We are preparing you to teach mathematics by :

•Discussing the importance of subject knowledge and pedagogical knowledge in the teaching and learning of mathematics•Considering the importance of early counting for all learners•Considering the aims of the National Curriculum

Standard 3

Demonstrate good subject and curriculum knowledge

have a secure knowledge of the relevant subject(s) and curriculum areas, foster and maintain pupils’ interest in the subject, and address misunderstandings

demonstrate a critical understanding of developments in the subject and curriculum areas, and promote the value of scholarship

if teaching early mathematics, demonstrate a clear understanding of appropriate teaching strategies.

*Using the digits 1- 9 arrange them in the 3 x 3 grid so that each row, column and diagonal adds up to the same amount.

Arithmetic fluency:Learning mathematical procedures and skills and using this knowledge to solve problems

Reasoning: learning to reason about the underlying relations in mathematical problems they have to solve

Learning and remembering skills and procedures

Calculating efficiently

Remembering mathematical vocabulary

Remembering facts

EgKnowing how to add

Arguing, communicating

Problem solving

Investigating

Thinking mathematically

Understanding ideas or concepts

EgKnowing when to add

To become fluent in the fundamentals of mathematics, including through varied and frequent practice with increasingly complex problems over time, so that pupils have conceptual understanding and are able to recall and apply their knowledge rapidly and accurately to problems

To reason mathematically by following a line of enquiry, conjecturing relationships and generalisations, and developing an argument, justification or proof using mathematical language

To solve problems by applying their mathematics to a variety of routine and non-routine problems with increasing sophistication, including breaking down problems into a series of simpler steps and persevering in seeking solutions.

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/184064/DFE-RR178.pdf

Procedural Fluency

Conceptual Understandin

g

INTEGRATION

32 – 3 32 - 29

Many secondary teachers

Many primary teachers

The best teachersSubject knowledge

OfSTED (2008) Understanding the Score http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/resources/mathematics-understanding-score

1. One to one principle – giving each item in a set a different counting word. Synchronising saying words and pointing.

2. Stable order principle - Keeping track of objects counted knowing that numbers stay in the same order.

3. Cardinal principle – recognising that the number associated with last object touched is the total number of object. The answer to ‘how many?’

4. Abstraction principle - recognising small numbers without counting them and counting things you cannot move or touch.

5. Order irrelevance principle - counting objects of different sizes and recognising that if a group of objects is rearranged then the number of them remains the same.

*Ordering numbers

*More than, less than

*Counting out a given number

*Counting from a given number

*Reciting number names in order and becoming consistent, including through decade and hundred changes

*Reciting number names with decimals and fractions

*Ordering numbers including with fractions and decimals

Singapore Maths

Concrete Pictorial Abstract

Bruner’s phases of learning

EnactiveIconicSymbolic

5

Counting one, two, three then any number name or other name to represent many

Number names not remembered in order Counting not co-ordinated with partition Count does not stop appropriately Counts an item more than once or not at all Does not recognise final number of count as how

many objects there are Counting the start number when ‘counting on’ rather

than the intervals (jumps) when ‘counting on’ on a number line.

when counting on or back, include the given number in their counting rather than starting from the next or previous number or counting the ‘jumps’;

Difficulty counting from starting numbers other than zero and when counting backwards;

understand the patterns of the digits within a decade, e.g. 30, 31, 32, ..., 39 but struggle to recall the next multiple of 10 (similarly for 100s);

Know how to count on and count back but not understand which is more efficient for a given pair of numbers (e.g. 22-19 by counting on from 19 but 22-3 by counting back 3);

Not understanding how place value applies to counting in decimals e.g. 0.8, 0.9, 0.10, 0.11 rather than 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1;

Counting upwards in negative numbers as -1, -2, -3 … rather than -3, -2, -1…

Player Hundreds Tens Units (ones)

Player 1

Player 2

Draw a grid big enough for digit cards

Rules• Shuffle the number cards place face down in

a stack• Take turns to pick up a number card. You can

place your number card on your own HTU line or on your partner’s HTU line.

• The aim is to make your own number as close as possible to the target – and to stop your partner making a number closer to the target.

• Take it in turns to go first.

*Largest number

*Smallest number

*Nearest to 500

*Nearest to a multiple of 10

*Nearest to a multiple of 5

*Nearest to a square number

*Nearest any century

*Lowest even number

*Nearest odd number to 350

•Positional- the quantities represented by the individual digits are determined by the positions that they hold in the whole numeral. The value given to a digit is according to the position in a number

•Base 10: the value of the position increases in powers of 10

•Multiplicative; the value of an individual digit is found by multiplying the face value of the digit by the value assigned to its position.

•Additive: the quantity represented by the whole numeral is the sum of the values represented by the individual digits (Ross 1989)

*Twenty eight, twenty nine, twenty ten

*Writing 10016 for 116

*Writing £1.6 for £1.06

*Placing 1.35 as larger on a number line than 1.5

*Lining numbers up incorrectly in column addition

*Writing the sequence 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11..

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

*Tom had two sweets and John had three

sweets how many did they have altogether?

*Tom had two sweets and bought three more. How many sweets does he have now?

• Aggregation - combining of two or more quantities (How much/many altogether? What is the total?Tom had two sweets

and John had three sweets how many did they have altogether?

• Augmentation – where one quantity is increased by some amount (increase by)Tom had two sweets and bought two more. How many sweets does he have now

• Partition/change/take away - Where a quantity is partitioned off in some way and subtraction is required to calculate how many or how much remains. (Take away, How many left? How many are/do not?)

Tom had five sweets,

John ate three sweets. How

many sweets did Tom have left?

• Comparison – a comparison is made between two quantities. (How any more?

How many less/fewer? How

much greater? How much

smaller? Tom had 5 sweets, John

had three sweets. How many more

sweets did Tom have than John?

*Counting forwards and backwards

*One more than, one less than

*Counting on or back in steps of 2,5 and 10

*Counting on or back from the larger number

*Partitioning numbers into 5 and a bit e.g. 5 + 7 = 5 + 5 + 2

*Bridging through 10, using known facts to 10e.g. 6 + 9 = (6 + 4) + 5; 15 – 9 = (15 – 5) - 4

*Bridging through multiples of 10 e.g. 25 + 7 = (25 + 5) + 2; 22 – 5 = (22 – 2) – 3

*Reordering numbers in addition e.g. 6 + 2 + 4 = 6 + 4 + 2

*Find differences by counting up e.g. 10 – 6 by counting ’7, 8, 9, 10’

*Using inverse operations e.g. 13 + 7 = 20 so 20 – 7 = 13

*Special cases: Using doubles facts to derive near doubles facts e.g. 6 + 6 = 12 so 6 + 8 = 14 and 6 + 5 = 11

*Calculate 25 + 47*Using Dienes *Using Numicon*Using Place Value Counters

*Calculate 72 - 47*Numicon*Using Dienes *Using Place Value counters

*26 + 57

*25 + 24

*65 + 29

*73 - 68

*82 - 26

*156 – 99Then compare strategies with a friend.

0.3 1.6 7.2 4.6 0.2

10.5

5.7 2.3 6 5.3

8.3 0.1 2 5.2 7.3

2.7 1 0.7 4 1.9

9.2 3.9 2.3 9.8 6.2

2.6 3 6.1 10 1.7

*Different children prefer different mental calculation strategies

*Choice of strategy may vary for different pairs of numbers

*The choice of mental strategy for a particular pair of numbers is influenced by a range of factors:

*size of the numbers,

*personal preferences,

*size of the difference between the numbers,

*proximity of numbers to 10s or 100s numbers,

*special cases etc.

Mental*We may break the calculation into manageable parts eg 248 – 100 + 1 instead of 248 – 99

*We say the calculation to ourselves and so are aware of the numbers themselves eg 2000 – 10 is not much less than 2000

Written*We never change the calculation to an equivalent one, 248 – 99 is done as it is

*We don’t say the numbers to ourselves, but talk about the digits instead saying 8 – 9 and 4 - 9

Mental• We usually begin with

the most significant digit

• We choose a strategy to fit the numbers eg 148 – 99 is not calculated in the same way as 84 – 77 although they are both subtractions

• We draw upon mathematical knowledge such as properties of numbers or ‘number sense’, learned facts etc

Written*We usually begin with the least significant digit

*We always use the same method

*We draw upon the memory of a procedure although we may not understand how it works

• Repeated addition - ‘so many sets of’ or ‘so many lots of’

This is four lots of two this is written as 2 x 4

• Scaling structure – increasing a quantity by a scale factor (doubling, so many times bigger...so many times as much as). Tom has three times as many sweets as John.

John Tom

• Equal sharing- (shared between, divided by) There are 8 sweets shared between four children. How many sweets do they get each?

• Equal grouping - I want to buy 8 sweets they come in packs of two . How many packs must I buy.

Using commutative law e.g. 5 x 9 as 9 x 5Repeated operations: e.g. 324 ÷ 4 as (324 ÷ 2) ÷2,

or 32 x 8 as 32 x 2 x 2 x 2Using associative law: (16 x 2) x 5 as 16 x (2 x 5)Multiplying and dividing by 10, 100 etc:

3 x 4 = 12 so 30 x 4 = 120Using partitioning and the distributive law:

12 x 7 as (10 x 7) + (2 x 7); 19 x 5 as (20 x 5) – (1 x 5); 4 x £1.99 as (4 x £2) – (4 x 1p)

Doubling and halving (for multiplying): 15 x 18 as 30 x 9Using factors: 6 x 18 as 6 x 9 x 2;

324 ÷ 18 as (324 ÷ 3) ÷ 6Using inverse operations: 100 ÷ 5 = 20 because 20 x 5 = 100

*Commutative law - axb = bxa and a+b = b+aeg 3 x 4 = 4 x 355 + 45 = 45 + 55

*Associative law - (axb) x c = a x (bxc) eg 24 x 6 = (4x6) x 6 = 4x (6x6)

(5 + 7) + 3 = 5 + (7 + 3)*Distributive law or partitioning (a+b) x c

eg 12 x 7 = (10 x 7) + ( 2 x 7)and 84 ÷ 7 = (70 ÷ 7) + (14 ÷ 7)

*Different children prefer different mental calculation strategies

*Choice of strategy may vary for different pairs of numbers

*The choice of mental strategy for a particular pair of numbers is influenced by a range of factors:

*size of the numbers,

*personal preferences,

*size of the difference between the numbers,

*proximity of numbers to 10s or 100s numbers,

*special cases etc.

Some strange calculation methods!

http://www.ness.uk.com/maths/Guidance%20Documents/Teaching%20children%20to%20calculate%20mentally.pdf

Mathematical reasoning, even more so than children’s knowledge of arithmetic, is important for children’s later achievement in mathematics (Nunes et al 2009 p.3)

Nunes, T., Bryant, P., Sylva, K. and Barros, R. (2009) Development of Maths capabilities and confidence in Primary school

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/development-of-maths-capabilities-and-confidence-in-primary-school

Bloom, B.S. (Ed.) (1956) Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals: Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York ; Toronto: Longmans, Green.

Developing higher order thinking

x

32 40

49

22

15 27

24

42

*Fit into the dark blue boxes: 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12.

*One number has to be used twice! Which one?Why?

*32 + 16

*58 - 26

*48 x 6

*126 - 58

*146 ÷ 7

*62 x 16

*263 – 76

Can you think of a different calculation

(which does not use the digit 6) to give the same answer?

(32+15+1)

When the animals were paired off in twos, one was left over.

When they were grouped in threes, one was left over.

But when the animals were grouped in fives, not one was left over.

How many animals did Noah have?

Noah’s Ark

Noah sets sail on his ark. How many animals did he squeeze on to the ark?

*A game for two players

*Start with 20 counters

*Each player can remove 1,2,3, counters in turn

*The loser is the person who picks up the last counter.

Finding rules and patterns - NIM

*If children spend most of their time practising paper and pencil skills on worksheet exercises, they are likely to become faster at executing these skills.

*If they spend most of their time watching the teacher demonstrate methods for solving special kinds of problems, they are likely to become better at imitating these methods on similar problems.

*If they spend most of their time reflecting on how various ideas and procedures are the same or different, on how what they already know relates to the situations they encounter, they are likely to build new relationships. That is, they are likely to construct new understandings. Hiebert ( 1993)

How can we encourage higher order thinking skills?

“If teachers consider that tasks involving mathematics thinking are suitable for ‘high attainers’ then the result may be that ‘low attainers’ are given a diet of routine and repetitive tasks on which they have already demonstrated their low attainment. But if all learners are treated as possessing the powers necessary to think mathematically, and if those powers are evoked, developed and refined, the so called ‘low attainers’ can transcend expectations (Mason and Johnston-Wilder (2006 . 41)

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Shepway Teaching Schools Alliance, Unit 31a Folkestone Enterprise Centre, Shearway Road, Folkestone CT19 4RH

*EYFS*How many different patterns of dots can you make with five

dots?*Year 1*When you add two numbers, you can change the order of the

numbers and the answer will be the same*You can make 4 different two digit numbers with the digits 2 and

3: 23, 32, 22, 33*When you add 10 to a number the units digit stays the same.

*Year 2*When you subtract ten from a number, the units digit stays the

same*You can add 9 to a number by adding 10 and subtracting 1*All even numbers end in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8*If you have 3 digits, and use each one exactly once in a three

digit number, you can make 6 different three digit numbers

*Add together three consecutive numbers

1 + 2 + 3 = 6

*And three more

*What do you notice?

*Will it always happen?

*Can you convince yourself it will always happen?

*Can you convince a friend?

*Can you convince an enemy?

Child A

Learning Intention:To know how to write and represent 2-digit numbers using knowledgeof place value

Child B

Learning Intention:To know how to write and represent 2-digit numbers using knowledgeof place value

Child C

Learning Intention:To know how to write and represent 2-digit numbers using knowledgeof place value

Name Assessment Comments Target Date

Child A Didn’t concentrate very well. Took a long time to get started. Could write some numbers well.

Work on concentration and doing more work.

Child B Worked hard. Achieved the learning intention for smaller numbers but not for bigger ones.

Work on bigger numbers

Child C Tried hard. Got most of the answers right with support. Wasn’t sure about the last 3 questions.

Practice some more in next lesson

Learning Intention: To know how to write and represent Date: 2-digit numbers using knowledge of place value

Name

Assessment Comments Target Date

Child A

Can accurately write two-digit numbers up to 30 for a provided representation but in own representations does not recognise the base 10 structure used in place value.

Understanding the need to group in tens plus remaining ones for 2 digit numbers

Child B

Succeeds with writing teen numbers but creates incorrect additional columns for writing numbers with more than 1 ten

Understanding that all the tens need to be combined and written in tens column

Child C

Can accurately write most two digit numbers up to 30 for a provided representation but does not understand the need to use zero as a place holder for empty columns.

Understanding of zero as a place holder in 2-digit numbers

Learning Intention: To know how to write and represent Date: 2-digit numbers using knowledge of place value