Presentation of Data

Presented by:Deepak kumar

1141011th – D ( 2nd shift )

1) Presentation of Data 1.1) Tabular presentation 1.1.a) Components of table 1.1.b) Features of a good table 1.1.c) Kind of tables 1.1.d) Classification of data and

Tabular Presentation

1.2) Textual presentation 1.3) Diagrammatic presentation 1.3.a) Bar diagrams 1.3.a.i) Types of Bar diagrams 1.3.a.i.A) Simple Bar diagrams 1.3.a.i.B) Multiple Bar diagrams 1.3.a.i.C) Sub-divided Bar diagrams 1.3.a.i.D) Percentage Bar diagram

1.3.b) Pie diagram 1.3.c) Frequency Diagrams 1.3.c.i) Histogram 1.3.c.i.A) Unequal 1.3.c.i.B) Equal 1.3.c.ii) Polygon 1.3.c.iii) Frequency curve polygon 1.3.c.iv) Ogive or Cumulative

Frequency Curve

1.3.c.iv.A) Less than Ogive1.3.c.iv.B) More than Ogive 2.) Some Questions 2.1) Very Short Answer Type Questions2.2) Short Answer Type Questions2.3) Long Answer Type Questions2.4) Numerical Questions

Presentation of Data

The presentation of data means exhibition of the data in such a clear and attractive manner that these are easily understood and analysed. There are many forms of presentation of data.

Presentation of Data

Presentation of data

1.1 Tabular Presentation

In the process of Tabular presentation is Data is organized in rows and columns, this process is known as tabular presentation. The method used is known as Tabulation( presenting data in the form of rows and columns in a table ).

Components of a table

Following are the principal components of a table:- Table number

first of all the table is to be numbered. These numbers must be in the same order as the tables. Numbers facilitates the location of the tables. For ex; table no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ........

Title a table must have a title. The title must be

written in bold letters. The title must be simple, clear and short. A good title must reveal:

i) The problem under considerationii) The time period of the studyiii) The place of studyiv) The nature of classification of data “A GOOD TITLE IS SHORT BUT

COMPLETE IN ALL RESPECT”

Head note If the title of the table does not give

complete information, it is supplemented with head note. Head note completes the information in the title of the table. The unit of data is preferably expressed in lakhs, crores, tonnes etc. and expressed in brackets as head note.

Stubs stubs are the title of rows of a table.

These titles indicate information contained in the rows of the table. Caption

Caption is the title given to the coloumns of a table. A caption indicates information contained in the coloumns of the table.

A caption may have sub-heads when the information in the columns is divided in more than one class.

Body body of a table means sum total of

the items in the table. Thus, body is the most important part of the table. It indicates values of the various items in the table. Each item in the body is called “Cell”

Footnote Footnotes are given for the

clarification of the reader. These are generally given with information in the table need to be supplemented.Source

when table are based on secondary data, source of the data is to be given. Source of the data is specified below the footnote.

Format of a table

Features of a good table

Construction of a table depends upon the objective of study. It also depends on the wisdom of satisfaction. There are no hard and fast rules for the construction of a table. However, some important guidelines should be kept in mind . These are as under:-

1.) Title as compatible with objectives of the study

Title of a table must be provided at the top centre of the table and it must be compatible with the objectives of study. 2.) Comparison Items which are to be compared with each other should be placed in rows and columns close to each other. This facilitates comparison

3.) Special Emphasis items in a table which needs special

emphesis should be placed in head rows( top above ) or head columns ( extreme left ). Such items should be presented in Bold figures.

4.) Ideal size Table must be of an ideal size, to

determine an ideal size. To determine an ideal size of a table, a rough draft or sketch must be drawn.

5.) Stubs If the rows are long, stubs may be

given at right hand side of the table.6.)Use of Zero Zero should only be used to indicate

the quantity of the variable. It should not be used to indicate the non-availability of data. If the data are not available then it should be indicated by ‘n.a.’ or ( - ) minus sign.

7.) Headings Heading should generally be written

in the singular form. For ex., in the columns indicating goods, the word “good” should be used.

8.) Abbreviations Use of abbreviations should be

avoided in the heading or sub-headings of a table.

9.) Footnote Footnote should be given only if

needed.10.) Units Units may be specified above the

columns.11.) Total In the table, sub-totals of the items

must be given at the end of each row. Grand total of the items must also be noted.

12.) Percentage and Ratio Percentage figures should be

provided in the table, if possible. This makes the data more informative.

13.) Extent of Approximation If some approximate figures have

been used in the table, the extent of approximation must be noted.

14.) Sources of Data Sources of data must be noted at

the foot of the table. It is generally noted next to the footnote.

15.) Size of columns Size of columns must be uniform

and symmetrical.16.) Ruling of columns Columns must be divided into

different sections according to similarities of the data.

17.) Simple, Economical and Attractive a table must be simple attractive

and economical in space.

Kinds of Tables

kinds of tables

A.) According to purpose 1) General these tables are just for general purposes . These

tables are generally attached to some official reports, like Census Reports of India. These are also called Reference tables.

2) Specific Specific purpose table is that table which is

prepared with some specific purpose in the mind. In this table the data is presented in the form of result of the analysis. That is why these tables are also called Summary tables.

B.) According to Originality1) Original An original table is that in which data

are presented in the same form of the result of the analysis.

2) Derived An derived table is that is that in

which data are not presented in the form or manner in which these are collected. Instead the data are presented after converting data into ratios and percentages.

C) Tables according to Construction

1) Simple or one-way A simple table is that which shows

only one characteristics of the data. E.X.,

CLASS No. of students

11th 200

B.A. ( I ) 100

B.A.( II ) 80

B.A.( III ) 60

TOTAL 440

2) Complex Table A complex table is one which shows

more than characteristic of the data. On the basis of the characteristics shown, these tables may be further classified as:-

2.1) Double or two-way table2.2) Treble table2.3) Manifold table

2.1) Double or two-way table A two way table is hat which shows two

characteristics of the data. e.x.,

Class No. of students

total boys girls

11th 160 40 200

B.A. ( I ) 40 60 100

B.A. ( II ) 60 20 80

B.A. ( III ) 50 10 60

tOTAL 310 130 440

2.2) Treble method A table which shows three

characteristics of data. E.x.,

CLASS

BOYS GIRLS TOTAL

rural urban

total rural urban

total rural urban

total

11th 50 110 160 10 30 40 60 140 200

B.A. ( I )

10 30 40 15 45 60 25 75 100

B.A. ( II )

15 45 60 5 15 20 20 60 80

B.A. (III )

10 40 50 5 5 10 15 45 60

Total 85 225 310 35 95 130 120 320 440

2.3) Manifold table The manifold Table is he one that shows

more than three characteristics. E.x.,class boys girls total

rural urban rural urban

mARRIED

uNMARRIED

mARRIED

uNMARRIED

mARRIED

uNMARRIED

mARRIED

uNMARRIED

11th 5 55 10 90 2 8 5 25 200

B.A. ( I )

5 15 15 35 4 4 4 18 100

B.A. ( II )

5 10 15 30 2 3 5 10 80

B.A. (III )

5 5 20 20 3 2 2 3 60

TOTAL

20 85 60 175 11 17 16 56 440

Classification of data and tabular presentation

i) Qualitative classification Qualitative data occours when the data are

classified on the basis of qualitative characteristics for a phenomenon. E.x.,

Unemployement in punjab by sex and location

location

sex rural Urban

Male 20 10

Female 30 20

Total 50 30

ii) Quantitative classification In temporal classification data is classified

on the basis of quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon. E.x.,

Marks obtained by students of class 11th

marks No. of students

0-10 3

10-20 7

20-30 12

30-40 22

40-50 32

A graph that uses rectangles (bars) to show numbers or measurements.

GLE 0406.5.1 SPI 0406.5.1 0406.5.2

Parts of a bar graph.

Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results that happen one time. It is an easy comparison tool for surveys, inventories, and this type of data.

The bar graph is marked off with a series of lines called grid lines.

Bar graphs can be horizontal or vertical. Both kinds will have two axes. One axis gives the frequency information and the other axis gives the group data.

Bar graphs must also have a title and labels on the axes.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

East

West

North

Frequency of the data, numbered in 10’s.

This axis gives the group data.

Histograms

Histograms are bar graphs in which• The bars have the same width and always touch (the

edges of the bars are on class boundaries which are described below).

• The width of a bar represents a quantitative variable x, such as age rather than a category.

• The height of each bar indicates frequency.

Before making a histogram, organize the data into a frequency table which shows the distribution of data into classes (intervals). The classes are constructed so that each data values falls into exactly one class, and the class frequency is the number of data in the class.

To find the class width,

First compute: Largest value - smallest Value Desired number of classes

Increase the value computed to the next highest whole,number even if the first value was a whole number. This will ensure the classes cover the data.

The lower class limit of a class is the lowest data that can fit into the class, the upper class limit is the highest data value that can fit into the class. The class width is the difference between lower class limits of adjacent classes.

Constructing Frequency Polygons

• Make a frequency table that includes class midpoints and frequencies.

• For each class place dots above class midpoint at the height of the class frequency.

• Put dots on horizontal axis one class width to left of first class midpoint, and one class width to right of of last midpoint.

• Connect dots with straight lines.

Cumulative Frequencies & Ogives

• The cumulative frequency of a class is the frequency of the class plus the frequencies for all previous classes.

• An ogive is a cumulative frequency polygon.

Constructing Ogives

• Make a frequency table showing class boundaries and cumulative frequencies.

• For each class, put a dot over the upper class boundary at the height of the cumulative class frequency.

• Place dot on horizontal axis at the lower class boundary of the first class.

• Connect the dots.

Distribution Shapes

• Symmetrical• Uniform (it has a rectangular histogram)• Skewed left – the longer tail is on the left side.• Skewed right – the longer tail is on the right side.• Bimodal (the two classes with the largest frequencies

are separated by at least one class)