PRE-TEST Module 3 The Parts of the Airplane Units 1-2-3 · PDF file– horizontal –...

Fill in the blanks choosing from the following words.(20 p.)

aileron – airframe – control – elevators – fin – flap – fuselage– horizontal – lifting – nose – ribs – rudder – spanwise – spars– stabilizer – stringers – tailplane – trailing – units – wings

The main parts of an airplaneAn aircraft features a (1) .................................... and a tail andconsists of an engine and an (2) .................................... . The latteris made up of five principal (3) ....................................: the(4) ...................................., the stabilizers, the (5) ....................................,the landing gear and the (6) .................................... surfaces. The wings provide the (7) .................................................. surfacefor the airplane. Its structure is normally made up of(8) ........................................... members: main and secondary(9) ...................................., interspaced with (10) ....................................,and chordwise members called (11) .................................... . The(12) .................................... edge consists of two movable parts:the (13) .................................... and the (14) .................................... . The tail unit consists of a vertical (15) .................................... – or(16) .................................... – with a movable (17) ....................................

and a (18) .................................. stabilizer – or (19) ..................................

– to which the (20) .................................... are attached.

Translate the following terms into your language.(15 p.)

1. shear ..........................................................

2. stress ..........................................................

3. spar ..........................................................

2

1 4. airframe ..........................................................

5. welding ..........................................................

6. root ..........................................................

7. bolt ..........................................................

8. rib ..........................................................

9. stringer ..........................................................

10. load ..........................................................

11. skin ..........................................................

12. rudder ..........................................................

13. bonding material ..........................................................

14. cantilever principle ..........................................................

15. bracing strut ..........................................................

Match each term with its definition. (5 p.)

1.bending a. Fixed vertical airfoil usuallysituated on top of thehorizontal stabilizer, whichgives directional stability.

2.elevator b. The rear part of an airplaneconsisting usually of horizontaland vertical stabilizing surfaceswith attached control surfaces.

3.empennage c. A stress resulting from thecombination of tension andcompression loads.

4. former d. Control surface for controllingan aircraft in pitch.

5. fin e. Structural member which givesshape.

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PRE-TEST Module 3 The Parts of the Airplane Units 1-2-3 ..../60 points

1.Label the pictures. (20 p.)4

PRE-TEST Module 3 The Parts of the Airplane Units 1-2-3

2.b. c.a.

e.d.

3.

4.

b. c.a.

a.

d.

b.

c.

Answer the following questions. (12 p.)

1.What are the names of the three main types of fuselageconstruction?............................................................................................................................

2.What are the names of the three main types of landinggear construction?............................................................................................................................

3.What are the names of the three axes of rotation?............................................................................................................................

4. What are the names of the three airplane parts thatcan be used to change the shape of the wings?............................................................................................................................

5.Which movable part would the pilot use to make the airplane turn to the left?............................................................................................................................

6.Which part would the pilot move in order to inclinethe left wing lower than the right?............................................................................................................................

Translate the following terms into your language.(18 p.)

1. truss ..........................................................

2. monocoque ..........................................................

3. semimonocoque ..........................................................

4. alloy ..........................................................

5. bar ..........................................................

6. frame ..........................................................

7. bulkhead ..........................................................

8. strut ..........................................................

9. housing ..........................................................

10. brake ..........................................................

11. leg ..........................................................

12. tyre ..........................................................

13. skid ..........................................................

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1 14. control stick ..........................................................

15. pitch ..........................................................

16. roll ..........................................................

17. yaw ..........................................................

18. cockpit ..........................................................

Find and correct the mistake in each of thesesentences. (9 p.)

1.The truss type is made up of a system of beams calledspars. ............................................................................................................................

2.The monocoque is made up of frames, bulkheads and longerons. ............................................................................................................................

3.The semimonocoque has longerons, stringers, frames,bulkheads and struts. ............................................................................................................................

4.Conventional landing gears have two main wheels and a nose wheel unit. ............................................................................................................................

5.The tandem landing gear is used for small aircraft. ............................................................................................................................

6.Landing gears are generally retractable to increase dragduring flight. ............................................................................................................................

7.The motion around the longitudinal axis is calledpitch.............................................................................................................................

8.The motion around the vertical axis is called roll.............................................................................................................................

9.The motion around the lateral axis is called yaw.............................................................................................................................

Label the pictures. (21 p.)

3

4


a. b.

c.

d.

1.


e.

f.

g. h. j. k.

l.

(11 p.)

(3 p.)

a.

b.

c.

2.


3.

(7 p.)

a.

b. c.d.

e.

f.

g.

Complete the following diagram which refers to theclassification of heat engines. (5 p.)

Translate the following terms into Italian. (30 p.)

1. exhaust ..........................................................

2. fuel ..........................................................

3. heat engine ..........................................................

4. ignition ..........................................................

5. induction ..........................................................

6. intake ..........................................................

7. reciprocating engine ..........................................................

8. reliability ..........................................................

9. ignition ..........................................................

10. requirement ..........................................................

11. steam ..........................................................

12. output ..........................................................

13. compartment ..........................................................

14. connecting rod ..........................................................

15. crankshaft ..........................................................

16. gear ..........................................................

17. revolution ..........................................................

18. spark plug ..........................................................

19. stroke ..........................................................

20. valve ..........................................................

21. cylinder head ..........................................................

22. blade ..........................................................

23. by-pass ..........................................................

24. duct ..........................................................

25. drive-shaft ..........................................................

26. fan ..........................................................

27. gearbox ..........................................................

28. nozzle ..........................................................

29. spinner ..........................................................

30. jet ..........................................................

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1 Fill in the blanks choosing from the following words.(10 p.)

blades – by-pass – carburetor – combustion chamber –compressor – cylinder – piston – spark plugs – turbine –valve1. A .......................................... opens or closes to control the

fuel-air mixture and release of exhaust gases.2. The .......................................... fire the fuel-air mixture in

the cylinders.3. A piston moves up and down in the

.......................................... .4. Fuel and air mix in the .......................................... .5. A .......................................... moves inside the cylinder.6. The fuel-air mixture is burned in the ...................................

................................... .7. Air passes through the .......................................... section to

the combustion chamber.8. The hot exhaust gases pass through the

.......................................... section.9. A turboprop is basically a turbojet with extra turbine

.......................................... .10. The .......................................... and ducted fan engine is

commonly called a turbofan engine.

Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones. (15 p.)

T F

1. A heat engine is a device which changes heat energy into mechanical energy.

2. The most popular type of heat engine is the external combustion engine.

3. Piston and turbine engines work on different principles.

4. The sequence of events is: induction, compression, expansion, combustion, exhaust.

5. A piston engine is also called a reciprocating engine.

6. Four revolutions of the engine are required to complete the two strokes.

7. During the compression stroke the piston moves downwards.

8. During the power stroke the spark plug ignites the fuel-air mixture.

9. The crankshaft converts the rotary motion of the piston into a reciprocating motion.

3

4


....................................

combustion engines

................................

engines

................................

engines

Classification

of heat engines

....................................

engines

....................................

combustion engines

10. The process is continuous in a piston engine and intermittent in a turbine engine.

11. A turbine engine consists of four sections:compressor, combustor, turbine and drive-shaft.

12. The nozzle is the part of a turbine engine through which the exhaust gases are discharged.

13. A turbo-prop is essentially a turbo-jet with additional turbine blades and a propeller.

14. A turbofan features the best characteristics of the turbojet and turboprop.

15. A turbofan is not as fuel-efficient and quiet as a turboprop.


Identify the missing flight and system instruments choosing from the following terms. (20 p.)

airspeed – altimeter – artificial horizon – battery – carburetor – clock – compass – control – flaps – fuel – fuel-air – magnetic – oil– rudder – tachometer – tank– temperature – throttle – turn-and-bank – vertical speed

1

1. .................................... indicator2. Gyroscopic ....................................3. .................................... ....................................

