Pre-History ❡ Stone ❡ Flint ❡ Wood. 20,000 BCE ❡ Gold ❧ Easy to form (Malleable) ❧...
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![Page 1: Pre-History ❡ Stone ❡ Flint ❡ Wood. 20,000 BCE ❡ Gold ❧ Easy to form (Malleable) ❧ Although 20,000 BCE is an estimate, gold is the earliest metal to be.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e185503460f94b04a48/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pre-History
❡Stone❡Flint❡Wood
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20,000 BCE
❡Gold❧Easy to form (Malleable)❧Although 20,000 BCE is an estimate,
gold is the earliest metal to be processed by humans.
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7,000 BCE
❡Copper, Silver❧Native metals (gold, copper, silver) were
discovered and found to be ductilethus easy to form
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5,000 BCE
❡Pottery❡Cement❡Glass❡Smelted copper
❧Heating and reducing substances (like charcoal) that react with the oxidizing elements
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3,500 BCE
❡Tin❡Bronze
❧Alloy of Copper and Tin.❧Earliest Bronze pieces had about 2% tin,
suggesting it was an accident❧Later tin content increased and suggests
intention
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3,000 BCE❡Papyrus
❧Second polymer in use (after wood)❧First processed polymer❧Stems of papyrus plant are stripped, Stems of papyrus plant are stripped,
rotted (retted), and pressed into a rotted (retted), and pressed into a polymer sheetpolymer sheet
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1,500 BCE
❡Iron❧Needs higher temperature than bronze❧Much more abundant than copper
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1,000 BCE❡Lacquer
❧Extracted from tree sap❧Used to preserve wood
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100 BCE – 100 CE
❡Amber❡Horn❡Paper
❧Starting to develop more methods of extracting natural resources and converting to modern needs
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800 CE
❡Gutta percha❧Natural latex is
produced from the sapof the percha
❧Bioinert, resilientgood electrical insulator
❧Sap was left in sun toevaporate, leaving thermoplastic latex
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1000 CE
❡Crucible steel❧Iron + carbon
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1500 CE❡Iron smelting❡Rubber
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1700 CE
❡Platinum❡Cobalt❡Zinc❡Nickel❡Tungsten❡Zirconium❡Uranium❡Strontium❡Titanium
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1800-1850
❡Magnesium❡Aluminum❡Silicon❡Cellulose Nitrate
❧Flash paper, guncotton
❡Vulcanized rubber❡Reinforced concrete
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1850-1900
❡Ebonite❡Bessemer steel
❧First inexpensivepurification method
❡Glass fiber❡Cellulose acetate❡Aluminum oxide
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1900-1920
❡Bakelite❧First truly synthesized polymer❧Thermoset phenol formaldehyde
❡Stainless steel❡Synthetic rubber❡Nylon
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1920-1940
❡Neoprene❡PMMA❡PVC❡PU❡PET❡PTFE❡Plutonium
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1940-1960
❡ Formica❡ Lycra❡ PS❡ Composites❡ Super alloys❡ Acetal❡ POM❡ PC❡ PP❡ Amorphous metals
❧Metallic glasses
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1960-1980
❡Polyimides❡Polysulfone❡PPO
❡LLDPE❡Shape memory
alloys❡Carbon fiber
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1980-2000
❡PEEK❡PES❡PPS
❡Warm superconductors
❡Nano materials❡Biopolymers
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Reliance on materials
❡We are totally dependent on materials❧We have shifted from renewable to non-
renewable
❡Transportation, communications, ordinance
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Materials Consumption
❡About 10 tons per person per year in US
❡Thomas Malthus, 1798:The power of population is so superior to the power of the Earth to produce subsistence for man that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race.
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Consumption
❡Club of Rome (1972)…if [current trends] continue unchanged … humanity is destined to reach the natural limits of development within the next 100 years.
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Is this the end?❡ World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)
many aspects of developed societies are approaching saturation, in the sense that things cannot go on growing much longer without reaching fundamental limits. This does not mean that growth will stop in the next decade, but that a declining rate of growth is foreseeable in the lifetime of many people now alive. In a society accustomed to 300 years of growth, this is something quite new, and will require considerable adjustment.
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Competence
❡Humans differ from other species in our competence to make things from materials❧Termites, beavers, birds, etc. make things❧Difference is competence shown by humans❧Ability to expand and adapt through
research and development
❡Are materials the servant or master?
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Exercise
❡It takes energy to make materials, called “embodied energy” and expressed in terms of the energy per unit mass (MegaJoules/kilogram = MJ/kg).
❡If you could reduce consumption by 10%, rank the following 5 Engineering materials in order of greatest global energy savings to least.
❡Explain your conclusions and show calculations to support them.❧Details on next page show embodied energy
and total tons (1,000 kg) consumed in a year.
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Material Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Annual Global Consumption (tons/year)
Steels 29 1.1 billion
Aluminum alloys 200 32 million
Polyethylene 80 68 million
Concrete 1.2 15 billion
Device grade silicon 2,000 5,000