Motivation Motivation is the set of reasons that determines one to engage in a particular behaviour. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal.

The Motivation Process

Intrinsic motivationExtrinsic motivation

Types of Motivation

Intrinsic motivationIntrinsic motivation occurs when people engage in an activity, such as a hobby, without obvious external incentives.

Research has found that it is usually associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment by students.

Cont.Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they:Attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control e.g. the amount of effort they put in.Are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades.

ContIn terms of sports, intrinsic motivation is the motivation that comes from inside the performer. That is, the athlete competes for the love of the sport.

Extrinsic motivationExtrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. Money is the most obvious example, but threat of punishment are also common extrinsic motivations.In sports, the crowd may cheer the performer on, and this motivates him or her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives.

OB/ MOTIVATION*

OB/ MOTIVATION

Instinct Approaches to MotivationInstincts - the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.Instinct approach - approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals.

Drive Reduction Theory of MotivationNeed - a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.Drive - a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.Drive-reduction theory - approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.

Drive Reduction Theory of MotivationPrimary drives - those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst.Acquired (secondary) drives - those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval.

Homeostasis - the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.

Arousal Approach to Motivation

Arousal theory - theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.

THEORIES OF MOTIVATIONIncentive Theory behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuliIncentives rewards or other stimuli that motivate one to actIncentive Value the strength of the pull of a goal or a reward

Maslows TheoryWe each have a hierarchy of needs that ranges from "lower" to "higher." As lower needs are fulfilled there is a tendency for other, higher needs to emerge.

Maslows TheoryMaslows theory maintains that a person does not feel a higher need until the needs of the current level have been satisfied. Maslow's basic needs are as follows:

Physiological NeedsFoodAirWaterClothingSex

Basic Human Needs

Safety NeedsProtectionStability Pain AvoidanceMedical insurance Safety and Security

Social NeedsAffectionAcceptnceNeed of friends Need to give and receive love

Love and Belonging

Esteem NeedsSelf-RespectSelf-EsteemRespected by Others

Esteem

Self-ActualizationAchieve full potentialFulfillment

Summary

Human Needs and Motivation

Motivation Behind Hunger and EatingObesity.20% above the average weight of a particular height.

Eating DisorderAnorexia nervosa

BulimiaPi chypothalamus

EMOTIONS

At the beginning of new semester At the 1st week At the 2nd week Before the midterm test During the midterm test After the midterm test

EMOTIONSBefore the final exam Once know the final exam schedule 7 days before final exam 6 days before final exam 5 days before final exam 4 days before final exam 3 days before final exam

EMOTIONS2 days before final exam 1 day before final exam The night before the final exam One hour before the final exam During the final exam Once walk out of the exam hall After the final exam, during the holiday

EMOTIONSEmotion - the feeling aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings.

Three Basic Components:Bodily Arousal nervous system activationCognition conscious experience of the feelingExpressed Behavior outward expression of the emotion

BIOLOGY OF EMOTIONIncoming sensory information alerts the brain to an emotion-evoking situationMost of the information goes through the thalamus

BIOLOGY OF EMOTIONThe cingulate cortex and hippocampus are involved in the interpretation of the sensory input.Output from the cingulate goes to the amygdala and hypothalamus which control the autonomic nervous system

BIOLOGY OF EMOTION

BIOLOGY OF EMOTIONPyramidal Motor System controls the voluntary facial movementsIncludes the motor cortexExtrapyramidal Motor System controls the facial movements associated with emotionsIncludes the areas beneath the motor cortex

BIOLOGY OF EMOTION

UNIVERSAL EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS

THEORIES OF EMOTIONSJames-Lange Theory Do we run from the bear because we are afraid or do we become afraid because we run?The belief that emotions occur after people become aware of their physiological responses to the triggering stimuli.William James Carl Georg Lange Bodily reactions precede emotions

THEORIES OF EMOTIONSCannon-Bard TheoryThe belief that emotional and physiological reactions to triggering stimuli occur almost simultaneously.Walter Cannon and Philip BardEmotions accompany our bodily responses but are not caused by them

THEORIES OF EMOTIONSCognitive Theory or Two-Factor ModelEmotions involve two factors: a state of general arousal and a cognitive interpretation (or labeling) of the causes of the arousal.Schachter-Singer TheoryStanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

**1. A need, in our definition, is some internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive. a) An unsatisfied need creates tension that stimulates drives within an individual. b) These drives generate a search behavior to satisfy the need and reduce the tension.2. We can say that motivated employees are in a state of tension. a) To relieve this tension, they exert effort. b) The greater the tension, the higher the effort level. 3. Inherent in our definition of motivation is the requirement that the individuals needs be compatible and consistent with the organizations goals.

**e