4. ....................................

5. .................................... .................................... indicator6. .................................... indicator7. VHP navigation8. .................................... gauge (left tank)9. .................................... pressure gauge

10. Oil .................................... gauge11. Fuel gauge (right ....................................)12. Suction indicator

PRE-TEST Module 3 The Parts of the Airplane Units 10 ..../50 points

24

13. .................................... (measures rpm of propeller)14. .................................... and generator indicator15. ....................................

16. .................................... wheel (dual)17. .................................... pedals 18. .................................... heat indicator19. .................................... control20. .................................... - .................................... mixture control21. Wing .................................... control22. Trim tab control23. .................................... compass24. Radio

Choose the right alternative. (5 p.)

1.If a pitot-static system becomes blocked during flight,which of the following instruments will give anerroneous reading?

The altimeterThe turn-and-bank indicatorThe vertical speed indicatorThe airspeed indicator

2

d

c

b

a

2.In relation to the altimeter, which of the followingresponses is correct?

The aneroid capsule is sealed and affected bychanges of air pressure.If the instrument is correctly set to read the currentQFE, the altimeter will indicate the aircraft’s heightabove the specific aerodrome.Part of the pilot’s efficiency checks will be to ensurethat the instrument glass is secure and intact.All the above statements are correct.d

c

b

a

1 2 3

4 5 6

8 9 10 1112

13 14

16

1518

19 20 21

22

17 17 17 17

7

23

16

(Courtesy Cessna Aircraft)

3.In relation to the turn-and-bank indicator, which ofthe following is correct?

It is a gyro-operated instrument which utilizes theprinciple of a gyro having rigidity in space andaffected by precession. The gyro assembly will not lose balance, regardlessof the aircraft attitude.It is constructed so that it has freedom to moveabout two of the three axes, and shows the rate of aircraft movement about the third.All the above responses are correct.

4.In relation to the airspeed indicator, which of the following is incorrect?

It is similar to a speedometer in a car.It shows the speed (in knots) of the airplanetravelling through the air.It consists of a capsule, a needle and a ball. It detects the difference between static atmospherepressure and the pressure inside the pitot tube.

5.In relation to the artificial horizon, which of thefollowing is correct?

It shows the aircraft’s position in relation to theEarth’s horizon.The white semi-circle of the instrument representsthe sky, the white dot at the centre of the displayrepresents the nose of the airplane in relation to thehorizon and the white bars represent the wings of the airplane.In straight and level flight, the nose and wingscorrespond to the horizon line.It gives an accurate indication of the airplane’sheading.

d

c

d

d

c

c

b

b

b

a

a

a

Translate the following words into Italian. (15 p.)

1. attitude .........................................................................

2. heading .........................................................................

3. bank .........................................................................

4. dive .........................................................................

5. ascent .........................................................................

6. descent .........................................................................

7. balance .........................................................................

8. needle .........................................................................

9. bar .........................................................................

10. failure .........................................................................

11. avoidance .........................................................................

12. tachometer .........................................................................

13. lubricant .........................................................................

14. manifold pressure .........................................................................

15. gauge .........................................................................

What do these acronyms stand for? (10 p.)

1. ASI ..................................................................................................

2. VSI ..................................................................................................

3. EFIS ..................................................................................................

4. rpm ..................................................................................................

5. CHT ..................................................................................................

6. JPT ..................................................................................................

7. TGT ..................................................................................................

8. OAT ..................................................................................................

9. AC ..................................................................................................

10. DC ..................................................................................................

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PRE-TEST Module 3 The Parts of the Airplane Units 10

IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS TEXTS

The wing constructionThe wing construction is basically the same in all types of aircraft. Most modern aircraft have all-metal wings, but manyolder aircraft had wood and fabric wings.

