Mi l d i i d l i hMineral deposit prevention and removal with an electric current

ByScalewatcher™

Manufactured in the USA, United Kingdom, Thailand,

d dThe Netherlands and Vietnam.

For pipe diameters up to 2.5 m

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Scalewatcher™ OrganizationB & D Ingenieursburo, The Netherlands (1983),

Manufacturing, Licensing, Research an Development

Scalewatcher North America Inc. Pennsylvania, USA (1993)

Scalewatcher Vietnam LTDVietnam (March 2000)

Scalewatcher (Thailand) Co., LTD.January 2002

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The problemsThe problems

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Problem solving with the Lorenz Force

• Scalewatcher: F=qE + qvxB)q q )• F: Force on charge, q: Charged particle or charged ion, E: electric field, v: Velocity of

water, B: Magnetic field strength.

• Magnet: F=q vxB NewtonvxB

• Magnet: F=q.vxB Newton• Alloys: F=q.E Newton

v

B

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Charged particle surrounded byCharged particle surrounded by opposite charged ionspp g

• A charged particle in h ill bthe water will be

surrounded by i h d iopposite charged ions

+ +

- -

+ -

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Negatively charged particle with electric double layer

Particle

Electric double layer

6Untreated Water

Negatively charged particle with electric double layer

• By nature particles in the water are negatively charged. Therefore they are surrounded by positive ions. The positive ions will attract negative ions creating the so called electric doublecreating the so called electric double layer. This is a stable situation and can be made instable by the action of S l t h i iti ti t l thScalewatcher, initiating crystal growth on the particle.

• Therefore there will be less freeTherefore there will be less free mineral ions causing scaling on pipe walls or other surfaces. The crystals fl ith th t d th d i

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flow with the water down the drain.

S l t h ™ t t l f i iScalewatcher™ promotes crystal forming in the bulk of the water

• When calcium and bicarbonate ions are bi d l i b d b icombined, calcium carbonates and carbonic

acid are formed.• Ca + 2HCO3 CaCO3 + H2CO3

(solid) (carbonic acid)(solid) (carbonic acid)

• The carbonic acid will further disassociate inH2CO3 H2O + CO2

(liquid) (gas)

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Scalewatcher™ promotes crystalScalewatcher™ promotes crystal forming in the bulk of the water

• These crystals have less or no surface

forming in the bulk of the water

charge and will therefore not adhere to pipe walls or other surfaces. If the flow of water is low the crystals may settle on the pipe wall but the nature is soft instead of rockwall but the nature is soft instead of rock hard.

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Scalewatcher™ removes oldScalewatcher™ removes old scale layers

• Old scale layers of carbonate scales will

scale layers

disappear because of the generation of carbon dioxide bubbles, being able to , gdissolve hard scale. This will temporarily increase the hardness of the liquid and is anincrease the hardness of the liquid and is an indication that the treatment has effect.

• H20 + CaC03 + CO2 Ca+ + 2HCO3--

Water Scale layer Gas Calcium ion Bi Carbonate ion

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Drop of water as seen under aDrop of water as seen under a microscope. Not treatedp

• When the drop l levaporates local super

saturation at the i f illinterface will occur and dissolved minerals

ill i iwill precipitate, forming crystals.

InterfaceE p t d t d p

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Evaporated water drop

Drop of water as seen under aDrop of water as seen under a microscope. Treatedp

• Near the edge of the drop less precipitationdrop less precipitation is seen due to the fact that less mineral ionsthat less mineral ions are in solution. (Ions precipitated out p palready by the action of Scalewatcher and are distributed acrossthe drop.)Interface shows less crystals (scaling)

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E id f h hEvidence of the theory

At the moment the Scalewatcherthe Scalewatcher signal was applied to a superto a super saturated solution of dissolvedof dissolved minerals, crystals were formed.were formed.

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G l i i I d hGeneral equipment in Industry where Scalewatcher can be used

• Cooling towers – Chillers • Evaporators

• Compressors

• Water boilers

• Condensers

• Aerators

• Fire tube steam boilers

• Plate heat exchangersg

• Shell and tube heat exchangers

• Pipe lines

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The Scalewatcher™ product

• Installation at paper factory Varel in Germany

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Oil installation example inOil installation example in Northern ChinaNorthern China

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Scalewatcher coil• Two layers wrapped around the

pipe with the same winding sense. Two layers will give a higher induction in the liquid to be treated.

• Number of windings is usually 2x20 for liquids with low TDS.

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Fire tube steam boiler

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Fi b b il bl d f F dFire tube steam boiler blow down water of a Food Corp. in Thailand

Total dissolved solids

14 000 00

10,000.00

12,000.00

14,000.00

4,000.00

6,000.00

8,000.00Total dissolved solids

-

2,000.00

1 2 3 4

1: Before installation, 2: After 15 days, 3: After 30 days, 4: After 60 days

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Effect on fire tube steam boilers

1. First few weeks more blow down needed to keep the boiler within the recommended parameters of the boiler manufacturerwithin the recommended parameters of the boiler manufacturer.

2. When the boiler is cleaned by the treatment less blow down is possible.

3 L i3. Less corrosion.4. Lower body temperature of the boiler (About 10 C less.)5. Dryer steam6. Less energy needed to operate the boiler.7. In some cases boilers may be operated without the use of chemicals

In short: Less maintenance, savings on chemicals, energy and water.“Scalewatcher fitted to boilers does not replace the need for regular monitoring of the boiler and feed water. Water chemistry should be maintained within manufacturers recommendations.”

