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Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 1
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
Preparing for a Successful
GATS Negotiations Round
UNCTAD
Commercial Diplomacy Programme
May 2002
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 2
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTADPositive facts about tourism 1992-1998
Why Why Tourism?Tourism?
• The African region showed a growth rate of 7.8 % in arrivals,
nearly twice the world average.
• High concentration of international tourism arrivals in Africa
• Tourism revenues:
– one of the five leading sources of export revenue for 69
developing countries
– main source of foreign currency in 28 countries
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 3
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTADThe “Big Ticket”
Item
Why Why Tourism?Tourism?
• Important potential for wealth
• Multiple positive spillover effects
• Transform vicious circle of poverty into
virtuous circle of growth
• Opportunities for SME, women, youth
• Diversification of income generation
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 4
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Internal Leakages: import component, royalty payments.
• External Leakages: control of inflows and outflows by vertically integrated operators.
• Invisible leakages: tax evasion, unsustainable use of destination resources.
But Also the “Big Problem” Item
LeakagesLeakages
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 5
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Coherent tourism policies
• Effective mechanisms against anticompetitive practices.
• GATS negotiations to strengthen international competitiveness
Minimizing External Leakages?
Possible Possible RemediesRemedies
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 6
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
Yes, if tourism revenues are:
• Allocated evenly and equitably;
• Increasing over time; and
• Allowing for the sustainable use of all
destination resources required for tourism.
Sustainability Sustainability prerequisitesprerequisites
Is Tourism in Developing Countries Sustainable?
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 7
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
Country
Tourist Arrivals (000)
1992 1999
Tourist Income (U.S.$ m)
1992 1999
Income per Tourist (U.S.$)
1992 1999*
Growth in Tourist Arrivals
1992/1999
Growth* in Income Per
Tourist 1992/1999
Trends in Tourist Arrivals and Income per Tourist 1992-1999
Selected COMESA Countries
Egypt 2944 4490 2165 3287 735 732 53% 0%
Ethiopia 83 92 28 13 337 146 11% -57%
Kenya 782 857 394 256 504 299 10% -41%
Malawi 150 254 8 17 53 66 69% 24%
Mauritius 335 578 299 459 893 794 73% -11%
Uganda 92 205 38 99 413 481 123% 16%
Zambia 159 456 51 72 321 157 187% -51%
Zimbabwe 738 2101 96 170 130 81 185% -38%
* Adjusted $ figures, using U.S Consumer Price Index deflator
Arrival & Income Arrival & Income TrendsTrends
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 8
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
The Challenge:
Establish coherent national tourism policies that would strengthen competitiveness and sustainability of
international tourism.
Requires a national assessment study of tourism.
This involves: Consultations with stakeholdersIntra-Governmental coordination
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 9
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Local exporters of tourism services
• Representative of foreign tourism firms with
local presence
• Regulatory bodies (incl. licensing boards)
• Tourism trade associations
• Local population/consumers groups
• Operators in other sectors of the economy
Who Should Be Involved?
Consultations Consultations
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 10
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Understanding how to maximize benefits from tourism
• Getting updated information about trade in tourism services (TSA)
• Adjusting statistical surveys to reflect proportion of SME
Why Is This Difficult?
Consultations Consultations
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 11
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Learn who is already exporting tourism services, and to whom
• Learn what will improve competitiveness of local suppliers
• Identify both export and import interests (both requests and offers)
• Asses the impact of additional GATS-liberalization on national export and development objectives
Objectives:
Consultations Consultations
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 12
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Wide range of agencies, regulatory bodies and ministries are involved, both directly and indirectly.
• Tourism often regulated at municipal level
• Ensure understanding of scope and content of the GATS among interest groups
Intra-governmental
CoordinationCoordination
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 13
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• To base government position on a complete assessment of key national priorities
• To create an information base on measures affecting trade in tourism (and other) services
• To analyze the effect of specific measures on the achievement of national policy objectives
• To avoid duplication in consultations of stakeholders
Why Is Coordination Important?
CoordinationCoordination
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 14
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
Impact of tourism
A tourism A tourism assessment assessment
• Employment
• Foreign exchange, receipts and taxes
• Linkages and leakages
http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/7801011E.PDF
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 15
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Current size of the sector and present benefits
• What else is missing?
• Match your marketing to existing and potential
demand
“Road-map” to the Sector
A tourism A tourism assessment assessment
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 16
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Tourist arrivals• Country of origin (origin markets)• Average length of stay• Tourist Expenditures• Booking channels
Get the Facts…
A tourism A tourism assessment assessment
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 17
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Ecotourism
• Cultural tourism
• Adventure Tourism
• Events specific tourists (e.g. researchers)
• Other specialty – niche markets
• Seasonality of arrivals
… & Understand the Motives
A tourism A tourism assessment assessment
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 18
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Natural beauty
• Wildlife
• Cultural heritage
• Man made attractions
Assess Your Comparative Advantage
A tourism A tourism assessment assessment
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 19
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Availability, quality and occupancy rates of
accommodations
• Geographic distribution of hotel rooms
• Hotel ownership and investment modalities
• Hotel classification and norms, incl. environmental
criteria
Take Stock of Facilities
A tourism A tourism assessment assessment
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 20
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
• Climate
• Health
• Security
• Quality of infrastructure (incl. international air transport)
• Human resources
• Effective promotion
Constraints to Tourism Growth
A tourism A tourism assessment assessment
Wednesday 19 April 2023 © National Workshop on WTO Negotiations on Services 21
Preparing for a Successful Negotiations Round –
Issues to Consider in a National Assessment Study of Tourism.
UNCTADUNCTAD
Source: OMT/WTO database.
South Asia1%
Middle East2%Africa
2%EAP15%
Americas27%
Europe53%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
International Fare Receipts
Iron and steel
Telecommunications equipment
Textiles and clothing
Fuels
Food
Automotive products
Tourism (including fare receipts)
Overall Trends in
International Tourism
Worldwide Export Earnings (US$ billions)
Tourism receipts market share (%)
Is it worth the Is it worth the effort?effort?