PreAssignment #4 Cellular Level of Organization (DNA and RNA)...

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PreAssignment #4 Cellular Level of Organization (DNA and RNA) Name: _______________________________ Section #: _______ 1) After visiting the “Mitosis (Cellular Replication)” assignment in the content area of D-2-L, answer the following questions: a. What are the two different items that all chromatids are made from? b. How does Gap1 differ from Gap2? c. What cellular process starts during late telophase to separate the organelles and cytoplasm? d. Which stage of mitosis involves pulling apart the sister chromatids? e. Which stage of mitosis involves pulling the chromosomes to the center plane (equator) of the cell using the spindle fibers? f. Which stage of mitosis involves reforming the nucleus, pinching in at the equator, and uncoiling of the chromosomes g. Which stage of mitosis involves breakdown of the nucleus and supercoiling of the loose chromatin into dense chromosomes (sister chromatids)? h. What three regulating factors determine if a cell divides after the mitosis checkpoint? 2) After visiting the “Transcription/Translation Video” assignment in the content area of D-2-L, answer the following questions about the two processes: transcription and translation: a) Who called this process “The Central Dogma”? b) Which process starts with RNA and which starts with DNA? c) During transcription of RNA, what happens to the thymines found on DNA? d) Which process occurs on a ribosome and which occurs in the nucleus? e) Which process links nucleotides together and which links amino acids? f) After RNA is created, where does it then move to? g) Which process creates a protein and which creates RNA? h) When mRNA is read by the ribosome, what molecule is attached to the codon for each amino acid?

Transcript of PreAssignment #4 Cellular Level of Organization (DNA and RNA)...

Page 1: PreAssignment #4 Cellular Level of Organization (DNA and RNA) …websites.delta.edu/mgrobert/Preassignments/Preassignment... · 2019-01-31 · 3) DNA is extremely important within

PreAssignment #4 Cellular Level of Organization (DNA and RNA) Name: _______________________________ Section #: _______ 1) After visiting the “Mitosis (Cellular Replication)” assignment in the content area of D-2-L, answer the following questions: a. What are the two different items that all chromatids are made from? b. How does Gap1 differ from Gap2? c. What cellular process starts during late telophase to separate the organelles and cytoplasm? d. Which stage of mitosis involves pulling apart the sister chromatids? e. Which stage of mitosis involves pulling the chromosomes to the center plane (equator) of the cell using the spindle fibers? f. Which stage of mitosis involves reforming the nucleus, pinching in at the equator, and uncoiling of the chromosomes g. Which stage of mitosis involves breakdown of the nucleus and supercoiling of the loose chromatin into dense chromosomes (sister chromatids)? h. What three regulating factors determine if a cell divides after the mitosis checkpoint? 2) After visiting the “Transcription/Translation Video” assignment in the content area of D-2-L, answer the following questions about the two processes: transcription and translation: a) Who called this process “The Central Dogma”? b) Which process starts with RNA and which starts with DNA? c) During transcription of RNA, what happens to the thymines found on DNA? d) Which process occurs on a ribosome and which occurs in the nucleus? e) Which process links nucleotides together and which links amino acids? f) After RNA is created, where does it then move to? g) Which process creates a protein and which creates RNA? h) When mRNA is read by the ribosome, what molecule is attached to the codon for each amino acid?

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3) DNA is extremely important within cells since it is first used to make RNA, and then all of the products that cells need. Describe how the following terms differ from one-another: a. chromatin b. chromosomes c. histones d. triplet e. transcription f. translation g. mRNA h. tRNA 4) During transcription, what complementary RNA nucleotides would RNA polymerase attach to the following DNA strand?

TAC-AAC-TTG-GCT-CCA-ATT DNA attaches to à mRNA

5) Regarding transcription: What happens at the Start (or Promoter) sequence? What is the proper name for the 3-base sequence in RNA that attaches to a DNA triplet? What nucleotide found in RNA replaces the thymine bases found in DNA? Why does pre-mRNA need to be edited? What is an intron? What is an exon? What do the DNA strands do after RNA polymerase hits a “Stop” sequence? What are point mutations and what are two diseases that they can create?

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6) Regarding translation: a. What molecule is transferred by tRNAs? b. What do anticodons on tRNA bind to during translation? c. Which amino acid corresponds to the codon AUG? Which one is represented by UUU? d. What are the major steps needed for “initiation”? e. What are the major steps needed for “elongation”? f. What are the major steps needed for “termination”? g. How does DNA exert direct control of this process? h. How does DNA exert indirect control of this process? 7) Describe concisely the 5 major factors that control the rate of diffusion within cells. When you are done (and given what you just wrote), tell me what a cell would do to reach maximum diffusion speed! a. b. c. d. e. Maximum diffusion rates are reached if 8) Tonicity refers to pressure differences created across a semi-permeable membrane, often due to the movement of water (called osmotic pressure). For each of the following cases, label the solution that is hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic if water is the only item allowed to move across the membrane: a. A saltwater fish is accidentally placed in freshwater, and its cells swell and rupture. Thus the fish cells must be ____________ while the freshwater must be ___________. b. Human red blood cells placed in a 1% saline solution lose water at the same net rate that they gain water. What does that tell us regarding the saline solution and the blood cells?

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c. A plant left in a pot of drying soil will start to wilt over time. This occurs because the plant cells are ____________ while the soil is ____________. d. Dextran is a carbohydrate that can’t cross cellular membranes very easily. If a 1% dextran/saline solution is placed in a patient’s IV, their blood pressure will start to rise. Since blood pressure rises, we know that the dextran solution has made our blood more _____________. 9) Vesicular transport involves the movement of particles or fluids through membranes through the use of small membranous sacs. Describe the differences between each of the following forms, and then provide at least one example from human physiology for each. a. Active Transport: example: b. Receptor mediated endocytosis: example: c. Pinocytosis: example: d. Phagocytosis: example: e. Exocytosis: example: 10) Cells that divide go through stages referred to as the Cell Life Cycle. Interphase occurs between mitotic divisions, but mitosis itself involves 4 stages. It ends with cytokinesis (actual cell division). Describe at least two major events that occur in each of the following mitotic stages: a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase