PreAssignment #2 Chemical Level of Organization (Biomolecules) Name: _______________________________ Section #: _______ 1) After visiting the “Biomolecules” link in the content area of D-2-L, answer the following questions: For carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, please tell me: A) what monomer each one is made from, B) list 2-3 good uses for each one in humans, and C) list 2-3 good examples of each one in your diet?

Biomolecule Monomers Used? 2-3 Uses in Humans 2-3 Examples Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

What are the 2 building blocks for lipids? What molecule in a cell codes for proteins? What is an easy mnemonic to remember which elements each macromolecule is made from? 2) After visiting the “Biomolecules and Functional Groups” link in the content area of D-2-L, answer the following questions: What specific element do all organic molecules contain? In the molecule methane, how many outer shell electrons surround the central carbon? Besides carbon itself, what 5 different atoms (elements) tend to bond with carbon chains? What are 4 common forms used by carbon besides carbon chains? What are 2 alternative names are used for carbon chains? What biomolecule is formed when a carboxyl and an amino group bond to a central carbon? 3) Write an easy to remember definition for each of the following terms, and then list several good examples of each item: Acids: Bases: Salts: Buffers:

4) When H+ ions accumulate in solution, they are recorded as the pH of the fluid. Strong acids are closer to pH=0 while bases approach pH=14. Please list the pH for these common items:

tomatoes ammonia blood stomach contents eggs oven cleaner ocean water beer

If you add a strong acid to a strong base, what is created? Ex: HCl + NaOH à 5) Carbohydrates are chains or rings of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in approximately a 1:2:1 ratio. Classify each of the following carbohydrates as either a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide:

glycogen lactose cellulose sucrose glucose fructose maltose starch

6) Lipids are fats, oils, and waxes that are made primarily of carbon and hydrogen in a 1:2 ration with a tiny amount of oxygen as well. Given fatty acids, prostaglandins, triglycerides, transfats, steroids, and phospholipids, tell me which group:

Create hormones and bile salts from a cholesterol backbone: Man-made polyunsaturated oils that increase the risk of heart attacks: Either saturated or unsaturated hydrophobic carbon chains used for energy: Uses hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads to create all cellular membranes: Hormones with localized effects like pain sensation and uterine contractions: Neutral fats that insulate, store energy long term, and absorb shock:

7) Proteins consist of chains created from amino acids. Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom surrounded by 4 different chemical units. Draw the proper chemical units in the following picture:

Now write a proper definition for each of the following protein configurations: Primary shape: Secondary shape(s): Tertiary shape: Quaternary shape:

8) Compare and contrast several properties for the two major types of proteins:

Characteristic Fibrous Proteins Globular Proteins General Shape

Solubility in H2O

General Function

2-3 Good Examples

9) Enzymes are proteins that accelerate reactions in our bodies. They function by using 4 main steps: a) b) c) d) Please write a simple sentence to define the following terms regarding enzymes: Substrates: Specificity: Coenzymes: Denaturing: 10) Nucleic acids consist of DNA and RNA. Please compare and contrast the 2 forms of nucleic acids:

Characteristic DNA RNA Their General Functions? 5 Bases that are Used? Their Base Pairs? Single or Double Stranded? The Pentose Sugar used?