Presentation of EM

8/9/2019 Presentation of EM

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Presented ByMusheer Khan

PayalDhanvijaya


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Living things

+ Nonliving things

ECOSYSTEM


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Living things in anecosystem are

called aCOMMUNITY


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Population

Population

+ Population

COMMUNITY


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All energy in afood web comes

from the


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What makes ecosystems different?

Amount of water

Amount of sunlight

Type of soil

1

2

3


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Name the three members inevery community.

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers


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What causes ecosystems to change?

Natural causes:

Drought

Disease

Fire

Overpopulation

3

2

1

4


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What causes ecosystems to change?

Changes caused by humans:

Water pollution

Air pollution

Land pollution

Construction

1

2

3

4


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How can humans help to prevent

changes in ecosystems?

Use resources wisely

Laws that control pollution

Clean up litter

Keep rivers and lakes clean

1

2

3

4


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Micro-consumers: Also Saprotrophs/ Detritivores . They are

popularly known as decomposers, such as bacteria, fungi,

flagellates & actinomyctes. They feed on organic compounds of dead or living protoplasm of

plants and animals for their food and energy

They absorb some of the decomposition or breakdown products &

release inorganic compounds (nutrients) in the ecosystem,making them available again to producers.

Structure of an Ecosystem:


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Producer,Consumer & Decomposer1) Producer Organisms:In a forest, the producers are mainly trees.Trees are of different kinds depending upon the type offorest developed in that climate.Apart from trees, climbers, epiphytes, shrubs andground vegetation.Dominant species of trees in major types of

forest ecosystems are:Tectona grandis, Acer, Betula, Picea, Pine,Cedrus.

2) Consumers:In a forest, consumers are of three main types;

a) Primary Consumers:These are Herbivores which feed directly onproducers. E.g.

Ants, Beetles, Bugs, spiders etc. feeding ontree leaves.Larger animals such as Elephants, Deer,

giraffe etc. grazing on shoots and/or fruits oftrees.


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b) Secondary Consumers:

These are carnivores and feed on primary consumers.

These include Birds, Lizards, Frogs, Snakes, Foxes, etc.

c) Tertiary Consumers: These are secondary carnivores and feed on secondary

consumers

These include top carnivores like Lion, Tiger, etc.

3) Decomposers:

These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro- organism like; Bacteria(Bacillus Sp., Clostridium sp.,pseudomonas, etc.)

Fungi (Aspergillus sp., Ganoderma sp., Fusarium, etc.)

Actinomycetes (Streptomyces, etc).

They attract the dead or decayed bodies of organisms & thus

decomposition takes place. Therefore, nutrients are released for reuse.


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Examples:

Producers: Different tree species

Consumers in a Forest Ecosystem

Decomposers in a Forest ecosystem


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Ecological succession is defined as, A change in thecommunity in which new populations of organisms

gradually replace existing ones. There are two types of ecological succession:

1) Primary Succession:

Occurs where there is no soil, e.g. after a volcaniceruption or a glacial retreat.

Pioneer organisms

Simple plants first no or shallow roots.

Gradual influx of more complicated and larger plantsas the habitat changes

Unfavorable for life at first. Ends with a climax community ecosystem stays

constant, provided there are no changes inabiotic influences.


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Examples of PrimarySuccession


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2) Secondary Succession: Community development in the areas that were

previously occupied by a other community.

Occurs after a disturbance. E.g., loss of trees afterdisease, Fire or wind, deforestation etc.

Conditions are favorable for as soil and nutrientsare already present.

More rapid than primary succession.


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No soil. Pioneer species.

Weathering &decomposition

Humus and sand

increase over time. End = climax

community.

Soil already exists. Seeds have suitable soil.

conditions.

Occurs much faster.

Climax community.


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A food chain may be defined as, the transfer ofenergy and nutrients through a series of organismswith repeated process of eating and being eaten.

In an ecosystem, all the organisms are linkedtogether with one another by food relationship.

Each organism living or dead is potential food forsome other organism.


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Food web: Under natural conditions, the linear arrangement of

food chains hardly occurs & these remains

connected interconnected with each other throughdifferent types of organisms.

Interlocking pattern of several interlinked foodchains is termed as FOOD WEB.

Food Web in Grassland Ecosystem


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An Ecological pyramid is a graphicalrepresentation that shows the relative amounts of

energy or matter contained within each trophiclevel in a food chain or food web.

