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Transcript of Presentación de PowerPoint - cdn.ymaws.com · category 2 B, which translates to “possibly...
Index
1 Introduction to EMF
2 EMF health effects
3 Standards and normative
4 Applications and sectors
5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment
6 Measurement in the field - examples
7 Measurement demo
EMF: what is it?
They are invisible and perfectly silent: if you live in an area with electrical power and mobile phone service, some level of artificial (man-made) EMF is surrounding you.
There are two types of EMFNatural EMFs - We are surrounded by these :
The earth produces an electromagnetic field (EMF), The human body does as well. These are extremely low frequency ELF’s. In fact, scientific research has demonstrated that every cell in your body may have it’s own EMF, helping to regulate important functions and keep you healthy.
Natural EMFs or ELF’s are low in intensity; for example, a healthy human body resonates with the earth's magnetic field at around 10 hertz.
Artificial EMFs - we are surrounded by theses too.These are “man-made” and emanate from all things electrical and electronic. Everything from hairdryers and mobile phones to high voltage wires, to the mains cable running around building - they all create EMFs. Some are stronger than others and some studies have been shown them disturb the human body’s natural energetic field with variable effects.
Fact: We’re exposed to 100 million times greater artificial EMF radiation than our grandparents were, and that exposure grows each year.
what makes EMF?
An electromagnetic field (EMF) is made of: an electric field and a magnetic field.
The electric field:Created by electric charges, or voltage (the force of the electricity)Always there when an appliance is plugged in (even if the appliance is turned off)Can be shielded or blocked by metal housing and other barriers.Measured in units of hertz
The magnetic fieldCreated by moving electric charges (electric current)Only there when the appliance is operating (when current is flowing)Hard to shield: can penetrate steel, concrete and human bodies (human bodies have the same permeability as air when it comes to magnetic fields, which is why x-rays work so well).The more powerful the current is, the more powerful the magnetic field it createsMeasured in units of gauss (G), Tesla or A/m.
Characteristics of a wave
Wave length (λ). It is the distance between two consecutive peaks. It is measured in units of length (meters, for example)
Period (T).It is the time required for the oscillation movement of the wave to describe a complete cycle
Frequency (f).It is the number of complete cycles elapsed per unit of time (in a second, for example)
Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic radiation is a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which propagate through space, transporting energy from one place to another.
These waves do not need a material means to propagate (they can do it in a vacuum)
Index
1 Introduction to EMF
2 EMF health effects
3 Standards and normative
4 Applications and sectors
5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment
6 Measurement in the field - examples
7 Measurement demo
Who is taking care of EMF?
ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
WHO: World Health Organization
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Low frequencies (1 Hz – 100 kHz) – biological effects
Neurobehavior
• Perception of surface electric charge
• Stimulation of myelinated nerve fibres of the human peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Stimulation of myelinated nerve fibers of the central nervous system (CNS)
• Stimulation of muscle tissue
• Induction of phosphenes in the electrically excitable cells in the retina
• Indirect scientific evidence that brain functions such as visual processing and motor co-ordination can be transiently affected by induced electric fields
Low frequencies – biological effects
Neurodegenerative disorders
• Some reports suggest that people employed in electrical occupations might have an increased risk for ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
• So far only one residential study is available, indicating an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease after long-term exposure, but based on very small numbers of cases
• Overall, the evidence for the association between low frequency exposure and Alzheimer´s disease and ALS is inconclusive.
Low frequencies – biological effects
Cardiovascular disorders
• hazardous cardiovascular effects associated with low frequency fields are unlikely to occur at exposure levels commonly encountered environmentally or occupationally.
Low frequencies – biological effects
Cancer
• Research has suggested that there may be a weak association between the higher levels of exposure to residential 50-60 Hz magnetic fields and childhood leukemia risk, although it is unclear whether it is causal.
