PRE-ASSEMBLEDPROFITABILITY

»>~-

R.fTHE NEW LOW MAINTENANCE EXTRACTOR FROM DE SMET.As every oilseed processor knows, o key [ector for a successful end profitable oil extraction plant is reliable, trouble freeoperation, minimum 'down-time' from quick start-up to continuous processing.

De Smet's one piece supply for most sizes of the LMExtractor has resulted in record sales with customers attracted by ahost of positive features including:

• Pre-assembly for rapid, low cost installation.• Unique design strength with 51ondord corrosion resistant casing.• Low maintenance emphasis.

- Exterior access to mechanical ports.+ Improved, easily mounted drive/gearbox .. Speciol, long life choin.

• Adjustable bed depth for varying material permeability.• Inclined bed ensures true counter-current operation under any

conditions.

• Stainless steel, self cleaningfor different materials.

• Moving screen means fewer 'fioes' end clearer 'miscellc'.• Unique Rushing systems for continual screen cleaning.• Auto·control with continuous uniform discharge.

1IIiIi~

e·bar or mesh screen

Just consider the complete construction in quality workshops, minimal site work,mechanical simplicity, operational reliability and negligible maintenance needs andyou have a very profitable proposition. So don't hesitate about your new investmentor wait any longer to replace your old extroctor : call a De Smet office today.

Extraction De Smet.Prins Boudewijnlccn 265,B·2520 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.Tel:32/3/4494240, Telex.:31824 DESMET B, Fax: 32/3/4494204

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52

e.G. Naylor. J.P. Mieure and W.J. Adams, ChemicalManufacturers Assoc. and J.A. Weeks, Labat-Andersen.Inc., and FJ. Castaldi and L.D. Ogle, Radian Corp.

Biodegradation and Aquatic Toxicity Evaluations ofAlcohol Ethoxylates

R. Marcarian. Exxon BiomedicalTurbidimetric and Potentiometric Alternatives to Man-ual Hyamine Tilrations

David M. Pranitis and Michael Fair, Unilever ResearchU.S .. Inc. and John Keller and Jeff Dodd, LeverBrothers Co.

Determination of Quaternary AmmoniumAntimicrobial Compounds by Potentiometric Titrationwith Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

George T. Battaglini. Stepan Co.Analysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate andPolyoxyerhylene Terephthalate by NMR and GPC

David Kwob. Feria] Khorshahi, Arnold Jensen, andSamuel Lin, Unilever Research U.S., Inc.

Application of Mid-Infrared Discriminant Analysis toDetergent Raw Materials

Thomas M. Hancewicz, Unilever Research U.S., Inc.Comparison of High Temperature GC and C02 SFCfor the Analysis of Alcohol Ethoxylates

Alan H. Silver. Unilever Research U.S., Inc.

Session T: Organic Processing - GeneralChairperson: To be Named

A Short, Highly Regjoselecttve Synthesis ofTriglycerides

Philip E. Sonner. USDA-ARS-ERRCLipase Catalyzed Interesterification of Fats and OilsFrom Palm and Canota Origin

France Cho and John M. deMan, Univ. of Guelphlnteresterification of Fats and Oils Using ImmobilizedLipase and Sodium Methoxide

Berit Nordvi. Jan A. Heldal and Holm Holmsen, Univ.of Bergen

Removal of Cholesterol from Animal FatsYing Chen and Earl G. Hammond, Iowa State Univ.

7,IO·Dihydroxy-8-octadecenoic Acid: StereochemicalCharacterization and a Novel Derivative, 7,10·Dihydroxyoctadecanoic Acid

G.H. Knothe. M.D. Bagby and C.T. Hcu. USDA-ARS-NRRC

Clay - Catalyzed Dimerization of Fatty Acids - AReview

Robert W. Johnson. Union Camp Corp.The Lindlar-Catalyzed Reduction of AcetylenicCompounds: Preparation of Methyl Aracbtdonare-5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-08

Richard O. Adlor. USDA-ARS-NRRC

Session U: Extraction and PurificationChairpersons: Edmund W. Lusas. Texas A&M Univ. andRichard A. Zavada. Davy Drevo Engineers, Inc.

New Extractor DesignDon A. Gessler. Davy Dravo Engineers, Inc.

The Traditional Prepress • A New ApproachRobert P. Pavlik. French Oil Mill Machinery Co.

Computer Modeling of Preparation and Extraction ofSoybeans

George Anderson. Crown Iron Works Co.Extrusion of Canota 10 Enhance Oil Extraction

Leslie R. Watkins. Wilson H. Johnson and Stephen C.Doty. Texas A&M Univ.

Research in Replacing Hexane with Isopropyl Alcoholas on Oil Extraction Solvent

Edmund W. Lusas. Leslie R. Watkins and S. SeraKoseogtu. Texas A&M Univ.

Adsorption of Impurities in Fats and OilsWerner Zschau. Sud-Chemic AG

Membrane Processing of Used Frying OilsS. Sefa Kcseog!u, Texas A&M Univ.

Isolation and Identification of Galactinol in CastorOilseed Meal

Tsung Min Kuo. USDA-ARS·NRRCChanges of Sterol Contents in Cottonseed Oils DuringRefining and Heating

Mun Yhung Jung, Dong Ho Bae and Khee C. Rhee.Texas A&M Univ.

Session V: Processing or Oleochemicals

Chairperson: Charles Leonard. Witco Corp.

A Roadmap Through the Oleochemtcat JungleHermann J. Beckmann, Engelhard De Meern B.V.

Fractionation/Distillation: Improvements in QualityEfficiency, Energy and Environmental Aspects

Hermann A.E. Stage, Still OUo GMBHImpurities: How to Get Rid of Unwanted By-Products

Nikolaus Hebendanz and Werner Zschau, Sud-ChemieAG

Hydrogenating Fatty Acids: Hardening Further, Fasterand Cheaper

Robert C. Hasten. ConsultantNttruatlon & Animation: Getting the Reaction Equilib-rium Where It's Wanted

Rene F. Duveen, Buss A.G.Economics of a World Scale Fatty Alcohols Business

Richard A. Peters. Procter & Gamble Co.Those "Other" Separation Processes

Robert W. Johnson. Union Camp Corp.Oleochemicals: Green and Clean

Hans B.M. Hoyng. Uniehema lnt"l.

Session W: PostersChairperson: To be Named

Quantitative Determination of gamma· Linolenic Acidin Evening Primrose Oil

Nancy Morse-Fisher and Janet Shay, Efarnol Res. Inst.and Marilyn Emery. Scotia Pharmaceuticals

Responses or Lipid Metabolism to Changes in Acylglyc-erot Structure or Dietary Fat

Remi De Schrijver. Catholic Univ, of LeuvenDocosabexaenolc Acid in the Orbital Fat of MarineFishes

INFORM, Vol. 2, no. 1 (January 1991)

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54

Kazunaga Yazawa and Kazoo Watanabe, Sagami Chern.Res. Crr, and Isao Tanaka, Shiseido Basic Res. Lab.

Dietary-Fish Effeel on the Excretion of the UrinaryMarker of PGE Systemic Turnover in Healthy Subjects

Aldo Ferretti, USDA-ARS-BHNRC and Gary J. Nelsonand Perla C. Schmidt. USDA-ARS-WHNRC

Endogenous Synthesis of Prostaglandin {PG)E in MenDuring Adminstration of an Anchovy Oil Supplement

Aldo Ferretti. Joseph T. Judd. Padmanabhan P. Nair andBeverly A. Cfevidence. USDA-ARS-BHNRC andRachel Ballard-Barbash and Philip R. Taylor, DHHS-NIH-NCI

(+) Sesamin is a Specific Inhibitor of deltaS Desaturasein Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Sakayu Shimizu and Hideaki Yamada, Kyoto Univ. andKengo Akimoto, Hiroshi Kawashima and YoshifumiShinmen. Suntory Ltd.

Oxysterots in Sickle Red Cells: Additional Evidence forIncreased Oxidant Stress

Orner Kucuk, Leonard J. Lis and Maxwell P.Westerman, Chicago Med. School and Douglas Gageand Charles Sweeley, Michigan State Univ, and StanleyYachnin, Univ. of Chicago

Erythrocyte Fally Acid Composition as Dietary Mark-ers in Select Mature Population

Deirdre M. Good Rees. USDA-HNRC at TuftsMechanism of Conservation of 22:6n-3 ContainingPhospholipid Molecular Species in Retina DuringEssential Fatty Acid Deficiency

Huiming Chen. Rex D. Wiegand and Robert E. Ander-son, Baylor College of Med.

Studies on the Incorporation of zz-Carbcn Fatty Acidsinto Rat Photoreceptor Membranes

Nan Wang. Rex D. Wiegand and Robert E. Anderson.Baylor College of Med.

Effect of Pregnancy on the Composition of IndividualMaternal Liver Triacylglycerol Species

Zhen- Yu Chen. Jilin Yang and Stephen C. Cunnane.Univ.ofToronto

Tuesday Afternoon, May 14

session x: New Industrial and Nutritional UsesforFlax and Linseed 011Chairpersons: Allan G. Green, CSIRO and Rich Wilson.North Carolina State Univ.Trends in the Production, Trade and Utilization of Flaxand Linseed Oil

Bany E. Prentice, Flax Council of CanadaThe Renaissance of Linseed Oil

Connie L. Tobin. Cargill Inc.Evaluation of Linseed Oil as a Concrete Sealer

J. Wright. Z. Shen and S. Rizkalla. Univ. of ManitobaEffect of Flax Oil on Cholesterol Metabolism inHumans

Bruce E. McDonald. Univ. of ManitobaApplications of Flax in Evaluating and ControllingHyperlipidemia

Stephen e. Cunnane. S. Ganguli. Z- Y. Chen, M.

Hamndeh, A. Liedc. T. wolever, D. Jenkins and V. vuk-san. Univ. of Toronto

Potential Antican:inogenic Innuences of FlaxLilian U. Thompson and Maria Serraino. Univ, ofToronto

Enrichment of Egg and Meat Products with omega-SFatty Acids by Feeding Full-Fat Flax Seed to Poultry

Jeong S. Sim and George Barbour. Univ. of Alberta

Session Y: Oxidation - GeneralChairperson: To be Named

VolaUie and Semi-Volatile Compounds Formed DuringPrecombustion of Trfgtycertdes Injected into a Pressur-ized Bomb

G.H. Knothe and M.D. Bagby, USDA-ARS-NRRC andT.W. Ryan. Ill. H.G. Wheeler and T.J. Callahan, South-west Res. lnst.

Effect of Randomization on the Oxidative Stability ofSelectively Hydrogenated Soybean Oil

Roger L. Daniels, Karlshamns Food Ingr. USA andDavid B. Min. Ohio Stale Univ.

Instrumental and Sensory Analysis of the OxidizedDecomposition Products of Methyl Arachindonate

William E. Artz, Lulu S. Henson and Edward G.Perkins. Univ. of Illinois

Effect of trons Isomers on Oxidation Rate of Oil andResultant Crystal Structure

W-T. e.Chen. M.J. Gordon and J.B. Taylor, NabiscoBrands Inc.

Session Z: Oilseed Processing for Edible Food andFeed ProductsChairpersons: Robert J. Hron. USDA-ARS-SRRC andRobert L. DryNutritional Values of Various Soybean Products forShrimp (Penoeus vannameiv Diets

David J. Sessa. USDA-ARS-NRRC and Chhom Lim.Oceanic Inst.

Soy Protein Modification Using Extracts fromGerminating Soybeans

Fred F. Shih and Naomi Campbell. USDA-ARS-SRRCRecent Utilization Patterns of Cottonseed in the UnitedStates

Lynn A. Jones and Ben Morgan. Nat'L CottonseedProducts Assoc.

Gossypol Level and Form in Cottonseed and Meal andSafe Levels for Ruminants

M.e. Calhoun and J.E. Huston, Texas Agric. Exp.Station

Modern Processing of RapeseedRagnar Ohlson, KF Konsumenr-Och

Processing of Canota Meal for Inclusion in AquaticFeeds

S.M. McCurdy, POS Corp. and B.E. March. Univ.British Columbia

Fish Meal and Oil: Current UsesAnthony P. Bimbo and Jane B. Crowther. ZapataHaynie Corp.

INFORM. Vol. 2, no. 1 (January 1991)

0/0

Slash your DT steam consumption!

The French 011Mill Machinery CompanyP.O. Box 920, Piqua, Ohio 45356 U.S.A. Phone: 513-n3-3420, Telex: 687-4224, Cable: French Piqua, Fax: 513·n3·3424

.... p .........".... .......,...........

·We are well pleased with our Frenchdeep-bed extractor. In combinationwlth extruded pellets, we operate witha solvent retention of only 18 to 22%going to the Dr.·Ray Young, Rio Grande Oil MillHarlingen, Texas USA

What can lower solvent retention do foryou? It lowers steam consumption inyour DT - by far the biggest user ofsteam In an oilseed plant. Since steamIs one of your highest operating costs,lower solvent retention Is a major sav-ings oppor1unlty.

The combination of a FrenchEnhanser'~ pellet press and a FrenchStationary Basket Extractor with pat-ented Rotating Basket Bottom Screencan slash your OT steam consumption.Here's how and why:

YOUR PARTNER IN PROCESSING

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Pellets art mort porous than !Iakes. Whenpellets exit the die plate of a FrenchEnhanser'" pellet press, they expandand flash off moisture. This creates firm,high bulk density pellets that have a vastmatrix of cpen-strucmred. intemal sot-vent passages. It's the enhanced com-position of these firm pellets that enablesthem to absorb and release solvent fivetimes faster than flakesl

Firm pellets work best with • deep-bedeltraetor. To extract firm pellets withminimal solvent flow rates, you need anextractor that's equipped to give youmaximum solvent contact time.

Pellets In a French deep-bed extrac-tor move four times slower through aJistages of extraction than they do in along, flat shallow-bed extractor. Withequal solvent flow rates, your pellets_____-.rr-~-FRENCH• ®

.....'11...

gain four times more contact time in adeep-bed extractor! This results In maxi-mum oil extraction with minimum solventflow rates.