An ecological pyramid shows the relationshipbetween consumers and producers at differenttrophic levels in an ecosystem

There are three ecological pyramids recognized byecologists:

1) Pyramid of Numbers:

Shows the relative number of individual organismsat each trophic level.

Grasses

Hawk

Snakes, Lizards

Rabbit, Mice

Phytoplankton

Larger fishes

Bigger fishes

Smaller Fishes

Tertiary Consumers

Secondary

Consumers

Primary Consumers

Producers

Grassland Ecosystem Pond Ecosystem


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Large Trees

Lion Tiger

Snakes, Birds, Fox

Fruit eating birds, Deer etc

Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes

Fruit eating birds

Lice & Bugs (Parasites on Herbivores)

Large Tress

Forest Ecosystem Parasitic food chain

2) Pyramid of Biomass: A pyramid of biomass represents the total dry mass (in grams per squaremetre of area) of all the organisms in each trophic level at a particular time.


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Grasses

Snakes, Frogs,Birds etc.

Cows Sheep,Deer, Rabbit

Grassland Ecosystem

Trees

Lion, Tiger,

etc.

Elephant, Deer etc.

Forest Ecosystem

Carnivores

Herbivores

Producers

Phytoplankton's

Fish, Water beetles etc.

Zooplanktons

Carnivores

Herbivores

Producers

Pond Ecosystem


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2) Pyramid of Energy:

A pyramid of biomass represents the rate of energy flowand/or productivity at successive trophic levels. The pyramid

of energy are always upright.

Primary ConsumersHERBIVORES

Tertiary ConsumersCARNIVORES

Secondary Consumers

CARNIVORES

Producers


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The kind of organism which can live in a particular ecosystemdepends upon their physical and metabolic adaptations to the

environment. On earth there are number of ecosystems within a

geographical region which are exposed to same climaticconditions & having dominant species with similar life cycle,climatic adaptations and physical structure.

This set of ecosystems is called BIOME

In the Biosphere, there are Natural & Artificial biomes.

Natural Biomes (Ecosystems):

Natural ecosystems operate by themselves under naturalconditions without interference of man

They carry out many functions for us.


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Wastewater is converted to drinkable water by filtrationthrough natural ecosystems, such as soils.

Air pollutants from industries & automobiles are oftentrapped on leaves or converted to harmless compounds byforests.

On the basis of particular type of habitat, they are furthersub divided as:

Terrestrial Ecosystems (Biomes):

They are often defined by the vegetation types thatdominate the community.

Terrestrial vegetation has a rapid exchange of oxygen,

water & carbon dioxide. Moisture is the major limiting factor, faces the problem of

dehydration.

Extremes of temperature are more pronounced.

Soil acts as highly developed ecological subsystem.


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Examples of terrestrial ecosystem are:

Forest ecosystem.

Grassland ecosystem Desert ecosystem.

Aquatic Ecosystems (Biomes):

Aquatic ecosystems deal with biotic community present in

water bodies. Aquatic organisms have the same basic needs as the

terrestrial organisms

However difference lies in the form in which they are madeavailable to them.

In terrestrial ecosystem, carbon dioxide and oxygen arepresent in gaseous form, but in aquatic ecosystem theseare made available in dissolved state.


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Structure: Living/Biotic (Plants, Animals and Micro- organisms )

Non-living/Abiotic (soil, climate, water and light)

Process: Energy flow

Cycling of matter (chemicals)

Change: Dynamic/ Changing (not static)


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A forest is an area with a high density of trees. Worlds total land area is 13,076 million hectares -

(Source: FAO; 1989) Of which total forests account for about 31% of the

worlds land area.

In India, the forest cover is roughly 19% of the totalland area.

The forest ecosystem are of great concern from theenvironmental point of view.

It provides numerous environmental services like; Nutrient cycling, Maintaining biodiversity

Providing wildlife habitat Affecting rainfall patterns Regulating stream flow Storing water Reducing flooding Preventing soil erosion Forest Ecosystem


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Grasslands (also called Greenswards) are areaswhere the vegetation is dominated by grasses and

other herbaceous (non-woody) plants.Grasslands occupy about 24% of the earths

surface.

Grasslands occur in regions too dry for forests and

too moist for deserts The annual rainfall ranges between 25- 75 cm,

Usually seasonal

The principal grasslands include: Prairies (Canada, USA)

Pampas (South America)

Steppes (Europe & Asia)

Veldts (Africa)

Grassland


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species include

Wild horses, asses & antelope of Eurasia,

Herds of Bison of America; and

The antelope & other large herbivores of Africa

The various components of a grassland Ecosystem are:

Biotic components: Three functional groups which are:

1) Producer Organisms:

In grassland, producers are mainly grasses; though, afew herbs & shrubs also contribute to primary

production of biomass. Some of the most common species of grasses are:

Brachiaria sp., Cynodon sp., Desmodium sp.,Digitaria sp.

