from UDP might produce sufficient additional rice to provide one person their annual calorie requirement above poverty level (2,114 kilo calorie/head/day).
An IFDC Study Pointed Out--
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“On average from a hectare of land, UDP provides an
additional 3.2 persons with the annual rice
requirement above the poverty level established by
the Government of Bangladesh,” says Dr. Thomas P.
Thompson, IFDC Senior Sociologist.
A survey conducted in Bangladesh produced these
findings.
Socioeconomic Performance
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HOW TO SAVE THE EARTH ???
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Environmental Gains with Deep PlacementEnvironmental Gains with Deep Placement
• Point Placement = high ammoniacal N concentration (NH4-N > 3,000 ppm) inhibition of nitrification
• Less N Loss = N Fertilizer Savings
• Deep Placement = reduced zone soil placement
Air(80% Nitrogen) Ammonia Urea
Energy and Feedstock (Natural Gas)
Energy (Natural Gas) and Carbon Dioxide
980 kg CO2 Equivalent GHG Emission
4-Barrels Energy 1 ton Urea
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Global Climate Change Initiative
• Phase I – will quantify the N losses
and build capacity within BRRI and BAU.
• Phase II – will measure the effect
of enhanced technologies on N emissions and yield.
NH4 concentration in floodwater after urea application
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Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Contribution in Global Warming
Global warming potential of N2O is nearly 300 times than that of an equal mass of CO2
Global atmospheric N2O concentration is now 18 times higher than pre-industrial times
It has continued to increase @ of about 0.3%per year
Source: International nitrogen initiative
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Source: Economic Review 2013, Ministry of Finance, GOB
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Benefits of urea deep placement(UDP)
For entrepreneurs:• New area of business & profit• Opportunity to contribute to national development
For the national economy:• Saves urea• Increase rice production• Increase rural employment opportunities
For the environment:• Decrease release of Nr to the environment• Decrease pollution of water
For farmers:• Increase yield• Saves urea• Decrease production cost• Increase profit
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U.S. President Barack Obama and USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah discuss fertilizer deep placement technology with Dr. Bidjokazo Fofana, agronomist and coordinator of IFDC's deep placement initiative in Africa. Fofana (right) is demonstrating the use of a mechanical applicator that decreases the labor required to deep-place fertilizer briquettes. Photo courtesy of USAID.
U.S. President Barack Obama Promotes Agricultural Technologies at Feed the Future Event
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BR
RI D
es
ign
ed
Ap
plic
ato
r
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Long-Term Effect of Urea Deep Long-Term Effect of Urea Deep Placement on Soil HealthPlacement on Soil Health
Urea Deep PlacementUrea
Broadcast Incorporation
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Long-Term Effect of UDP on Soil Health
Comparison of Organic Matter Content with UDP and Urea
Organic Matter Content (%)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
So
il D
ep
th (
cm
)
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
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Long-Term Effect of UDP on Soil Health
Comparison of Soil Total Nitrogen with UDP and Urea
Total N Content (%)
0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24
So
il D
ep
th (
cm
)
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
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Phosphorus use efficiencies as influenced by P and N rates, deep point placement of briquettes, incorporation of N, P, K
Phosphorus use efficiencies as influenced by P and N rates, deep point placement of briquettes, incorporation of N, P, K
Fertilizer nutrients(N-P-K)
Phosphorus use efficiency
Agronomic efficiency Apparent recovery combined
2001 2002
Kg grain/kg P applied% increase in P
uptake from P applied
Phosphorus rate, 14 kg P /ha
53 – 14 – 25 Broadcast 47.8 151.2 24.9
53 – 14 – 25 N-P-K Briquette 110.5 166.9 50.4
78 – 14 – 25 Broadcast 120.6 187.8 50.3
78 – 14 – 25 N-P-K Briquette 165.1 241.5 81.4
Source: Rice Growth, Grain Yield and Flood Water Nutrient Dynamics as affected by by Nutrient Placement
Method and Rate; Agronomy Journal, Volume 100, Issue 3; 2008
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Farmer
Fertilizerdealer
(Retailer)
Machinemanufacturer
Briquetteproducer
Ureasource
Making the “Guti” Urea
Supply Chain Work
for Farmers
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Sub-continent CountryNumber of Machine
Asia Afghanistan, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines 20
Africa Burkina Feso, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya , Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, Uganda, Zambia
55
USA & Ecuador
IFDC Head Quarter, Ecuador2
Briquette Machine Exported from BangladeshBriquette Machine Exported from Bangladesh
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Ric
e G
rain
Yie
ld (
t h
a-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
UDP Urea Yield difference
Gains in Sub-Saharan AfricaGains in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Crop Treatment Yield (m.ton/ha)Cabbage Prilled Urea (440 kg/ha) 47.95
UDP 61.57Difference 13.62
Cauliflower Prilled Urea (330 kg/ha) 49.20UDP 59.55Differences 10.35
Tomato Prilled Urea (500 kg/ha) 45.80UDP 59.65Difference 13.85
Eggplant Prilled Urea (300 kg/ha) 25.03UDP 31.02Difference 5.99
Yield Analysis of Cabbage, Cauliflower, Tomato and Eggplant from UDP and Broadcast Urea Plots
Source: AAPI, IFDC, Dhaka
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UDP Plot Non UDP Plot
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THE END
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Sl# Items Unit cost US$ Unit nos. Total(US$)1 Urea cost 0.25/kg 3200 kg 800.002 Number of labors 3.75 3.75x3nos 11.253 Diesel 0.81 0.85x12litres 10.204 Engine oil --- --- 0.505 Gear oil -- -- 0.506 Management, housing,
promotion, depreciation etc
1 day --- 7.75
7 Shortage @2% 1 kg/50kg bag 0.258 Grand Total 830.459 Price of guti @0.28/kg 3200kg 896.0010 Sl. 9-8 of items 65.5511 If machine works yearly
60 days(av.) profit 3,933.00
12 For 30 days profit 1966.50
An estimated partial financial benefit of entrepreneurs on USG production and marketing per day (8hr basis)
Production of USG on the basis of 400kg /hr ie 64 bags (50kg/bag) per day