Pre-History @8000 B.C.E. to 2500 B.C.E.. Dawn of History Paleolithic Age – 1 st tool makers - Old...
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Transcript of Pre-History @8000 B.C.E. to 2500 B.C.E.. Dawn of History Paleolithic Age – 1 st tool makers - Old...
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Pre-History
@8000 B.C.E. to 2500 B.C.E.
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Dawn of History
Paleolithic Age – 1st tool makers- Old Stone Age
- hunting gathering groups- nomadic- moved into caves – used fire
- Belief in Spiritual World – evidence from 30,000 years ago
- cave paintings- small “earth mothers”- buried dead
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Neolithic Age11,000 years ago
• New Stone Age– permanent villages– domestication of animals– grow food
• Results in increased population • Develop calendars
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Dawn of History
Paleolithic Age – 1st tool makers- Old Stone Age
- hunting gathering groups- nomadic- moved into caves – used fire
- Belief in Spiritual World – evidence from 30,000 years ago
- cave paintings- small “earth mothers”- buried dead
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Civilization5 Characteristics
• Specialized Workers: - leads to social classes
• Complex Institutions: government and religions
• Advanced Cities: start in river valleys
• Record Keeping: writing develops, need to keep track of food
• Advanced Technology: metal working, wheel, plow
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Civilization Spreads
• City State – political unit– City and surrounding farms and villages– Controlled by strong rulers
• Empires – group of states or territories controlled by one leader
• Needed to prosper:– Adequate rainfall– Soil replenished– No natural disasters– Alternative natural resources could be found
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Mesopotamia
• Geography:– Fertile Crescent– Mediterranean Sea - north – Persian Gulf – south/west– valley between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Managing flood waters essential to survival of civilizations
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Sumer
• 1st known civilization – (@3,000 B.C.E.)– Polytheism – worshiped many gods
• Built ziggurats• Good warriors – leads to hereditary rulers
– Cuneiform – system of wedge shaped writing– Number system – based on 6
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Akkadians
• North of Sumer– invaded and over ran Sumer @2340B.C.E.– Sargon – set up first empire in history– Short lived
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Hammurabi@ 1792 B.C.E.
• Leader of Babylon– gained control of Sumer and Akkad– encouraged trade– built temples and strong defensive positions– Code of Hammurabi
• wrote down existing laws (1st in history)• Held government responsible to enforce laws
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Egypt
• Geography: existed along Nile River – black land – flood plain (5 miles each side of
river)• silt deposits – very rich farm land
– red land – desert - protection– Lower Egypt – delta in north - Mediterranean– Upper Egypt – south – elevation reference
• Cataracts – (rapids/waterfalls) – barriers to invasion
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Government
• Pharaohs – God-kings– Leaders of everything
• Theocracy – government rule based on religion
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Old Kingdom2700 – 2200 B.C.E.
• Pyramids– burial tombs– symbolize strength– power struggles, crop failures, high cost of
building – leads to collapse of Old Kingdom– No more pyramids built
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Contributions
• Hieroglyphics – ‘priest carvings’– Deciphered with Rosetta Stone in late 1800’s
• Mathematics – numbers for counting, adding and subtracting – tax collection
• Engineering – design and build pyramids• Medicine – performed surgeries• 12 Month Calendar – accurate to within 6
hours– Needed to keep track of Nile floods
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Middle Kingdom2500 – 1800 B.C.E.
• Tough times: Nile not rising– Corrupt government, rebellions
• Delta invaded
• CULTURAL DIFFUSION – cultures come in contact, ‘winning culture’ takes best of conquered culture as their own
• Strong leaders drive out invaders – set up New Kingdom
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Iron Age@ 1400 B.C.E – Last Old Age
• Tools –cheap to make
• More weapons available – lower cost, more people can afford them
• Better, cheaper weapons creation of new empires
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India
• Geography:– 2 major rivers
• Indus - west• Ganges - east
– Mountain Ranges – north (Himalaya & Karakoram)– Subcontinent of Asia– Deccan Plateau – dry, hilly– Coastal Plains – most of population lives there– Monsoon – seasonal winds – warm rain or cold dry air
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Harappa @3000 B.C.E.
• 1st Civilization of India– occurred in the Indus River Valley– archaeological evidence – mud brick platforms for houses– city streets in grid patterns
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Technology
Mohenjo-Daro
- planned city – underground sewer systems
- streets - paved
- plumbing – running water in houses
- where did the people go?
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China
• Geography:– River valleys: Huang He and Yangtze– mountains: south and west (Taklimakan and
Himalaya)– deserts – west and north (Gobi and
Taklimakan)– plateau – Mongolian – north, Tibet -SW– + great protection from invasion– Negative – only 12% of land good for farming
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Xia Dynasty@2000 B.C.E.
• 1st Dynasty– Yu – leader
• mathematician• engineer• able to manage the flooding of Huang He river
and tributaries – settlements grew
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Shang Dynasty1700 – 1027 B.C.E.
• 1st written records
• Anyang - capital city – made primarily of wood– wall built around it for protection– professional warriors used for defense
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Culture
• Middle Kingdom – halfway between heaven and earth
• Family – core of all in China
• Filial Piety - eldest male made all family decisions
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Social Classes
• Nobles – owned land– Governed villages– Sent tribute to king in exchange for control of
territory
• Peasants – worked the land– Paid taxes to nobles– Worked for nobles when necessary
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Religion
• Ancestor worship – spirits of deceased relatives of fathers family could bring good fortune or disaster to living family members– Not seen as gods
• Oracle bones – used by priests to consult gods
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Writing
• Spoken v written language – not linked
• Positive of written language: can read Chinese no matter what dialect is spoken– Helps to unify China– Makes control of people easier
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Zhou Dynasty1027 – 256 B.C.E.
• Mandate of Heaven
• Impersonal Law of Nature– Order of universe kept through king – king rules because of talent and virtue– follow Tao (Way) – will keep mandate– fail – new king will be selected by gods and
replace him
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Dynastic Cycle
• King – represents heaven – NOT a divine being– allows overthrow of evil or bad emperor– when king loses mandate – will be replaced
by one that heaven favors– belief in dynastic cycle works in China until
1912
(page 54 in text – diagram)
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Feudalism
• Political system – nobles (lords) are granted use of lands that legally belong to the king– Nobles owe military service to king and
protection to people that live on land
• Obligations between rulers and people – peasants work for nobles – get protection
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Technology and Trade
• Roads and canals – improve trade and agriculture
• Coined money – improved trade – shows strength of central government
• Cast iron – blast furnaces devised – makes it easier and cheaper to work metal
• Cities get bigger due to all of this
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Warring States Period
• Invaders from north – 771 B.C.E. start moving in
• Fights among Chinese noble families – attempting to gain neighbors territory
• Warlords gain control – loss of central government leaves warlords in control