2) Consumers:


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2) Consumers: In a grassland, consumers are of three main types;a) Primary Consumers: The primary consumers are herbivores feeding directly

on grasses. These are grazing animals such as

Cows, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Deer, Rabbits etc. Besides them, numerous species of insects,

termites, etc are also present.

b) Secondary Consumers: These are carnivores that feed on primary consumers

(Herbivores)

These include;Frogs, Snakes, Lizards, Birds, Foxes, Jackals etc.

c) Tertiary Consumers: These include hawks etc. which feed on secondary

consumers.

3) D


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3) Decomposers:

These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro- organismlike:

Bacteria; Fungi; Actinomycetes

They attract the dead or decayed bodies of organisms &thus decomposition takes place.

Therefore, nutrients are released for reuse by producers.

Abiotic components:

These include basic inorganic & organic compoundspresent in the soil & aerial environment.

The essential elements like C, H, N, O, P, S etc. aresupplied by water, nitrogen, nitrates, sulphates,phosphates present in soil & atmosphere.

C f G l d E


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Components of Grassland Ecosystem:

Producers: Different grass species

Consumers of Grassland ecosystem

Decomposers in a Grassland ecosystem


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Desert Ecosystem

The various components of a Desert Ecosystemare:

Biotic components:1) Producer Organisms: In a desert, producers are mainly

shrubs/bushes; some grasses & a few trees.Dominant plant species include: Succulents

(water - retaining plants adaptedto arid climate or soil conditions ) & hardygrasses.

Besides some lower plants such as lichens &xerophytic mosses are also present.

2) C O i Th i l d i l h


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2) Consumer Organisms: These include animals such asinsects, reptiles which are capable of living in xericconditions

Besides some nocturnal rodents, birds & some

mammalians like camel etc are also found.3) Decomposers:Due to poor vegetation with very low amount of

dead organic matter, decomposers are poor indesert ecosystem.

The common decomposers are some bacteria &fungi, most of which are thermophillic.

Abiotic components:

Due to high temperature & very low rainfall, theorganic substances are poorly present in the soil.

C t f D t E t


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Components of Desert Ecosystem:

Producers of Desert Ecosystem

Consumers of Desert Ecosystem


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Aquatic ecosystems deal with bioticcommunity present in water bodies.

In terrestrial ecosystem, carbon dioxide &oxygen are present in gaseous formwhereas in aquatic ecosystem, these areavailable in dissolved state.

Depending upon the quality and nature ofwater, the aquatic ecosystem arecategorized into

Freshwater EcosystemandMarine Ecosystem.

F h t E t


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Freshwater ecosystems cover 0.8% of the Earth's surfaceand contain 0.009% of its total water.

Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's known

fish species.

Aquatic ecosystems perform many importantenvironmental functions. For example:

They recycle nutrients, purify water, attenuate floods,recharge ground water and provide habitats for wildlife.

Aquatic ecosystems are also used for human recreation,and are very important to the tourism industry,especially in coastal region.

There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic: slow-moving water, including Pools, Ponds,

and Lakes. Lotic: rapidly-moving water, for

example Streams and Rivers. Wetlands: areas where the soil is saturated with water

or inundated for at least part of the time

Freshwater Ecosystems:


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Marine ecosystems are among the Earth's aquaticecosystems. They include: Oceans,Estuaries and Lagoons, Mangroves and Coral reefs,

the Deep sea and the Sea floor.

These are the gigantic reservoirs of water coveringapproximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area ofsome 361 million square kilometers).

These ecosystem is different from freshwaterecosystem mainly because of its salty water.

The salt concentration in an open sea is usually 3.5%(35 parts per thousand (ppt) ). Dominant ions aresodium & chloride.

Average temperature of Marine ecosystem is 2-3degree centigrade, devoid of light.


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Approach to managing human activity on asustainable basis by:

essential integration of human systems intonatural systems;

Minimizing energy and materials usage;Minimizing the ecological impact of human

activity to levels natural systems can

sustain.


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WASTE =WASTE =

RESOURCERESOURCE


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Systems make itSystems make it

possible,possible,People make itPeople make it

happen.happen.

ThankThank

You.You.

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