Presentatie Nitra
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How could a dairy farm look like in 2020?
Dairy farming for the future
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Content
• Introduction: Belgium – Flanders• Frame for milk production• Robot or conventional?• Stable construction• Milking• Feeding• Data acquisition
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Belgium
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Flanders
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Flanders• Near the sea
– Maritime climate– High in pricipitation– Small temperature differences– Natural vegitation: leaf forests
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Flanders
• Relief: – flat like a pancake– Low ( <50m )
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Flanders
• Agricultural regions
Polders Kempen
Vlaamse zandstreek
Leemstreek
Haspengouw
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Flanders
• Population– Very high density– Highly industrialised– Logistics:
• ports of Antwerp, Zeebrugge, Gent • Dense road, railway and waterway
network
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Flanders
• Agriculture– Many people on a smal surface
=>land is scarce =>land is expensive
– Average size: aprox. 20 ha– Need to realise high added value on a
small surface– => Flemisch agriculture is very
intensive
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Flanders
• Intensive agriculture– Vegitables– Animal farming
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Flanders
• Vegitables– Highest production in EU
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Flanders• Animal production
– 1,3 million cows– 1,8 billion liters milk– 6 million pigs– 30 million units poultry
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Flanders
• Diary farms– Important sector– After WW II: 2-3 cows– Continious growth until 1984: quotum– Slower rate of growth until now– Averages:
• Aprox. 350 000 l production/year/farm• 8700 l/cow/year for frisian-holstein cows
– One family
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Things to keep in mind
(Future) conditions for diary farms
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Things to keep in mind
• Economic context– EU: largest producer in the world (2008:
150 mil.tons of total 692 )– 2015: end quotum– No langer
• Limitation in production• Constant, rather high, prices
– Unlimited production and world market prices• Lower• Less constant
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Things to keep in mind • Need for increasing size
and efficiency• Expected: 2 opposite
movements – Growth of farms with
potential– End of inefficient
farms
(source: Boerderij april 2008)
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Frame for milk production
• Longer term: – Higher prices due to an increase of
world population– But also an increase of costs
• Feed • Energy • …
– Efficiency is the key word
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Things to keep in mind
• Labour becomes more expensive– It is important to know what 1h of
labour kosts– Automatisation: may be a solution,
but• Does the investment pay of?• Are there real
savings?
– Be critical!– Be rational! s
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Things to keep in mind
• (Cow) productivity– Trend towards higher annual
production per cow• Canada: # cows limited• Can be more efficient, but only if correct
applied
– Bigger cows
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Things to keep in mind
– Cow welfare becomes more important– More high quality (concentrated) feed
more individualised feeding– Need for more data
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Things to keep in mind
• Public opinion becomes more important– Animal welfare– Environment– Location and view– Food safety– Labor conditions– …
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Things to keep in mind
• Some basic rules:– Keep it simple– To measure is to know
• Expandability an adaptability– Jack Rodenburg: “if you are building a
stable for 200 cows, draw one for 400 cows and tear it half”
• Jack Rodenburg: make mistakes in the drawing room and not in the actual building cheaper
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Things to keep in mind
• Basic principals– Efficiency– Cow welfare– Quality - information– Simplicity– Adaptability
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Robot vs. conventional
• SWOT-analysis • Economic considerations
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Robot vs. conventional• Strong
– Labour quantity: less working houres– Labour quality:
• Flexible working houres• More family life• Less monotone labour
– Higher milking rate ( 3x )• Higher production per cow• Better feed efficiency• Less animals• Actual production can meet potential
– Milking rate adapted to cow’s needs
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Robot vs. conventional
• Strong– Better cow welfare
