PREHISTORIC&EARLYHISTORICFOODCROPDIVERSITY

NOURISHINGTUCSON,AUNESCO

CITYOFGASTRONOMY

Edited by Gary Paul Nabhan and Julia Glennon

With contributions from Karen Adams, Maribel Alvarez, Martha Ames Burgess, Gay Chanler, Dena Cowan, Michael Diehl, Suzanne Fish, Jesus Garcia, Wendy

Hodgson, Jonathan Mabry, Charles Miksicek, Carolyn Niethammer, Roger Pfeuffer, Amadeo Rea, and Rafael

Routson de Granade

April 2016 Green Paper #2 of the Center for Regional Food

Studies University of Arizona

College of Social & Behavioral Sciences Tucson, Arizona

www.foodstudies.arizona.edu www.azfoodstudies.com

Funded by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Endowment to the Southwest Center

INTRODUCTION InDecember2015,Tucson,ArizonajoinedtheUNESCOCreaGveCiGesNetworkasthefirstCityofGastronomydesignatedintheU.S.Inthemonthsthatfollowed,local,naGonalandinternaGonalaQenGonwasdirectedtothe4100yearanGquityoffoodculGvaGondocumentedintheTucsonBasin—anagriculturaltradiGonaslongorlongerthanthatinanymetroareanorthofMexico.InaddiGon,theUNESCOdesignaGongeneratedrenewedinterestintheremarkablesurvivalofdiversefoodcropsandthetradiGonalculinaryandhorGculturalknowledgeassociatedwiththem.BoththecropsthemselvesandGme-triedknowledgeformanagingthemmayhaveenhancedrelevancetoourfoodsecurityinthefaceofclimatechange.OnthesamedayastheUNESCOdesignaGon,theUniversityofArizonaestablishedtheCenterofRegionalFoodStudiestoserveasthecollege’sofficialpartnertotheCityofTucsonindocumenGng,researchingandeducaGngthepublicregardingTucson’shistoricfoodwaysandrecentinnovaGonsinitsfoodsystems.WhatbeQerstarGngplacethattoremindTucson’sciGzenryandvisitorsofthedisGncGvefoodcropspeciesandvarieGesofits“foodshed”thatunderlietheculinaryhistoryoftheregion?Themanysocial,culturalandeconomicissuesrelaGngtoconceptsofheritagefoods,heirloomvegetablesandlocalfoodsovereigntyremainhighlydebatedandforsome,deeplycontested.Forthatreason,wehavenotaQemptedtoiconizeorreifyanyconceptof“heritage”or“heirloomcrop”inthispublicaGonthatmightinadvertentlyunder-value,ignoreordismissthemanyotherexpressionsofbiologicalandculturaldiversityinourfoodsystem.TheaQacheddescripGonsandsummarytablepresentedherearebutthefirststepsinTucson’sownassessmentofhowtobeQeridenGfy,safeguard,takeprideandpleasureinthemanyhorGculturalandculinaryassessmentsthatithashistoricallysharedwithsurroundingcommuniGesandcultures.ManyoftheseassetsarenotrestrictedtotheTucsonBasin,anddeserveaQenGonandcarewhereverandwithwhomevertheyoccur.Wewelcomeyourcomments,suggesGonsandcorrecGonstothispreliminaryinventory.

GRAINSANDLEGUMESAMARANTH,ALEGRIA,GUEGI,HUATLE(AmaranthuscruentusandA.hypochondriacus).DomesGcatedoverfourthousandyearsagointropicalMexico,amaranthsweretradednorthwardandgrownintheTucsonBasinbylateprehistoricGmes.ThesemulG-purposecropsproduceasmallcereal-likegrainthatisrichinlysine,tender,spinach-likeleavesrichincalciumandiron,andinsomecases,reddyesusedincoloringcornbreadssuchaspikiwafers.OldvarieGesremainvulnerable.BARLEY,CEBADA(HordeumpusillumandH.vulgare).Prehistorically,asemi-domesGcatedliQle-leafbarley(Hordeumpusillum)wasgrowninbothArizonaandNewMexico.TheculGvatedformsoncegrownintheTucsonBasinarenowexGnctnorthoftheborder,althoughNabhanfoundweedyformssGllgrowinginthefloodwaterfieldsofthewesternO’odhaminthe1980s.ThedomesGcatedbarleyfromAsia(Hordeumvulgare)wasintroducedtoSanGabrielontheRioGrandenearpresent-daySanJuanPuebloin1600,andtothefieldsontheSantaCruzfloodplainsurroundingthemissionofTumacacori,Arizonain1701.Inbothwatersheds,barleywasgrownasagrainforbreadsandporridges,andforanimalfeed,wellintothe1950s.TheoriginalvarieGesintroducedbytheSpanishmaynowbeexGnct.

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GRAINCHENOPOD,HUAZONTLE(Chenopodiumberlandieri).GrownprehistoricallyintheU.S.SouthwestandMexico,thisplantproducesleafygreens,anedibleflowerstalkwithaflavorreminiscentofBrusselsprouts,andaseedgroundintoaquinoa-likeflour.ItsseedsrecoveredfromarchaeologicalsitesintheTucsonareaaredifficulttotellfromitswildrelaGve,lambsquarters,butbothhavelikelybeenusedsincethemid-tolate-prehistoriceras.AccordingtoAmadeoRea,itwasgrownbytheRiverPimaofcentralArizonaintothelatenineteenthcentury,whentheirrigaGonsupplieswereusurpedbyMormonsupstream.ItremainsinculGvaGonintheSierraMadrefoothillsofwesternChihuahua,butcanbeconsideredendangeredthereandexGnctnorthoftheborder.CORN/MAIZ(Zeamays)ProbablydomesGcatedalongtheRioBalsasofsouthernMexico8000-9000yearsago,cornreachedtheTucsonBasin4100yearsago,beforebeinggrownatnearlyanyotherknownsiteinthepresent-dayU.S.CornhasnotonlyprovidedstaplesandfermentedbeveragesintheTucsonBasin,butalsohasmanyritualuses.Variouskernelcolorsareselectedforritualsymbolismandforfeastfoods,whiletheirpolleniscollectedforceremonialandmedicinalpurposes.Some,likeChapalote,wentexGnctnorthoftheMexicanborderbuthavebeenreintroduced;theothersareincreasinglyrareandvulnerable.SONORANPANICGRASS,SONORANMILLET,SAGUI(Panicumhir<caulevar.sonorum).Agolden-seededmillet-likegrainproducedonmulG-headedgrassstemsreachingthreetofourfeetinheight,Sonoranpanic-grassisasemi-domesGcatedcerealuniquetotheU.S./Mexicoborderlandstates.PrehistoriccachesoftheseedshavebeenfoundbyarchaeologistsfromtheColoradoRiverallthewaytotheSantaCruznearTucson,inbothHohokamandPatayanruins.AfewsampleshavebeenrecoveredarchaeologicallyintheTucsonBasin.Itsflourislight,pleasant-tasGngandexcellentfortamalesandtorGllas.SaguiwashistoricallyculGvatedbyColoradoRivertribesofArizona,Sonora,andBajaCalifornia,andbyothersintheSierraMadreinChihuahuaandSonora.ThedammingoftheColoradoRiverdroveitintoexGncGonintheUnitedStates,butithasprecariouslypersistedasaculGvatedgrainamongtheGuarijioofChihuahua.Endangered.

SORGHUM,SORGO,MILOMAIZ,HEGARI(Sorghumbicolor).OriginallyfromAfrica,thismulG-purposecropwasintroducedtotheTucsonBasinintheearly1800sasaforage,broomfiber,grain,sugar,andsyrup.Thisheat-and-droughthardyplantisprolific.Thestalksarechewedorpressedfortheirsweetjuices,andNavajosconGnuetomakebeauGfuljuniper-handledbroomsfromtheirseedstalks.HegarihasbecomeincreasinglyrareasotherimprovedvarieGesreplaceit.WHEAT,TRIGO(Tri<cumaes<vum).BreadwheatswereintroducedfromtheMediterraneantoSonoraby1630andtosouthernArizonaaround1690.TheywereeagerlyadoptedasthemajorwintercropinBajaCalifornia,thenSonora,California,andArizona,notreplacingbutcomplemenGngcorn.WhiteSonora,asokwhitebreadwheat,wasplantedinNovemberorDecember,andharvestedinMayorJune.TheO’odham,YoememandneighboringSonoransdevelopedenormouswheatflourtorGllaswhichtheywrappedaroundbeansormeatsbeforedeep-frying,creaGngthenowworld-famouschimichanga.DuringtheCivilWar,theGilaandSantaCruzvalleyfieldsofthePimaandMaricopaO’odhamproducedmillionsofpoundsofbreadmeatthatsuppliednearlyallYankeeandRebeltroopswestoftheMississippiwatershedwiththeirgrain.Dammingofrivers,usurpmentoffarmlands,anddemiseofgrindingmillshasendedthetradiGonalwheateraintheregion.WhiteSonora,oncerare,isontherebound,asisPimaClubtoalesserextent.FAVABEAN,BROADBEAN,HABA(Viciafaba).Theselarge-seededlegumeswereintroducedbytheSpanishtotheSouthwestbefore1630,andwereestablishedaroundthemissionsofSantaCruzwatershedby1706.TheyweresoonadoptedbybothindigenousandHispanicfarmersforcoolseasonagriculture.Thelargeseedsareeatenbothgreenanddry.Favasareefficientnitrogenfixersofalltheannuallegumes,makingthemagoodcovercrop.Southwesternlandracesarenowrare.

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GARBANZO,CHICKPEA(Cicerarie<num).Theselegumes,originallyfromtheFerGleCrescent,wereintroducedbytheSpanishintotheSouthwestalongtheRioGrandeby1630andspreadtotheSantaCruzandotherwatershedsby1700.NaGveAmericansandHispanicshistoricallyatethebeansgreenanddried.UncommonintheSouthwest.COWPEA,BLACK-EYEDPEA,YORIMUNI(Vignaunguiculata).Heat-tolerantlegumesintroducedtotheTucsonBasinbyPadreKinoin1690,cowpeasaregoodproducersinthelow,drought-pronedeserts.Theyareeatengreen(immature)ingoatcheesesoups,ordried,shelled,andboiled.TheO’odhamdrypeahasrecentlybeenrevivedbyO’odhamfarmersassociatedwiththeSanXavierCo-opsouthofTucson.TheChineseintroducedyardlongbeansofthissamespecies,sellingthemintheTucsonareabetween1870and1930.Vulnerable.JACKBEAN,FRIJOLON,WHITEAZTEC(Canavaliaensiformis).Arisingfrompurpleflowers,theselarge,whiteflaQenedbeansareproducedinenormouspaperypodsthatreacheighteeninchesinlength.ThejackbeanwasgrownprehistoricallybyPrehistoricPuebloan,Hohokam,andSalado.Thejackbeanpersistedinpresent-dayArizonainjustafewindigenouscommuniGesintothetwenGethcentury,buthassincediedout,perhapsduetoitshighwaterdemand,itsneedforlongdays,anditssmallpercentagesofanaminoacid,canavanine,thatbecomestoxicwheneateninlargedoses.AlthoughtheoriginallandracesareexGnctintheTucsonBasin,newintroducGonsareoccasionallygrowntodayinBajaCalifornia,NewMexicoandColorado.Endangered. LENTIL,LENTEJA(Lensculinaris).LenGlswereintroducedintonorthernNewMexicobefore1630,andintoArizonaandSonoraby1690.Theybecameanimportantwinterandspringcrop,tobeharvestedinMay.Thetanandgray-brownlenGlsoftheTucsonBasinarerelaGvelylargecomparedtoothersfromnorthernMexico.FormerlygrownbyO’odhamonbothsidesoftheborder,theyhavebecomerareasdroughtandlandusechangeshavediminishedO’odhamdryfarmingduringthecoolseason.Rare.

