Prediction of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW...

Prediction of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Handling in Indonesia

10th Annual Waste Management Conference & Exhibition (WM2012)ENSEARCH, Kuala Lumpur, 18-19th July 2012

Enri [email protected]

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering – ITBJalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB 1

OUTLINE:

Introduction

Portrait of solid waste management (SWM)

Prospect for the future of SWM management

GHG emission and waste management

CDM Project at Indonesian Landfills

Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation

Conclusion

Prediction of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Handling in Indonesia

2Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB

Introduction

URBANISATION PROBLEM(Migration from Rural area to Urban area)

• Indonesian cities: capacity to ‘absorb’ migration from outside

• Limitation of infrastructure capacity: transportation, water, sanitation, housing, etc

• Social-economic problem: employment, etc• Impact: health - environment - social – city’s image


Portrait of MSW management (1)Waste Generation

Estimation of total waste generation in Indonesia (Ministry of Environment, 2008)

Group Area Waste generation (mi-tonne/year)

SumateraJawaBali and N-TenggaraKalimantanSumatera and Papua

8.721.21.32.35.0

Total 38.5

Bandung Survey in 2005 = 0.59 kg/cap/day


MANAGE BY COMMUNITY

GENERATECOLLECT

DIRECT COLLECTION (DOOR-TO-DOOR)

MANAGE BY MUNICIPALITY

TRANSFER TRANSPORT

LANDFILLINGOPEN DUMPING

Portrait of MSW management (2)Technical System


Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB

1-2%Others

50-70%Wet Waste

28-30%Dry Waste

Reuse-Recycling Potential30 – 40%

Reuse-recycling Potential15 – 25 % Composting

By Some Municipalities

INFORMAL SECTOR

Newspapers, uses books/magazines, used clothes, used electronic, etc: are normally not considered as waste to be disposed to the trashcan

Portrait of MSW management (3) Recycling effort

6

Portrait of MSW management (4)Population Served by City Management in Indonesia

Region Total City Population % PopulationCity % Population % Served

Sumatera 100 26.04 17,884,336 16.35 46.0Java and Bali 148 38.54 75,049,732 68.59 28.4Kalimantan 45 11.72 5,259,688 4.81 34.4Sulawesi 62 16.15 6,103,336 5.58 36.5Others 29 7.55 5,115,469 4.68 30.9Total 384 100.00 109,412,561 100.00 32.1

2007

Group Area Population (million)

Served population (million)

% Population

servedSumateraJawaBali and NusaTenggaraKalimantanSumatera and Papua

49.3137.212.612.920.8

23.580.86.06.0

14.2

4859474668

Total 232.7 130.3 56Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB

2001

7

Portrait of MSW management (5)Local government role

The municipal solid waste (MSW) handling in Indonesia has reached its relatively sound performance during 1990-1995.

Economic crisis and political change in 1998 = turning point decreasing of MSW management intention

Estimation in 2001 was only around 35% of the MSW in cities in Indonesia that could be transported to the final disposal sites about 56% in 2007

Municipal/district governments took over the full authority and responsibility of their urban infrastructure management from the central/province government

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB8

Portrait of MSW management (6)Failure of final disposal

• Since 2000, failures of landfill operation all over Indonesia began to show :– Bantar Gebang Landfill in Jakarta (6000 ton/day) – Keputih Landfill in Surabaya (2nd largest city) – The sliding of Leuwigajah landfill in Bandung (2005)

• The reform era created awareness among inhabitants on the vicinities of landfills :– They claim to better environments– They reject the existence of any landfill facility within their

territories Pose some difficulties of the local governments to operate and to

acquire proper sites to handle their wastes


Prospect for the future (1)• In 2005, the Government Regulation 16/2005 was announced. It

regulates the final disposal of MSW in relation with waterresources protection for water supply.

• In 2006, the Ministry of Public Works through Ministry Regulation21/PRT/2006 outlined the policy and national strategy of MSWmanagement. This regulation defines the target of MSW recyclingin the next 10 years.

• In May 2008: the Solid Waste Management Act 18/2008 wasapproved by Parliament and Government of Indonesia.

This Law had been drafted since 2003. The finalization of thislaw were delayed for such a long time until all the stakeholderswere revived after the incidence of Landslide of Leuwigajahlandfill in February 2005, with full supports from theGovernment and Parliament that reached an agreement thatnew paradigm in waste management in Indonesia was required


Prospect for the future (2)

Some of central issues of Law-18/2008:

• Extended producers responsibility (ERP) approach

• The basis approach of this law is waste reductions through 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) as the first priority.

• Prohibition of open dumping and open burning

• Prohibition to import waste into Indonesia territories

• This 3Rs concept is considered as a new paradigm to replace the collect-transport-dispose concept, which is usually adopted in most Indonesian cities

• The development of regional treatment and landfill will be supported by Central Government


• Many cities, supported by central government, have started to develop a waste management programme in line with modern requirements

• 2006-2012: 187 sites have been rehabilitated

• The development of a better final disposal, such as sanitary landfill, based on regional approach in some metropolitan areas are in progress.

• Some of them are connected to the CDM project.

Geo-synthetic based landfill at Bangli In the next 10 years:

Landfill will still a principal way for waste final disposal in Indonesia


Prospect for the future (3)

CDM Project at Indonesian landfill (1)

• Indonesia has promising potential for development of landfill gas facilities.With many large urban, including:

– 18 cities with a population > 500,000– 10 cities with a population > 1,000,000,the major urban centers in Indonesia could generate enough waste to

provide about 80 MW of electricity through landfill gas.• Development of landfill gas facilities face several barriers:

– Financing– Uncertainty and limitations associated with the energy regulatory

framework– Limited knowledge and technical capacity to structure a deal and develop

and implement a project,– Over-estimate from local government

• The first CDM project in Indonesia is proposed by landfill of Suwung(Metropolitan of Denpasar, Bali), initiated since 2003. Another bigcities, Pontianak, Bekasi, Palembang, Semarang, etc are in stage of FS


CDM Project at Indonesian Landfills (2)

There some final disposals are under FS for CDM project: Regional landfill at Denpasar (registered at UNFCCC No.0938), Pontianak, Bekasi, Makassar, and Palembang (2009)

Source: I Made Sudarma - Cooperation between Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, TabananAgency for Cleanliness of SARBAGITA (June 200)

Landfill site rehabilitation, Denpasar Construction of waste sorting, Denpasar



Source: I Made Sudarma - Cooperation between Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, TabananAgency for Cleanliness of SARBAGITA (June 200)

Inauguration of gas flaring, Denpasar Construction landfill anaerobic reactors, Denpasar



Gas Flaring at BekasiSource: Dudy Setiabudi EPA Bekasi (June-2008)

Gas Flaring at PontianakSource: CDM in Pontianak landfillCleanliness Dept City of Pontianak (March-2008)


GHG emission and waste management (1)

• Estimate contribution of Southeast Asia in 2000:

– about 10.7 tons of CO2-eq per capita.

– 12% of the Global GHG emissions

– around 5.187,2 MT CO2-eq

– around 59%: originated from Indonesia from land-uses changes and forestry sector

• Emission increase in 1990-2000 = elevated by 27% during 1990 – 2000, the increase of:

– Energy sectors and industrial processes: 83% and 100% respectively

– Agricultural, forestry and waste sectors: 19% - 21%.



The contribution of GHG in 1990-2004:

• Energy uses: 25.9%

• Industrial: 19.4%

• Forestry: 17.4%

• Agriculture: 13.5%

• Transportation: 13.1%

• Housing and commercial building: 7.9%

• Waste management: 2.8%

The quantities of wastes generated in one area: related to the consumption pattern of the corresponding area Contribution of post consumer waste in 2007: up to 5%



• The most important impacts from waste management on GHG emission are of methane (CH4) origin mostly from landfilling activities

• This CH4 is emitted from degradation of any waste dumped in anaerobic condition on the landfill

• CH4 contribution on GHG emission in 1990 = 18%

• The decrease of CO4 emitted from a landfill will have the greatest potential in reducing the overall GHG emission level originated from waste management


Estimation of Indonesia nett emission

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

47.2 48.8

9.7 8.5

16.54.4

2.8

2.4

2133.9

Energy

Industry

Agriculture

Forestry

Waste

Peat

%

20051.76 GtCO2e

20202.95 GtCO2e

Source of data: Sulistyowati, 2012



GHG Emission reduction planCommitment for 2020:

Reduction 26% 0.767 Gt CO2eWaste sector = 0.048 Gt CO2e ( 6.3%)

Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (1)

The scenario up to 2020:

• Scenario A: – Business-as-usual scenario: reflects the current waste generation and

waste management runs as usual.

– Level of services of SW management will improve only due to the improvement of urban managers capacities in making available their city’s infrastructures, but no waste reduction effort involved.

• Scenario B: – Optimistic scenario: reflects the willingness to manage the waste

according to the Waste Management Act

– Basic approach 3Rs concept prioritizing waste reduction.

– Converting open dumping into better landfilling


Landfilling

Collect-transportDoor-to-door

Transfer

CollectOthers:RecyclingUncontrolled

Landfilling

Composting

Collect-transportDoor-to-door

Transfer

Collect

3R

Scenario ABusiness-as-usual

Scenario B: Optimist

Level of services of SW management will improve only due to the improvement of urban managers capacities

• Willingness to manage the waste according to the Waste Management Act

• Basic approach 3Rs concept prioritizing waste reduction.

• Converting open dumping into better landfilling

The Scenario


Principal components of waste handling activities:

• Mobilization: waste collection and transportation vehicle exhaust emissions of CO2 arise during collection and transportation of waste

• Recycling: organic fraction from SW can be biologically treated, while plastics, paper, glass and metal contents can be collected for appropriate recycling.

• Composting: CO2 emission from the organic material is considered as biogenic, and is generally part of the carbon cycle and hence not considered as GHG

• Landfilling: managed the disposal of waste land with little or no pretreatment

• Others: uncontrolled waste handling by community



Population projection

Waste projection


Year Total Urban Rural

2005 218,868,794 87,547,518 131,321,276

2020 258,386,993 103,354,797 155,032,196

24

BAU Optimist

Kg/cap/day Gg/year Kg/cap/day Gg/year


Composition %Food waste 55Garden, leaves etc 5Paper 12Plastic 10Glass 2Metal 2Textile 2Miscellaneous combustible 4

Miscellaneous n-combustible 8

25


Waste composition: constant


2005 2020BAU Optimist

Waste generation (kg/cap/day) 0.6 1.2 1.01Waste transported to disposal (%) 50 80 80Handling of waste transported (%):- Open dumping- Composting- Plastic recycling- Paper recycling- Open burning- Sanitary landfill

9023311

8733304

08660

80

Waste handling scenario

26



Parameters ValueFraction (%) of landfill decaying to CH4 50Gas collection efficiency 25Percentage of uncollected CH4 oxidized by soil cover 10

Percentage of collected biogas vented without combustion

10

Percentage of collected biogas utilized for energy 10Percentage of biogas flared 80Biogas electricity generation efficiency 30Ratio of CH4:CO2 in sanitary landfill 50:50Ratio of CH4: CO2 in open dumping 35:65

27


Biogas handling scenario


Activity 2005 2020Scenario A Scenario B

Waste transport 391 534 503Recycling 1,426 2,300 2,880Composting -254 -440 -551Landfilling 20,319 38,706 23,641Others 12,538 17,694 6,461Total 34,420 58,794 32,934

• GHG emission in 2005 = 1,026 kgCO2e/ton Landfilling will contribute up to 59%

• GHG emission in 2020 Scenario A = 990 kg CO2e/ton Landfilling will contribute up to 66%• GHG emission in 2020 Scenario B = 635 kg CO2e/ton:

Landfilling will contribute up to 71% to the total GHG

The overall emissions are reduced by credits for composting, recycling and closing of open dumping.

28

Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (8)Prediction of GHG emissions (Gg CO2-e)

CONCLUSION

• Since 2008 Indonesia has legal umbrella in managing its wastes under Solid Waste Act 18/2008 Waste management in Indonesia is directed to reduce its wastes through 3Rs concept, and appropriate waste handling.

• In line with the global issue associated with global warming due to GHG, a better waste management will contribute to global reduction of this GHG emission this momentum should be used by Indonesia through systematic way in improving its waste management, especially in urban areas, because these efforts will give positive impacts either on national or global levels.

• Waste management will contribute not only to the direct improvement of environmental quality (locally), but also to the achievements of the national target in decreasing the GHGs emission


THANK YOU


Prediction of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW...

Documents

Transcript of Prediction of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW...