PRESENT PERFECT. Present Perfect We use the Present Perfect for actions in the past which have a...
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Transcript of PRESENT PERFECT. Present Perfect We use the Present Perfect for actions in the past which have a...
PRESENT PERFECT
Present Perfect We use the Present Perfect for actions in
the past which have a connection to the present. The time when these actions happened is not important.
We use the Present Perfect for recently completed actions.
We use the Present Perfect for actions beginning in the past and still continuing.
Present Perfect - Use
It is a combination of past and present. An actions in the past has something to do with the present.
1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present (It is not important when this action happened. When we use a specific time in the past - e.g. yesterday - then we use the Simple Past.)
I have cleaned my room. (It is clean now.)
Has Peggy ever been to Tokyo? (Has Peggy been there or not?)
2) Recently completed actionsHe has just played handball. (It is over
now.)
Actions beginning in the past and still continuing - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)
We have lived in Canada since 1986. (We still live there.)
4) together with lately, recently, yet
I have been to London recently. (no specific point of time)
He has not written the e-mail yet. (He has not done it.)
PRESENT PERFECT FORM
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements :
the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb.
The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed,
e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs .
Affirmative Subject to have past participle
She has visited
Subject to have + not past participle
She hasn't visited
Interrogative to have subject past participle
Has she visited..?
Interrogative negative
to have + not subject past participle Hasn't she visited...?
Example: to walk, present perfectAffirmative I have walked You have walked He, she, it has walked We have walked You have walked They have walked
Negative
I haven't walked You haven't walked He, she, it hasn't walked We haven't walked You haven't walked They haven't walked
Interrogative Have I walked? Have you walked? Has he,she,it walked Have we walked? Have you walked? Have they walked?
Present Perfect - Spelling
Add -ed with regular verbs.regular verbsinfinitive + -ed
Sometimes the are exceptions in spelling when adding -ed.
1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word
stop – stopped swap – swapped
We do not double the consonant if it is not stressed:benefit - benefited (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)
In Britsh English we double one -l at the end of the word:travel - travelled
2) one -e at the end of the word
Leave out the -e. Add -d.
love – loved
save – saved
3) verbs ending in –yVerbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a,
e, i, o, u):Add -ed.
play - played
Change 'y' to 'i' after a consonant. Then add -ed.
worry - worried
You have to know all forms of the irregular verbs very well. For the Present Perfect you need the form of the verb which can be found in the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs.
go - went - gone
Special verbs in the Present Perfect
1) have as a full verbaffirmative sentenceI, we, you, they:I have had a book.he, she, it:He has had a book.
negative sentenceI, we, you, they:I have not had a book.he, she, it:He has not had a book.
questionI, we, you, they:Have I had a book?he, she, it:Has he had a book?
2) be as a full verbaffirmative sentenceI, we, you, they:I have been to Britain.he, she, it:He has been to Britain.
negative sentenceI, we, you, they:I have not been to Britain.he, she, it:He has not been to Britain.
questionI, we, you, they:Have I been to Britain?he, she, it:Has he been to Britain?
3) do as a full verbaffirmative sentenceI, we, you, they:I have done an exercise.he, she, it:He has done an exercise.
negative sentenceI, we, you, they:I have not done an exercise.he, she, it:He has not done an exercise.
questionI, we, you, they:Have I done an exercise?he, she, it:Has he done an exercise?
Long forms and short forms in the Present Perfect
We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Perfect is formed with the auxiliary have. So short forms are used frequently with the Present Perfect.
Affirmative long formI, we, you, they: I have gone
he, she, it:
he has gone
Affirmative short form
I, we, you, they: I've gone
he, she, it: he's gone
negative (have not)long form
I, we, you, they: I have not gone
he, she, it: he has not gone
short form I, we, you, they: I haven't gone
or I've not gone
he, she, it: he hasn't gone
or he's not gone