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Preface

Civil engineering has been contributing in creating a sustainable world and enhancing the global quality of life. The challenges of sustainable development could be answered by embracing the roles of civil engineers as innovators and integrators of ideas and technology across the public, private, and academic sectors. Hence, civil engineering society are becoming more aware of social, health, environmental and economic issues.

Innovations in civil engineering and integration among the stakeholders of the infrastructure development require continuing collaborations. Despite the fact that collaboration has been an integral part of research in civil engineering for a long time, the nature of collaboration seems to be shifting from focused research theme within a center of excellence to the new trend in broadening research themes which requires partnerships among centers of excellence (e.g. academic, government, private industry).

Facilitating the dissemination of collaboration results, the establishment of new collaboration, and the strengthening of the established collaborations, through a regional conference is the objective of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering (FCEE), Institut Teknologi Bandung. “Conference for Civil Engineering Research Networks” or ConCERN in 2014 is expected to instigate the research networks in the area of civil engineering that the FCEE have already recognized.

ITB has long been an active member of AUN/SEED-Net and its ASEAN Civil Engineering Conference (ACEC). The ASEAN University Network (AUN) Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (SEED-Net) Project consists of 26 leading Member Institutions from 10 ASEAN countries with the support of 14 leading Japanese Supporting Universities. ACEC is a platform to share the most updated technology and research on common regional issues in order to contribute to the ASEAN community and to draw support from the industrial and the governmental sectors. The regional conference allows opportunities for AUN/SEED-Net members to publicize their research work, exchange ideas and discuss future collaborations and activities related to the civil engineering field. The conference itself is not only to enhance the academic network among the ASEAN universities, but also to strengthen the relationship between ASEAN and Japanese professors of each university.

This year, the 7th ASEAN Civil Engineering Conference (ACEC) is organized jointly with ConCERN 2014.

Participants of the conference include researches, academic staffs, students, industry representatives, public and local governments. The keynote presentations are as follows:

George Ofori, National University of Singapore, Singapore Kazuhiko Kasai, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Akimasa Fujiwara, Hiroshima University, Japan Susumu Iai, Kyoto University, Japan

Syahril B. Kusuma, Water Resources Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

Invited Speakers from the industry:

Djayanta Ginting, Value Added Solution Manager of Holcim Indonesia Nobuo Masaki, Bridgestone Corporation, Japan

The conference main theme is ‘Delivering Sustainable Infrastructure through Collaborative Research in Civil Engineering’. The selected papers to be discussed in this conference cover research ideas, findings, and innovations in the following sub-themes:

1. Structural Engineering and Materials 2. Geotechnical Engineering 3. Transportation Engineering and Planning 4. Water Resources Engineering and Management 5. Construction Engineering and Management 6. Infrastructure Engineering and Management

While this event is focusing on strengthening research collaborations, there are about 75 papers contributors, from twelve countries. This event also included special meetings for AUN/SEED-Net member representatives and representatives of other universities are central to the objective of the conference. So we are excited that ConCERN 2014 will be an effective event to facilitate research collaborations among our colleagues in the region.

We are very grateful for the support from our sponsors: AUN/SEED-Net-JICA, The Ministry of Public Works, PT. Jasa Marga, Holcim Indonesia, PT. Elnusa, and PT. Bridgestone Engineered Products Indonesia. Finally, we would like to thank you all for your active engagement in the conference. Your contributions throughout this two-day event will be well-considered, insightful and extremely helpful in informing our next steps in building a case for civil engineering regional scheme.

Bandung, October 27th, 2014

Reini D. Wirahadikusumah

ConCERN 2014 Chairperson

Welcoming Remarks

Rector of Institut Teknologi Bandung: Prof. Ahmaloka Chief of Research and Network Promotion Unit of AUN/SEED-Net: Mr. Tokumitsu Kobayashi, Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,

Assalamu'alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh. Good Morning.

Welcome to Bandung. Welcome to ITB, and Welcome to Conference for Civil Engineering Research Networks/ASEAN Civil Engineering Conference (ConCERN/ACEC 2014).

