PRESENTATION FOR THE HONOURABLE MIAN RAZA RABBANI, FEDERAL MINISTER, M/O INTER-PROVINCIAL...
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Transcript of PRESENTATION FOR THE HONOURABLE MIAN RAZA RABBANI, FEDERAL MINISTER, M/O INTER-PROVINCIAL...
PRESENTATION FOR THE HONOURABLE MIAN RAZA RABBANI,
FEDERAL MINISTER, M/O INTER-PROVINCIAL COORDINATION REGARDING THE
ESTABLISHMENT/WORKING OF PVMC
Presenter : Dr. Alamdar Hussain
Malik
Organization: Pakistan Veterinary
Medical Council
Duration : Thirty Minutes
Venue : Committee Room, M/o
IPC, 4TH Floor, Cabinet
Block, Islamabad.
Date : 20th April 2011
SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
ORGANOGRAM
LIST OF PVMC MEMBERS OF 4th TERM (OCTOBER 2010 TO OCTOBER 2014)
VISION STATEMENT
MISSION STATEMENT
PVMC AN ACCREDITATION BODY
ACCREDITATION STANDARDS
HISTORY OF EDUCATION
OBJECTIVES OF PRESENTATION
A GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL ROLE OF A VETERINARIAN INCLUDES
CURRENT VETERINARY DEMOGRAPHICS
VETERINARIAN FUTURE DEMAND BY 2020
CURRENT & FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
EXPANDING VETERINARIAN ROLE
HOW CAN OUR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS HELP TO MEET THE CURRENT & FUTURE NEEDS OF VETERINARIANS?
Cont.
ORGANOGRAM PAKISTAN ORGANOGRAM PAKISTAN VETERINARY MEDICAL COUNCILVETERINARY MEDICAL COUNCIL
Sweeper
(BPS-02)
Photocopier(BPS-04)
U.D.C(BPS-09)
Assistant(BPS-14)
Frash BPS-02
Chowkidar BPS-02
Driver BPS-05
Naib Qasid(BPS-02)
Stenotypist(BPS-12)
Chowkidar
(BPS-02)
Driver(BPS-05)
Naib Qasid(BPS-02)
Stenographer(BPS-15)
Assistant Director(Admn)(BPS-17)
U.D.C(BPS-09)
Assistant CashierBPS-14
Assistant(BPS-14)
Naib Qasid(BPS-02)
Computer Operator BPS-12
Accountant(BPS-16)
Naib QasidBPS-02
Stenotypist(BPS-12)
Assistant Director (B&C)(BPS-17)
U.D.C BPS-09
Assistant BPS-14
Naib Qasid BPS-02
Stenotypist BPS-12
Assistant Director(Tech)BPS-17
U.D.C BPS-09
Stenotypist(BPS-12)
Naib Qasid
(BPS-02)
Assistant(BPS-14)
Assistant Director (Council)(BPS-17)
Registrar cum Secretary
Vice President
President
LIST OF PVMC MEMBERS OF 4th TERM
(OCTOBER 2010 TO OCTOBER 2014) 1. Dr. Muhammad Arshad, President PVMC, Livestock & Dairy Development
Department, Livestock Complex, 16-Cooper Road, Lahore.2. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Vice President PVMC/Director Livestock & Dairy
Development Department, Brewery Road, Quetta. 3. Dr. Muhammad Islam, Executive District Officer (Agi), A.T.I Campus,
opposite Islamia College, Jamrod Road, Peshawar.4. Dr. Farman Hussain Laghari, Senior Veterinary Officer, Veterinary
Dispensary Hingorga, Distt. Khair Pur, Mirs Sindh.5. Animal Husbandry Commissioner, M/o Commerce, A Block, Pak
Secretariat, Islamabad..6. Dr. Muhammad Azam Kasi, Ex-Director General, Khushal Enterprises,
Patel Bagh, Near Edhi Home, Jinnah Road , Quetta.7. Dr. Bilal Ahmad Dar, Indus Marketing Service, House No. 65, St. No. 33, G-
9/1, Islamabad 8. Dr. Mohammad Wasim Rafique Ch. Taunsa House Road, Korai Street,
Garden Town, Multan.9. Brig Dr. Shafqat Mahmood, Director, V&F Directorate, QMG’s Branch,
General Headquarters, Rawalpindi.
