Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas
description
Transcript of Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas
![Page 1: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Early Human MigrationsEarly Human Migrations
![Page 3: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Major Pre-Columbian CivilizationsMajor Pre-Columbian Civilizations
![Page 4: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Lands of the Maya
![Page 6: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Political Characteristics Never form a unified
political system Do create a unified
culture Larger city-states
dominated smaller city-states
Large city-states built elaborate commercial and religious centers Chichen-Itza
![Page 7: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
El Castillo at Chichen Itza
![Page 8: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Maya Economy
• Cultivated maize, cotton, and cacao– Increased agricultural production by draining
swamps, terraced fields, and irrigation ditches – Led to environmental degradation
• Hereditary nobility controlled most of the land• Maya merchants came from ruling class– Traded primarily in luxury products
![Page 9: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Maya Religion
• Polytheistic• Cosmos consisted of three layers: the
heavens, the human world, and the underworld– Priests could communicate with residents of both
supernatural worlds• Mayan developments: calendar, writing
system, and mathematics – Used to determine religious holidays
![Page 10: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Maya sacrifice• Had to please the gods via sacrifice– Piercing of bodies with needle– Human Sacrifice• Sacrificed prisoners of war, slaves, and children
![Page 11: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mayan Bloodletting
![Page 12: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mayan Ball Game
![Page 13: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mayan Calendar
![Page 14: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Maya Decline
• Maya city-states were abandoned or destroyed between 800-900 CE
• Causes for decline include:– The disruption of trade after the decline of
Teotihuacan in Central Mexico– Environmental degradation caused by overpopulation– Epidemic disease
![Page 15: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rise of the Aztecs
• Aztecs (Mexica) migrate to Lake Texcoco in central Mexico c. 1325
• Founded city of Tenochtitlan in 1325
• Empire started in 1434• Aztec kings represented
civil power and served as a representative of the gods on Earth
![Page 17: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Aztec Government
• City-states ruled by a speaker chosen from the nobility
• The Great Speaker, ruler of Tenochtitlan, was in effect an emperor– Increasingly considered a living god
• Conquered peoples maintained some autonomy if they paid tribute
![Page 18: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Human Sacrifice
• Human sacrifice was a typical part of Mesoamerican religion– Aztec expand practice
into a cult where military supplied war captives for sacrifice
• Why?– Political purposes– Population control– Cannibal kingdom
![Page 19: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Human Sacrifice
![Page 20: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tenochtitlan “The Venice of the Americas
![Page 21: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Chinampas
![Page 22: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Aztec Society
• Women’s primary role was the household– Women spent six hours a day grinding corn;
restricted women’s rights• Marriages were arranged• Polygamy existed amongst the nobility• Women could inherit property
![Page 23: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Inca
![Page 24: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Inca Economy
• Unlike Aztecs, not a lot of trade– Tried to be self-sufficient
• Primarily agricultural– Terrace farming & complex irrigation– Over 200 types of potatoes
• Inca Socialism• Used forced labor for massive projects
![Page 25: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Terrace Farming
![Page 26: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Inca Technology
• Built a complex system of roads and bridges– 2500 miles of roads– Used a system of runners to carry messages
throughout the empire• Beautiful pottery, cloth, and metalworking• Quipu• Masonry
![Page 27: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Bridges and Roads
![Page 28: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Quipu
![Page 29: Pre-Columbian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/568160e8550346895dd01dcf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Inca Metalworking