This conference is organized by Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering (FCEE), InstitutTeknologi Bandung (ITB) - Indonesia, in collaboration with:

AUN/SEED-Net-JICA The Ministry of Public Works PT. Jasa Marga PT Holcim Indonesia PT. Elnusa PT. Bridgestone Engineered Products Indonesia Kyoto University, Japan Hiroshima University, Japan Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Chulalongkorn University, Thailand National University of Singapore, Singapore

It is also our great pleasure and privilege to have,

AUN/SEED-Net members Prof. George Ofori from National University of Singapore, Singapore Prof. Susumu Iai from Kyoto University, Japan Prof. Akimasa Fujiwara from Hiroshima University, Japan Prof. Kazuhiko Kasai from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Djayanta Ginting, Value Added Solution Manager of Holcim Indonesia Muh. Najib Fauzan, Director of Human Resources and General Affairs, Indonesian

Highways Corp. Nobuo Masaki, Dr.Eng., Bridgestone Corporation, Japan

To join us in ConCERN 2014 and in The 7th ASEAN Civil Engineering Conference (ACEC).

I would like to greet also all of the authors and participants. Thank you for your participation in our event.

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, Today, we are gathered here, believing that this conference will be the one with your invaluable contributions and ConCERN 2014 will be an effective event to facilitate research

collaborations among our colleagues in the region. In this conference, we will have an opportunity to discuss 'Delivering Sustainable Infrastructure through Collaborative Research in Civil Engineering'.

Moreover, since we are already gathered in this rare occasion, besides discussing issues related to the themes of the conference, I invite all participants to also open a prospect of initiating further collaboration and networking amongst us, the practitioners and researchers, in addressing infrastructure and built environment issues for our world sustainability.

ConCERN 2014 and The 7th ASEAN Civil Engineering Conference (ACEC) was initiated not only to enhance the academic network among the ASEAN universities, but also to strengthen the relationship between ASEAN and Japanese professors of each university and also representatives of other universities in Indonesia.

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering (FCEE) are fully supported this event and we are hoping this event will be held again every four years as a part of the FCEE roadmap as one of the tools to encourage collaborations research and projects among necessitating partnerships across centers of excellence (e.g. academic, government, private industry).

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, We are very grateful for the support from our sponsors: AUN/SEED-Net-JICA, The Ministry of Public Works, PT. Jasa Marga, Holcim Indonesia, PT. Elnusa, and PT. Bridgestone Engineered Products Indonesia. We would like to thank you all for your active engagement in the conference.

I also thank to all faculty members and students in the Faculty of Civil and Environmental ITB who have been organizing this event; the synergy between academic program management, faculty members, and students are essential in delivering the success of this conference.

So, I am very grateful to have you all here in this conference. Thank you. And welcome again to ConCERN 2014.

Wassalamu'alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

Prof. Suprihanto Notodarmojo Dean, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Message

On behalf of AUN/SEED-Net, I would like to welcome all participants to the beautiful city of Bandung, Indonesia, and to express my sincere gratitude to Institut Teknologi Bandung as the dedicated host of the 7thASEAN Civil Engineering Conference under AUN/SEED-Net in 2014, which is jointly held with the Conference for Civil Engineering Research Networks (ConCERN 2014). This conference provides a valuable platform for all participants to share research output and discuss the way forward which will further enhance the research and network of Civil Engineering (CE) in the region.

The theme of the conference, “Delivering Sustainable Infrastructure through Collaborative Research in Civil Engineering”, happens to harmonize with the main objectives of AUN/SEED-Net. Since the beginning of Phase III, CE field has discussed how to sustain the established regional network for a long period. One of the indicators that the team has addressed is collaborative research. It has been so far evidenced by the increasing number of proposed and also awarded projects under all collaborative research programs under SEED-Net, and we are looking at this momentum to be maintained throughout the project period by CE researchers. Linkage with other researchers, industry and society is extremely important for universities to improve the quality of engineering education and research, as well as to impact the industry and society. As establishment of the AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) is approaching next year, it may be the right time for all of us to get back to the principle of engineering; that is, with its existence, closely associated with industry, society and people.

I hope this conference provides an opportunity for productive exchange of knowledge and lessons learned among participants. This will lead to successful collaboration with a wider range of network, resulting in human resources development in the region for the future prosperity of ASEAN.

Prof. Dr. UEDA Tamon

Acting Executive Director and Chief Advisor of AUN/SEED-NET

LIST OF CONTENTS

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

1. Ethics and Personal Responsibility in The Construction Industry, George Ofori 38

2. 1. Combined Geotechnical Hazards Due to Tsunami and Earthquakes, Susumu Iai 38

3. Analyzing Air Quality Based on Limited Monitoring Data in Developing City, Akimasa Fujiwara

38

4. Japanese Steel Seismic Design for Functional Continuity, Kazuhiko Kasai 39

5. Current Issues on Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Flood Disaster Management, Syahril B. Kusuma

39

INVITED SPEAKERS

1. Centrifuge Study on Reinforcement of Pile Group by Sheet Piles Against Lateral Loadings, Jiro Takemura, et.al

40

2. Investigation on the Mechanics of CFRP Structural Members, Takashi Matsumoto 40

3. Recent Technology Development & Applications in Flood Management-Thailand Case Study, Sucharit Koontanakulvong

40

SPEAKERS FROM THE INDUSTRY

1. Concrete That Contribute to Sustainable Construction, Djayanta Ginting, Value Added Solution Manager of Holcim Indonesia ..

41

2. R&D in Seismic Isolation Rubber Bearing, Nobuo Masaki, Dr.Eng., Bridgestone Corporation, Japan ..

41

SPECIAL SPEAKERS

1. Prof. Adang Surahman, Center for Infrastructure & Built Environment (CIBE), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia.

41

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS

1. Calculation of Hydrodynamic Effects on Structures During Lifting Through Splash Zone, Lurohman Mamin Masturi .....................

42

2. Application of Seismic Isolators on Free Cantilever Method Bridge, Qinthara Dinur Rahman, I Putu Jaya, Dina Rubiana Widarda

42

3. Bending Capacity of Styrofoam Filled Concrete (SFC) Using Truss System Reinforcement, Rita Irmawaty, Rudy Djamaluddin, Yaser, Abd Madjid Akkas, Rusdi Usman ..

42

4. The Effects of Han Tran Xuan Hoa . 43

5. Segmental-Orthotropic-Steel Panel Behavior on Citarum 1 Bridge, Bandung Regency, Redrik Irawan, Achmad Riza Chairulloh

43

6. Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Reinforced Concrete Building With Masonry Infill Located in the Auckland CBD, Laura M Putri, Kevin Q Walsh, Jason M Ingham

43

7. Influence of Cement Fineness on Thermal Behavior of Mass Concrete at Early Ages for Bridge Pile Cap with Finite Element Analysis, Anton Surviyanto

44

8. A Study on Simulation Models of Seismic Energy Absorbing Steel Pipes, J. Utomo, M. Moestopo, A. Surahman, D. Kusumastuti

44

9. Flexural Behavior of Macro Synthetic Fiber Reinforced High Strength Concrete, I. Rosidawani, I. Imran, S. Sugiri, I. Pane

44

10. Damage Process of Reinforced Concrete Structures Induced by Reinforcement Corrosion-State of the Art, Wahyuniarsih Sutrisno, Endah Wahyuni, Priyo Suprobo ..

45

11. Promoting Bamboo Prefabricated Product Toward Sustainable Housing in Indonesia, Dewi Larasati ZR, Rakhmat Fitranto

45

12. Numerical Analysis of the Wire-meshed Net Anchoraged, Riski Purwana Putra 45

13. Effects of Bottom Ash and Chloride Concentration on Concrete Mixed with Seawater, C. Roxas, K. Co, S. Dy III, A. Mariano, J. Saez

46

14. Ultimate Drift Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Walls, Susumo Kono, Rafik Taleb, Eko Yuniarsyah, Masanori Tani, Hidekazu Watanabe, Masanobu Sakashita

46

15. Evaluation of LEED Credit Points Using Pervious Concrete, Than Mar Swe, Witchit Pansuk

46

16. Non-destructive Evaluation of Masonry Materials Used in Philippine Historic Structures, Antonio, M. Oscar Victor Jr, Peralta, Matthew Harvey T, Piedad, Melmar B

47

17. Innovative Research on Waste and Green Materials for Sustainable Development, Mohammad Ismail

47

18. The Chloride Diffusion Into Cracked Reinforced Concrete Beam Comparison Between Experimental Results and Numerical Modelling, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung, Vu Quoc Hoang, Nguyen Ning Thuy, Dao Phurong Duy, Tran Hong Son

48

19. Experimental Study on Single Storey Slab-on-Grade Building and Raised Floor Slab Building in Malaysia Subject to Tsunami, Chung Leong Law, Kang Chin Tan, Tze Liang Lau

48

20. Damage Diagnosis of Metal Structures Using Electro Mechanical Impedance Responses, Duc-Duy Ho, Thanh-Mong Ngo

49

21. Behavior of the Reinforced Concrete Components at Elevated Temperature, Pham Quoc Thai, Le Van Dong, Vu Quoc Hoang, Nguyen Tan Thinh, Truong Thi Nhu Ngoc

49

22. Giant H Shapes for Columns and Truss Members in Japan, Hikaru Senda . 49

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

1. Assessment and Mitigating of Rockfall Risks (Case study: Kloch, Austria), Alexander Preh, Ari Sandyavitri, Frans Tohom

50

2. Numerical Study of the Behavior of Shear Walls Subjected to Loads Earthquakes, Gati Annisa Hayu, Micharl Brun, Fabien Delhomme, Endah Wahyuni

50

3. Seismic Ground Motion Estimation of Alluvium Layers Using Array Microtremor Recordings at Palu City, Indonesia, Pyi Soe Thein, Subagyo Pramumijoyo, Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito, Junji Kiyono, Wahyu Wilopo, Agung Setianto

50

4. Geology and Engineering Properties of Zeolitic Rock for Geo-environmental Application, Wawan Budianta, Arifudin, Lutfi Effendi, Jiro Takemura, Hirofumi Hinode

51

5. Role of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Sustainability of Slopes, Harianto Rahardjo, Alfredo Satyanaga, Leong Eng Choon, Wang Chien Looi

51

6. A Failure of Existing Piles Inside the Excavation in Very Soft Clay, Nghia Trong LE 52

7. Assessment of Ground Motion Attenuation Model for Peninsular Malaysia Due to Sumatera Subduction Earthquake, Tze Che Van, Chai Fung Mok, Tze Liang Lau

52

8. Application of Microtremor Observation for Microzoning in Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia, Chun Li Teoh, Tze Liang Lau

52

9. Empirical Correlation Between SPT N-value and Angle of Shearing Resistance of Sand in Eastern Thailand, Siam Yimsiri

53

10. Numerical Analysis of the Pile Foundations Responses Subjected to Ground Movements Induced by Tunneling, Mohd Ashraf, Mohammad Ismail, Lim Siao Phin

53

11. Collapse Behavior and Ultimate Earthquake Resistance of Weak Column Type Multi Story Steel Moment Resisting Frame with RHS Columns under Bi axial Ground Motion, Satoshi Yamada, Yuko Shimada

53

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND PLANNING

1. How Many Cost Losses Caused by Traffic Jam in Term of Fuel Consumption and Value of Time on Main Road in Bandar Lampung, Sulistyorini R

55

2. Motorcycle Characteristics and Motorcycle Movement, Agah Muhammad Mulyadi ST. MT

55

3. Minimizing the Intersection Traffic Conflict by Using Median (U-Turn), Iqbal Maulana 55

4. Performance Evaluation Study Antasari Blok M Elevated Freeway, Ferdinand Fassa, Fredy Jhon Phillip Sitorus,. Retno Ambarsari

56

5. Resilient Modulus and Fatigue Performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Mixture Using Bambang Sugeng Subagio, Alif Setyo Ismoyo,

Harmein Rahman 56

6. Problems Identification of Toll Road Investment in Indonesia, Iris Mahani, Rizal Z. Tamin 57

7. Master Curve and Predictive Model of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Dynamic Modulus, Nyoman Suaryana, Bambang Sugeng, Djunaedi Kosasih, Sjahdanulirwan

57

8. Adjustment Decision: Smartphone Users and Travel Decision Framework, Gloriani Novita Christin, Ofyar Z. Tamin, Idwan Santoso, Miming Miharja

57

9. Level of Public Acceptance on new Public Transport Policy, Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, Widyarini Weningtyas

58

10. Effect of River Stream Velocity on Vessel Speed Along a Riverway, Edi Kadarsa, Harus Al-Rasyid S. Lubis, Ade Sjafruddin, Russ Bona Frazila

58

11. Compensation System for Traffic Accident Victims in Thailand in Comparison with Japan, Natsu Takahashi, Kunihiro Kishi, Takashi Nakatsuji

59

12. Mobility of the Elderly at Rural Area, Nur Sabahiah Bt Abdul Sukor, Sitti Asmah Bt Hassan, Munzillah Bt Md. Rohani

59

13. Developing Conceptual Framework of Construction Site Layout Planning for Building Projects, Natthapol Saovana, Tanit Tongthong

59

14. Developing Safety Measures and Checklists for Driven Pile Construction, Piyanat Wongprates, Vachara Peansupap

60

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

1. A Structural Equation Model of Participatory Management Swampland in Kubu Raya District, Henny Herawati

61

2. Effects of Sea Water as Mixing Water on the Mechanical Properties of Mortar and Concrete, Rita Irmawaty, M.W. Tjaronge

61

3. Modelling of Groundwater Dewatering Dewatering in Transient Condition on the Area of Well Pump With Galerkin Finite Element Method, Aji Pratama Rendagraha, Dhemi Harlan

61

4. A Baseline Study of Solid Waste Characterization and Recycling Potential at Universitas Indonesia, Gabriel Andari Kristanto, Cut Keumala Banaget, Irma Gusniani

62

5. Sustainable Water Resource Allocations Management of a Dam in Myanmar, Nyein Thandar Ko

62

6. Nutrient Removal by Different Plants in Wetland Roof Systems Treating Domestic Wastewater, Phan Thi Hai Vana, Nguyen Thanh Tina, Vo Thi Dieu Hiena, Thai Minh Quana, Bui Xuan Thanha, Vo Thanh Hanga, Ding Quoc Tuca, Nguyen Phuoc Dana, Le Van Koas, Vo Le Phua, Nguyen Thanh Sonh, Nguyen Duc Luongc, Eugene Kwond, Changgyu Parkd, Jingyong Jungd, Injae Yoond, Sijin Leed

63

7. Hydraulic Conductivity and Microlevel Mechanism Investigation of Montmorilonitic Claystone from Kerek Formation, Indonesia, Monika Aprianti Popang, Jiro Takemura, Wawan Budianta

63

8. Ffects of Mix Proportion and Curing Condition of Carbonation of Seawater Mixed Concrete, Adiwijaya, Hidenori hamada, Yasutaka Sagawa, Daisuke Yamamoto

64

9. A Mathematical Coupled Model for the Riverbed Erosion and Riverbank, Bay Nguyen Thi, Chinh Lieou Kien

64

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

1. Property Development Risk: Case Study In Indonesia, I Wayan Muka 65

2. Investigation of the Role of Client & Consultant inthe Pre-Construction Safety Planning, Bambang Endroyo, Akhmad Suraji, M. Sahari Besari

65

3. Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Developing Countries: Experience of Collaborative Research between ITB and GRIPS, Krishna S Pribadi, Dyah Kusumastuti, Kenji Okazaki, Febrin Ismail ..

65

4. Drivers for Increased Benefits in Performance-Based Contracts of Road Projects, R. Wirahadikusumah, B. Susanti, B. Soemardi, M. Sutrisno ..

66

5. Emission- Dyla M. Octavia, Muhamad Abduh

66

6. Project Delivery System for Green Building Projects in Indonesia, Rezza Falen, Muhamad Abduh

67

7. Road User Cost Assessment Approach In Calculation Of Life Cycle Cost For Indonesia National Road Maintenance Projects Contracted Under Performance Based Contract, Betty Susanti, Reini D. Wirahadikusumah, Biemo W. Soemardi, Mei Sutrisno ..

67

8. Eco-Costs Life Cycle Assessment Of Bamboo Preservation As Local Indigenous Method, Siswanti Zuraida, Dewi Larasati ..

67

9. State and Improving Policies, Budi Hasiholan, Purnomo Soekirno, Muhamad Abduh

68

10. An Updated ANN Model for Predicting the Structural Cost of Building Projects in the Philippines, Cheryl Lyne Roxas ..

68

11. Barriers to Buildability Implementation in Cambodian Construction Projects: The Contractor, Heng Ly, Tanit Tongthong, Vachara Peansupap

69

INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

1. Benefit Evaluation of Road Rehabilitation at Nine Provinces in Indonesia, Tonny Judiantono

70

2. The Estimation of Operating Performance of Free Flow Electronic Toll Collection System, Rudy Hermawan, Eric Hananto, Harmein Rahman, Aine Kusumawati ..

70

3. Istisna Financing in Indonesian Infrastructure Project: A Case Study of Belawan Port Project, Ayomi Dita Rarasati, Bambang Trigunarsyah, Fiona Lamari

71

How Many Cost Losses Caused By Traffic Jam In Term Of Fuel Consumption and Value of Time

On Main Road in Bandar Lampung

Rahayu Sulistyorini Civil Engineering Department

University of Lampung Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

sulistyorini_smd@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract— Bandar Lampung, capital city of Lampung such as gate of Sumatera with 902,885 population in 2012, having 120,554 passenger cars. Like other major cities in Indonesia, especially during peak hour, congestion is commonly visible in several main roads. Traffic jams of course will lead to a considerable loss in terms of the value of time, fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and some other qualitative aspects. This research tries to calculate how the losses incurred as a result of congestion in terms of fuel consumption and time value. A survey carried out for six days in the peak time morning, noon and afternoon to calculate the traffic volume, speed, travel time and delay in one main road of this city along . Fuel consumption for each vehicle type is obtained from interviews and secondary data from vehicle dealers. The type of vehicles that are reviewed are some brands of private cars with 2 types of diesel and gasoline also public transport, without reviewing a motorcycle. After we obtain travel time per each liter fuel consumption and delay, we reach fuel consumption in traffic jam. From the analysis results showed that the loss is due to congestion based on fuel consumption is around Rp. 4.751.432.140,- per year. While the value of time obtained by the method of income approach and stated preference generate each value Rp. 16.903 per hour and Rp. 18.417 per hour. Financial losses from value of time is calculate by multiply time of traffic jam, traffic volume and value of time. Using Income Approach, the loss is due to congestion based on time value is around Rp. 3.607.076.443,- per year. The total cost of the losses due to congestion in terms of fuel consumption as well as value of time is Rp. 8.358.508.583 per year. It takes only a few sample in main road which is less than 5 km only. We can imagine the loss due to all of city area with many road segments that was crowded. This financial value is also only results from congestion due to fuel consumption and value of time, not counting from air pollution, noise and other aspects resulting from the raise of traffic volume. If engineering improvement such as traffic management not done to reduce private vehicles growth, the quality of urban communities’s life will be declining and environmental damage getting worse for future generations.

Keywords— fuel consumption; time value; traffic jam; financial losses; stated preference

I. INTRODUCTION Bandar Lampung is the capital of Lampung Province with

an area of 197.22 km ² which is divided into 20 districts and 126 sub district with a population of 902.885 inhabitants (based on BPS 2012), this population will increase each year. The needs of life that increase, will affect the increasing travel demand due to the increased activity of the movement of people and goods in Bandar Lampung.

Teuku Umar and Zaenal Abidin Pagar Alam Road is the road that is frequently crossed by the people of the city of Bandar Lampung as the trip generation. This leads to the need for transportation services that causes congestion in this area. Congestion on the roads is worst if there is no improvement on the existing transportation system and will also be very harmful for the users.

The purpose of this study is to calculate the value of travel time in Bandar Lampung and analyze financial losses caused by congestion due to increased travel time and fuel consumption. The amount of loss due to congestion only in terms of the value of travel time and fuel consumption. Roads to be reviewed are the two main roads along the ± 3.7 km. Analysis of the value of travel time using the Income Approach method. Financial loss due to congestion is more focused on fuel consumption according to the type of vehicles that includes the specified time freezes and travel time per 1 liter of gasoline. The type of vehicle being simulated in this study is the private cars with premium fuel and diesel fuel and public transport such as "mikrolet" and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT).

II. THEORETICAL BASIS

A. Delay and Queue Time Delay is the additional travel time due to vehicles driving

at high speed inhibited by an oncoming vehicle at low speed. The formulation of delay time (R) is as follows:

R=L/X - L/Y (1)

Where:

R = delay time of vehicle (hour) X = low speed of vehicle (km/ hour) Y = high speed of vehicle (km/ hour) L = queue length (km)

Queuing time is the amount of time in which the high speed vehicle is at queuing behind a low speed vehicle during the trip. The formulation of queuing time (T) is as follows:

(2) Where:

T = queue time of vehicle (hour) R = delay time of vehicle (hour) X = low speed of vehicle (km/ hour) Y = high speed of vehicle (km/ hour)

B. Congestion Cost The congestion cost is travel costs incurred due to traffic

delays and additional traffic volume exceeds the capacity of the road service. The main components of trip cost is vehicle operating costs and travel time value. Vehicle operating costs are incurred in the operation of transport systems such as the cost of fuel, lubricant, tires, vehicle maintenance costs, and so forth. While the value of time is a specific time that is measured based on income level.

One of the methods used in calculating the value of travel time is Income Approach. This method is relatively simple, as it only considers two factors: Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of individuals and the amount of working time in a year that the individual time used to produce a product in the form of a person's income. The formulation of this method are as follows:

(3)

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III. DATA ANALYSIS The primary survey are traffic volume, travel time, delay

time and the vehicle speed.

Fig. 1. Survey Location

survey conducted on Monday, Wednesday and Sunday at peak hours in the morning, afternoon and evening.

D. Traffic Volume The following Figure 2 and Figure 3 is the charts of

vehicles volume on weekdays which explains the high volume of private vehicles over public transport.

3098

547391

29

3180

488 36228

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Mobil Pribadi (Premium)

Mobil Pribadi (Solar)

Angkot BRT

Arah R. Basa - T. Karang Arah T. Karang - R. Basa Fig. 2. Traffic Volume on Working Day

Fig. 3. Traffic Volume on Holiday

E. Value of Travel Time Data used is the number of working age population 16-64

years, to calculate the time value of the income approach method. By age group of workers, the population of Bandar Lampung amounted to 629,403 people. As for the GDP (Gross Domestic Income) Bandar Lampung is Rp. 25,532,953,000,000.00 (based on BPS 2012).

For work time in a year, assuming one person working for 8 hours a day with 25 working days in a month, then the amount of working time of the year are as follows:

Total working time a year = 8 x 25 x 12 = 2400 hour/person

So, the value of tavel time

= Rp. 16,902.89/hour

= Rp. 281.71/minute

F. Financial Losses caused by Traffic Jam based on Value of Travel Time In this analysis the cost of losses due to congestion only in

terms of the value of travel time. Value of travel time is obtained based on the analysis of the Income Approach method is Rp. 281.71 / min. This means that if one person traveling and experiencing congestion for 1 minute will experience a loss of Rp. 281.71.

The amount of loss due to congestion costs in terms of the value of travel time, can be calculated as follows:

Cost disadvantages = volume x time of traffic congestion x value of time

Congestion Time is travel time in peak hour minus the travel time in off peak time. Financial losses = 1199 x 0.10 x 16,902.89 = Rp. 2,049,174.92/ hour

The total cost of the financial loss of peak hour in the morning, afternoon and evening for 3 hours on Monday are as follows:

The total cost of losses = 3,108,610.5 + 1,241,273.12 + 2,049,174.92= Rp. 6,399,058.54 (for 3 hours at peak hour)

So, the result of losses due to congestion costs in terms of the value of travel time for 1 year at peak hours (3 hours / day) for 2-way reviews is as follows:

TABLE I. CONGESTION COSTS FOR 1 YEAR AT PEAK HOUR

No Vehicle Type

Direction

Rajabasa-Tj. Karang Tj Karang-Rajabasa

1. Private Car Rp. 1,879,876,153 Rp. 1,285,653,758

2 Mikrolet Rp. 231,909,565.6 Rp. 176,017,605.9

3 BRT Rp. 22,010,625.52 Rp. 11,608,735.84

G. Financial Losses caused by Traffic Jam based on Fuel Consumption The difference of value time on peak time, average speed,

of vehicle that greatly affect the length of vehicle travel time per 1 liter of gasoline. In this analysis the cost of losses due to congestion only in terms of the Fuel Consumption

Having obtained the value of a liter of gasoline is wasted, it can be calculated how much the loss resulting from congestion in terms of fuel.

Examples of the calculation of private cars Kijang Inova is fueled gassoline. passenger car crossing street Premium ZA Pagar Alam - Teuku Umar in the morning with the volume of vehicles 1194 veh / hour with a liter of petrol is wasted by 0.44 liters (according to the previous calculation table), so the loss values obtained by calculation:

= Liters of gasoline is wasted x fuel prices

= 0,44 / liter x Rp. 6,500, - / liter x 1194 veh / h

= Rp 3.414.840, - / veh (morning peak hour)

TABLE II. WASTED FUEL

Time

Vehicle Type

Congestion (hour)

Travel Time per 1

liter gassoline

(liter/jam)

Gassoline that

wasted (liter)

Morning Private 0.02 0.35 0.07

Private 0.01 0.28 0.04 Mikrolet 0.06 0.32 0.18 BRT 0.03 0.46 0.06

afternoon Private 0.02 0.30 0.06 Private 0.01 0.38 0.02 Mikrolet 0.07 0.30 0.24 BRT 0.04 0.46 0.08

Evening Private 0.03 0.55 0.05 Private 0.04 0.41 0.11 Mikrolet 0.06 0.43 0.14 BRT 0.03 0.39 0.08

TABLE III. CONGESTION LOSSES IN WORKING DAY

Time

Vehicle Type

Wasted Fuel

Vehicle volume

Fuel Price

Losses

Morning Car 0.44 1194 6500 3.414.840 Car 0.19 162 5500 169.290 Mikrolet 0.23 134 6500 200.330 BRT 0.19 14 5500 14.630

After noon

Car 0.24 887 6500 1.383.720

Car 0.18 190 5500 188.100 Mikrolet 0.14 140 6500 127.400 BRT 0.14 8 5500 6160

Evening Car 0.42 1017 6500 2.776.410 Car 0.35 195 5500 375.375 Mikrolet 0.35 117 6500 266.175 BRT 0.22 7 5500 8.470