• Overall, in contrast to the epidemiological evidence of an association between childhood leukemia and prolonged exposure to power frequency magnetic fields, the animal cancer data, particularly those from large-scale lifetime studies, are almost universally negative.
Low frequencies – Summary
Accute effects
• There are a number of well established acute effects of exposure to low-frequency EMFs on the nervous system: the direct stimulation of nerve and muscle tissue and the induction of retinal phosphenes. There is also indirect scientific evidence that brain functions such as visual processing and motor co-ordination can be transiently affected by induced electric fields.
Chronic effects
• WHO’s cancer research institute, IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), evaluated low frequency magnetic fields in 2002 and classified them in category 2 B, which translates to “possibly carcinogenic to humans”. The basis for this classification was the epidemiologic results on childhood leukemia.
High frequencies (100 kHz – GHz)
Biological effects
• Exposure to electromagnetic fields at frequencies above about 100 kHz can lead to significant absorption of energy and temperature increases.
High frequencies (100 kHz – GHz)
Regarding absorption of energy, EMF can be divided into four ranges:
• From about 100 kHz to less than about 20 MHz: absorption in the trunk decreases rapidly with decreasing frequency, significant absorption may occur in the neck and legs.
• From about 20 MHz to 300 MHz: relatively high absorption can occur in the whole body, and even higher values if partial body (e.g., head) resonances are considered.
• From about 300 MHz to several GHz, at which significant local, nonuniform absorption occurs.
• Above about 10 GHz: energy absorption occurs primarily at the body surface.
Static fields (0 – 1 Hz)
Direct effects:
• Induction of electrical ‘flow’ potentials across blood vessels due to the movement of electrolytes in the blood
• Forces on paramagnetic and diamagnetic components of tissues
• Changes in chemical reactions due to altered spin chemistry
• Deflection of ionic currents due to magnetic (Lorentz) force.
Static fields (0 – 1 Hz)
Movement-induced effects:
When the static magnetic field exceeds 2 T, the movement-induced electric field in the head may be high enough to:
• Evoke vertigo
• Nausea
• Visual sensations (magnetophosphenes)
• Metallic taste in the mouth
• Possibility of acute neurocognitive effects, with subtle changes in attention, concentration and visuospatial orientation
Indirect coupling mechanisms
Two indirect coupling mechanisms have been reported:
• Contact currents that result when the human body comes into contact with an object at a different electric potential.
• Coupling of EMF to medical devices worn by, or implanted in, an individual.
Index
1 Introduction to EMF
2 EMF health effects
3 Standards and normative
4 Applications and sectors
5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment
6 Measurement in the field - examples
7 Measurement demo
ICNIRP
• ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.
• It aims to protect people and the environment against adverse effects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR).
• ICNIRP develops and disseminates science-based advice and guidelines on limiting exposure to non-
ionizing radiation.
ICNIRP guidelines
ICNIRP 98 and 2010 guidelines for Electric field ICNIRP 98 and 2010 guidelines for Magnetic field
European Union EMF framework
Council
Recommendation
1999/519/ECof 12 July 1999
General public Occupational safety
Council Directive 89/391/EEC
(Framework Directive)
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU
...
20th directive
Not only Europe
✓ United States: IEEE, FCC, OSHA
✓ China
✓ Russia
✓ Japan
✓ Australia
✓ Rest of the world: usually ICNIRP
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels
Low and High Action Levels for Electric field
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
0,1
1
10
100
Frequency (Hz)
E (k
V/m
)
E field - 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)
Low ALs
High ALs
ICNIRP Reference levels
Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric fields from 1 Hz to 10MHz
Frequency range Electric field strength
Low ALs
(E)[Vm -1 ] (RMS)
Electric field strength
High ALs
(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)
ICNIRP
(V/m)
1 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,0 × 104 2,0 × 10 4 2,0 × 10 4
25 ≤ f < 50 Hz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 4 5,0 × 10 5 /f
50 Hz ≤ f < 1,64 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 6 /f 5,0 × 10 5 /f
1,64 ≤ f < 3 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 6,1 × 10 2 5,0 × 10 5 /f
3 kHz ≤ f ≤10 MHz 1,7 × 10 2 6,1 × 10 2 1,7 × 10 2
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
Frequency (Hz)
B (
uT)
H field 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)
Low ALs
High ALs
ICNIRP Reference levels
Table B2. ALs for exposure to magnetic fields from 1 Hz to 10 MHz
Frequency range Magnetic flux density
Low ALs(B)[µT] (RMS)
Magnetic flux density
High ALs(B) [µT] (RMS)
ICNIRP
[µT]
1 ≤ f < 8 Hz 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2
8 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,5 × 10 4 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,5 × 10 4 /f
25 ≤ f < 300 Hz 1,0 × 10 3 3,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 3
300 Hz ≤ f < 3 kHz 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f
3 kHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2
Low and High Action Levels for Magnetic field
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels
Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric and magnetic fields from 100 kHz to 300 GHz.
Frequency range Electric field strength
ALs(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)
Magnetic flux density
ALs(B) [µT] (RMS)
Power density
ALs(S) [Wm -2 ]
ICNIRP
(V/m)
100 kHz ≤ f < 1 MHz 6,1 × 102 2,0 × 106 /f - 6,1 × 102
1 ≤ f < 10 MHz 6,1 × 108/f 2,0 × 106 /f - 6,1 × 108/f
10 ≤ f < 400 MHz 61 0,2 - 61
400 MHz ≤ f < 2 GHz 3 × 10-3 f ½ 1,0 × 10-5 f ½ - 3 × 10-3 f ½
2 ≤ f < 6 GHz 1,4 × 102 4,5 × 10-1 - 137
6 ≤ f ≤ 300 GHz 1,4 × 102 4,5 × 10-1 50 137
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
10
100
1000
Frequency (MHz)
E (V
/m)
E field 100 kHz to 300 GHz (ICNIRP = ALs)
ALs (E)
ICNIRP Reference levels
Introduction: International Standards
American IEEE C95.1 – 2005IEEE C95.1 – 2010IEEE C95.1-2345 – 2014IEEE C95.3 – 2002IEEE C95.3.1 – 2010IEEE C95.6 – 2002IEEE C95.7 – 2005FCC/OET Bulletin 65
Chinese GB – 8702 -2014
Japanese JIS C1910:2004
Canadian Safety Code 6
Europe
EN 50499Workers ExposureAssessment
EN 50413Human ExposureAssessment
International ICNIRP GuidelinesCENELECInternational Electro technical Commission
2013/35/EUEuropeanDirective
Introduction: Main Normative
Railway
EN50519
Energy
Welding InductionHeating (LF)
TELECOMUNICATIONS
Wireless TelecomNetworks
Broadcast
IEC/EN 62110
EN50500
EN 50505EN50444
IEC 62577EN 50475EN 50476EN 50496EN 55554
IEC 62232EN 50400EN 50401EN 50492
Medical IEC 60601
IEC/EN 62311Electronic/Electrical Equipment
IEC/EN 62233EN 50366
HouseholdAppliances
RFID/EAS EN50364EN 50357IEC/EN 62369-1
… and many other standards/laws all around the world …
Index
1 Introduction to EMF
2 EMF health effects
3 Standards and normative
4 Applications and sectors
5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment
6 Measurement in the field - examples
7 Measurement demo
Working Environment Categories
• Category I:
Action levels will/may not be exceeded
Employers need to assess non-standard situations
• Category II:
Action level may be exceeded
Employers must assess EMF strengths
• Category III:
Action level will be exceeded
Exposure Limit Value may be exceeded
Employers must assess EMF strengths
Action Levels
ELV
Category I
Category II
Category III
Working Environment: Category I
Action levels will/may not be exceeded.