LIMABEAN,FRIJOLALUBIA,SIEVA(Phaseoluslunatus).UndoubtedlythemostdeliciouslimabeansinNorthAmerica,thesedesertlandraceshavebeenculGvatedintheSantaCruzandColoradowatershedssinceprehistoricGmes.TheselimavarieGesarebroad,flatbeansthatarecolorfullymoQled.Theyareeatenceremoniallyassproutsinundergroundkivas,orthedriedseedsareboiledandbaked.TheselimavarieGesaretolerantofsaltandalkalinesoils,andtheirresistancetoroot-knotnematodeshistoricallysavedtheSouthernCalifornialimabeanindustryfromdyingduetothispest.AllSonoranDesertlandracesarerare,andseveralmeritendangeredstatus,althoughthePimaandSanXavierO’odhamhavebeguneffortstorevivetheirtradiGons.PEA,CHICHARRO(Pisumsa<vum).ThesewinterandspringlegumesofAsiaandtheMediterraneanwereintroducedtoSanGabriel(northofEspañola)around1600byearlySpanishcolonistsofNewMexico,andaround1730tocentralSonora.Smooth-skinnedyellow-greendrypeaswereintroducedandadaptedtotheSonoranDesertintheseventeenthcentury.Thesewinterlegumesarebothnitrogen-fixingandresistanttoTexasRootRot,andwerethereforeusedinrotaGonstoreducetherot’seffectsoncoQonandothercrops.AlthoughseldomgrownanymorebytheO’odhamandRiverPima,someAngloandHispanicfarmersmaintainthemasacovercropintheirrotaGonstoreducerootrotintheirfields.Theyareexcellentforsoupsandstews.Uncommon.TEPARYBEAN,TEPARI,YORIMUNI(Phaseolusacu<folius).Thecenterofdiversityofteparybeansisindriest,hoQeststretchesoftheSonoranDesert,althoughtheywerefirstdomesGcatedinthesubtropicsofMexico.TheyhavebeenrecoveredfromprehistoricsitesintheTucsonBasin,andpromotedbytheUniversityofArizona’sCollegeofAgriculturesince1912.AllvarieGesshareadisGncGve,nuQytextureandsweetflavorreminiscentofmolassesormaplesugar.Teparybeansmaturequicklyandrootdeeplytoavoiddrought,andmostlandracesaretolerantofhighheatandalkalinesoils.Oftheroughlyfiky-sixhistoriclandracesfoundintheregionacenturyago,onlyeightofthemhavesurvived,inaddiGontotheDoradoandBlancoselecGonsmadebyW.D.HoodofCoolidgeArizonainthe1970s.AlthoughsavedfromexGncGonasaculGvatedspecies,severallandracesofteparybeansremainthreatened.

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VEGETABLESBITTERGOURD,BALSAMPEAR,BALSAMO(Mormodicacharan<a).ThisediblebutbiQer,cucumber-shapedgourdormelonwasintroducedtotheTucsonBasinsomeGmesbetweenthe1870sandtheGmeofstatehoodforArizonain1912.Itisanannualvinethatclimbswhileproducingdarkgreentoyellow-orangefruit.Thefruitarepickedwhenimmaturetobecookedincurriesorpickled.ThematurefruitsarebothbiQerandpoisonous.Theyoungstemsandleavescanalsobeeaten.Rare.CHILEPEPPER,CHILE(Capsicumannuum).OneofNaGveAmericanandHispaniccontribuGonstothesavorycuisinesoftheworld,thechilesofthisregionarenotmerelygrownfortheirheat,butfortheirvaryingshapes,sizes,colors,pungency,fragrancesandflavors.ChilesweredomesGcatedinthePuebla-OaxacaregionofMesoamerica6000yearsago,butdidnotreachintoregionsnorthofthepresent-dayU.S./MexicoborderunGlaker1500.TheculGvatedvarieGesareusedfresh,sub-driedaswholepods,orsmoked,thengroundintochilepowder.Unfortunately,recentintroducGonsofimprovedchileculGvarshavebeengrownalongsidethelandraces,facilitaGngcross-pollinaGon,whichhas“swampedout”someoftheoriginaltraitsofheirloomchiles.PaulBoslandandEricVotavaprojectthatasmuchasafikhofSouthwesternlandraceshavealreadybeengeneGcallycontaminatedbygeneflowfromimprovedculGvars.VulnerabletofurthergeneGccontaminaGon.

CHILTEPIN,CHILEPEQUIN(Capsicumannuumvar.glabriusculum.ThiswildrelaGveofdomesGcatedchileshasbeenharvested,consumed,culturallydispersed,protected,andculGvatedforcenturiesonasmall-scaleinsouthernArizona.ThenorthernmostlimitsofitsnaturaldistribuGonisthirtymilessouthofTucsonnearTubacandTumacacori,wherewildharvestspersistedintothe1970s.Historically,driedchiltepίnfruitweretradednorthwardasfarastheGrandCanyon.Yoemem(Yaqui),O’odhamandsomeSonoranimmigrantstoTucsonacGvelyculGvateandselectthischileforcoldhardiness,piquancyandflavor.Itisgrownbothasanannualandasaperennial,andwell-protectedplantscanliveformorethanaquartercentury.Common,butvulnerabletoincreasinglyfrequentdroughtsandfreezes.CHINESEBROCCOLI,GAILAN,KAILAM(Brassicaoleraceavar.alboglabra).Thisvegetablehaskale-likeoblonggrey-greenleavesaswellasfloralclusterswhichresemblebroccoli.ItsulGmateoriginsareunknown,butitappearsthatPortuguesesailorswidelydispersedthiscabbagerelaGvethroughoutAsia,andthatChinesefarmersanddaylaborersbroughtittothewestcoastofNorthAmerica.ItarrivedintheTucsonBasinsoonakerthe1870s.ItscrisptextureandslightlybiQerflavorfavoritsuseasacookedvegetableinsGrfries,okencookedwithoystersauce.Rarehere.CHINESEFLOWERINGCABBAGE,PAKCHOYSUM(Brassicarapavar.parachinensis).YetanotherChineseintroducGontothewesternregionofNorthAmerica,thisannualresemblesanon-headingcabbageorpakchoi.ItlikelyoriginatedinSoutheastAsia,buthasspreadtoallpartsoftheworld.ItissGllgrownamongfarmersofChinesedescentinArizonaandSonoranearlyacenturyandahalfakertheirancestorsintroducedittoirrigatedgardensandfieldsinthedesertsurroundingTucson.ThefirstvarietyintroducedtotheTucsonBasinislikelynowrare.FUZZYMELON,WAXGOURD,CALABAZABLANCA,MAOGUA,DONGUA(Benincasahispidavar.chiequa).Thiscreepingvineproducessmall,cucumber-likefruitsthatarehairyandslightlywaxy.TheyareancientculGgensfromSoutheasternAsia,withnoclosewildrelaGvesremainingthere.Theflowers,leaves,andmaturefruitarealleateninsoups,stewsandcurries,whiletheyoungfruitarepickledoreatenrawlikecucumbers.TheywereintroducedtotheSantaCruzRivervalleysomeGmeakerthe1870sbyChinesemarketgardeners,whosoldtheminOrientalcornergroceriesindowntownTucson.ThefirstvarietyofthisgourdintroducedtotheTucsonBasinisalsolikelytoberaretoday. 5

GARLIC,AJO(Alliumsa<vum).NowanessenGalingredientofsalsasandothertradiGonalfoodsoftheTucsonBasin,thebiGnglysharppinkandpurplesokneckgarlicvarieGessGllfoundinSonoraandsouthernArizonawerebroughtinasculGvatedperennialsbySpanishandArabimmigrantsthreecenturiesago,andhavebecomewildinsomepartsoftheregion.SGllcommon.MELON(Cucumismelo).MelonswereamongtheearliestSpanishintroducGonstotheSantaCruz,GilaandColoradowatersheds,someGmebefore1700AD.Cassava-like,cantaloupe,andPersianvarieGesappeartohavebeenintroducedtotheTucsonBasinpriortoArizonastatehood.Today,thefruitsaremorevariedthantheywerehistorically,withorange,green,orwhitefleshandskinsthataresmooth,ribbed,orneQed.ThismaybeduetointenGonalselecGonorgeneGccontaminaGonthroughaccidentalhybridizaGonwithmodernimprovedculGvars.Vulnerable.