From the table above shows the value of the largest loss generated at peak hours in morning and afternoon peak hours, as well as the highest value of the loss generated by private car premium fuel at peak hours morning and afternoon of Rp. 3,414,840, - and Rp. 2,776,410, -

TABLE IV. FINANCIAL LOSSES CAUSED BY CONGESTION FOR 1 YEAR

Vehicle Type Financial Losses for a week

(Rp)

Financial Losses for a

year

Fuel

Passenger Car 47.101.210 2.449.262.920 Premium Passenger Car 4.590.960 238.729.920 Solar

Mikrolet 3.862.040 200.826.080 Premium BRT 192.040 9.986.080 Solar

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Mobil Pribadi (Premium)

Mobil Pribadi (Solar)

Angkutan Kota

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

Cos

t

Financial Losses

T. Karang - RJ Basa

RJ Basa - T. Karang2

Fig. 4. Financial Losses

Seen biggest bottlenecks resulting from the direction of Rajabasa - Tj. Karang for both private vehicles and public transport. This is due to the higher volume of vehicles in the direction of Tj. Karang - Raja Basa in the opposite direction than the direction of Tj. Karang - Raja Basa and vehicle travel time is longer at direction of Rajabasa - Tj. Karang as side barriers and traffic light that is much more in that direction. As for the reverse direction, the largest congestion value seen from private vehicles, especially premium fuel which looks more dominating than other types of vehicles

.

IV. CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclussion

1. Finansial Losses caused by congestion base on value of travel time using Income Approach for Rajabasa – Tanjung Karang per year in peak time is Rp. 1,879,876,153 for private, Rp. 231,909,565.6 for mikrolet, and Rp. 22,010,625.52 for BRT. As for the direction of Tanjung Karang – Rajabasa is Rp. 1.285.653.758 for private car, Rp. 176.017.605,9 for mikrolet dan Rp.11.608.735,84 for BRT.

2. from the direction of the vehicle the biggest losses occurred in the direction of Rajabasa – Tanjung Karang visible from losses on the private car premium fuel produced by Rp.2.449.262.920, - than in the reverse direction with the same vehicle is Rp. 1473281160, -. This is due to the high volume of vehicles, especially private cars premium fuel and vehicle travel time is longer in the direction of Rajabasa – Tanjung Karang dikarena side barriers and traffic light that is much more in that direction.

B. Recommendation

The amount of congestion loss in terms of the travel time value for 1 year at a busy hour, is very large and will increase from year to year. Expected action, resetting traffic management, and policy - the policy of the government to tackle congestion not only prevention for a while but if it can for long periods of time and it also requires support from the entire community as well.

REFERENCES [1] --------. "Bandar Lampung Dalam Angka 2013"BPS Kota Bandar

Lampung, November 2013. [2] Marizi, H. " Nilai Waktu Perjalanan di Kota Bandar Lampung "

Jurusan Teknik Planologi ITB 2001. [3] J. Khisty and K. Lall " Dasar-Dasar Rekayasa Transportasi Jilid 1"

Erlangga. Jakarta, 2003. [4] --------. " Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI)" Departemen

Pekerjaan Umum. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga. 1997. [5] E.K. Morlok. " Pengantar Teknik dan Perencanaan Transportasi "

Erlangga. Jakarta, 1995. [6] Nainggolan " Analisa biaya Kemacetan di Pusat Kota Bandar

Lampung Ditinjau dari Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM)" Jurusan Teknik Sipil Universitas Lampung 2006.

[7] E. Permadi " Penentuan Nilai Waktu Pengguna Angkutan Umum di Kotamadya Bandung, 1999.

Cover.pdfPreface.docxPreface

Welcoming Remarks.docxWelcoming Remarks

Message.docxMessage

list of contents.pdfID-027_Rahayu Sulistyorini_How Many Cost Losses Caused By Traffic Jam.pdfI. IntroductionII. THEORETICAL BASISA. Delay and Queue TimeB. Congestion CostC. Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications

iii. Data analysisD. Traffic VolumeE. Value of Travel TimeF. Financial Losses caused by Traffic Jam based on Value of Travel TimeG. Financial Losses caused by Traffic Jam based on Fuel Consumption

IV. CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONA. ConclussionB. RecommendationThe amount of congestion loss in terms of the travel time value for 1 year at a busy hour, is very large and will increase from year to year. Expected action, resetting traffic management, and policy - the policy of the government to tackle congestion...REFERENCES