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y

Water tube steam boilers• Scalewatcher cannot replace

chemical water treatment of a water tube steam boiler. When there is still scaling despite the use of chemicals, Scalewatcher can be additionally installed.

• The image shows the pre heater of a water tube steam boiler with Scalewatcher installed. Instead of cleaning each month cleaning was only necessary every two months.

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Shell and tube heat exchanger

Process water inside tubes 180 ºCCooling water outside tubes ambient temperature

C l t l l ft b i

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g pScaling after six months without SW Completely clean after being

treated with SW during six months

Plate heat exchanger• Plate heat exchangers are difficult

to treat caused by the high heat y gtransfer rate. On a circulation system Scalewatcher will have a better effect than on a one pass system.

• If process allows 50 % more plates should be used to get a better geffect.

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T b t d i thTube evaporator as used in the sugar cane industryy

• Scalewatcher needs a good flow of the liquid in order to remove and prevent scaling.

• An evaporator evaporates p pthe liquid in the tubes in order to concentrate the liquid and therefore not much flow can be expected.

• Field experiments showed less scaling which was geasier to clean.

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One pass cooling tower in Egypt

Before treatment After two months of treatment

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Cooling tower largest building in LondonCooling tower largest building in London

One coil wrappedover two pipes

Diam 1000 mm

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C li t d hill C d b ildi iCooling tower and chiller Conrad building in Brisbane

Cooling tower internals after four months of Scalewatcher treatment running on 5.4 coc. No need to ever clean the tower again

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No need to ever clean the tower again.

Typical cooling tower installation

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Agua 949 – Plaza la Silla

T i l li t i t ll tEvaporation and wind

Typical cooling tower installaton

8’’

p

Scalewatcher

Municipal HeatSoftener

CoolingTower

Make up

TDS of 16 grains per gallon, 2’’

ExchangerCoolingTower

8’’

Main Problem

Scalewatcher

Main ProblemEach cooling tower losses 1,500 liters per day because of

evaporation. The evaporation leaves calcium on the cooling towers. The calcium rises the water TDS. This water goes

directly to the Heat Exchanger.

Effect on water usage coolingEffect on water usage cooling towertower

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Effect on cooling towers• No chemicals needed to prevent scaling.

• Slime will disappear, therefore the bacteria count will be less. It is not recommended to stop the chemical treatment completelynot recommended to stop the chemical treatment completely.

• Water saving between 50 to 90 % is possible.

• The cooling tower can run on a higher TDS level.g g

• Differential temperature will return to the value when the cooling tower was in use for the first time.

L i• Less corrosion.

In short: Savings on water, chemicals and maintenance.In short: Savings on water, chemicals and maintenance.

Example: A 500 tons cooling tower (Fort Fisher Aquarium in North

Carolina, USA, reported a saving of $17,000 on water alone in one

31year.

E ti dEvaporative condenser

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E ti dEvaporative condensers

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E i dEvaporative condenser

34No treatment

Evaporative condenserEvaporative condenser

35No treatment

Evaporative condenserEvaporative condenser

36After three months of treatment

Test on flotation unit oilTest on flotation unit oil production platformp p

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Test on flotation unit oil production platform

Flotation unit Unit manually cleaned from hard

rock scaleUnit not cleaned and treated

with SW. Scale soft and easy to opened for cleaning

oc sca e w t SW. Sca e so t a d easy toremove

Copright Scalewatcher North America Inc.

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Effect on corrosion• Heat Exchangers• ScaleWatcher has been installed on critical heat exchangers in Pure Gases Factory

Pakistan with very good result. Previously the heavy scaling coupled with chloride y g y y g ppitting, caused downtime and expensive replacement of tube bundles almost every year. But no scaling or pitting has been observed in over 8 years since the installation of ScaleWatcher units. [User is a high tech organization run by engineers]A li i D• Application Data

• Heat Exchangers type : Shell and Tube type• Material SS-316L• Media inside the tubes : Hot fluid• Cooling media in shell : 25oC Water• Problem : Excessive scaling and chloride pitting• Cracking of tubes due to stress chloride • cracking (SCC)• All fifteen units are working with excellent result since 1997 without any scaling,

pitting or cracking.• Performance last verified by user on 1st March 2005 39

Eff t iEffect on corrosion

• Dutch water authorities tested our device to investigate whether the number of metal ions gincreased when using the device on zinc and copper pipes. (Health concern)copper pipes. (Health concern)

• Less metal ions were found, hence less i N bj i hcorrosion. No objections anymore when

consumers wanted to use the product.p

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Scalewatcher™ anti rust

• Rust is common in iron pipes. With thisRust is common in iron pipes. With this treatment rust will disappear.

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Scalewatcher™ anti rust

• Within two to three k diweeks rust disappears

and is replaced by a bl k i l i lblack insulating layer, protecting the iron

ipipe.

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Scalewatcher™

My message to you…y g yEnergy and water savings will be beyond imagination when Governments enforce by law to use this type ofwhen Governments enforce by law to use this type of treatment for cooling towers, evaporative condensers and fire tube steam boilers. If every house uses this type y ypof treatment, energy savings will be tremendous.

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The products

Industrial economic model for pipesIndustrial economic model for pipesup to 200 mm, weatherproof.For small cooling towers, buildings,compressors.

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The productsIndustrial unit for heavy Industry, indoor use.For pipes up to 400 mm.

Industrial unit for heavy Industry, outdoor use. W h fWeatherproof.For pipes up to 2500 mm.Cooling towers of power plants or large buildings.

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Unit used for 2 x 2 m pipes atUnit used for 2 x 2 m pipes at largest building in Londonlargest building in London

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Unit for hazardous environments, such as oil ,production platforms

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