No Flux Leakage

Densitometer

DemagnetizedMagnetized

X Rays Electrically generatedGamma Rays Generated by the decay of unstable atoms

IQIs should be placed source sideFilmSingle Wall Single Image (SWSI)

IQIs are placed on the film sideSource inside film outside (single exposure)Single Wall Single Image Panoramic

IQIs are placed on the film sideSource outside film outside (multiple exposure)This technique is intended for pipe diameters over 100mmDouble Wall Single Image (DWSI)

ID MR11EN W10

IQIs are placed on the source or film sideSource outside film outside (multiple exposure)A minimum of two exposuresThis technique is intended for pipe diameters less than 100mmDouble Wall Double Image (DWDI)

ID MR121243

Elliptical Radiograph1243

GAMMA SOURCESIsotopeTypical Thickness RangeIridium 19210 to 50 mm (mostly used)Cobalt 60> 50 mmYtterbium< 10 mmThulium< 10 mmCesium< 10 mm

Wire Type IQIStep/Hole Type IQI

Transverse crackLongitudinal crack

Transverse crackLongitudinal crack

Elongated slag linesInterpass slag inclusions

Cluster porosityHerringbone porosity

Cap undercutRoot undercut

Incomplete filled grooveExcess cap reinforcement

Linear Misalignment

Concave rootExcess root penetration

Burn Through

Tungsten Inclusion

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