Employers need to assess non-standard situations
Equipment and use
Offices: computer equipment, cable networks, phones,…
Household and similar electrical appliances
Electric installation:- low voltage network < 1000 V- low voltage components with power < 200 kVA- power transformers connected to low voltage networks
Electric motors and electric pumps with power being lower than 200 kVA
Testing instruments
Mobile telephones
Audio and video equipment
Lighting equipment
Working Environment: Category I
Equipment and use
Installation and maintenance of electric hand-held tools
Detection of articles and people- EAS 0.8 – 2.5 GHz (non-linear microwaves)- RFID 1 Hz - 500 kHz- RFID 2 - 30 MHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)- RFID 850 - 950 MHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)- RFID 2.45 and 5.8 GHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)- hand-held metal detectors- EAS-deactivators
Working Environment: Category II
Action level may be exceeded
Employers must assess EMF strengths
Category II-a (yellow color): only brief instructions are needed, e.g. keeping a safe distance.
Category II-b (orange color): technical actions as shielding the radiation source, placing a fence or placing warning signs will be required.
Equipment and use
Detection of articles and people- EAS 0.01 - 20 kHz (magnetic)- EAS 20 - 135 kHz (resonant inductive)- EAS 1 - 20 MHz (radio frequency resonant inductive)- Metal detectors- RFID – systems (transmitting power> 2 W or duty cycle > 0.05)
Working Environment: Category II
Equipment and use
Dielectric heating- Plastic sealers - Wood gluing equipment
Electricity production and distribution- Power stations- Air cooled coils in capacitor banks
Electrochemical processes- Current supply systems (bus bars)- Electrolysis hall
Induction heating- With open coils- Larger furnaces
Welding- Arc welding - cable- Arc welding – electrode holder
Working Environment: Category II
Equipment and use
Medical applications- MRI - scanning- Short wave and microwave diathermy- Deep hyperthermia- Electro-surgery
Microwave drying
Transport and haulage systems- Rail transport powered by alternating current (50 Hz; HSLs)
Transmitters- Base stations for mobile telephony (GSM, UMTS)- TETRA transmitters in masts- TETRA transmitters on vehicles, power 10 W- WLL systems- Beam transmitters- Small broadcasting transmitters (on roofs)- Amateur radio transmitters- Radar systems (navigational)
Working Environment: Category II
Equipment and use
Other working environments- Tape erasers- Radio frequency and microwave lighting- Non-destructive magnetic testing
Working Environment: Category III
This category contains all the working environments where extensive measures will be needed
Action level will be exceeded, exposure Limit Value may be exceeded
Employers must assess EMF strengths
Equipment and use
Electrochemical process:- Rectifiers
Induction heating- Smaller smelting furnaces (alloying)
Welding- Spot and induction welding, semi-automated
Medical applications:- MRI - intervention activities
Transmitters- Large broadcasting transmitters
Index
1 Introduction to EMF
2 EMF health effects
3 Standards and normative
4 Applications and sectors
5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment
6 Measurement in the field - examples
7 Measurement demo
21 years(since 1997)
Introduction: highlights
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EMF sources
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MonitEM
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WWWhttp:// public access to data available
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Index
1 Introduction to EMF
2 EMF health effects
3 Standards and normative
4 Applications and sectors
5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment
6 Measurement in the field - Examples
7 Conclusions
Index
1 Introduction to EMF
2 EMF health effects
3 Standards and normative
4 Applications and sectors
5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment
6 Measurement in the field - Examples
7 Conclusions
✓ The natural world, including your body, produces electromagnetic fields. But thesefields are low in intensity. Technology produces much more intenseelectromagnetic fields, and these fields can cause health risks. You cannot see orhear them. But if you live where there is cell phone service or power lines, forexample, you are exposed to artificial EMFs.
✓ To comply with the standards and regulations, it’s necessary to perform an EMFassessment. This assessment has to follow three stages:
✓ Exposure assessment.✓ Risk assessment.✓ Action plan.