Form 2 (PR→FR1)

Pre-Research Report

Project Title Toward the Regeneration of Tropical Peatland Societies: Transformability of Environmentally Vulnerable Societies and Establishment of an International Research Network.

Abbreviated Title Tropical Peatland Societies

Project Category Choose either Institutional Collaboration Project

Project Leader Mizuno Kosuke

Homepage Ex. http:// www.chikyu.ac.jp/rihn_e/project/FS-2016-01.html

Keywords Peatland, Tropical peatland societies, Rehabilitation, Environmental vulnerability, Transformability

Proposed project period

□ 3 years Full Research □ 4 years Full Research ■ 5 years Full Research Check the applicable box.

Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE PRE-RESEARCH PERIOD 2. AMENDMENTS TO RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODS AS NECESSARY 3. RESEARCH PLAN 4. RESPONSE TO REVIEWER COMMENTS 5. MOST NOTABLE OUTPUTS TO DATE 6. PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERS 7. FIGURES AND SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Summarize the proposal within two pages. Figures, tables and pictures can be included here. Supplementary figures, tables and pictures should be put in Section 8.

Please describe the following: a) Research objectives and background, b) Research methods and organization, c) Evidence of the feasibility of Full Research. In describing a ～ c above, be sure to discuss the significance of being a RIHN research project referring to the following points. *Recognition of “global environmental problem”; what you regard as a global environmental problem, and, how the project will contribute to its solution. *How is this research in line with the founding mission, basic concepts and requirements for research projects of RIHN?

a) Research objectives and background, The destruction of tropical peat swamp forests is a major contributor to global greenhouse gases and an urgent international health crisis in Southeast Asia. It is estimated that about 20 percent of global soil carbon (89Pg) is accumulated in tropical peat swamp forests (Page et al. 2011), which are primarily found in Southeast Asia (76 percent of the world’s total, Fig.1). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fires in Indonesia during July to November 2016 exceeded CO2

emissions from fossil fuel use in Japan during the whole of 2013 (http://www.globalfiredata.org/updates.html).

Due to their physical characteristics, tropical peat swamp forests have been difficult to utilize, and therefore spared from development for a long time. However, drainage associated with plantation development of fast-growing and oil palm trees has led to a decrease in groundwater table levels and the drying of peat swamp forests. This in turn has resulted in an increase in (CO2) emissions by peat decomposition, and frequent fires (Hirano et al. 2009, 2012, 2014). In Indonesia alone an estimated 2.1 million hectares of forests, most of them peatlands, were burned in 2015 (Fig.2). The resultant haze caused incalculable damage to the economy and has impacted the health of not only local people but also those as far away as Malaysia and Singapore. In 2015, 0.5 million people in the region were diagnosed with upper respiratory infections, and child asthma rates continue to rise. Haze has become a trans-boundary environmental, economic, and political issue. In Indonesia most peatland is classified as state land. State appropriation of forests that originated centuries ago has created contested, overlapping, and insecure forest tenure conditions (RRI 2008, RRI 2012, Sunderlin, Hatcher, and Liddle 2008, White and Martine 2002). Companies that were given concessions in peatland areas developed plantations, roads, and canals under weak state regulations, attracting people to move in. As plantations were established, the peat swamp dried up, became degraded, and the fires began.

How can society develop institutions to control and manage these fires and mitigate degradation? Our research project will conduct transdisciplinary research of the social-ecological systems in tropical peatlands to understand and address their vulnerabilities. Through collaboration with local stakeholders, the research will integrate scientific findings with local practices to establish mitigation and adaptation strategies in order to achieve sustainable (low carbon) use and conservation of peatlands. Ultimately the project intends to elucidate the transformability of environmentally vulnerable societies.

b) Research methods and organization, This project treats peatland degradation as a global environmental problem that needs to be understood in its social and ecological contexts. Therefore our project will conduct transdisciplinary research based on the considerations and realities of peatlands societies.

