Pre-Columbian civilizations Pre-Columbian civilizations

Inca Inca 6-million people6-million peopleComplex political systemComplex political systemPaved roadsPaved roadsPolitical networkPolitical networkElaborate settlement &Elaborate settlement & religious structures religious structures

MayanMayan

Written languageWritten languageNumerical system similar to Numerical system similar to ArabicArabicAccurate calendarAccurate calendar

Aztec Aztec

MexicoMexicoElaborate administrative, educational and Elaborate administrative, educational and medical systems comparable to most medical systems comparable to most advanced European systems of the timeadvanced European systems of the time

Games like ulama where winners Games like ulama where winners executed losers, and human executed losers, and human sacrifice in religion led Europeanssacrifice in religion led Europeans to consider them “savages.”to consider them “savages.”

Sophistication?Sophistication?Sedentary; cities Sedentary; cities (Cahokia)(Cahokia)SW: irrigation systemsSW: irrigation systemsCommon patterns of Common patterns of tradetrade

Common patterns:Common patterns:• religionreligion• views of land:views of land: sacred; not a commoditysacred; not a commodity to be tradedto be traded

Buffalo hunting Buffalo hunting

After Europeans After Europeans Introduced horsesIntroduced horses

Which region had the Which region had the greatest food greatest food resources?resources?

Woodland IndiansWoodland Indians

Iroquois ConfederationIroquois Confederation

Key elements leading to European exploration Key elements leading to European exploration of the Americasof the Americas

Significant growth in European populationSignificant growth in European populationAffluent landlords eager to purchase goods Affluent landlords eager to purchase goods from distant regionsfrom distant regionsAdvances in navigation and ship-buildingAdvances in navigation and ship-buildingRise of governments that were more united Rise of governments that were more united and powerful than those in feudal past:and powerful than those in feudal past:

national courts, armies, taxesnational courts, armies, taxes

Leif EriksonLeif Erikson

Henry the Navigator Henry the Navigator

Pedro Cabral Pedro Cabral

Christopher Christopher Columbus Columbus

Amerigo Vespucci Amerigo Vespucci

Vasco de BalboaVasco de Balboa

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Hernando CortesHernando CortesAztecs Aztecs MontezumaMontezuma

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Hernando de Soto Hernando de Soto

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Francisco CoronadoFrancisco Coronado

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

How would you characterize the conquistadors?How would you characterize the conquistadors?

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Three distinct periods of Three distinct periods of the Spanish Empire in the the Spanish Empire in the AmericasAmericas

Pd. 1: Age of discoveryPd. 1: Age of discovery and explorationand exploration

Pd. 2: Age of the ConquistadorsPd. 2: Age of the ConquistadorsPd. 3: New Spanish laws (Ordinances of Pd. 3: New Spanish laws (Ordinances of Discovery) banned most brutalDiscovery) banned most brutal military conquests military conquests

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Result of Spanish mines inResult of Spanish mines inAmerica?America?

Ten times as much goldTen times as much gold and silver as the rest of and silver as the rest of the world’s mines combinedthe world’s mines combinedSpain became the world’sSpain became the world’s wealthiest and most powerfulwealthiest and most powerful nation nation

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Compare:Compare:Empire of SpainEmpire of Spainvs. Ottoman vs. Ottoman Empire, mid-16Empire, mid-16thth

century century

Catholic Church and Spanish colonization Catholic Church and Spanish colonization

Only religion in new Only religion in new territoriesterritoriesMissionsMissions Commercial livesCommercial lives Military garrisonsMilitary garrisons Nearby presidiosNearby presidios Priests/friarsPriests/friars accompanied all accompanied all colonizing ventures colonizing ventures

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Pope Alexander VI (Spanish-born) Pope Alexander VI (Spanish-born) May 4, 1493May 4, 1493 Papal Bull Papal Bull Inter CaeteraInter Caetera All lands west and south of aAll lands west and south of a pole-to-pole line 100 leaguespole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands would Cape Verde Islands would belong to Spainbelong to Spain

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Changed by: Treaty of Tordesillas, June 7, 1494Changed by: Treaty of Tordesillas, June 7, 1494

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Allowed Brazil to remain in Portuguese handsAllowed Brazil to remain in Portuguese hands

EncomiendasEncomiendas

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Don Juan de Onate:Don Juan de Onate:today’s U. S. Southwest—today’s U. S. Southwest—harsh treatment of Pueblosharsh treatment of PueblosEventually deposed Eventually deposed

Encomiendas were licensesEncomiendas were licensesfrom the Spanish crown tofrom the Spanish crown toexact labor and tribute fromexact labor and tribute fromnatives in specific areasnatives in specific areas

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Pueblo conversion not total.Pueblo conversion not total.Spanish missionaries tried to Spanish missionaries tried to suppress native religious suppress native religious ritualsrituals1680 Pueblo leader Pope led1680 Pueblo leader Pope ledan uprising—killed hundreds an uprising—killed hundreds of European settlers.of European settlers.Lasted for 12 years Lasted for 12 years

Assimilation: after 1696, baptizing Pueblo Assimilation: after 1696, baptizing Pueblo children at birth; but also permitted Pueblos to children at birth; but also permitted Pueblos to own land and replaced encomienda systemown land and replaced encomienda system

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Mestizos Mestizos

Hierarchy of Spanish Hierarchy of Spanish Society in AmericaSociety in America

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Tudor England Tudor England

Enclosure Enclosure Movement Movement

Students will explain the key elements of early English Students will explain the key elements of early English exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Mercantilism Mercantilism

Nation: principal actor in economyNation: principal actor in economyExtract as much wealth as possibleExtract as much wealth as possible from foreign landsfrom foreign landsExport as little wealth as possibleExport as little wealth as possible

Students will explain the key elements of early English Students will explain the key elements of early English exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Richard Hakluyt Richard Hakluyt Colonization would provideColonization would provide markets for English goodsmarkets for English goods and help alleviate povertyand help alleviate poverty and unemployment by and unemployment by siphoning off surplus populationsiphoning off surplus population

Students will explain the key elements of early English Students will explain the key elements of early English exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Puritans and Puritans and SeparatistsSeparatists

Elizabeth I:Elizabeth I: incorporated tenetsincorporated tenets of Calvinism and of Calvinism and Catholic Church Catholic Church into Church of into Church of EnglandEngland

Puritans: clamored for reforms that would Puritans: clamored for reforms that would purify the Church of Englandpurify the Church of EnglandSeparatists: Puritans who were radical—Separatists: Puritans who were radical— determined to worship as they pleased in determined to worship as they pleased in independent congregationsindependent congregations

Students will explain the key elements of early English Students will explain the key elements of early English exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

EnglishEnglishtreatmenttreatment

Native populations were wild, vicious and Native populations were wild, vicious and ignorant savagesignorant savagesCould not be tamedCould not be tamedCould not be assimilated into English societyCould not be assimilated into English societyMust be suppressed, isolated, and, if need be,Must be suppressed, isolated, and, if need be, destroyeddestroyedRaleigh and GrenvilleRaleigh and Grenville

IrelandIreland N. Amer. N. Amer.

Students will explain the key elements of early English Students will explain the key elements of early English exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Assumption: English settlements in distant Assumption: English settlements in distant lands must retain a rigid separation from the lands must retain a rigid separation from the native populations in order to preserve the native populations in order to preserve the pure English culture.pure English culture.

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

French Settlers French Settlers

Slower than EnglishSlower than EnglishClose, direct ties with Close, direct ties with Native Americans deep Native Americans deep inside North Americainside North America

Jesuit missionariesJesuit missionariesCoureurs de bois—adventurousCoureurs de bois—adventurous fur traders & trappers; lived fur traders & trappers; lived among Native Americans and among Native Americans and at times intermarriedat times intermarried

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Dutch West India CompanyDutch West India Company

Huge merchant fleet Huge merchant fleet Henry Hudson Henry Hudson

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Dutch West India CompanyDutch West India Company

Patroons: vast feudal estates;Patroons: vast feudal estates;landlords must bring more landlords must bring more settlers to Americasettlers to America

Students will explain the key elements of early European Students will explain the key elements of early European exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

1585: Roanoke Colony1585: Roanoke Colony

1597: 91 men and1597: 91 men and 17 women17 womenVirginia Dare Virginia Dare

Students will explain the key elements of early English Students will explain the key elements of early English exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Compare and Contrast Compare and Contrast

English, French, and Dutch English, French, and Dutch exploration of the New World with exploration of the New World with regard to how they arrived, their regard to how they arrived, their economic activities and their economic activities and their relations with Native Americans.relations with Native Americans.

Thesis statementThesis statementOutline essay bodyOutline essay body

Students will explain the key elements of early English Students will explain the key elements of early English exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.

Compare and Contrast Compare and Contrast

EnglishEnglish

FrenchFrench

DutchDutch

little interaction with natives; treat little interaction with natives; treat natives poorly; permanent settlementnatives poorly; permanent settlement

Interaction and good relations with NA;Interaction and good relations with NA; small-level businesssmall-level business

A few large trading posts and the A few large trading posts and the patroon systempatroon system

Students will explain the key elements of early English Students will explain the key elements of early English exploration and settlement in North America.exploration and settlement in North America.