Cont.
LIST OF PVMC MEMBERS FOR 4th TERM (OCTOBER 2010 TO OCTOBER 2014)
10. Dr. Ghulam Sarwar Sheikh, Director General (Livestock), Livestock Planning, Animal Sciences Complex, Auto Bhan Road Hussainabad, Hyderabad.
11. Dr. Sher Muhammad, Director General (Extension), L&DDD, Bacha Khan Chowk, Peshawar..
12. Dr. Muhammad Arshad, Director, Farms and Feed Resources, Livestock & Dairy Development Deptt. Brewery Road, Quetta.
13. Dr. Iftikhar Ali, Deputy Secretary (Technical), L&DDD, Civil Secretariat, Lahore.
14. Prof. Dr. Iftikhar Hussain, Chairman, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Vet. Sciences UAF.
15. Prof. Dr. Muhamamd Ismail Rind, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.
16. Dr. Kamran Ashraf, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore
17. Prof Dr. Muhammad Subhan Qureshi, Chairman, Department of Livestock Management, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar.
18. Dr. Amanullah Akhtar, Principal, Gomal College of Veterinary Sciences, Gomal University, D.I. Khan.
19. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar, Director, Institute of Animal Nutrition & Feed Technology, UAF.
Cont.
VISION STATEMENT
We take pride in our unique role as
an accreditation body. Our prime
objective is to improve the basic and
higher Veterinary/Animal Husbandry
Education and Research. We are
driven to accomplish our vision by the
knowledge and to better the life of
society and the animals entrusted to
our care.
MISSION STATEMENT
To facilitate the Veterinary/Animal
Husbandry Education and Research and to
encourage collaborative research across
disciplines, institutions and agencies by
reducing administrative barriers and by
promoting and rewarding successful team-
oriented researchers to fulfill the demands
and to meet the sectoral needs of
Veterinary/Animal Husbandry Profession.
PVMC AN ACCREDITATION BODY
On the recommendation of the National Assembly Standing Committee on Food, Agriculture & Livestock the PVMC Act was promulgated in 1996 with the following two main objectives:-
To standardize basic and postgraduate education in veterinary sciences and animal husbandry over the entire country and
To regulate veterinary practice through registration, licensing and implementation of code of conduct and ethics among veterinary practitioners.
ACCREDITATION STANDARDS
Organization.Finances.Physical Facilities and Equipment.Clinical Resources.Library and Learning Resources.Students.Admission.FacultyCurriculum.Research Programs.Outcomes Assessment.
DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF VETERINARY/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
Year of initiation
Name of the Institution Course duration post-matriculation Diploma/Degree awarded
1882 Veterinary School, Lahore 2 years (Urdu) V.A
1900 Punjab Veterinary College 3 years (Urdu) G.P.V.C
1921 -do- 4 years (English) L.V.P
1942 -do- 4 ½ years B.V.Sc(Punjab University)
1954 Punjab College of Animal Husbandry
-do- B.Sc (A.H)
1958 College of Animal Husbandry, Lahore
-do- B.Sc (A.H)
1959 -do- 5 years(also initiated postgraduate courses in
1961 which could not continue
B.Sc (A.H)M.Sc
1965 College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
Sciences, Lahore
5 years B.V.Sc B.Sc (A.H)
Course duration post-FSc
1971 -do- 6 years(also initiated postgraduate courses since
1972)
D.V.M, M.Sc (Hons)
1977 College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore
-do- DVMM.Sc (Hons) Ph.D
University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore
2000 Faculty of Veterinary Sciences
7 years DVMM.Sc/M.Phil
Ph.D
DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF VETERINARY/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
2. University of Agriculture Faisalabad
1963 Faculty of Veterinary Sciences
6 years(also initiated postgraduate course
since 1962)
D.V.MM.Sc (Hons)
Ph.D
1963 Faculty of Animal Husbandry
Had postgraduate degree programme only, until 1973
M.Sc (Hons)Ph.D
1974 Faculty of Animal Husbandry
6 yearsand postgraduate courses
B.Sc (A.H) HonsM.Sc (Hons)
Ph.D
3. Sindh University of Agriculture, Tandojam
1970 Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
Sciences
6 yearsalongwith postgraduate courses
D.V.MM.ScPh.D
4 NWFP University of Agriculture Peshawar
1980 Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
Sciences
6 yearsalongwith postgraduate courses
B.Sc (A.H) (Hons)*M.Sc (A.H)(Hons)
2004 Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
Sciences
7 years D.V.M
DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF VETERINARY/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
5. Goaml University D.I. Khan (NWFP)
1999 Institute of Animal Husbandry and
Veterinary Sciences
7 years D.VM*
2003 Gomal College of Veterinary Sciences
7 years D.VM*
6. Lesbela University of Agriculture Water & Marine Sciences Uthal Balochistan
2005 University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
7 years D.V.M**
7. University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi
2006 Faculty of Veterinary Sciences
7 years D.V.M
8. Bahu Din Zakriya University Multan
2006 Faculty of Veterinary Sciences
7 years D.VM**
DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF VETERINARY/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
*Need to be revised for recognition** Degrees yet to be recognized by PVMC.
9. Islamia University Bhawalpur
2006 College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
7 years D.VM**
10. College of Veterinary Sciences Jhang
2006 College of Veterinary Sciences Jhang
7 years D.V.M**
11. Baqi Medical University, Karachi
2002 Faculty of Veterinary Sciences
7 years D.V.M**
OBJECTIVES OF PRESENTATION
To Highlight the dire need to establish PVMC and its organizational setup.
To appraise the Honorable Minister IPC regarding current & future needs of veterinarians career in public and private sector.
To accomplish task given by the National Parliament regarding the regulations.
To appraise the successful merger and implementation of two four year under graduate degrees i.e. DVM and B.Sc(A.H) into a five year composite DVM degree programme in all the Institutions involved in the Veterinary Education and successful completion of one year deficiency course for the Animal Husbandry Graduates.
To highlight the need of MOU signed by PVMC with Higher Education Commission regarding recognition of degrees and Curriculum.
To Share the need of MOU signed by PVMC with SLSP.
Cont.
OBJECTIVES OF PRESENTATION
To appraise the efforts involved in the Revision of Scheme of Study and Lecture wise Contents of Courses of five year DVM degree programme.
To share the efforts regarding the successful implementation of Mandatory registration requirement in Federal and Provincial Public Service Commissions, Livestock Departments, Educational Institutions and RV&FC.
To appraise about the purchase and Successful possession of PVMC Plot measuring 100`x140` at Mauve Area, Islamabad after full payment from its own resources.
To highlight the process of successful approval of the structural design of the PVMC house from the CDA.
To Highlight the Veterinary Institutions involved in five year DVM degree program.
To share the concern of Shortage of senior teachers and clinical education facilities in newly established veterinary colleges.
To share the Financial Constraints.Cont.
A GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE A GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL ROLE OF A PROFESSIONAL ROLE OF A VETERINARIAN INCLUDES; VETERINARIAN INCLUDES;
Maintenance and promotion of good animal and Avian Maintenance and promotion of good animal and Avian health.health.
Increasing animal and Avian production.Increasing animal and Avian production. Participation in maintaining human health, food and Participation in maintaining human health, food and
environment safety.environment safety. Being proactive in ensuring the relevance of knowledge Being proactive in ensuring the relevance of knowledge
and skills.and skills. Has a profound knowledge and understanding of Has a profound knowledge and understanding of
normal animal and avian structure and function, as well normal animal and avian structure and function, as well as abnormalities that occur in common diseases.as abnormalities that occur in common diseases.
Has the skills of animal management and behavior and Has the skills of animal management and behavior and working within a safe environment.working within a safe environment.
Cont.
Can diagnose, assess, prevent and treat common and Can diagnose, assess, prevent and treat common and important animal diseases in a variety of settings. important animal diseases in a variety of settings.
Contributes to solving community environmental Contributes to solving community environmental problems.problems.
The graduate operates in accordance to the legal and The graduate operates in accordance to the legal and other regulations, and applies the veterinary code of other regulations, and applies the veterinary code of practice and ethics.practice and ethics.
The graduate has a profound knowledge and The graduate has a profound knowledge and understanding on the economic impact and factors on understanding on the economic impact and factors on delivery of animal health care, as well as nutrition and delivery of animal health care, as well as nutrition and nutritional standards.nutritional standards.
A GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE A GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL ROLE OF A VETERINARIAN PROFESSIONAL ROLE OF A VETERINARIAN
INCLUDESINCLUDES
Cont.
CURRENT VETERINARIAN AND RAHG DEMOGRAPHICS
5700 PVMC RVMP (Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner) Registered Veterinarians.
436 PVMC RAHG (Registered Animal Husbandry Graduate).
5000 Veterinarians working in Public Sector. 750 Veterinarians working in Private Sector.
VETERINARIAN FUTURE DEMAND BY 2020
Public Sector 3500 Industry 550 Private Practice (Small & Large Animals) 650 Veterinary Public Health Sector 350 Research and Training 750 Diagnostic services 350 Bio-security 150 Environmental health 75 Toxicogenomics and mechanisms 150 Independent Veterinary Drug Licensing and Registration authority 50 Livestock and Poultry Legislation Authority 40 Livestock and Poultry Import and Export Authority 25 Livestock and Poultry Disease reporting network 250 Veterinary Drug Inspectors 250
Total Projected Demand 7140
Cont.
VETERINARIAN FUTURE DEMAND BY 2020
1- Public SectorA- Federal Ministry of Commerce:
i) Quarantine Departmentsii) Offices of Animal Health Commissioners.iii) Offices of Milk & Meat Commissioners.iv) Offices of Poultry Development Commissioners.
B- Development Projects Being Executed at Federal LevelC- Independent Veterinary Drug Licensing and Registration
authorityD- Livestock and Poultry Legislation Authority. E- Livestock and Poultry Import and Export AuthorityF- Positions in Prim Minster initiative ProgramsG- Wild Life Organizations
Cont.
VETERINARIAN FUTURE DEMAND BY 2020
H- International Organizations – FAO, UNDPI- Remount Veterinary Farms Core (RVFC)J- National Rural Support Program (NRSP) K- Pakistan Agriculture Research Council:L- Administrative positions in the offices of the Federal and Provincial
Government.M- Technical posts in the office of the Directorate General of Extension
and Research Departments.N- Universities offering under graduate and post graduate Veterinary &
Animal Husbandry degree Programs.O- Health OrganizationsP- Wild Life OrganizationsQ- Provincial Rural Support Program (PRSP)R- Special Prevention Cruelty to Animals (SPCA)
District Governments
Cont.
VETERINARIAN FUTURE DEMAND BY 2020
2- Private Sector
A- Poultry Sectori) Poultry Feed ii) Breeder Farmsiii) Broiler Farmsiv) Layers Farmsv) Hatcheries
B- Pharmaceutical SectorC- Dairy SectorD- Calf- rearing (Feed Lot System) E- Large Animal FeedF- Semen Production UnitsG- Financial Organizations (Banks)H- Private Slaughter Houses I- Private Veterinary ClinicsJ- Private Diagnostic Laboratories
CURRENT AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
It is essential that the Veterinary profession responds to the current & future needs of society to remain relevant as:
Public health Veterinary Drug Registration & Licensing Authority. Livestock and Poultry Legislation Authority. Livestock and Poultry Import and Export Authority Ecosystem health Emergency management and crisis response Business—corporate model of practice Food safety and security Clinical medicine Communication and interpersonal skills Project Management
EXPANDING VETERINARIAN ROLE IN SOCIETY
Veterinary medicine, as the only health profession with extensive training in comparative medicine, provides an essential role in public health, which should be emphasized. It requires refocusing the role of veterinarians in society to that of serving human health as well as animal health. Throughout this course of change, it is important that the core values of the profession not be abandoned.