SUNFLOWER,GIRASOL(Helianthusannuus).DomesGcatedinnortheasternMexicoortheadjacentU.S.borderarea,sunflowerswereiniGallyintroducedinprehistoricGmestotheMississippiwatershed,butcametotheTucsonBasininlateprehistoricGmes.Theseedsareeatenraworroasted,pressedforoil,plantedasanornamentalorusedforbirdfeed.AlthougholdvarieGesfromtheTucsonBasinarenowexGnct,purple-blackvarieGesfromtheColoradoPlateauaresomeGmesgrownbybasketweaverslivinginsouthernArizona.Bythe1970s,therehadbeengeneGccontaminaGonthroughaccidentalhybridizaGonwithmodernimprovedculGvarssuchasMammothRussian.Vulnerableandincreasinglyrareasafoodanddyecrop. TOMATILLO,MILTOMATE(Physalisphiladelphicavar.philadelphica).WildversusdomesGcatedtomaGllos,thesmallgreen“husktomatoes,”aredifficulttotellapartinthearchaeologicalrecord.However,earlyhistoricculGvaGonisknownintheregionanditislikelythatsomeoftheprehistoricseedsfoundintheTucsonBasinwereeitherintenGonallytendedorharvestedfromweeds.OnenaGveSouthwesternlandracepersists,butothersarerecentintroducGonsfromMexico.TheyareusedtomaketradiGonalandsavorygreensalsasandstews.Truetomatoeswereintroducedinmid-tolatehistoricperiods,someofthemfromEurope.TomaGllos,incontrast,aremorecloselyrelatedto“Chineselantern”groundcherriesandCapegooseberries.Uncommon.

ONION,CEBOLLA(Alliumcepa).IntroducedbytheSpanishtoSanGabrielontheRioGrandearound1600,andtotheKinoMissionsinSonoraandArizonaby1700,sweetyellowonionsandshallotsquicklybecameessenGalplanGngsinwinterandspringgardensthroughoutChilePepperNaGon.Theso-calledI’itoionioninculGvaGonisnotderivedfromanaGvewildonionofthesameO’odhamnamethatgrowsbelowBaboquivariPeak;itisashallotintroducedfromtheOldWorld,andisnowoneofthemostheat-tolerantonionsgrownyear-aroundintheTucsonBasin.FordecadesinthetwenGethcentury,asweetyellowonionwasgrowninCochiseCounty,ArizonafortheTucsonmarket.SGllcommonfromTucsontoAjo,Arizona.SQUASH,PUMPKIN,CALABAZA(Cucurbitaspp.)SquashfruitshaveblessedtheTucsonBasinforroughlyfourmillennia,andtheirdifferentspeciesandvarieGesvaryinshape,color,flavor,andculinaryuse.Flowers,seeds,andGpsofvinesarealledible.Allfruitscanbeeatenwhensmallandimmatureassummersquash,orwhenmature,aswintersquash.Oddly,naGveheirloomsofthefirstpumpkintoarriveintheregion,whichwereakintoacornsquashes(C.pepo),aremostlikelyexGnctnorthoftheborder,andrestrictedtothehigh

sierrassouthoftheborder.Green-stripedcushaws(C.argyrosperma)andthebigcheesepumpkinorsegualca(C.moshata)areoldvarieGessGllcommoninTucsonmarketplaces,whilethewinterpumpkinorHubbardsquash(C.maxima)waslikelyintroducedtoTucsonbyChineserailroadworkersorthemilitaryinthe1870s.MostlandracesofourregionaresGllcommon.

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WATERMELON,SANDIA(Citrulluslanatus).AnAfricannaGveintroducedbytheSpanishtoMexico,watermelonseedwasrapidlytradednorthward,reachingtheSantaCruz,Gila,andColoradowatershedspriortoexplorerOñate’sarrivalin1598,andpriortoKinointheTucsonBasinin1690.Fruitsvaryinsizeandcoloroffleshandrind,withyellowandpinkoneshistoricallyimportantinthisregion.Seedsareeatenandusedfortheiroil.OldvarieGesareuncommonbutvulnerabletooutcrossing.WATERSPINACH,BATATAACUATICA,ONGCHOY,KANGKONG,WENGCAI(Ipomaeaaqua<ca).Thissemi-aquaGcplantwithtrailingstemscanbegrownasanannualorperennial.Resemblingasweetpotatovine,ithasarrow-shapedleavesandpinkish-whiteflowers.ItmayhaveoriginatedinIndiaorAfrica,buthasspreadtocoastalwetlandagriculturearoundtheworld.Itsleavesandstemsarecookedlikespinach,whileitsfreshleavesarealsoeateninsalads.Lateinthenineteenthcentury,ChineseimmigrantstotheTucsonBasinbegantogrowthisplantintail-waterpondsontheedgeofirrigatedfields,orintheweQestplaceswithintheirdooryardgardens.TheyweresoldincornergrocerystoresrunbyChinesemerchants.RareorexGnctinourregion.

CulKvatedPerennial(MostlyOrchard)CropsAGAVES,MAGUEY,MESCAL,INCLUDINGTHEHOHOKAMAGAVE,(Agavemurpheyi)ANDHUACHUCAAGAVE(Agaveparryivar.huachucensis).Closekinofthebluetequilaagave,theseagaveshavebeenculGvatedorharvestedfromthewildformanycenturies,andpit-roastedforfoodanddrink.TheirculGvaGonstretchesfromSonoranorthwardtotheMogollonRimincentralArizona.Anotherspecies,thebacanoraagave(AgaveangusJfolia.),wasapparentlyharvested,roasted,andfermentedsouthoftheborder,butdisGlled,boQledanddistributedinTucsonbyJuliusGoldbauminthelatenineteenthandearlytwenGethcenturies.ProhibiGonmadethisillegal,althoughbootlegbacanoraclandesGnelyremainedintradebetweenArizonaandSonora.Thesmoky,complexflavorsofmescalsaremakingacomebackintheglobalmarketplace,butcommercialproductsareseldomasgoodasthehome-brewedarGsanalonesmadebybootleggers.Uncommoninthewild,andrarelyusedforfoodordrinkanymore..

