Pre-emergence herbicides can tactically fit into ... · Pre-emergence herbicides can tactically fit...
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Pre-emergence herbicides can tactically fit into conservation
agriculture systems and with various benefits
Vinay K Sindhu
Ph.D. student, Department of Agronomy
CCSHAU, Hisar
Integration ?
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1. Surplus rice residue
2. Herbicide resistance in wheat
weeds
(7-10 t/ha)
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1. Surplus rice residue
Surplus Rice residue- 43.5 million tonnes
Prohibited indiscriminate burning vide Notification No. 3/162/2006-STE(4)/946
dated 22.10.2013.
FIRs are being registered against farmers
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Red dots depicting incidences of rice straw burning as captured by
NASA’s Suomi NPP satellite.
Nov 2, 2016
(http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov)
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Conservation agriculture
1. Best/only possible solution
Direct drilling of wheat with Happy seeder
in surface mulched
Removal ×
OR
Incorporation×
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2. Herbicide resistance
Rumex dentatus
Phalaris minorExplosion of HR in India
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Status of Herbicide Resistance in India
S.
No.Weed Year Herbicide
1 Phalaris minor 1992 Isoproturon
Phalaris minor 1994 Diclofop
Phalaris minor 2002 Fenoxaprop
Phalaris minor 2007 Clodinafop
Phalaris minor 2010 Sulfosulfuron
Phalaris minor 2012 Pinoxaden
Phalaris minor 2013 Meso+iodosulfuron
2 Rumex dentatus 2013, 2016 MSM, SSN, Meso+iodo
3 Polypogon monspeliensis 2015 SSN, Meso+iodo, Halauxifen
4 Avena ludoviciana 2016 Clodinafop, FNP
5 Chenopodium album 2017 MSM, SSN, Meso+iodo
Courtesy – Dr. Samunder Singh
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Village-
Nagla,
Fatehbad,
Haryana
(2015-16)
1 DAS- Stomp @ 2 l/ac
25 DAS- Sulfosulfuron
55 DAS- Pinoxaden
Total cost= Rs. 2100/acPrevious cost= Rs. 550
Cost of Herbicide Resistance
Single application of
Clodinafop/
sulfosulfuron at 35
DAS
Few years back Now
fb
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Continuous use of single group of herbicides
But we have many groups of herbicides in market
Herbicide rotation should be followed
It can buy you time but can not prevent HR
When resistance is of metabolic nature
Why we get resistance
Wheat
Sole reliance on POST herbicides in absence of any non-chemical
control measures
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Why NOT resistance
51 weed species in rice have developed resistance.
Echinochloa crus-galli, a major rice weed -resistant to
10 different herbicide MoAs.
Butachlor resistance in China, Thailand and
Philippines
Rice
PRE herbicides + flooding till 15 DAT
Globally
India
No resistance against butachlor/pretilachlor
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Why NOT resistance
66 weed species have developed resistance
against atrazine
Highest numbers of R weeds against any
herbicide
Maize
PRE herbicide + hand weeding/interculture
Globally
India
No resistance against atrazine till date
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PRE herbicides/mixtures
2. Best/only possible solution
POST
+
Non-chemical tools
Zero-tillage
Crop competitiveness
Surface mulching
Wheat
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Integration ?
Solution -2 Solution -1
How to use PRE
Herbicide resistance Surplus rice residue
PRE
herbicides
Residue
retention
Residues can intercept 15 to 80 % of PRE (Chauhan and Abugho, 2012)
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CCS HAU, RSS, Karnal
ReferencesKumar et al 2013. Weed Technology 27:241–254
Chauhan and Albugo 2012. Weed Technology 26:627-632
Catherine et al 2013. Weed Technology 27:649–655
Dr. Samar Singh Dr. S S Punia Dr. Samunder Singh
Dr. Anil Duhan
Mulch and PRE herbicides interaction for proactive
management of HR weeds in wheat
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Exp-I
Rice residue mulch x PRE herbicides (application rates on top of mulch)
Rice residue mulch levels PRE herbicides- 0 t/ha
- 6 t/ha
- 9 t/ha
- Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha
- Pendimethalin 2.0 kg/ha
- Metribuzin 0.140 kg/ha
- Metribuzin 0.280 kg/ha
- Untreated
Phalaris minor only (No wheat)
Seeding rate: 7.5 kg/ha
Line sowing at 30 cm row spacing
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PRE on top of the mulch
Mulch
0 t/ha6 t/ha9 t/ha
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0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
0 t/ha 6 t/ha 9 t/ha
Fre
sh
bio
om
as
s (
g/s
q.m
)
Unsprayed
Pendi 1.0 kg/ha
Pendi 2.0 kg/ha
Metri 0.140 kg/ha
Metri 0.280 kg/ha
Fresh biomass of P minor (g/m2)
PRE herbicides when sprayed on top of the mulch, increase in
application rates didn’t improve weed control
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Exp-II
Rice residue mulch x PRE herbicides (Below the mulch)
Rice residue mulch levels PRE herbicides- 0 t/ha
- 6 t/ha
- 12 t/ha
- Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha
Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha
- Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha
- Metribuzin 0.140 kg/ha
- Metribuzin 0.280 kg/ha
- Untreated
Phalaris minor only (No wheat)
Seeding rate: 7.5 kg/ha
Line sowing at 30 cm row spacing
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PRE on soil surface
Mulching immediately
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0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
0 t/ha 6 t/ha 12 t/ha
Fre
sh
bio
mass (
g/s
q.
m)
Unsprayed Pendi 0.75 kg/ha
Pendi 1.0 kg/ha Pendi 2.0 kg/ha
Metri 0.140 kg/ha Metri 0.280 kg/ha
Fresh biomass of P minor
Alone application of 12 t/ha of mulch ------ + 11 % higher
Alone pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha ---------- - 66 % lower
Pendi at 1.0 kg/ha + 12 t/ha ------- 100 % control
Under the mulch
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0 t ha-1 6 t ha-1 12 t ha-1
Unsprayed
Pendi 0.75 kg ha-1
Pendi 1.0 kg ha-1
The proof in the plots
Mulch can reduce the herbicide dose
P minor sown in lines
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Exp-III
Rice residue mulch + Seed rate + PRE herbicide mixtures in ZT wheat
Variety- HD 2967 , Spli-split
Rice residue
mulch levels
0 t/ha
4 t/ha
8 t/ha
Seed rates 100 kg/ha
125 kg/ha
PRE herbicides Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha + metribuzin 0.210 kg/ha
Pyroxasulfone 127.5 g/ha
Weed free
Weedy check
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SprayingSowing with zero-drill
Mulching immediately
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255
193
110
45
20
50
100
150
200
250
300
No mulch+noherbicide
Mulch 8t/ha+no
herbicide
Mulch 8t/ha+higher
seed rate+noherbicide
Nomulch+PRE
(pendi+metri)
Mulch 8t/ha+higherseed rate+
PRE(pendi+metri)
We
ed
de
ns
ity (
No
/sq
m)
Weed density at 65 DAS as influenced by integration of mulch, seed rate and PRE
herbicides mixture (pendimethalin 1.5 + metribuzin 0.210 kg/ha, beneath the mulch) in
ZT wheat.
Potential benefit of integrating non-chemical tactics with PRE herbicides
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Exp-IV
Use of higher water volume or surface irrigation for penetrating PRE
herbicides in Happy seeder sown wheat
Spraying PRE with 1000 L/ha
Sowing with
TSR
Using as EPOST just before 1st
Irrigation
OR
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Herbicide program Rates
(ai kg/ha)
Application timings % control
(P minor)
Pendi + metri 1.5 + 0.140 PRE with 1000 L/ha 91
Pendi + metri 1.5 + 0.140 20 DAS 97
Pyroxa + metri 0.1275 + 0.140 PRE with 1000 L/ha 95
Pyroxa + metri 0.1275+0.140 20 DAS 97
Weed-free - - 100
Unsprayed check - - -
Volume of water used for spray (PRE & 20 DAS): 1000 and 500 litres/ha
First irrigation : 21 DAS
Water volume and surface irrigation in Happy seeder sown wheat
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Conclusions
Pre-emergence herbicides in wheat can be used in the presence of rice
residues by
1. Securing PRE herbicides under the mulch.
2. Applying PRE herbicides mixture with high carrier water volume (1000 L/ha)
3. Applying PRE herbicides mixture as early POST immediately before the 1st
irrigation (20 DAS)
ZT + 125 kg/ha seed rate + PRE herbicide mixtures, under the mulch + 8
t/ha mulch
Best package is
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