PreAssignment #15 Course Review Name: _______________________________ Section #: _______ Since the Final Exam is cumulative, it is a good idea to print the O&O set (found under “Tests” in the “Content” area of D-2-L) and to study your old pre-assignments. This final assignment lets you practice some of those concepts in order to get you started on that review! 1) Macromolecules are the large polymers that we need to eat for survival, but they are composed of smaller monomers that we digest them into and place into our bloodstream. For the 4 major polymers, please tell me:

Carbohydrates Lipids a. 3 specific examples by name used in class? b. Mainly water soluble, insoluble, or both? c. 2-3 general uses in humans? d. monomer created in blood after digestion?

a. 3 specific examples by name used in class? b. Mainly water soluble, insoluble, or both? c. 2-3 general uses in humans? d. monomer created in blood after digestion?

Proteins Nucleic Acids a. 3 specific examples by name used in class? b. Mainly water soluble, insoluble, or both? c. 2-3 general uses in humans? d. monomer created in blood after digestion?

a. 3 specific examples by name used in class? b. Mainly water soluble, insoluble, or both? c. 2-3 general uses in humans? d. monomer created in blood after digestion?

2) Human cells use both membranous and non-membranous organelles to carry out functions needed for their survival. In each case, tell me a good function for each organelle, and also circle whether it is membranous or non-membranous! a. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (M or NM) b. centrioles (M or NM)

c. lysosomes (M or NM) d. flagella (M or NM) e. peroxisomes (M or NM) f. Golgi bodies (M or NM) g. ribosomes (M or NM) h. mitochondria (M or NM) 3) Three important cellular processes involving the nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA) are replication, transcription, and translation. Two of the processes occur in the nucleus, and one requires the use of a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Also, two of them require the use of an enzyme (named with the suffix -ase). After defining each term, fill in the chart with their characteristics:

Replication of DNA means: Transcription means: Translation means:

Characteristic Replication Transcription Translation Process starts with DNA or RNA? Process links nucleotides or amino acids? Process occurs in nucleus or on a ribosome? Final product created at end of process?

4) During cellular division (a process called cytokinesis), the DNA of a cell needs to be replicated, organized, and then separated into new cells. This is called the cell life cycle. Please describe at least 2 major events that occur during each stage: a. Interphase b. prophase c. metaphase d. anaphase e. telophase e. cytokinesis Now, please list 4 specific reasons that a cell would have to go through the cell life cycle! In other words, why would we need new cells? 5) During the course, we have seen a lot of terms that sound similar, but have very different meanings! Please describe the difference between:

Striated and nonstriated muscles?

Voluntary and involuntary control?

Lamellae and lacunae in connective tissues?

Canaliculi and colliculi?

Aerobic and anaerobic?

DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

Ions and isotopes?

Myelinated and nonmyelinated neurons?

6) We have talked about a lot of disorders and conditions affecting patients during the semester. Please describe each of the conditions listed using a single sentence and using appropriate terminology: a. hypoglycemia b. hypercalcemia

c. lordosis d. kyphosis e. scoliosis f. multiple sclerosis g. hydrocephalus h. hemophilia

7) If you understand what these terms mean, you can circle the single correct answer whenever there is a choice so the statement becomes correct. a. A tumor in your cerebral aqueduct/central canal would make the pressure in the cerebrum go up. b. Viral infections of cranial nerve number 2/3/4 would result in a lateral wandering eye, while infections of nerve number 8/9/10 could create death from respiratory or cardiac failure. c. A patient who is tired all the time may have hyposecretion/hypersecretion of melanin/melatonin from the pineal/pituitary gland. d. Patients who exhibit a rise in monocytes/neutrophils may have been exposed to an acute infection like a needle-stick. If they have worms, however, you would expect a rise in their basophils/eosinophils! e. Elemental Carbon contains only 4/6/8 electrons in its outer valence shell, Neon contains 4/6/8, while oxygen contains 4/6/8 electrons. f. Blindness can result from damage to cranial nerve number 2/3/4, while severing cranial nerve number twelve can result in an inability to swallow/hold head erect/stick out tongue. g. Ions would include O2/CO2/Na+ while an example of a compound would be O2/CO2/Na+ h. A blow to the cerebellum/medulla oblongata would result in the loss of hand-eye motor coordination while damage to the thalamus/hypothalamus could create issues with measuring variables in the blood and generating moods.

8) Which specific structure/cell/molecule in your body would most likely by damaged if you could not: a. bind down your epidermis with folds? (structure) b. deposit calcium into bones? (cell) c. store calcium inside muscle cells? (structure) d. cover the binding sites of actin? (molecule) e. release histamine and heparin? (cell) f. bind to and then release oxygen from the blood? (molecule) g. produce pigment in your skin, iris, and hair? (cell) h. cool the body by losing thin sweat? (structure) 9) Hormones are released by the body in order to either maintain homeostasis (with negative feedback) or to finish a process (with positive feedback). In each case where there are several choices, please circle the one correct answer: aa. If I inject calcitonin (CT) into a patient, blood calcium would go up/down? An injection of parathormone (PTH), however, would make their blood calcium go up/down? b. If you eat doughnuts for a meal, your pancreas will immediately release more insulin/glucagon, and your blood glucose will then go up/down. If you skip a meal, however, your pancreas will have to release more insulin/glucagon, and your blood glucose will then go up/down. c. If you are nearing the end of your third trimester, it is not uncommon to release oxytocin/prolactin to start labor pains, and oxytocin/prolactin to create breastmilk. d. Releasing factors (RFs) are used with the anterior pituitary gland because it is a tropic/non-tropic system. One example of a hormone released tropically would thus have to be ADH/TSH.

e. A RH-/RH+ woman can sometimes develop a condition called erythroblastis fetalis/diabetes insipidus if she becomes pregnant with a RH-/RH+ baby. To counteract this, she needs multiple injections of prothrombin/RhoGam. f. Membranes that are keratinized must be cutaneous/serous/mucus/synovial, if they are made of degraded simple squamous and leak fluids they must be cutaneous/serous/mucus/synovial, while membranes that contain goblet cells must be cutaneous/serous/mucus/synovial. g. If we move to Denver and become hyperoxic/hypoxic in the mile-high city, our kidney/spleen releases a hormone called leukopoitein/erythropoietin, and the hemocytoblasts in our bone marrow respond by creating more RBCs to raise our oxygen levels back to normal. h. The hormones called FSH and LH control our gonads (ovaries or testes) and have negative/positive feedback loops on one-another. Thus if an athlete abuses testosterone/estrogen, their sperm counts will go up/down over time! 10) For the final question of the semester, tell me your favorite memory from the course and your worst memory from the course!

Worst Memory?