ALMOND,ALMENDRA(Prunusdulcis).AlmondsfirstcameintotheSouthwestinadeliverytoJuandeOñateatSanGabrielontheRioGrandeofNewMexicoin1698.TheMissionAlmond,firstdescribedin1891,jumpedfromTexasandNewMexicoovertoArizonaandCaliforniamuchlater,wheretheypersisttothisday.TheyhavebeenanessenGalelementofArabic-influencedcuisinesintheregionforcenturies.RaretouncommonAPPLE,MANZANO(Malusxdomes<ca).AppleswerefirstintroducedtoManzanoNewMexicoin1633andtotheKinomissionsofArizonaandSonorabefore1706.BorderexplorerJohnBartleQsawapples,alongwithpearsandpeachesinanorchardatahaciendawestofTucsonin1852.NumerousSpanish-introduced“manzanitaMexicana”appleseedlingvarieGesofsomeanGquityremaininHispanicorchardselsewhereintheregion,butmostareunnamedandarenowrare.

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APRICOT,CHABACANO,ALBARICOQUE(Prunusarmenica).ApricotswerebroughtfromtheMediterraneantotheRioGrandeinthe1630s,andtotheHopiMesasandSonoranmissionsnotlongakerthat.Theyarehard,long-livedtreesthatproducemanyseedlingapricotvarieGesthatgounnamed.MormonseedlingvarieGeshaveproliferatedaroundmanyArizonahomesteadsandranchhouses.Common.CHERRY,CAPULIN,CEREZO(PrunusaviumandP.salicifolia).ManywildcherriesoccurinNorthAmerica,butdomesGcatedcherriesfromtheOldWorldwereintroducedtotheNewMexicanPueblosoftheTewaIndiansby1630.Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ArchbishopLamyofSantaFedisseminatedanoxheartcherryvarietythroughouttheSouthwestthatproducedtwoharvestsoffruitsperseason;Lamy’sclosestfriend,Fr.JosephMachebeuflikelycarriedthisandotherfruitvarieGesfromSantaFetoTucsonwhenhewaschargedwithrebuildingtheCathedralofSaintAugusGne.TheMexicansandcherryorcapulínhasalsobeengrowninsouthernArizonasinceearlyhistoricperiods.Rareoruncommonnorthoftheborder. CHOLLACACTUS,STAGHORNxBUCKHORNCHOLLAHYBRID,CHOYA(Cylindropun<aversicolorxechinocarpa).NumerousspeciesofchollacacGhavebeentendedandsomeGmesculGvatedfortheirtenderflowerbudsinhouseyardsbyO’odhamandotherresidentsofsouthernArizona,northernSonora,andNewMexico.However,oneofthemostcuriouschollacacGisahybridwhichoccursonlybetweenTucsonandSellsthatisparGcularlyesteemedforthesizeandflavorofitstenderbuds.ChollabudsconGnuetobeharvestedinthespring,andakertheirspinesandglochidsarebrushedoffwithbroomsandscreens.Theyareeitherpit-roastedorboiled,thensun-driedforlateruse.ThehybridswiththebestcactusbudsforeaGnghavebeenculGvatedindooryardgardensforcenturies.Uncommon.CITRUS,INCLUDINGMEXICANLIME,LIMON(Citrusauran<folia),LEMON-ORANGE,NARANJA-LIMA(Citruslime<oidesSOURORANGE,NARANJAAGRIA(C.xauran<um),SWEETLIME,LIMONCHICHONA(C.limeIoides),PUMMELO,POMELO(C.maxima),CITRON,CIDRA(C.medica)ORANGE,NARANJA(C.sinensis).ThesecitrusspeciesandsomeofthehybridsoriginallycamefromtheAsiantropics,includingfromIndia.Severalcross-breedingcitrusvarieGesspreadacrossNorthAfricaintoSpainandPortugalandthentotheCanary

Islands.TheywerebroughttotheAmericasbySpanishandPortugueseexplorersintheearlypartofthesixteenthcenturywheretheyhaveconGnuedtohybridizeandgeneratenewculGvars.Theyarefrost-sensiGve,andtypicallyrequireirrigaGon,buttheyareheattolerant.TheMexicanLimónandothercitruswereintroducedtoSonoraandArizonamissionsaround1700.Uncommonforthemostpart.DATE,DATIL(Phoenixdactylifera).DatepalmsfromtheMiddleEastandNorthAfricawereintroducedtoHermosilloby1700,andrapidlyspreadtodesertoasesinnorthernSonoraandsouthernArizona.ThevarietaldiversityinsouthernArizonaandCaliforniawasaugmentedintheearly1900sbyseveralcollecGonexpediGonstoNorthAfrica.TheBlackSphinxvarietyoccursonlyinsouthernArizona,andthisraresportwasdiscoveredbyRoyFranklinin1922asachanceseedlingthatgrewuparoundHayanidatecuungsattheSphinxRanchplantaGoninPhoenix,wheresome23datevarieGeshadbeenbroughtfromArabiain1917.Theowners,theBrophyandMcChesneyfamilies,propagateditbycrownseparaGon,andby1931,theytended156BlackSphinxdatepalmsintheirplantaGon.Itsoonbecameoneoftwohighly-prizedandexpensivevarieGesinArizona,andhasbeenlaudedbythelikesofPresidentDwightD.EisenhowerandAliceWatersofChezPanisseinBerkeley.Endangered.FIG,HIGO,HIGUERA(Ficuscarica).WhilethreeediblespeciesofwildfigsoccurwithintheSonoranDesert,domesGcatedfigswerenotintroducedintotheregionunGl1668atElPaso,theearly1700satTumacacori,and1795attheAltaCalifiorniamissions.TheO’odhamnameforfigs,suuna,cametothemthroughSpanishfromArabsandBerbersofNorthAfrica,wherethetermstuun,Jin,ortunareferredtofigs,datesorolivesatdifferentpointsandplacesinhistory.Theyaretolerantofheat,droughtandalkalinesoils.TheBlackMissionfigisamongtheoldestandbestknownintheTucsonBasin.SGllcommon.GRAPES,UVA,PARRA(Vi<svinifera).ThewildArizonagrape(ViJsarizonica)isabundantinthewell-wateredcanyonsoftheTucsonBasin,whereitissGllusedasarootstockandtomakejellies.DomesGcatedMissiongrapesarrivedintheregionatSocorro,NewMexicoin1620andspreadthroughouttheregion.ManyothervarieGeswereintroducedaswell,andovertwodozenarecommerciallyculGvatedintheeasternTucsonBasinnearVail,southwardtowardtheSonoitaPlains.BothArizonawildgrapesandculGvatedMissiongrapesarecommonandnotindanger.

