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2. PROPOSED GUIDELINES TO ESTABLISH WORLD HALAL STANDARDS I .Background The word "Halal" means lawful or permissible and Haram means prohibited or un fit for Muslim consumption in the Arabic language and according to the Islamic Sharia (Law). Foods are classified as Halal for Muslim consumption if they do not contain pork or pork ingredients or alcohol, and the meats are labeled Halal if the animals were slaughtered in accordance with Islamic guidelines. As awareness amongst Muslim consumers around the World increases, demand grows for authentic Halal foods. Besides meat, several other issues concerning food have come to the surface. Food ingredients like flavours, oils, enzymes in cheese, and a variety of other ingredients have further complicated the picture. Alcohol and pork derivatives could be embedded in all kind of products that need to be identified and avoided. This document is an attempt to standardize the Halal procedures by members of the World Halal Council for the purpose of adopting and promoting these Halal Standards among Muslims aroundthe World. 3.

II.Halal Supervision.

The Halal supervising-certifying organization must have officers who have had education and experience in slaughtering animals/birds and have knowledge in food science and technology in supervising food processing. These officers would be able to effectively monitor and communicate with the industry on matters that are considered sensitive. The organization must be looked upon as a business partner because they would be able to advise and assist industry in production, quality control, product flow systems, sanitizing, packaging and labeling. It is essential for the certifying organization to have religious advisors or consultants to advice in matters related to proper slaughtering procedures and ingredient approval from religious points of view. These religious advisors, should also be aided by scientific knowledge to give sound opinions and specify guidelines. The certifying organization needs to keep a detailed account and data on production procedures including receiving, processing, packaging and labeling. Records need to be maintained on the inspectors visits and findings during such visits. The inspectors and supervisors should have control over the use of the organization's names and Halal symbols. If the certifying organization ceases to certify a plant or a product the organization should cancel the authorization of the plant's right to use the organizations name and /or symbol on those products. Consumers also need to be informed of this change in supervision and certification.

4. Meat & Poultry

III. Requirements for Halal Meat and Poultry

A. Species

1. Land Animals/Birds

Species among land animals including cattle, lambs, goats, buffalo, deer, camels, rabbits, and giraffes are acceptable animals for Muslim consumption. Chicken, turkeys, pigeons, ostriches, geese, swans, ducks and alike are acceptable birds. The acceptable animals and birds must also be alive and healthy at the time of slaughter. Un acceptable species including swine from which all pork and pork products areproduced are considered Haram, and they are unfit for Muslim consumption. Also un acceptable are all animals which are considered beasts or birds of prey having talons, fangs or tusks such as lions, wolves, dogs, cats, tigers, hyenas, foxes, jackals, elephants and alike. Birds that prey on other animals and birds or eat the flesh of dead animals are also Haram, such as: falcons, eagles, vultures, crows, owls, etc. In addition animals which are considered filthy or dangerous are also Haram such as domesticated donkeys, mice, rats, poisonous snakes, scorpions, spiders, lice, etc. The milk and eggs of prohibited species are similarly prohibited for consumption.

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2.Aquatic Animals

All fish and seafood including shellfish, crustaceans, shrimps, crabs, lobsters are

considered Halal without having to be slaughtered. Excluded are species which are poisonous, intoxicating or hazardous to human health.

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3.Plants and other Species

All plants and other species such as mushrooms, algae, bacteria, etc. are considered Halal except those which are poisonous, intoxicating or hazardous to human health.

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B.Slaughter Men

The Slaughtermen should be sane Muslims who understand the rules and conditions of slaughtering in Islam. They should be educated and have experience in Halal slaughtering practices and be certified by the certifying organization. The certifying organization must ensure that only trained slaughtermen, supervisors and inspectors be permitted to perform the functions of slaughtering, supervision and inspection. The person must be strong enough to assume the responsibilities associated with the task of slaughter.

8. The Halal Box 9.

C.Slaughtering Tools

The slaughtering instrument should be sharp, one edge instrument that cuts by its edge not be its weight, such as knives, swords, etc. The instrument cannot be a claw, tooth or nail or un-sharpened object.

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D.Methods of Slaughter

Hand Slaughter:In this method, the animal or bird is slaughtered by an instrument held directly by the slaughtermans hand. The slaughterman must be well trained so as not to cause pain or suffering to the animal.This difficult task requires swiftness and strength.

11. Slaughtering While Hanging After Stunning 12.

Mechanical Slaughter:Many Muslim countries now accept mechanically slaughtered birds. The machine is considered as a tool and is in the control of the slaughterman. The mechanical slaughtering machine and the process of slaughtering should be monitored by a Muslim. The mechanical knife must be a single sharp blade that produces a sharp cut on the front side of the birds neck. Any bird that misses the mechanical knife has to be slaughtered by hand.

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Stunning:Stunning of animals/birds before slaughtering is intended to render the animals /birds less sensitive to pain, increase safety and efficiency at the plant and maximize bleed out of carcasses.Stunning is permissible as long as the animal/ bird does not die during the process of stunning. Stunning of animals and birds if necessary should be performed using a stunning method at a certain strength and duration approved by the health and Islamic authorities. Gaseous stunning, however, which results in the death of birds before slaughtering is not acceptable.

14. Electrical Stunner 15.

E.The Slaughtering Process

At the time of slaughter, thetasmiyaandtakbir: Bismillah Alllahu Akbar (by the name of Go,the greatest)must be pronounced over animals and bird by a trained, religiously-observant Muslim slaughter man.It is very important to treat animals humanely and reduce pain and suffering to the animal during slaughtering. The knife should cut the skin, trachea, esophagus and two major blood vessels to ensure thorough and quick bleeding of the animal.The spine of animal/bird should not be severed at the time of slaughter. There should be enough time for bleeding of animal/bird until the animal/bird dies completely before scolding and evisceration.

16. Beef Slaughtering 17. Chicken Slaughtering 18.

Packaging and Labeling

Unless the whole day kill is produced as Halal, carcasses and wogs must be properly marked and traced throughout evisceration, processing and packaging so as not to mix the Halal slaughtered meat with non Halal. All packages and containers must be labeled with the proper information and with the Halal label/logo of the certifying organization. Shipments of Halal meat should be accompanied with a Halal certificate issued by the certifying organization.

19. Packaging and Labeling 20. Labeled Products 21. Inspection 22.

Storage and Shipping

The storage place-cooler or freezer should be inspected by the Muslim inspector and approved for storage of Halal meats, in addition to the inspection by the health authorities. Containers of meat should always be placed on clean racks or shelves. The temperature in the cooler/freezer should be checked during inspection. It is preferred to store the Halal meats in separate, designated and labeled areas in the cooler or freezer. Stacking of Halal meat with non Halal meat especially in cases of fresh products should not be allowed to avoid contamination. Shipping of Halal products should be in clean vehicles, preferably refrigerated. Separation of Halal products from non Halal products during shipping is not necessary especially if the containers are well sealed.

23. In The Cooler 24. In The Freezer 25. Storage of Halal Products 26. Where is the Health Inspection? 27. Refrigerated Truck 28. 29. Transportation !? 30.

Main Requirements for Halal Slaughter

Of the Right Animal:

1.Tsmiah by a Muslimwell trained, sane Muslim saying the prayer ofBismillah Allahu Akbar

2. Using a Sharp Instrumentsuch as a single edged and sharp knife

3.Thorough Bleed Outwhich results in maximum draining of blood out of the carcass

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Other Preferred Conditions for Slaughter:

• 1. Animals/birds well rested

2. Offering them water before slaughtering

3. They should not see blood or othersbeing killed

4. Facing the Qiblah

5. Killed without stunning

6. Cut with one stroke

7. Cutting all of the blood vessels-twocarotids arteries and two jugular veins

32. In The Pins 33.

CLASSES OF HALAL SLAUGHTER:

. Udhia Sacrifice of animals during the Hajj /

Eid-Ul-Adha

Qurbani Sacrifice of animals to fulfill Nathr(Nazr)

Aqiqah Slaughtering of animals to celebrate birth of achild, i.e. two lambs for a baby boy and one lambfor a baby girl

Zabiha Slaughtered with a sharp Knife, by handor mechanical

Regular Halal Slaughtered for personal orcommercial uses

34. Mechanical Slaughter 35.

THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL STUNNING ON

HALAL SLAUGHTERED CHICKENS

Ahmad Al-Absy, Ph.D.

Halal Transactions

P. O. Box 4546,

Omaha, NE68104USA

36. Stages of Slaughter 37. Hanging 38. Electrical Stunner 39. Fully Recovered 40. Gaseous Stunning 41. Mechanical Knife 42. Sharp Clean Cut 43. The Missed Cut By Hand 44. Muslim Slaughterman 45. 46. Into The Scalder 47. Fewer Blood Shots 48.

breast meat1_1.JPG

49. 50.

Table 1. Blood amounts (in ml) lost from:

(A) chickens that were not stunned and bled for 60 seconds;

(B) stunned and bled for 60 seconds;

(C) not stunned and bled for 5 min. and

(D) stunned and bled for 5 min.

The sample size in each category is 10 chickens.

61.6 80.288.391.4 95 90 81 60 89 87 83 66 91 88 78 62 93 89 85 59 92 88 79 63 93 88 79 65 88 84 77 57 90 90 82 61 92 92 78 63 91 87 80 60 D C B A 51. Figure 2. Diagrammatic illustration of the results of bleed out amounts (averages) in the four categories of chickens as presented in Table 1. 52.

LITERATURE CITED

Abram, J. and T. L. Goodwin. 1977. Factors affecting chicken bleed-out. A review. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 33: 69- 76.

Davis, L. L. and M. E. Cole. 1954. Bleeding of chickens during killing operations. Poultry Science. 33:616-619.

Harris, I.S. and T. Carter. 1977. Broiler blood loss with manual and mechanical killers. Poultry Science 56:1827-1831.

Heath, G.B.S. 1984. The slaughter of broiler chickens. World Poultry Science. J. 40:151-159.

Kang, I. S. and A. R. Sams. 1999. Bleed out efficiency, carcass damage and rigor mortis development following electrical stunning or carbon dioxide stunning on shackle line. Poultry Science 78: 139-143.

Kotula, A. W. and N. V. Helbacka. 1966a. Blood volume of live chickens and the influence of slaughter technique on blood loss. Poultry Science. 45:684-688.

Kotula, A. W. and N. V.Helbacka. 1966b. Blood retained by chicken carcasses and cut up parts as influenced by slaughter method. Poultry Science. 45:404-410.

Kuenzel, W. J. and J. H. Walther. 1978. Heart beat, blood pressure, respiration and brain waves of broilers as affected by electrical stunning and bleed out. Poultry Science 57:655-659.

Kuenzel, W. J., A. L. Ingling, M. D. Denbow, J. H. Walther and M. M. Schaeffer. 1978. Variable frequency stunning and the comparison of two bleed out time intervals for maximizing blood release in processed poultry. Poultry Science 57:449-454.

Nowell, G. W. and C. S. Shaffner. 1950. Blood loss by chickens during killing. Poultry Science 29:271-275.

Raj, M. 2004. Welfare, economic and practical implications of gas stunning prior to poultry slaughter Seminar, United Poultry Concerns, Machipongo, VA, USA.

Raj, M. 2006. Welfare, economics and practical implications of stunning and slaughter of poultry. Seminar on line: www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/animals/pdfs/mohan_pres.pdf -

Raj, M., L. J. Wilkins, R. I. Richardson, P. Johnson, and S. B. Wotton. 1997. Carcass and meat quality in broilers either killed with a gas mixture or stunned with an electric current under commercial processing conditions. British Poultry Science 38:169-174.

Skewes, P. and G. Birrenkott. 1993. Turkey stunning: limit amperage to minimize cardiac fibrillation. Turkey World April-May: 24-26.

53. SUMMARY

The current research data provide proofs that stunning of birds by a week electric current renders them less sensitive to pain and causes them to lose more blood upon slaughtering, which are desirable features from both the health and religion points of concern. In addition, the meat of stunned birds retain less blood clots that un stunned ones. The presence of a Muslim person to operate the machine, performs the blessing and slaughters by hand the chickens which may escape the knife, all make the mechanical slaughter a sound Islamic and humane procedure. This is becoming more important especially if Muslims want to utilize the new technological advancements in the meat industry to meet the increasing market demands for Halal meat.