1) The Social, Corporate, and Governance Group will conduct field research on the socio-economic aspects and historical background of peatland societies. Study will focus on livelihood strategies, land tenure, and resource use to identify factors that cause peat degradation, and work with local institutions and organizations at the village level to establish mitigation and adaptation practices such as paludiculture (Sustainable peatland livelihood activities, Fig. 3-1, 3-2). National, subnational, and local governance structures, private company initiatives, and environmental finance mechanisms such as REDD+ and PES will be reviewed for efficacy. 2) The Material Cycling and Ecosystem Group will conduct intensive multi-disciplinary research, particularly on water and material cycling, in several representative peatlands in Southeast Asia for the integration of natural and social scientific mapping to better understand peatland ecosytems. The group will create a “Tropical peatland characteristics map” based on hydrological, geophysical, and social information of peatlands for integrated management (Fig.4). 3) The International Research and Implementation Hub Group will establish an international research and implementation collaboration hub for coordinating research and integrating experiences on sustainable peatland management. This group is comprised of Asian and European universities, and international and local organizations. Coordinating partners include Riau University and Bogor Agricultural University in Indonesia, the University of Malaysia, Sarawak, the Research Institute of the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP), UNDP, CIFOR, Walhi, AMAN, and Sawit Watch (Fig. 5).

c) Evidence of the feasibility of Full Research. In January 2016 the Indonesian Government established the Peatland Restoration Agency to restore degraded peatland, and set the target of restoring two million hectares of peatland by 2019. Collaborating with the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency is one of the most important and effective ways to contribute to peatland restoration in Indonesia, because the agency is the focal institution to promote restoration efforts among domestic and international organizations. Our project has therefore strengthened relations with the agency through issuing a joint statement of collaboration, conducting international seminars, national seminars, and Focal Group discussions. (59,60,61,62,63,64) We have started the research for the peatland restoration at Meranti District, Riau Province, Indonesia based on the MOU mentioned above. Besides these activities, we have continued research activities on a variety of topics in Bengkalis and Siak districts, Riau Province and also in South Kalimantan, using various methodologies. We have already published one book that has been reviewed by many media, including leading international academic journals.

1. ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE PRE-RESEARCH PERIOD Compile this section within two pages. Figures, tables and pictures can be included here. Supplementary figures, tables and pictures should be put in Section 8. Describe in detail your achievements in the period of Pre-Research. Include discussion of the problems encountered and their possible solutions.

We introduced the practice of rewetting and forestation in peatland areas in 2010 in Bengkalis District, Riau Province. This experiment site attracted significant attention, especially in 2015 when fires and haze became very serious. Through this experiment site, international seminars, and publishing a book, we have informed the public about the potential of rewetting and forestation as a solution to regenerate peatland.

Due to outrage about the peatland fires in 2015, the government responded to the disaster by mobilizing the army, punishing fire starters, and halting any new peatland development permits. These measures were urgently needed, but provided only short-term relief. The public has demanded more long-term and sustainable measures. Rewetting and reforestation is one such measure.

In January 2016 the Indonesian Government established the Peatland Restoration Agency to restore degraded peatland, and set the target of restoring two million hectares of peatland by 2019. On April 25, 2016, the Peatland Restoration Agency issued a joint statement with RIHN and Kyoto University to collaborate for the restoration of Indonesian degraded peatland. On August 10, 2016, the Peatland Restoration Agency, RIHN, Kyoto University, and Hokkaido University signed an MOU to conduct action research to restore degraded peatland. On December 15, 2016 RIHN and Kyoto University witnessed the signing of a joint statement between the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency and JICA to conduct peatland restoration programs. We have conducted international seminars, national seminars, and focal group discussions in collaboration with the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency. (59,60,61,62,63,64)

We started research on peatland restoration in Meranti District, Riau Province based on an MOU signed among RIHN, Kyoto University, and the Indonesian Restoration Agency. We will conduct a 100-hectare restoration project at this site, and establish a model demonstration site in collaboration with JICA.

We started a field survey to research livelihoods and ecological resource use in the local communities of Meranti. We found from the pilot survey that in peatland forests owned by local people, residents had several methods of conserving the peatland and preventing fires. We found apparent differences in peatland conservation among various areas. We have also found that in areas where acacia plantations dominate have badly degraded peatlands that experience frequent fire. The plantation companies have kept the water during the dry season, so the peatland around the area is dried out. On the other hand, the watersheds of the forest kept by people without acacia plantations is protected, keeping the peatland well wet and preventing fire. These findings will inform the next steps in identifying practical solutions.