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JUJUBE,CHINESEDATE,DATILCHINO(Zizyphusjujube)Thissmalltreeorshrubwithdate-likefruitarrivedintheMediterraneanregionfromChinaduringtheheightoftheRomanEmpire.By1837ithadtotheEasternseaboardandquicklydiffusedwestward;ChineserailroadworkersalsobroughtitwiththemtoCaliforniaandnorthernMexicointhe1870s,IncludingaculGvarthatwasofficiallynamedGiantin1887.In1908,plantexplorerFrankMeyerintroducedmanyaddiGonalsuperiorvarieGesdirectlyfromChina.JujubesremainpresentinmanyofthebarriosarounddowntownTucsonwhereMexicanandChineserailroadworkerslivedandfirstplantedthesetreesover130yearsago.SomeofthesejujubeshavebecomewildasvolunteersinTucsonneighborhoods.Common.LOQUAT,NISPERO(Eriobotryajaponica).OriginallyfromChina,thissmallevergreentreewithlong,leatheryleavesissomeGmescalledChineseplumormedlar.ItsSpanishname,nispero,wasoriginallyappliedtotheMediterraneanmedlar,whichwasintroducedtotheSouthwestinthe17thcentury,butdidnotpersist.Likethejujube,theloquatisthoughttohavebeenintroducedtoTucsonbyChineserailroadworkersinthe1880s.Ithadbecomewell-establishedasagardenplantinCaliforniabythe1860s.Common.OLIVE,OLIVA,ACEITUNA(Oliveaeuropea).OlivesfromtheMediterraneanwereintroducedbythe1690stoBajaCalifornia,andbythe1750stoArizonaandCalifornia.TheseoriginalMissionolivesarefrost-sensiGve,butheat-tolerantandlong-lived.HistorictreesofthisvarietyandotherspersistintheTucsonBasin,asdonorthernAfricanintroducGonsofseveraldisGncGvevarieGesplantedontheUniversityofArizonabyitsformerdeanofagriculture,RobertForbes,aroundWorldWarI.Missionolivesarenowuncommontorare.

PEACH,DURAZNO,MELACOTON(Prunuspersica).PeacheswerefirstintroducedtotheRioGrandebefore1630andtotheHopiMesasbythemid-1600s;theydidnotarriveinArizonaorAltaCaliforniaunGl1795.PeachesofanunknownvarietywereobservednearTucsonbyJohnBartleQin1852.OldvarieGesarerare. PLUM,DAMSON,PRUNE,CIRUELA,(Prunusspp).AlthoughseveralspeciesofwildplumsarenowgrownintheTucsonBasin,thelargerplumsdomesGcatedintheOldWorldwerenotintroducedtotheregionunGlapproximately1600,whentheyarrivedwithOñateatSanGabrielontheRioGrande.TheyweresimilartotheDamsonorDamascenetype,goodfordryingasprunes,tobesaltedandeatenassaladitos.ThePotawatomiplum(P.munsoniana)—aMidwesternnaGvebroughtwestwardontheMormonTrail—isgrowninhedgerowsedgingMormonseQlementsthroughoutArizonaandUtah.Uncommon.POMEGRANATE,GRANADA(Punicagranatum).AsmallfruittreeormulG-stemmedshrubtolerantofdrought,heatandalkalinesoils,thepomegranatecamefromtheMiddleEastviaSpaintoSonorainthe1690s,andthenspreadnorthward.SeveraladdiGonalvarieGeswereintroducedintheearlytwenGethcenturyandpersistedfordecadesaroundabandonedhomesteads.AnewpomegranateindustryisdevelopinginSoutheasternArizonabasedonthehealthbenefitsofpomegranateanG-oxidants.ThefirstvarieGesintroducedtotheTucsonBasinarenowlikelytoberare. PRICKLYPEAR,NOPAL,TUNA(Opun<aengelmanniiandO.ficus-indica).ItappearsthatpricklypearcacGwerehistoricallyharvestedmorefortheiredibleredandpurplefruitthanforthevegetable-likepadsintheTucsonBasin.AlthoughitisdifficulttoidenGfywhichspeciesofpricklypearoccurinthearchaeologicalrecordandwhethertheywerewildorculGvated,virtuallyeverycultureintheborderstates—includingthenon-agriculturalSeriofSonora—havedispersed,transplantedandtendedtheirfavoritepricklypearsforcenturies,ifnotmillennia.ExtensiveandincredibledensestandsofEngelmann’spricklypearpersistintheTucsonBasinontheflanksoftheSantaRitaMountains,notfarfromwheresomeofthemostabundantevidenceofseasonalencampmentshavebeendocumentedbyarchaeologists.Common.

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QUINCE,MEMBRILLO(Cydoniaoblonga).AlthoughthisspeciesisnaGvetotheCaucasusregionofAsia,itwasintroducedintotheEnglish-speakingworldby1275A.D.,andbecameamajorrawmaterialformarmaladesinEnglandbythesixteenthcentury.BecauseallquinceculGvaGondeclinedassokfruitbecamemorestorableinthenineteenthcentury,liQleisknownoftheoriginsofparGcularvarieGes.However,itwasintroducedintoTucsonBasinbySpanishmissionariesfromtheMissionDoloresinSonorain1689,andhasbecomeaculturallyimportantfruitinmanyHispaniccommuniGesintheSouthwest.Itpersistsasaferalplantaroundhomesteads,miningcampsandspringsthroughoutsouthernArizona.Uncommonbutnotthreatened. WOLFBERRY,GOJI,SALICIESO(Lyciumcf.berlandieri&otherspecies,includingL.barbarumandL.chinense).NewWorldrelaGvesofthegojiberrydomesGcatedinChina,wolverriesareconsistentlyfoundgrowingonoraroundprehistoricandhistoricruinsofNaGveAmericanseQlementscenturiesakertheirabandonment.Severalspeciesappeartohavetransplanted,tolerated,protected,orculGvatedintheSouthwest,butL.berlandieriisamongthemostprominentintheTucsonBasin.Itsfruitwereeatenfresh,driedinthesun,orboileddownintoaheavysyrupforyear-aroundstorageanduse.Throughthe1980s,PimaIndianfamilieswouldharvesthundredsofpoundsofwolverriesinthespringforfreezingorsyrupmaking.NaGvewolverriesarecommonintheTucsonBasin,buttheearliestChinesegojiberrieshavelikelybeenlost. TURKEY,PAVO,GUAJALOTE,COCONO(Melleagrisgallopavo).KnownfromprehistoricGmesintheborderlandsstates,domesGcatedturkeys,likemacaws,mayhaveregularlybeenimportedfromthesouththroughthegreattradecenterofCasasGrandes(Paquimé).SomearchaeologistssuggestthatthewildMerriam’sturkeyfoundontheedgesoftheTucsonBasinisactuallyaferaldomesGcatedbreedfromabandonedprehistoricpopulaGonsbroughtupfromMesoamerica,whichthenhybridizedwithGould’sturkey.Theirfeathershavealsobeenusedceremoniallyandinwovenrobes.Thisfree-rangefowlgleanedgrasshoppersfromNaGveAmericanfields.SeveralvarieGesaresGllkeptandeateninsouthernArizona.

CATTLE,GANADOMAYOR(Bosbos.)DerivedfromtheSpanishcriollocaQlebroughttoVeraCruzin1540,whichthenrapidlydispersednorthwardtotheRioGrande,theCriollolandraceofcaQlewereintroducedtotheSonoranDesertnearLoreto,BajaCaliforniaaround1690.TheyrapidlyadaptedtothebrackishwatersanddesertcondiGonsonthepeninsulaaschinampos,andtothethornscrubandmesquitegrasslandsofSonora,ChihuahuaandArizonaascriollocorriente.InTexas,theywerebredandselectedtobethewidespreadAmericanlandrace,Texaslonghorn.TheNorthAmericanCorrienteAssociaGonhashelpedtoregisterandpromotethebreedforcalf-ropingandbull-doggingcompeGGonsandformeatproducGonthroughouttheSouthwest.Morerecently,JornadaExperimentalRangehasbeencollaboraGngwithsoutheasternArizonaranchersonecologicalandnutriGonalstudiestohighlighttheuniqueadaptaGonsonline-bredCriollos.Steaksand burgersfromthemostancientlineageofcaQletoreachNorthAmericahaverecentlybeenfeaturedinseveralTucsonrestaurants.WhileCorrientesareincreasinginnumber,thepurerstockofCriolloslekintheSierraMadreareuncommonorthreatened.SHEEP,BORREGO,CORDERO(Ovisaries).WhilebothMerinoandChurralandraceswereintroducedtoMexicojustasearlyascaQleandgoats,theganadomenor(sheepandgoats)outnumberedcaQleinChilePepperNaGonforthefirsttwocenturiesakertheyarrivedwiththeSpanish.Oncewidespread,theNavajo-ChurroSheeparederivedfromtheChurralandracesofnorthernSpain.ThesesheeparetheoldestextantbreednaGvetoNorthAmerica.AkerthePuebloRevoltin1682,theyadaptedtothesemi-aridcondiGonsoftheRioGrandeandColoradoPlateau.TheirdoublefleececomesinatleasteightdifferentcolorsandtheirwoolsoonbecamethesourceofweavingindustriesamongtheHispanicandIndianrugweaversofChilePepperNaGon.Theirmeatisalsohighlyprizedforitslean,grassyflavorsthatseldomgetoverpoweredbyamusk,evenwhentheanimalsaremature.Only500individualssurvivedintothe1970s,whentribes,universiGesandnon-profitsjoinedtogethertorecoverthebreed.Today,morethan5,000individualsareregisteredthroughtheNavajo-ChurroSheepAssociaGon,andSlowFoodisworkingwithfourotherorganizaGonsonaNavajo-ChurroSheepPresidiumtobenefitnaGvesheepherders.Theyareraisedwithin75milesofTucson,andarerecoveringaspartofaregionalfoodtradiGon,butsGllvulnerable.

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11

TUCSON’SEXTANT,PREHISTORIC,ORHISTORICFOODCROPVARIETIES

Scientific name Common Name Parts used Spanish name Native names

Achnatherum hymenoides

Indian ricegrass Seed (grain) A’ud

Agave murpheyi Hohokam agave Meristem, leaf bases Mezcal, Mescal, Maguey

A’ud

Agave parry var. huachucensis

Huachuca agave Meristem, leaf bases

Amaranthus cruentus

Coxcomb amaranth Seed (psuedo-cereal), greens

Bledos, Quelite Cuhukkia

Amaranthus hypochondriacus

Grain amaranth Seed (psuedo-cereal), greens

Huatle, Alegría, Quelite

Guegui, Cuhukkia

Canavalia ensiformis

Jackbean Seed (bean) Frijolón, Frijolillo, Haba blanca

Chenopodium berlandieri

Grain chenopod, Huazontle

Florets, seed ((psuedo-cereal),

Huazontle, Chual, Bledo

Chu’al

Cucurbita argyrosperma

Green-striped cushaw

Flowers, fruit flesh, seed

Calabaza Arota Ha:l mamad, O’am ha:l

Cucurbita moschata Big cheese pumpkin Flowers, fruit flesh, seed

Calabaza Segualca Shapijk?

Cylindropuntia versicolor x echinocarpa

Cholla cactus Flower buds Choya Ciolim, Ha:nam

Helianthus annuus Sunflower Seeds (achenes) Girasol Hi:wai

Hordeum pusillum Little barley Seed (grain) Cebada silvestre Sha’i, Washai

Lycium cf. berlandieri

Wolfberry Fruit Salicieso, Bachata, Joso

Koawul, Kuawul

Opuntia engelmannii

Prickly pear Fruit Tuna I:bhai

Opuntia ficus- indica

Prickly pear Fruit , Pads Nopal de Castilla Naw

Panicum hirticaule Sonoran panicgrass Seed (grain) Sagüi, Mijo, Sagui

Phaseolus acutifolius

Tepary bean, black Seed (bean) Tépari negro, Yorimuni

S-cuk bawi

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Scientific name Common Name Parts used Spanish name Native names