To maintain its aerodynamic shape, a wing must be designed and built to hold its shape even under extreme stress.Basically, the wing is a framework composed chiefly of spars, ribs, and stringers (see Fig. 1). Spars are the main membersof the wing. They extend lengthwise of the wing (crosswise of the fuselage). All the load carried by the wing is ultimatelytaken by the spars. In flight, the force of the air acts against the skin. From the skin, this force is transmitted to the ribsand then to the spars.Most wing structures have two spars, the front spar and the rear spar. The front spar is found near the leading edge whilethe rear spar is about two-thirds the distance to the trailing edge. Depending on the design of the flight loads, some ofthe all-metal wings have as many as five spars. In addition to the main spars, there is a short structural member which iscalled an aileron spar.The ribs are the parts of a wing which support the covering and provide the airfoil shape. These ribs are called formingribs, and their primary purpose is to provide shape. Some may have an additional purpose of bearing flight stress, andthese are called compression ribs.The most simple wing structures will be found on light civilian aircraft. High-stress types of military aircraft will havethe most complex and strongest wing structure.

Three systems are used to determine how wings are attached to the aircraft fuselage depending on the strength of a wing’sinternal structure. The strongest wing structure is the full cantilever which is attached directly to the fuselage and does

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Something more about… THE PARTSOF THE AIRPLANE

Module 3

Fig. 1Wood-and-fabric-type wing structure.

Fig. 2Wing and fuselageattachments.

RibsLeading edge

Spars

Spars

Trailing edge

Wingtip

Fabric“skin”

Aileron

Internal braces

Stringers(only those under the wing are shown)

External braces or struts

Full cantilever Semicantilever

Externally braced

not have any type of external, stress-bearing structures. The semicantilever usually has one, or perhaps two, supportingstruts attached to each wing and the fuselage. The externally braced wing is typical of the biplane (two wings placed oneabove the other) with its struts and flying and landing wires (see Fig. 2).

Types of fuselage construction

There are two general types of fuselage construction: welded steel truss and monocoque designs. The welded steel trusswas used in smaller Navy aircraft and it is still being used in some helicopters. The monocoque design relies largely onthe strength of the skin, or covering, to carry various loads. The monocoque design may be divided into three classes:monocoque, semimonocoque and reinforced shell. The true monocoque construction uses formers, frames andbulkheads to give shape to the fuselage. However, the skin carries the primary stresses. Since no bracing members arepresent, the skin must be strong enough to keep the fuselage rigid. The biggest problem in monocoque construction ismaintaining enough strength while keeping the weight within limits. Semimonocoque design overcomes the strength-to-weight problem of monocoque construction. In addition to having formers, frame assemblies and bulkheads, the semimonocoque construction has the skin braced bylongitudinal members. The reinforced shell has the skin strengthened by a complete framework of structural members.Different portions of the same fuselage may belong to any one of the three classes. Most are considered to be ofsemimonocoque-type construction. The semimonocoque fuselage is constructed primarily of aluminum alloy, althoughsteel and titanium are found in high-temperature areas. Primary bending loads are taken by the longerons, which usuallyextend across several points of support. The longerons are supplemented by other longitudinal members known asstringers. Stringers are more numerous and lightweight than longerons. The vertical structural members are referred toas bulkheads, frames and formers.The heavier vertical members are located at intervals to allow for concentrated loads. These members are also found atpoints where fittings are used to attach other units, such as the wings and stabilizers. The stringers are smaller and lighterthan longerons and serve as fill-ins. They have some rigidity but are chiefly used for giving shape and for attachment ofskin. The strong, heavy longerons hold the bulkheads and formers. The bulkheads and formers hold the stringers. All ofthese join together to form a rigid fuselage framework. Stringers and longerons prevent tension and compression stressesfrom bending the fuselage. The skin is attached to the longerons, bulkheads and other structural members and carries partof the load. The thickness of the fuselage skin varies with the load carried and the stresses sustained at particular location. (From http://www.tpub.com/content/aviation/14014/css/14014_78.htm).

A comparison between car and aircraft engines throughout historyUnlike car engines, aircraft engines run at high power settings for very long times. In general the engine is run atmaximum power for a few minutes while taking off, then at a slightly reduced power for the climb, and then spends thevast majority of its time at a cruise setting, typically 65% to 75% of full power. In contrast, a car engine might spend 20%of its time at 65% power while accelerating away from a red light, followed by 80% of its time at 20% power while cruising.Another difference is that if a car engine fails, you simply pull over to the side of the road. If the same occurs in an aircraft,there is a very high chance that it will crash!

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Module 3 The Parts of the Airplane

Fig. 3A semimonocoquefuselage construction.

One more difference is that an aircraft engine needs to be lifted, powering itself into the air. The so called power to weightratio is one of the most important features for an aircraft engine, and two smaller light engines will almost always be moreattractive than one larger engine. A further diversity between cars and aircraft is that the aircraft spends the vast majority of its time travelling at highspeed. This allows aircraft engines to be air cooled, as opposed to requiring a radiator, which can lead to lower weight andcomplexity. At one time all engine designs were new and there was no particular difference in design between aircraft and automobileengines. This changed, however, with the start of the First World War when a particular class of air-cooled rotary enginesbecame popular. These had a short lifespan, but by the 1920s the vast majority of aircraft engines were moving to thesimilar radial engine design. However, both the rotary and radial engine have one drawback: they both have very largefrontal areas. As planes increased in speed and demanded better streamlining, designers turned to water-cooled inlineengines. Throughout the Second World War the two designs were generally similar in terms of power and overallperformace, but the radials tended to be more reliable. After the war, the water-cooled designs rapidly disappeared. Throughout most of the history of aviation, aircraft engines tended to be more advanced than their car counterparts.High-strength aluminum alloys were used very early in these engines, decades before it became common in cars. Likewisethese engines adopted fuel injection quite early, overhead cams, and a host of other features now common in car enginesas well. During the history of the development of aircraft engines, the Otto cycle engines have been by far the most commontype. Considerable research on engine designs started in the post-war era, but at the same time the entire industry felt that jets,often in the form of turboprops, would power everything from the biggest to smallest designs. Today the piston-engine aviation market is so small that there is essentially no money for new design work. Almost everyengine flying is based on a design from the 1960s, using original materials, tooling and parts. Whereas modern car enginesrequire no maintenance at all (other than adding fuel and oil) for over 100,000 km, aircraft engines are now, paradoxically,less reliable in comparison. Several attempts have been made to introduce newer designs into the market, but invariablythey face very difficult problems in the small market.(Abridged from: http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/ai/Aircraft_engine)


LINKS

� http://www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com/aircraft-structure.html (This webpage provides a briefintroduction to the airplane and its major components: wings, empennage, fuselage, landing gear, engines)

� http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/airplane.html (Airplane parts)

� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces (Control surfaces)

� http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/flight60.htm (Aircraft propulsion)

� http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/fltmidinst.htm (Instruments for VFR flight: altimeter, airspeed, attitude, turn-and-bank indicator)

� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments (Flight instruments)

VIDEOS

� YouTube � Tension compression torsion bending shear� Case study investigation of the 5 stresses + Science of Arch

� YouTube � Avcorp: Aircraft structures manufacture and design

� YouTube � Simple control surfaces of an aircraft + Control surfaces from the inside

� YouTube � Four-stroke cycle engine

� YouTube � How a turbine engine works

� http://www.animatedengines.com/jets.shtml � Animated engines

� YouTube � How to use Microsoft Flight Simulator X: instruments in Microsoft flight simulator

� YouTube � Cessna 172N (including flight instruments)


PRE-TEST Module 3 The Parts of the Airplane Units 1-2-3 · PDF file– horizontal –...

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