Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji...
-
Upload
sharon-andrews -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji...
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Nature Protection in Austria
Some theoretical and practical considerations
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Overview
Introduction
1. Understanding of Nature Protection
2. Practical Framework for Nature Protection in Austria
3. Three Case Studies related to Nature Protection in Austria
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Introduction
• Currently Guest Associate Prof. at Univ. of Tokyo, Lab. Of Land Resource Sciences
• Senior lecturer at Dep. For Landscape Architecture, Technical University Vienna
• Active in international scientific NGOs (IAD, IIASA Society, Snowfuture and others)
• Information about scientific work www.breiling.org
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
PART 1: Understanding Nature Protection
• Nature Protection consists out of 2 terms– Nature– Protection
• What is Nature?– Different concepts to explain nature– 2 principal major views on nature
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Understanding of Nature (Ia)
I) Nature is ínfinite, allmighty and everything: harmonic, holistic concept– Synonyms
• God
• Earth
• World
• Thruth
• Reality
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Understanding of Nature (Ib)
I) Nature includes everything– Humans– Culture– Landscape– Environment– Ecology– Sustainability
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Understanding of Nature (IIa)
II) Nature is finite and partial: conflict, threat concept– Synonyms
• Environment
• Ecology
– Antonym• Culture
– In Between• Landscape
• Sustainability
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Understanding of Nature (IIb)
II) Nature includes – Resources
• Land
• Water
• Air
• Energy
• Materials
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Understanding of Nature (IIc)
II) Nature is in conflict with culture– Continous loss of nature and increase of culture– Depletion of resources– Deterioration of environment
• Pollution
• Loss of nature variety
• Counteractions required
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Understanding of Nature (IId)
II) Landscape– Consists of Nature and Culture
• As everything has today a human sphere of influence, there exists only „landscape“ and no longer nature
– Different intensities of nature and culture• A forest- or agricultural landscape has more nature
than an urban landscape
• Different landscape types derive from this concept
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Understanding of Nature (IIe)
II) Sustainability– Consists of Nature and Culture
• Came up 20 years ago and subsituted ecological planning
• Ecologic, Economic and Social Concern is connected to sustainability
– No types available like in the case of landscape
– Has to be defined in space and time to be useful
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Protection
• Related to human interests– Human have an interest to conserve nature
• Nature protection is part of „Culture“– a „cultural product“
• Often when other needs are satisfied– Perhaps a „luxurity interest“
– Possibilities for the future should remain varied
– Demand for ecological safety
– Minimise risk of unwanted environmental surprises
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Protection related to planning
• Continuous change of circumstances– state should remain in a situation of changing
context
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Planning
– Any activity directed toward the future– Nature Planning includes:
• Landscape Planning
• Regional Planning
• Urban Planning
• Comprehensive Planning
• Rural Planning
• Land Use Planning
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Different Kinds of Planning (1)
• Co-ordination Planning– Mainly done by administrators
• Municipal, regional or national administration
– Balance of intrests in focus
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Different Kinds of Planning (2)
• Project Planning– One particular project promoted
• Construction of highway,
• Shinkansen railway,
• an industry or
• the establishment of a nature conservation area
– Main interest is stronger than others
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Different Kinds of Planning (3)
• Process Planning– Related to existing (Infra-) Structure or System– Making existing function „better“
• From much pollution to little pollution• Producing more wanted output with less resources
and less waste
• Nature Protection– Can belong to all three mentioned kinds of
planning– Requires interests and actors
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
PART II Circumstances for Nature Protection in Austria
• Austria– 84,000 km²– 8.2 million (est. 2003)– 27,000 € per caput income– 2% of GDP agriculture– 4% of GDP summertourism– 4% of GDP wintertourism– 9 federal provinces– 99 districts (Bezirke)– 2,355 communities
• Belongs to EU– 15 countries– 24 countries from May 2005
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Distribution of population according Altitude
• Living cirumstances are highly diverse in Austria
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Nine nature protection laws in Austria
• Provincial Government– Cares for Nature Protection– 9 different laws
• Obligation to obtain permission for projects
• Conservation of habitats• Designing areas protected under
nature conservation law
– Follows International Agreements and Directives of EU
• Alpine Convention• Convention Biological Diversity• World Heritage Convention• European Wildlife, Natural Habitats
(Bern) convention• Wetlands Convention (Ramsar)• Whaling Convention
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Regions for Nature Protection in Austria
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Biological Variety as an Aspect of Nature Protection
• Vertebrate species (source UBA, Tiefenbach et al. 1998)
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Protection of Habitats• Rapid increase in devoted areas since 1980s
– Almost a quarter of the country devoted under 5 categories
– Primarilly for public awareness and tourism
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Case 1: Nationalparks in Austria
– I present my first „case“, pictures from National Park „Donauauen“
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Case 2: Flooding in 2002• In 2002 large areas of Europe were flooded
– In case of Vienna, the flooding was minor– Retention areas
• Artificial: Danube Island
• Natural: in Nationalpark
– However in other areas, the damming caused large damage.
• Reservoirs should be released
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Case 3: Winter Tourism and Global Warming
• 4% of GDP, very high share of winter tourism in Austrian economy– Warming is likely to go on as global problem
• Mitigation is only possible from global point of view
– Adaptation required locally• Water for artificial snow making, energy demand,
etc.
• Season is shrinking, income is decreasing, cost is increasing
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Different Spatial Extensions
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Different Time Extensions
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Sustainability and Nature Protection
• At definition I of Nature– There is sustainability
• Nature will persist• Perhaps not human beings
• At definition II of Nature– Sustainability is related to culture
• On the perception of people• There is certain scale time to sustainability
– Planners have to make people aware of this
• In planning we have to – widen the scope of sustainabiliy– fill gaps in connecting spatial and time scales
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Space Time DiagramNature Protection Tasks
• 100 years flooding
• Global warming
• Reconnecting side arm
• Guided tour
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time Extension in log Years
Space Extension in log km
Sustainability Egg
Presentation at Lab. Landscape PlanningAwaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture AcademyHimeji Institute of Technology
Nature Protection in AustriaMeinhard Breiling
Jan. 19th, 2004
Nature Protection• Is not objective but subjective• Is part of Culture and not part of Nature• Depends on
– The perception of people according to culture and preferences
– Social circumstances in country– Interests of people
• Works for the future of mankind– And not for nature itself– In space time understanding of current policy