Phaseolus acutifolius

Tepary bean, yellow-brown

Seed (bean) Tépari amarillo, Yorimuni

O’am bawi

Phaseolus acutifolius

Tepary bean, white Seed (bean) Tépari blanco, Yorimuni

S-tota bawi

Phaseolus lunatus Lima bean, mottled Seed (bean) Lima, Sieva Hawul

Phaseolus vulgaris Common bean, red or pink

Seed (bean) Frijol rosado S-wegi mu:ñ, Wepegi mu:ñ,

Phaseolus vulgaris Common bean, yellow or sulfur

Seed (bean) Frijol bayo, Frijol amarillo

S-oam mu:ñ

Zea mays Chapalote flinty popcorn

Seed (cereal) flour or popped, husk

Chapalote, Maíz reventador

Zea mays 6o-day 8-rowed flour or flint corn

Seed (cereal) flour, fermented, dried/cracked or or fresh, husk

Harinoso de Ocho, Maíz onaveño

S-moik hu:ni, S-kauk hu:ni

Zea mays Prehistoric popcorn Seed (cereal) flour, fermented, dried/cracked or fresh, husk

Maíz reventador, Maíz palomero

Hu:ni

Zea mays Mexican June dent corn

Seed (cereal) used for tamales & pozole

Maíz Tuxpeño Ju:kam hu:ni

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HISTORIC/MISSIONERATOPRE-STATEHOODHERBACEOUSCROPS

Scientific name Common mame Parts used Spanish name Native names

Allium cepa Shallot/I’itoi’s onion

Bulb, shoots Cebollín, Cebolla multiplicadora

I’itoi ciwol

Allium sativum Sonoran pink-m or rose-tinged garlic

Bulb, shoots Ajo Rosado A:shos

Benincasa hispida var. chiequa

Fuzzy melon, Wax gourd

Young fruit Calabaza blanca Mao gua, Dong gua

Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra

Chinese broccoli, Chinese kale

Fleshy flower buds, Stalks

Bróculi chino Gai lan, , Kai lam, Kai laam

Brassica rapa var. parachinensis

Chinese flowering cabbage

Leaves, stems, flower buds

Coliflor Pak choy sum. Bok choy

Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum

Chiltepin Fruit Chiltepín, chile piquín

Ali ko’okol, cocori

Capsicum annuum Patagonia chile Fruit Chile Ko’okol, cocori

Cicer arietinum Garbanzo, Chickpea Seed (bean) Garbanzo Galwash

Citrullus lanatus Watermelon Fruit, seeds Sandía Sacobari

Cucumis melo Melon Fruit Melón Ge;li ba:sho Cucurbita maxima Hubbard squash,

Winter squash Fruit Calabaza grande,

Sun gua Nam gua, Sun gua

Hordeum vulgare Barley Seed (grain) Cebada Siwa:yo Ipomaea aquatica Water spinach Leaves, stems Batata acuática Ong choy,

Kangkong Lens culinaris Lentil Seed (bean) Lenteja Lanjeki, La:nji Lycium barbarum or L. chinense

Chinese boxthorn, Goji

Leaves, fruit Frutilla Gou qi cai

Momordica charantia

Bitter melon, Balsam pear

Leaves, stems, young fruit

Bálsamo Fu qua, Ku gua

Pisum sativum Papago (dry) pea Seed (bean) Alverjón, Chícharo, Guisante

Wihol

Sorghum bicolor Hegari sorghum Seed (grain) Sorgo, Milomaíz, Hegari

Huuñ ka:nu, S-to:ta chucul huuñ

Triticum aestivum White Sonora wheat Seed (grain) Trigo flor o Sonora blanco

‘S-moik pilkañ, Tiikom, Tiligo

Triticum aestivum Pima club wheat Seed (grain) Trigo Pima Olas pilkañ Vicia faba Fava (broad) bean Seed (bean) Haba ‘Aba Vigna unguiculata Black-eyed pea,

Yard-long bean Seed (bean) Yorimuni U’us baw, U’us

mu:ñ, Dou jia, Jiang dou

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HISTORIC/MISSIONERATREECROPSScientific name Common name Parts used Spanish name Native names

Citrus x aurantifolia Mexican (Key) lime Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)

Limón colima

Citrus limetioides Lemon-orange Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)

Naranja-lima

Citrus X aurantium Sour orange, Seville orange

Fruit, juice, rind, flowers (azahar)

Naranja agria, Naranja amarga

Siw nalash

Citrus limon

Lemon Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)

Limón real Limo:n

Citrus limettioides Sweet lime Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)

Lima dulce, Lima chichona

Citrus maxima Pummelo, Grapefruit

Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)

Pomelo, Toronja

Citrus medica Citron Fruit,juice, Rind, flowers (azahar)

Cidra, Limón de Judea

Citrus sinensis Orange, sweet Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)

Naranja dulce Nalash

Cydonia Oblonga Quince Fruit, seeds, pectin Membrillo Mimbli:yo

Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Fruit Níspero, Míspero

Ficus carica Mission fig Fruit, leaves Higuera, Higo Su:na

Malus x domestica Apple Fruit, juice, cider Manzana Manisa:na, Ablis

Olea europea Mission olive Fruit, oil Olivo, Aceituna Tu: na

Phoenix dactylifera Date, Black Sphinx Fruit, fronds Dátil Chukut shoshol

Ziziphus jujuba Jujube, Chinese date

Fruit Dátil chino, Azufaifo chino

Da zao

Prunus avium & other species

Cherry Fruit Capul

Prunus armeniaca Apricot Fruit Chabacano, Albaricoque

Wiragogi

Prunus domestica Plum, Damson, Prune

Fruit Ciruela Damacena

Prunus dulcis Almond, Mission Nut Almendra

Prunus persica Peach Fruit Durazno, Melocotón

Julashan, Nulash

Punica granatum Red pomegranate Fruit, juice Granada colorada S-wegi galniyo

Punica granatum White pomegranate Fruit, juice Granada blanca S-tota galniyo

Pyrus communis Pear Fruit Pera Pilhas

Vitis vinifera Mission grape Fruit, leaves Uva misionera U:dwis

FORUPDATES,SEE:www.foodstudies.arizona.eduandwww.azfoodstudies.com

MAILINGADDRESS:CenterforRegionalFoodStudies,UniversityofArizona,POBox20185,TucsonAZ85721-0185.WEWELCOMEYOURCOMMENTS!

15

LIVESTOCK

Scientific name Common name Part used Spanish name Native names

Bos bos Criollo cattle Hides, meat, bloodmeal, bonemeal

Ganado criollo, Ganado corriente

Haiwani

Melleagris gallopavo

Domestic turkey Feathers, meat Guajalote, Chigüi, Cócono, Güíjolo

Tohwa, Kokono

Ovis aries Churro sheep Fleece, mutton, horns

Borrego churro, Oveja

Kahwal, Kahwul

OUR LOCATION Center for Regional Food Studies

44 N. Stone Ave Tucson, AZ 85701

MAILING ADDRESS: Center for Regional Food Studies

Southwest Center PO Box 210185

Tucson, AZ 85721-0185