Beside these activities, we have continued to conduct research in Bengkalis and Siak districts in Riau Province and also in Central Kalimantan, using various methodologies and covering various topics. We published one book, titled Catastrophe and Regeneration in Indonesia’s Peatlands: Ecology, Economy and Society (Kyoto-CSEAS Series on Asian Studies 15, Singapore: National University of Singapore Press; Kyoto: Kyoto University Press).(1) The book has been reviewed by

many media, including leading international academic journals. We conducted frequent fieldwork to investigate current environmental conditions in peat

swamps in Indonesia, comparing intact peat swamp forest, drained peat forest, and burnt peat areas after frequent peat fires in Central Kalimantan and Riau province. Our findings showed that the sequence of deforestation, drainage, and peat fire can dramatically change the carbon cycling. They also suggest that once the forest is lost, it is almost impossible to recover the forest environment unless countermeasures are taken. We also conducted a peat burning experiment in the laboratory to clarify the character of air pollutants that peat fires produce. The publication of the results of this experiment in a notable international journal was the first such report about Southeast Asian peat.

Our method of rewetting and paludiculture, especially the planting of wet peatland indigenous trees, was created through fieldwork and intensive discussions with local people. Many people have both abandoned peatland plots and plots for cultivation; we proposed planting indigenous wet peatland trees on the abandoned land. We collaborated with local people to rewet the abandoned peatland and today the planted trees are growing well. People are able to maintain their livelihood by cultivating the land while at the same time doing non-agriculture work, and therefore will grow trees without receiving subsidies. According to our findings, although both state and non-state lands have been burned, non-state land owned by local people is better managed, partly due to the weak land rights of those managing state lands. We found a direct correlation between stronger land rights and better land management. Livelihoods and land rights are the key social issues for the trial of peatland restoration. We will therefore continue to study the nexus of these issues.

PRE-RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS, CONTINUED)

2. AMENDMENTS TO RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODS AS NECESSARY Use this section to indicate whether or not your Research Objectives and Methods have changed in light of achievements and problems confronted in the PR period. Indicate clearly where the new plan differs from that

described in Form1 (FS→PR). We continue to study peatland degradation and restoration. Based on these studies, we explore the overarching concepts that are relevant to global environmental science. Two such concepts are those of environmental vulnerability and transformability. Peatland is vulnerable both environmentally and socially. Damage to peatland is ecologically irreversible: once it is made use of, subsistence begins, and it can not be restored if the land is rewetted. Drying peatland for cultivation leads to frequent fire. Historically peatland areas were not settled, as they are not suitable for agriculture. Most peatland is state land that is not well managed and where the government has granted large-scale concessions. Compared with areas that have a history of rural settlements and established communities, peatland society has accumulated less social capital. These conditions have led to the social vulnerability of peatland society. Such kinds of environmentally and socially vulnerable societies are found globally in environmental border areas, like those between the desert and non-desert, high altitude mountainous area, and highly dried area. Restoration of peatland is regarded as one form of the transformation of a vulnerable society. We investigate this transformability from the viewpoints of material, water, and air cycle studies, and livelihood, community, company, and governance studies. By using the concept of the transformation of a vulnerable society to integrate our studies, we will to contribute global environmental studies.

3. RESEARCH PLAN Compile this section within one and a half pages. Figures, tables and pictures can be included here. Supplementary figures, tables and pictures should be put in Section 8. Describe in detail the activities to be undertaken by the interim evaluation.

a) Creation of an integrated tropical peatlands map that focuses on the depth of the peat layer and hydrology, land titles, and the connection between land use and peat fire. Collaborative partner: Prof. Azwal Mas, Gajah Mada University and Geospatial Information Agency, Indonesia, and Dr. Hooijer Aljosja, Deltares, The Netherlands. (Fig. 4)

b) Rewetting and integrated hydrological study focusing on the KHG hydrological system and peatland fire prevention, and reforestation with peat swamp indigenous tree species and analysis of its impact on curbing peatland fire (Fig. 5) (Fig. 6). Collaborative partner: Dr. Haris Gunawan, Center for Disaster Studies, Riau University. Through collaboration with Riau and Gajah Mada universities, we will conduct a feasibility study for rewetting and reforestation. c) Investigation of peatland management by the government, companies, and local people, as well as strategies for peatland fire prevention. We will research the implementation and possibilities of different peatland management strategies as well as the problems faced after implementation of the controversial Government Regulation No. 71 in 2014 to regulate underground water of peatlands. Through collaboration with Gajah Mada University, we will research laws and regulations regarding private company initiatives and local communities’ behaviour.

d) Monitoring of transborder pollution by haze and impacts on human health (Fig. 7). For research on transborder air pollution by haze from peat fires, we collaborate with Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Riau and Palankaraya universities, Indonesia, and major hospitals in Pekanbaru and Palankaraya cities. For research on the atmospheric environment in Southeast Asia and the health impacts of respiratory tract infections, we collaborate with Mie and Yokkaichi universities, Japan. e) Examining financing options for rewetting and reforestation of peatland, such as micro financing, green financing and REDD+ (Fig. 8). Research on green finance mechanisms to promote peat restoration activities, such as REDD+ and green bonds with CIFOR, Iain Henderson (UNEP), Lars Hein (Wageningen University), and on micro credit system of Indonesia’s peoples’ bank.

f) Conducting community study for the development of paludiculture, paying special attention to land rights and differences between indigenous people and migrants and among different ethnicities (Fig. 3-2). We will work with local communities and Riau University on a paludiculture feasibility project. We will also develop an MRV mechanism to improve the effectiveness of paludiculture activities. g) Improvement of livelihoods in local communities by rewetting and paludiculture, sales of the paludiculture products from both raw and processed trees, plants, and fish, and water quality improvements (Fig. 3-1).

h) Study of the phase out of mono-culture production activities by companies, and a comparative study on the history of peatland development (Fig. 9). We will research the environmental history of peatland development. We will collaborate with Geifswald University to research the administrative history of peatland development. We will also conduct governance research with the Ministry of Forestry and Environment of Indonesia. i) Field survey for material cycling in pre- and post-disturbance peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan and Riau Province, Indonesia. .Integrated field survey on material (carbon and nutrient) cycling in peat, water quality in groundwater and riverwater, greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) dynamics in those areas. We collaborate with Riau, Sriwijaya, and Palankaraya universities, Indonesia, the Indonesian Research Institute (LIPI), and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Hokkaido University and University of Tokyo, Japan.

(RESEARCH PLAN, CONTINUED)

4. RESPONSE TO REVIEWER COMMENTS Use this section to respond to any outstanding reviewer comments (especially the comments given by PEC and the others)

The PEC committee point outed the four matters below that should be improved.

(1) The title is not clear what the overall objective of the project is. We have changed the title to: “Toward the Regeneration of Tropical Peatland Societies: Transformability of Environmentally Vulnerable Societies and Establishment of an International Research Network.”

(2) Additional social science expertise is needed, for example in environmental health and

governance need to be mobilized. On environmental health, we started a survey on peatland fire and health damage, through the study on the correlation between the haze data and patient data from hospitals and a household survey. On governance, we start a survey of peatland governance at the levels of village, sub-district, district, and province.

(3) At the same time, the contribution of natural science to the overall project also needs to be further clarified. How, on what conceptual basis, will the social and natural science aspects be integrated overall? Clear overall research questions to guide integration are neededThe project needs to provide a stronger articulation of how it is combining these familiar elements into an original approach. We will integrate the various teams’ studies using the concept of the transformability of an environmentally vulnerable society. With this framework, we can integrate the study of material, water, and air cycle studies, with the community, company, and governance study. The study on material, water, and air cycles supplies the data on what extent the land is degraded, and when and how conditions are improved. The social study can show the conditions of the degradation, and when and how the condition is improved. At certain junctures the degradation either continues or lead to catastrophe or is improved. Only an inter-disciplinary study of these junctures, or turning points, will yield a full understanding of the transformability of vulnerable societies like those in peatland areas.

(4) The project needs to provide a stronger articulation of how it is combining these familiar elements into an original approach. The discussion and study on the transformability of an environmentally vulnerable society will contribute to the development of global environmental studies. Studies on land rights, degradation, governance, and environmental finance, as well as the material, water, and air cycle studies constitute cutting edge research in their respective fields. Peatland rehabilitation based on these studies is also pioneering. This study will showcase how economic development does not need to sacrifice the environment, and it will uncover pathways to develop institutions in order to avoid environmental degradation.