Cont.
EXPANDING VETERINARIAN ROLE IN SOCIETY
The Career path for Veterinarian is just as serious as the way ahead for medical practitioners. “Vets” also deal with life and death. However, unlike doctors, they need to care for animals as well as people….the owners of working animals or pets. As a result, Vets have to be natural helpers with a strong desire to serve others.
HOW CAN OUR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS HELP TO MEET THE CURRENT & FUTURE
NEEDS OF VETERINARIANS?
More inter-curricular disciplines. More specialists with general species knowledge. Focus on leadership and team building. Re-define future of the profession based on the
changing demographics. Concerted effort of all the Veterinary institutions to
develop effective veterinary diversity strategies. Define how industry can help the profession. Focus on veterinary “centers of excellence,” with
relevance to industry. Provide more student exposure. Capacity Building.
Cont.
HOW CAN OUR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS HELP TO MEET THE CURRENT & FUTURE
NEEDS OF VETERINARIANS?
Other innovative public health programs that could be incorporated by Veterinary institutions include studies in food safety, environmental toxicology, healthy ecosystems, international diseases, and population medicine.
Emphasis on interdependence of veterinary, human, and ecological health – “Veterinarians don’t just take care of pets and livestock”.
Vet med program addresses two areas of national need for:– More veterinarians
• Particularly food safety & security & public health– Food animal veterinarians
• Students primarily with rural backgrounds• More likely to have food animal interests
FACILITIES IN THE NEWLY ESTABLISHED VETERINARY INSTITUTES
The then Chancellor / Governor Punjab through an executive order desired to established new Veterinary institutes to start DVM degree programme in Bahawalpur, Multan, Jhang and Rawalpindi in the year 2006.
The concerned universities without taking in confidence the PVMC, initiated five year DVM degree programme without having on ground the minimum requirement for such degree programme.
The PVMC time and again cautioned the concerned universities that their Act in violation to the mandatory provisions of the PVMC Act 1996 shall deteriorate the quality of the Veterinary Education which will in return paint the bleak picture of the profession globally.
Dr. Muhammad Arshad, President Council immediately planned the strategy to maintain the writ of the Council as well as to up hold the parameters required to maintain the quality Veterinary Education in Pakistan.
The sole responsibility for not having the minimum Practical and Research facilities lies on the respective Vice Chancellors, Deans /
Principals of the concerned universities.
FACILITIES IN THE NEWLY ESTABLISHED VETERINARY INSTITUTES
The PVMC is of a view that the institutes which don’t meet the minimum required standards of practical and research facilities shall be debarred from the new enrollment till they fulfill the required criteria.
The Federal Government i.e. The Federal Ministry of IPC have the key role to strengthen the given mandate of the parliament to PVMC through PVMC Act 1996. The Ministry should take serious view of he violations of the PVMC Act 1996 because of it was the Federal Government which was exclusively involved in the process of the promulgation of PVMC Act through the forums of the National Assembly and Senate.
FACILITIES AT GOVT. VETERINARY HOSPITALS, FARM AND INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INTERNSHIP
PROGRAMME
The 10th Semester is for the internship program on rotation basis to complete the Five year DVM degree program.
The purpose of the internship program is for the exposure to the students pertaining to the working and practical professional knowledge of the Govt. Veterinary Hospitals and allied organizations.
Presently mostly Veterinary Hospitals and other organizations don’t have the minimum standards facilities required for the internship program.
Federal and Provincial Governments needs to join hand with the institutions involved in DVM degree program to upgrade their facilities as required.
Federal and Provincial government needs to get recognized their institutions from the PVMC which are supposed to be involved in the internship program.
Federal and Provincial also required to provide the financial assistance to the students for their internship program.
MOU SIGNED BY PVMC WITH HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION REGARDING
RECOGNITION OF DEGREES AND CURRICULUM.
Dr. Muhammad Arshad, President PVMC signed the MOU on the behalf of the PVMC with HEC on 12TH May 2008.
This is the first time when PVMC and HEC joined their hands to achieve the common goal to strengthen the quality of Veterinary Education.
PVMC-HEC constituted a joint Accreditation and Equivalence Committee to evaluate the Faculty profile, Practical and Research Faculties in all the institutions involved in the Veterinary Education.
PVMC – HEC Committee successfully visited / inspected all the Veterinary Institutes (11) of the Country with the sole objective to verify their existing faculty and Practical/Research facilities in line with the performas already communicated in accordance with the PVMC accreditation and equivalence procedure Regulations 2001.
PMVC and HEC also carried out a joint effort to develop the revised scheme of study and lecture wise contents of FIVE year DVM degree programme.
THE PURCHASE, SUCCESSFUL POSSESSION OF PVMC PLOT FROM CDA MEASURING 100`X140` AT MAUVE AREA, ISLAMABAD AFTER FULL PAYMENT
(10 million) FROM ITS OWN RESOURCES AND APPROVAL OF DESIGN OF PVMC HOUSE FROM
CDA.
Dr. Muhammad Arshad took over as 3rd President of the Council on 09-10-2006. He planned a war footing strategy regarding the payment of the Plot purchased from the CDA to avoid the complications which may lead to the cancellation of the said Plot.
In a shortest possible time period Dr. Muhammad Arshad President Council managed to arrange Rs. 10 million through registration of Veterinarians/Animal Husbandry Graduates by hectic traveling across the country.
PVMC paid full amount to the CDA authorities and successfully took over the possession of the Plot at Mauve Area, Islamabad and got approved the structural design of the PVMC House from the CDA.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MANDATORY REGISTRATION REQUIREMENT IN FEDERAL
AND PROVINCIAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS, LIVESTOCK DEPARTMENTS, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND RV&FC.
During the 3rd tenure of President PVMC (7th Oct 2006 to 8th Oct 2010), PVMC Secretariat under the directions of the President Council requested all the employers of the Public Sector and Organizations about the implementation of the mandatory requirement of the registration with the PVMC for employment as the pre-requisite.
Now all the organizations involved in the recruitment of the Veterinarians/Animal Husbandry professional have incorporated this condition as a pre-requisite for employment.
AN MOU WITH SLSP
Dr. Muhammad Arshad President Council with his efforts managed to sign an MOU with SLSP to strengthen the Scheme of Study and Contents of Courses of Five year DVM degree programme.
The PVMC couldn't be able to review the courses and contents of Five year DVM degree programme since 2002 due to the financial constraints.
Under this MOU, the SLSP provided the financial assistance for the revision of DVM curriculum in 2008 and 2009.
The PVMC successfully revised the Scheme of Study and contents of courses.
First time the contents of courses have been prepared lecture wise, so that the teachers and the students must know the topic of the lecture.
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS
Federal government i.e. the then M/o Livestock & Dairy Development every year provided the grant to the PVMC which almost only cover the establishment charges.
PVMC badly need the finances to meet the expenditures involved for the meetings of Council, Executive Committee, A&E Committee and Curricula/Syllabi Committee which estimates 2 million annually.
PVMC needs supplementary grant to the tune of Rs. 50 million for the construction (Excluding the finishing) of the PVMC house.
The grant of the PVMC is requested to be converted into the regular budget.
PVMC needs Rs. 5 million to purchase two vehicles (one staff car and one van) and also for to purchase the equipment for the Secretariat.
The annual grant of the PVMC may not be less than 10 million.
Time’s Up?
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To My Parents and Teachers
whose training, education and
blessing enabled me to serve
my valued profession.
Thank You
for your attention
CommentsComments and and QuestionsQuestions