Present Perfect -...

© Rafael Moreno Esteban 2008

Present Perfect

E.O.I. Sevilla

NI+NB


FORM

• [has/have + past participle]

• Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times.

• Have you seen that movie many times?

• You have not seen that movie many times.

• She has been to Tokyo five times.


USE

• We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.

• You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.

• We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

• Examples:

• I have seen that movie twenty times.

• I think I have met him once before.

• There have been many earthquakes in California.

• People have travelled to the Moon.

• People have not travelled to Mars.

• Have you read the book yet?

• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.


How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

1. Experience

• You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

• Examples: • I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.

• I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

• I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.

• I think I have seen that movie before.

• He has never travelled by train.

• Joan has studied two foreign languages.

• A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him.


2. Change Over Time

• We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change

that has happened over a period of time.

• Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.

• The government has become more interested in arts

education.

• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at

the university since the Asian studies program was

established.

• My English has really improved since I moved to

Australia.


3. Accomplishments

• We often use the Present Perfect to list the

accomplishments of individuals and humanity.

You cannot mention a specific time.

• Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon.

• Our son has learned how to read.

• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

• Scientists have split the atom.


4. An Uncompleted Action You Are

Expecting

• We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

• Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet.

• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

• Bill has still not arrived.

• The rain hasn't stopped.


5. Multiple Actions at Different Times

• We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

• Examples: • The army has attacked that city five times.

• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

• We have had many major problems while working on this project.

• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.


6. Duration From the Past Until Now

(Non-Continuous Verbs) • With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses

of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

• Examples: • I have had a cold for two weeks.

• She has been in England for six months.

• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

• Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words “live”, “work”, “teach”, and “study” are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.


ADVERB PLACEMENT

• The examples below show the placement

for grammar adverbs such as: always, only,

never, ever, still, just, etc.

• Examples:

• You have only seen that movie one time.

• Have you only seen that movie one time?


Pronunciation of the –ed ending

• If the verb ends in the sound /t/ or /d/ we pronounce the ending /id/

• E.g. fade → faded

• If the verb ends in a voiceless consonant other than /t/ we pronounce the ending /t/

• E.g. laugh → laughed

• If the verb ends in a voiced consonant other than /d/ or vowel sound we pronounce the ending /d/

• E.g. beg → begged, pray → prayed

• Voiceless consonants: /p/, /s/, /k/, /f/, /t∫/, /∫/, /θ/

• Voiced consonants: /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, //, //, /d /, /l/, /r/, /m/, /n/, //


Irregular verbs: All 3 forms are similar Base Form Past Simple Form

Past Participle

Form

Phonetic

Symbols

bet bet bet bet

bid bid bid bd

broadcast broadcast broadcast brdkst

burst burst burst b:st

cost cost cost kst

cut cut cut kt

hit hit hit ht

hurt hurt hurt h:t

let let let let

put put put pt

quit quit quit kwt

set set set set

shut shut shut t

split split split splt

spread spread spread spred


Past Simple and Past Participle

are the same

Base Form Past Simple

Form

Past

Participle

Form

bend bend bent bent bent

bring br brought brought brt

build bld built built blt

buy ba bought bought bt

catch kt caught caught kt

creep krip crept crept krept

deal dl dealt dealt delt


dig dg dug dug dg

feed fi:d fed fed fed

feel fi:l felt felt felt

fight fat fought fought ft

find fand found found fand

flee fli: fled fled fled

get get got got (gotten) gt

hang h hung hung h

have hv had had hd

hear h heard heard hd

hold hld held held held


keep ki:p kept kept kept

kneel ni:l knelt knelt nelt

lay le laid laid led

lead li:d led led led

leave li:v left left left

lend lent lent lent lent

light lat lit lit lit

lose lu:z lost lost lst

make mek made made med

mean mi:n meant meant ment

meet mi:t met met met


pay pe paid paid ped

read ri:d read read red

say se said said sed

seek si:k sought sought st

sell sel sold sold sld

send send sent sent sent

shine an shone shone n

shoot u:t shot shot t

sit st sat sat st

sleep sli:p slept slept slept

slide slad slid slid sld

spend spend spent spent spent


spit spt spat spat spt

stand stnd stood stood std

stick stk stuck stuck stk

sting st stung stung st

strike strak struck struck strk

sweep swi:p swept swept swept

swing sw swung swung sw

teach ti:t taught taught tt

tell tel told told tld

think k thought thought t

understand ndstnd understood understood ndstd

weep wi:p wept wept wept

win wn won won wn


Base Form and Past Simple are the same

Base Form and Past Participle are the same

beat bi:t beat bi:t beaten bi:tn

become bi:km became bi:kem become bi:km

come km came kem come km

run rn ran rn run rn


All forms are different arise raiz arose r z arisen rzn

awake wek awoke wk awoken w kn

be bi: was/were wz/w: been bi:n

begin bgn began bgn begun bgn

bite bat bit bt bitten btn

blow bl blew blu: blown bln

break brek broke brk broken brkn

choose tuz chose tz chosen tzn

do du did dd done dn

draw dr drew dru drawn drn

drink drnk drank drnk drunk drnk

drive drav drove drv driven drvn


eat i:t ate et eaten i:tn

fall f fell fel fallen fln

fly fla flew flu: flown fln

forbid fbd forbade fbed forbidden fbdn

forget fget forgot fgt forgotten fgtn

forgive fgv forgave fgev forgiven fgvn

freeze fri:z froze frz frozen frzn

give gv gave gev given gvn

go g went went gone gn

grow gr grew gru: grown grn

hide had hid hid hidden hidn


know n knew nju: known nn

lie la lay le lain len

mistake mstek mistook mstk

mistaken mstekn

ride rad rode rd ridden rdn

ring r rang r rung r

rise raz rose rz risen rzn

see si: saw s seen si:n

sew s sewed sd sewn sn


shake ek shook k shaken ekn

show showed d shown n

shrink rnk shrank rnk shrunk rnk

sink sk sank sk sunk sk

sing s sang s sung s

speak spi:k spoke spk spoken spkn

spring spr sprang spr sprung spr

steal sti:l stole stl stolen stln


stink stk stank st stunk st

swear swea swore sw sworn swn

swim swm swam swm swum swm

take tek took tk taken tekn

tear tea tore t torn tn

throw r threw ru: thrown rn

wake wek woke wk

woken wkn

wear wea wore w worn wn

write rat wrote rt written rtn


Confusing verbs

• Lie – lied – lied (mentir) • /la/ - /lad/ - /lad/

• lying

• Lie – lay – lain (estar tumbado) • /la/ - /le/ - /len/

• lying

• Lay – laid – laid (poner la mesa) • /le / - /led/ - /led/

• laying

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