5. MOST NOTABLE OUTPUTS TO DATE Please provide the most notable outputs (no more than 15 outputs) below. Please note that the authors of the works to be listed here will be included in Section “7. PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERS.” References should be consistent with the format used in the RIHN annual report. All outputs will be provided on Form2 “Outputs to Date.” Please indicate the original language if you have achievement(s) in non-English languages. Example: …(in Japanese). 記載内容の詳細については、本様式の最終頁（補足）をご参照ください。

Mizuno, K. Fujita, S. Motoko, Kawai, S., eds., 2016. Catastrophe and Regeneration in Indonesia’s Peatlands: Ecology, Economy and Society, Kyoto-CSEAS Series on Asian Studies 15, Singapore: National University of Singapore Press; Kyoto: Kyoto University Press. Kuwata, M., Kai, F. M., Liudongqing, Y., Itoh, M., Gunawan, H., Harvey, C. F. , 2017. Temperature and Burning History Affect Emissions of Greenhouse Gasses and Aerosol Particles from Tropical Peatland Fire J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, doi:10.1002/2016JD025897. Kuwata, M., McKinney, K. A. , Martin, S.T., 2016. Uptake and release of gaseous species accompanying the reactions of isoprene photo-oxidation products with sulfate particles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 1595-1600, doi:10.1039/c5cp04551g. Wijedasa, L. S., Jauhiainen, J., Ononen, M. K., Lampela, M., Vasander, H., Itoh, M., et al. (135/139 Authors), 2016. Denial of long-term issues with agriculture on tropical peatlands will have devastating consequences. Global Change Biol. doi:10.1111/gcb.13516. Neoh, K.B., Bong, L.J., Muhammad, A., Itoh, M., Kozan, O., Takematsu, Y., Yoshimura, T., 2016. The impact of tropical peat fire on termite assemblage in Sumatra, Indonesia: reduced complexity of community structure and survival strategies. Environmental Entomology, 45 (5): 1170-1177. Omoto, S., Sato, T., Naito, D., eds., 2016. Global Natural Resource Management Certification. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press. (in Japanese) Tjajadi, J., Yang, A., Naito, D., Arwida, D., 2015. Lessons from Environmental and Social Sustainability Certification Standards for Equitable REDD+ Benefit-Sharing Mechanisms. CIFOR Infobrief, no. 119. Mizuno, K., Siti, S.M., eds ,2016. Sustainability and Crisis at the Village: Agroforestry in West Java, Indonesia (the Talun-Huma system and rural social economy). Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Iriana, W., Tonokura, K., Kawasaki, M., Inoue, G., Kusin, K., Limin, S.H., 2016. Measurement of carbon dioxide flux from tropical peatland in Indonesia by nocturnal temperature-inversion trap method. Environmental Research Letters, Volume 11, Number 9.

Goto, D., Ueda, K., Ng, CFS, Takami, A., Ariga, T., Matsuhashi, K., Nakajima, T., 2016. Estimation of excess mortality due to long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Japan using a high-resolution model for present and future scenarios. Atmospheric Environment, Volume 140, pp. 320-332. Fujita, M.S., Samejima, H., Haryadi, D.S., Muhammad, A., Irham, M., and Shiodera. S., 2016. Low Conservation Value of Converted Habitat for Avifauna in Tropical Peat Land on Sumatra, Indonesia. Ecological Research 31: 275-285. Mizuno, K., 2016. Present boom of forestation in Java and Forestation at Privately owned land at the area where the Government has not implemented the intensive afforestation program. Journal of Forest Economics. Vol.62 No.3, pp.31-41.(in Japanese) Sakabe, A., Kosugi, Y., Okumi, C., Itoh, M., Takahashi, K., 2016. Riparian wetlands affect the seasonal variations of watershed-scale methane budget in a temperate monsoonal forest J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 121, 1717-1732. DOI: 10.1002/2015JG003292 Shiodera, S, Atikah, T.D., , Apandi, I, Seino, T, Haraguchi, A, Rahajoe S.J., and Kohyama, T.S., 2016. Impact of peat-fire disturbance to forest structure and species composition in tropical peat forests in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, in Tropical Peatland Ecosystems, eds. Mitsuru Osaki and Noriyuki Tsuji, pp. 197-212. PLACE: Springer Japan. Kajita, R. and Kozan, O., 2016. “Earthquakes in Indonesia from 1500 to 1938 – Estimation of Rossi-Forel seismic intensity scale of ground motions described in the historical materials of Dutch colonial era” Journal of Natural Disaster Science ,Vol.35, 107-118. (in Japanese) 6. PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERS Please describe the organization of the Project in one page. The possible content includes sub-groups with its brief description and names of project leader, in-house project members and project members who make significant contributions to the project. Please use “Century” in size 12 for letters to be used in description. In addition to what will be presented here, please fill out Form3 “Project members” to list all the project members.

記載内容の詳細については、本様式の最終頁（補足）をご参照ください。

Research organization: 1) The Community, Corporate, and Governance group The group consists of anthropologists, economists, sociologists, political scientists, experts on company management, experts on administration/governance, and experts on financing and REDD+ or green bonds. All members will conduct fieldwork. We have selected Riau and Kalimantan as sites where all of our team members will conduct studies so that we can share information and collaborate to explore livelihood options. Our findings will always be adjusted through feedback between investigation and practice, by employing all of our resources to continually improve both ideas and practice. All of our members are obliged to join these works.

From the first stage of the research, a series of workshops with local communities, private companies, local government, the department of forestry and environment, NGOs, and local and national universities will be organized. We will conduct field research and implement the rewetting and reforestation program by sharing common awareness, discussing, and practicing. We will also conduct studies of the historical contexts of the development of peatland in world environmental history, including in Europe and Japan. 2) Material cycling and ecology group To clarify the ecological characteristics and material cycles in tropical peat areas, this group will focus on the biogeochemical cycles in soil, water, and biomass as well as in the process of re-forestation, and in biodiversity and ecosystem functions. The group (Fig. 4) will conduct research in the field to understand the water and material cycling and ecosystems of both natural forests (conditions in the past) and degraded forests (conditions at present). Canal construction for land development in peat swamps is one of the major causes of the decreasing groundwater levels and drastic environmental change. It is therefore pressing to determine how water conditions affect environmental degradation. The group will apply the most advanced research techniques, such as isotope and meteorological radar system monitoring, and also take maximum advantage of RIHN’s isotope measurement equipment. This group will also develop a Measurement, Report, and Verification (MRV) system for paludiculture in peatlands.

3) International research and implementation hub group

We will establish an international research and implementation collaboration group for coordinating research and integrating experiences on sustainable peatland management. This group, comprised of Asian and European universities, international and local organizations, NGOs, and companies, will conduct global comparative studies of peatland management and trans-boundary environmental problems such as haze in Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Peruvian Amazon. It will organize a series of international workshops and establish an international scientific platform on haze research that includes biophysical, socio-economic, and human health perspectives. Coordinating partners include Riau University, Tanjungpura University, and the University of Malaysia, Sarawak, the Research Institute of the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP), UNDP, CIFOR, WWF, Walhi, AMAN, and Sawit Watch. Research results will provide options for the appropriate rehabilitation of degraded peatland and the best feasible methods for encouraging peatland rehabilitation activities by local stakeholders, thus opening up new pathways to sustainable peatlands. Members (Please see the detailed list attached to this form) 1) The Community, Corporate, and Governance group

Kosuke Mizuno (Kyoto University) Masaoki Okamkto (Kyoto University) Haruka Suzuki (Kyoto University) Kaoru Sugihara (RIHN) Kenichi Abe (RIHN) Yuri Sato (IDE) Ryuichi Abe (JANNI) Kazuya Masuda (Kochi University) Bambang Hero (Bogor Agricultural University) Abentgego Tarigon (Walhi) Ami Aminah Meutia (Kyoto University) Lars Hein (Wageninen University) Yuti Arinani Raitmah (Banding Institute of Technology) Herry Purnomo (CIFOR) 2) Material cycling and ecology group Oamu Kozan (Kyoto University) Masayuki Itoh (Kyoto University) Satomi Shiodera (Kyoto University) Shigeo Kobayashi (Kyoto University) Hiromitsu Samejima (IGES) Takashi Hirano (Hokkaido University) Haris Gunawan (Peatland Restoration Agency) Suzan Page (Leichester University) Azwal Maas (Gadjah Mada University) Bambang Setiadi (BPPT) Hooijer Aliosa（Deltares） Neoh Kok-Boon (National Chung Hsing University) Dhenny Trie Wahyu (BIG) Sabiham Supiandi（Bogor Agricultural University） Vera Budi Lestari (LIPI) Kazuo Watanabe (RIHN) 3) International research and implementation hub group Tetusya Shimamura (Ehime University) Daisuke Naito (Kyoto University) Npboru Ishiakwa (Kyoto University) Masayuki Kono (Kyoto University) Wil de Jong (Kyoto University) Mitsuru Osaki (Hokkaido University) Jack Rilley（IPC） Hanni Adiati (Indonesian Government, Department of Environment and Forestry) Kei Mizuno (Kyoto University)

1) Anderson J. (1963) The flora of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei including a catalogue of all recorded species of glowering plants, ferns and fern allies. Gardens Bulletin, Singapore 20:131-228

2) Furukawa, H. (1992) Indoneshia no Teishicchi. Tokyo: Keisoshobo. (Translated to English by P. Hawkes, Coastal Wetlands of Indonesia: Environment, Subsistence and Exploitation. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press.)

3) Hirano T, Jauhiainen J, Inoue T, Takahashi H (2009) Controls on the carbon balance of tropical peatlands. Ecosystems, 12: 873-887.

4) Hirano T, Kusin K, Limin S, Osaki M (2014) Carbon dioxide emissions through oxidative peat decomposition on a burnt tropical peatland. Global Change Biology, 20: 555-565.

5) Hirano T, Segah H, Kusin K, Limin S, Takahashi H, Osaki M (2012) Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests. Global Change Biology, 18: 3410-3422.

6) RRI (2008) Seeing people through the tree; Scaling up effects to advance rights and address poverty, conflict and climate change, Washington, DC: Rights and Resource Initiatives.

7) RRI (2012), What right?; A comparative analysis of developing countries’ nominal legislation on community and indigenous peoples’ forest tenure rights. Washington, DC: Rights and Resource Initiatives.

8) Sunderlin, W. D., Hatcher, J., & Liddle, M. (2008) From exclusion to ownership?: Challenges and opportunities in advancing forest tenure reform. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.

9) White, A., & Martin, A. (2002) Who Owns the World’s Forests?: Forest Tenure and Public Forests in Transition. Washington, DC: Forest Trends, Center for International Environmental Law.

Fig.1

7. FIGURES AND SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Post supplementary figures, tables and pictures within five pages.

Fig.2

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FIG. 3-2

(FIGURES AND SUPPLEMENTS, CONTINUED 2) FIG.4

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記載上の補足： ６. Most Notable Outputs to Dateの記載内容について ・研究業績で最も重要な１５本を記載してください。

・１５本を含むすべての研究業績は、Form2-2に記載してください。 ・記載する研究業績の著者は、プロジェクトへの貢献が大きい主要メンバーと

して、「７. Project Organization and Members」の回答中に含まれる方といたしま

す。 ７. Project Organization and Membersの記載内容について ・１ページ内で作成してください。 ・プロジェクトの組織や運営の仕方、プロジェクトへの貢献が大きい主要メン

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Form7-2 (PR→FR1)

FINANCIAL RESULTS AND PLANNING OF THE PROJECT （決算・予算計画書）

○ Project title：Toward the Regeneration of Tropical Peatland Societies: Transformability of Environmentally Vulnerable

Societies and Establishment of an International Research Network.

○ Project leader：Mizuno kosuke

○ Project abbreviation: Tropical Peatland Societies RESULTS Unit: 1,000JPY

Fiscal Year and Project

Stage Total

Breakdown of the Total

Facility and

Equipment Supplies Personnel Travel Honorarium Others

PR 7,000 0 610 503 4,401 761 725

PLAN

Fiscal Year and Project

Stage Total

Breakdown of the Total

Facility and

Equipment Supplies Personnel Travel Honorarium Others

FR1 50,000 12,000 3,000 20,000 12,000 1,000 2,000

FR2 50,000 12,000 3,000 20,000 12,000 1,000 2,000

FR3 50,000 12,000 3,000 20,000 12,000 1,000 2,000

FR4 50,000 6,000 3,000 20,000 16,000 2,000 2,000

FR5 40,000 0 3,000 20,000 10,000 1,000 6,000

ANNOTATIONS To measure the carbon isotope of CO2 and CH4 in the field, we need two cavity-ring down laser based isotope analysers (10,000,000 JPY for 1 unit). To measure precipitation in small scale, we need a XP-band Doppler radar (10,000,000 JPY for 1 unit).

2