• Free to have themselves milked whenever they like
• Less presure on the udder • Low productive cows are no more milked
than absolutely necessary
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Robot vs. conventional
• Weak– Higher
investment– Less contact with
cows– Milk quality may
be a problem• Mastitis• Cell number• Germ number
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Robot vs. conventional
• Opportunity’s– To milk more cows with less people
(180 cows per worker instead of 100)– Improve family life– Expand activity’s without hiring more
people e.g. cheese ore other deviated product
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Robot vs. conventional
• Treath’s – Robot owners thinking it is a miracle
machine needs supervising and assistance
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Robot vs. conventional
• Economic considerations– Start point:
• 600 000l/y• 76 cows• Av. 7800 l/cow/y
– Investement• Conventional milking: €70 000 (machine)
+ €20 000 (building) = €90 000• Robot: €110 000(robot) + €10 000
(building) = €120 000
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Robot vs. conventional
Conventional Robot
Investment €90 000 €120 000
Energy - Water €1 799 €1 928
Depreciation 15y
+ interest 5% €8 249 €10 999
Maintenance €2 100 (3%) €4400 (4%)
Total €12 148 €17 337
Net difference -€ 5 189
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Robot vs. conventional
• So it would seem a robot comes out more expensive,
• But– Time saved:
1h/day x €20 x 365 d/y= €7300/y– Increase in production: 7 800 l/y 8
300 l/y 4 cows less (= €2 500)– Social aspects
www.khk.beConventional Robot
Investment €90 000 €120 000
Energy - Water €1 799 €1 928
Depreciation 15y
+ interest 5% €8 249 €10 999
Maintenance €2 100 (3%) €4400 (4%)
Total €12 148 €17 337
Labour -€7300
Production increase
-€2500
Net difference +€4 571Source: Hendrickx Haeck
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Robot vs. conventional
• Attention!– This is an example– Every case is unique
and needs to recalculated
– The choice should also depend on the company culture, habits and strategy
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Stable construction
• Location & orientation– Existing buildings– Labour efficiency– Expandability– Flexibility– Hygiene:
• Feed• Suppliers/visitors• Manure• Milk recollection
– Ventilation
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Stable construction
• Existing buildings: current situation
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Stable construction
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Stable construction
• Current walking, feeding, … lines
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Stable construction
• Consider several options
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Stable construction
• Decisive factors– Expandability & flexiblitiy– (Labour) efficiency– Hygiene– Ventilation
• Let’s check the red solution
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Stable constrution
• Expandability: OK
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Stable construction
• Efficiency: OK
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Stable construction
• Hygiene: no crossing lines: OK
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Stable construction
• Ventilation– Basic guidelines
1) Main wind direction
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Stable construction
2) Ideal orientation perpendicular to main wind direction
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Stable construction
3) Parameters:– Enough air passing trough– Avoid high air velocity ( < 0,25 m/s )– Inlet surface depending on the number of cows
Animal Inlet surface per animal
Highly productive cows( > 7000 l/y )
0,15 m²
Low productivity cows 0,12 m²
Young animals (400 kg) 0,08 m²
Young animals (200kg) 0,04 m²
Calfs 0,02 m²
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Stable construction
• 3) Parameters– Consequences:
» Height is important» The wider, the higher
– Inlet surface depending on the inlet system
System Multiplier
Spaceboarding 7-2 4,5
Spaceboarding 10-2 6
Nets
13% open 5,53
23% open 3,34
30% open 3
36% open 1,9
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Stable construction
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Stable construction
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Stable construction
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Stable construction3) Parameters
– Inlet temperatures: -5°C 25°C– Below -5°C: (partially) covering inlet surfaces– Above 25°C: consider forced ventilation, but
only when significant number of days– Graph.: milk production vs. temperature
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Stable construction
Source ventilation: Agriconstruct
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Stable construction
4) Obstacles?
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Stable construction
4)Obstacles?
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Stable construction
5) Cold air drop? need for air guidance
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Stable construction
• Ventilation– Our example:
• Bottom-up curtains– 30% opening– Closed can be lifted or lowered
• Needed inlet surface : 0,15m²x100cowsx3=450 m²
• Orientation: not ideal, but exceptable
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Stable construction
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Stable construction
• Interior– 2 basic things to keep in mind:
• Cow welfare ( production )• Efficiency
– Need to understand cow behavior
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Stable construction
– Individual cows: perception• Vision
– Cows see things differently– Accommodation
» = possibility to adapt the eye in order to see things sharp (nearby vs. distant)
» Nearby: good sight» Far away: troubled + slowly adapting
– Unsharp view far away poor recognition in the distance
– Sensitivity comparable to human
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Stable construction
– Perception of motion: careful with rapid movements
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Stable construction– Bovines can adapt when luminance is changing,
but very slowly: e.g. outside -inside» Humans: 30 sec» Bovines: 3 min
– Cows like light ( tend to move to lighter place )– Afraid of contrasts=> avoid dark stables => avoid contrasts
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Stable construction
– Light = important sufficient light permeable surfaces
– Need for diffuse light e.g. 90% permeable
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Stable construction
• Vision area stressed animal
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Stable construction
– Corridor effect
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Stable construction
– Colours: bovines have limited colour vision, they rather respond to the brightness of the colours
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Stable construction
• Smell and hearing– Compensate for the poor vision– Animals like habits unusual
smells or sounds scare them– Avoid strange smells
» e.g. new cows accommodation box to catch the stable smell
» e.g. work outfit in stable– Avoid hard, sudden noises
» e.g. gates silent blocs or wood
» e.g.radio
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Stable construction
– Social behaviour• A herd is more than the addition of
animals cow society• Dominant animal fear, bully • Leaders respect, older, smarter or more
charismatic cow• Herd majority• Marginal animals sick, small, …
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Stable construction
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Stable construction
• Avoid mixing herds there can only be one queen fights decreasing productivity
• Try to get to know who is who• Identifying marginal animals these
animals produce beneath their potential• 10% feeding and resting places surplus• Avoid bottlenecks give marginal
animals an alternative – e.g. drinking place at least 2
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Stable construction
– Standing up• 6 fases
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Stable construction• Boxes: dimensions
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Stable construction
– Soft material in boxes• Straw• Sawdust• Sand• Rubber cowmats
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Stable construction
• Interior– Most efficient box arrangement
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Stable construction
– Popular stable arrangement
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Stable construction
– Stable arrangement
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Stable construction
• Groups not bigger than 60-80 cows– Conventional milkingotherwise
waiting time to long (marginals)– Robot milking: capacity robot
• Claw health clean floor is important – Manually– Robot– Manure shifter
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Stable construction
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Milking
• Conventional milking– Milking area placement
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Milking
– “Once upon a time”: milking was a moment when one could observe all his/her cows
– Now: • large herds, impossible to remember • Aim: milking het highest amount of
animals in the shortest time (productivity)• Needs to happen as efficient as possible
– Rapid exit– “Carrousel”
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Milking
• Milking system on itself is more than 40 years old is ok
• Changing: – Monitoring – Milking assistance– Arrangement
• Rapid exit• “Carroussel”
• Recent development: separate milking each quarter
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Milking
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Milking
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Milking
• Robot– Major technical challenge: locating
the nipples and properly attaching the cups • Has been mastered• Infrared locator• Camera + optical data processing device
– Basics are OK, still small improvements (e.g. software, …)
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Milking
• Robot– Weak points:
• Cows are not forced to have themselves milked ( is also a strenght )
• Milk quality
– How to get the cows going to the robot (especially sick, weak, marginal, low rank cows) ?• Free will• Smart gate ( combined with feeding )• Manually certain percentage inevitable
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Milking• Free will
– sometimes cows wait to long – utter problems – Lower robot occupation rate
• Smartgate– Eating – resting
• One way free ( saloon doors )• Other way: smartgate selection
– Possible problems• Bottleneck • Dominant vs. low rank?• Need for separate feeding and resting area
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Milking
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Milking
• Very important: location– Nearby for cows– Expandability– Separation of unhealthy animals
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Milking
Robot area
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Feeding
• Feed cost = important cost• Basic idea
– “low quality” base fodder ad libitum– High quality concentrate fodder
production dependent
• Need for correct applying
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Feeding
• Base fodder– Grass, maize, …– Intense mixing (and cutting), but not
squeezing – Vertical mixer vs. horizontal mixer
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Feeding
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Feeding
• Weight measuring = indispensable• Innovations : automatisation
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Feeding
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Feeding
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Feeding
• Concentrates
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Data acquistion
• “Once upon a time”: farmer observed cows
• Now: observing is still very important, but – Less contact– Increasing #cows– Increasing production need more
intense monitoring– More “amateurs” working on farms
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Data acquisition
• Farmer becomes manager– In order to take decisions need for
information– Automised monitoring systems can
help
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Data acquisition
• Ideal moment: milking– Production– Production per quarter– New (Eurotier 2008): Measurement of
fat, protein, lactose (future: more parameters)
– Number of milkings– …
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Data acquisition• Other measurement systems
– Motion monitoring (e.g. innovations Eurotier 2008 )
– ILVO ( Belgium ): detection of crippled animals
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Data acquisition
– General condition measuring • Optical systems (incl. infrared)• Weight• Seize • …
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Data acquisition• Problem: Information avalange • Challenge: Keep overview,
structurise information and automatic selection of deviating para- meters