Presentasi Simetri
-
Upload
mii-mii-hae -
Category
Documents
-
view
126 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Presentasi Simetri
![Page 1: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Symmetry &
Teory Group
OlehYateman Arryanto
![Page 2: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The concept of symmetry is exist in an everyday sense.
If we say something is ‘symmetrical’, we usually mean it has mirror symmetry, or ‘left-right’ symmetry, and would look the same if viewed in a mirror.
Symmetry is also very important in chemistry.
Some molecules are clearly ‘more symmetrical’ than others, but what consequences does this have, if any?
Symmetry & Teory Group
![Page 3: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The aim of this course is to provide a systematic treatment of symmetry in chemical systems within the mathematical framework known as group theory
Symmetry & Teory Group
The aim of applications of group theory are : Predicting whether a given molecule will
be chiral, or polar. Examining chemical bonding and
visualising molecular orbitals Chemical Properties
Predicting whether a molecule may absorb light, and which spectroscopic transitions occurs.
Investigating the vibrational motions of the molecule.
![Page 4: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Symmetry, Art & Science
often used as an implied symbol
of the essential symmetry of the human body, and by
extension, to the universe as a whole
![Page 5: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
![Page 6: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
![Page 7: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
Apex episcopus Nautilus pompilus
![Page 8: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
Spiral Symmetry
![Page 9: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
Architecture (Spiral Symmetry)
![Page 10: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
(Bilateral / Mirror Sym)
![Page 11: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Symmetry & Architecture
Taj Mahal (Agra, India) Giza Pyramid Field (Cairo, Egypt)
![Page 12: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Symmetry & Architecture
Eiffel Tower (Paris)325 m, 10.1 tons)
![Page 13: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Symmetry & Landscaping
Toukouji (Japan) Trocadero Palace (Paris) from Eiffel tower
![Page 14: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
![Page 15: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
Super-High Symmetry in Super-Low “Life Forms”
![Page 16: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Super-High Symmetry in Super-Low “Life Forms”
Symmetry & Nature
![Page 17: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
![Page 18: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Symmetry & Nature
![Page 20: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Wallpaper pattern for Ontmoeting. From: M.C.Escher, 1944
A frieze pattern
![Page 21: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Symmetry is BeautifulSymmetry is Living
Symmetry is chemistrySymmetry is Beautiful
Living
Be Symmetric and be best chemist
To make a beautiful life
![Page 22: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Icosahedron
![Page 24: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Icosahedron
![Page 25: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Dodecahedron
![Page 26: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Cube (Hexahedron)
![Page 27: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Oktahedron
![Page 28: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Tetrahedron
![Page 29: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Platonic Solids
![Page 30: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Cube The Methane Molecule
![Page 31: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Structure of Crystal
![Page 32: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Oktahedron
![Page 33: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Simetri adalah PolaSimetri adalah KeteraturanSimetri adalah Keindahan
Belajar Simetri berarti belajar tentang pola, keteraturan,
keindahan sehingga dengan belajar simetri kita menjadi simetri dan mampu berperanan menciptakan
dunia yang teratur, simetri dan indah
(mamahayu ning bawono lan angkoso )
![Page 34: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
P. H. Walton “Beginning Group Theory for Chemistry”Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1998ISBN 019855964
A.F.Cotton “ Chemical Applications of Group Theory”ISBN 0471510947
S.F.A Kettle “ Symmetry and Structure, Readable Group Theory for Chemist “, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & SonsISBN 0 471 9554 7
TEXT BOOKS
![Page 35: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Symmetry Symmetry is the notion that
an object of study may look the same from different points of view.
Figure 1 : Bilateral and rotational symmetry. From: [8].
![Page 36: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What is symmetry? An object displays symmetry if
you can “do something to it” (rotate it, reflect it, invert it etc.) without changing its appearance
The process of doing the rotation, reflection etc. Is referred to as a SYMMETRY OPERATION if it does not
change the appearance of the molecule
![Page 37: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Symmetry elements
Symmetry element is the line about which a rotation occurs or the plane through which a reflection takes place etc,
Symmetry elements are labeled based on : Rotation axis, Cn ( The n indicates the
angle through which the rotation takes place. (Angle = 360/n )
Mirror plane, σh, σv, σd ( h=horizontal, v=vertical or d=dihedral mirror indicate orientation of plane with respect to any rotation axes )
![Page 38: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Symmetry elements
Inversion center, i
Improper rotation axis, Sn (This involves a combination of rotation and reflection. The n indicates the angle through which the rotation takes place. Angle = 360/n
Identity, E (E is always a symmetry element as doing nothing to an object, always the same
![Page 39: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Mirror planes
σv includes the principle rotation axis
σvσv
v = vertical
![Page 40: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
σh is perpendicular to the principle rotation axis
Mirror planes
σh
h = horizontal
![Page 41: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
σd includes the principle rotation axis, but lies between C2 axes that are perpendicular to the principle axis
Mirror planes
![Page 42: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mirror planes
Symmetry elements of benzene ringThere is one horizontal reflection plane σh and two sets of vertical reflection plane (σd) and (σh )
![Page 43: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mirror planes
Borazine
![Page 44: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
B B
Rotate 120O
F1 F1
F2F3
F3F2
Operation rotation by 360/3 around C3 axis (element)
Rotations 360/n where n is an integer
BF3
![Page 45: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
B B
Rotate 120O
F1 F1
F2F3
F3F2
Operation rotation by 360/3 around C3 axis (element)
Rotations 360/n where n is an integer
BF3
![Page 46: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
A threefold rotation and the corresponding C3 in NH3There are two rotation assosiated with this axis, one through 120o [ C3
+ ] and the other -120o [ C3
- ]
C3+ C3
+
C3-
Rotation axesRotasi positif
Rotasi negatif
![Page 47: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
An H2O molecule may be rotated through any angle about the bisector of the HOH bond angle, but only a rotation of 180o, C2 leaves it apparently unchanged
Rotation axes
![Page 48: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Rotation axes examples 1
The two fold rotational axis in cis-dinitrogen di florida
Molecule having n fold axis(a) Amonia (b) penta carbonil iron, (c) hexa carbonil iron
(a) (b) (c)
C2 C2 C2
C2
C2
C2C2
![Page 49: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
C2
C2
C2, C3, C6
Symmetry of hexagonal planar
Rotation axes examples 1
![Page 50: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Rotation axes examples 2
Molecules containing five-fold rotational axes(a)Eclipsed ferrocene side and top view
(b) Staggered ferrocene
![Page 51: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Inversion center
The invertion operation and invertion center of SF6
![Page 52: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Note inversion (i) and C2 are not equivalent
Inversion operation
Two fold rotation
![Page 53: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Inversion center examples
The center of symmetry of 1,2-dimethyl-1,2 –diphenyldiphospine disulfide
(a) (b) (c)
(a) and (b) do not have inversion center
![Page 54: Presentasi Simetri](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102710/545c15b7b1af9fa21e8b46fc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Improper rotation axes An improper rotation involves a combination of
rotation and reflection The rotation and the reflection do not have
to besymmetry operations of the molecule in their
own right
A fourfold axis of improper rotation S4 in the CH4 molecule