Lea DT steam consumption. The combi-nation of firm pellets from a FrenchEnhanser'" pellet press and a Frenchdeep-bed extractor provides Industry'slowest solvent retention results. Sinceless solvent retention yields lower DTsteam consumption. French customershave significantly reduced costs byoperating their DT - the biggest user ofsteam In an oilseed plant - with up to30% less steam. You can tool

Takethe nut step. It's time to switch fromflakes to pellets and start banking yoursteam savings. Contact us today for moreinformation or equipment proposals tomeet your unique requirements.

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Characterization of Protein Extracted from Defatted,Flaked Whole Corn Using EthanoVAlkali

Milagros P.H. Evangelista, Deland J. Myers andLawrence A. Johnson. Iowa Stale Univ,

Utilizing Ethanol to Produce Stabilized Brown RiceProducts

Elaine T. Champagne. USDA-ARS-SRRCEffecl of Deodorization and Steam Refining Parameterson Finished Oil Quality

A. Maza, R.A. Ormsbee and L.R. Strecker. CPC tm'L

Session AA: General - Plant Uplds

Chairperson: To Be NamedRadiolabeled Precursor Incorporation into Insect Molt-ing Hormones of Spinach

Robert J. Grebenok and John H. Adler. MichiganTech. Univ.

Deposition and Synthesis of Petroselinic Acid in Seedsof Umbelliferae

E.B. Cahoon and J.B. Ohlrogge. Michigan Stare Univ.Other Papers to be Determined

Session B8: Assessment and Performance of Sur-factontsChairperson: P. Sosis. Witco Corp.Environmental Llfecycte Analyses or Surractants andSurractant Precursors

Charles A. Pittinger. T. Michael Rothgeb. and MichaelL. Hunnicutt. The Procter & Gamble Co.

Unique Formulation and Application Options forSequestering Polycarboxylated Surfactants

Tom S. Targos. Elizabeth Petritus. Nancy E. Srnerekan-icz and Diane J. Burt. Olin Corp.

C-21 Dlcarboxytlc Acid in Soap and Detergent Applica-tions

Philip L. Robinson. wesrvaco Corp.Effect or Amide Ester Content 011 Performance orL.A.S.-Based Light Duty Liquids

Ernie Brumbaugh, Jill Henry, lind Jeff Fisher,Amway Corp.

Session CC: Applications of OleochemicolsChairperson: Charles Leonard, whee Corp.

Olestra UpdateJon Spinner. Procter & Gamble Co.

Problem Solving with New Fatty Alcohol DerivativesPeter Lorenz. Henkel KGaA

Application or Fatty Acid Esters ror Lubricating OilsHitoshi Kohashi. Nippon Oils & Fats Co.

Use or Sulfonated Methyl Esters in Household CleaningProducts

Joseph C. Drozd. Stepan Chern. Co.To Esters Via Biotechnology

Leendert H. Staal. Unichema Int'L

INFORM. Vol. 2. no. 1 (January 1991)

Session DO: Achieving Total Quality

Chairpersons: Robert Hasten. Hesrech and Edward A.Sedor. Sherex Chern. Co .. Inc.

Introduction - Achieving Total QualityEdward A. Sedor. Sberex Chem. Co., Inc.

ISO-9000 - Description and DefinitionS.R. Granthum and Jerry Moore. Engelhard Corp.

Report of Plant Inspection for ISO-9002 QualificationR'C. Turk. Richard Olcchnowicz and Ben Brekelmans.Englehard Corp.

Total Quality Management at Eastman Chemical Co.Wilbur R. Hudsell. Eastman Chern. Co.

Total Quality Management at Eastman Chemical Co.James C. Manin. Eastman Chern. Co.

The Malcolm 8aldrige National Quality AwardCriteria - A Road Map to World Class Quality

Victor F. Figurelli. Shell Oil Co.

Session EE: Color SymposiumChairpersons: Ron Sleeter. Archer Daniels Midland Co.and Bryan Madison. Procter & Gamble Co.

Historical Development or Color AnalysisAlec Belden, Tintometer

Review: The Baste Tristimulus Color AnalysisGordon Leggett. Hunter Labs.

Review: Recent Attempts to Improve Color AnalysisDavid Berner. AOCS

Trading Rule Implications of Analytical MethodologyChanges

Ron Moeller. CargillUnilever Experience with Color Analysis

Author 10 be Named. Unilever

Wednesday Morning, May 15Session FF: Mono-Unsaturates In NutritionChairpersons: Richard Yodice, Lubrizol Corp. and FrankOrthoefer. Riceland Foods Inc.

Monounsaturates and NutritionMargo A. Denke, Univ. of Texas Southwestern MedicalCenter

EIT«ts of Dietary Monounsaturated Fats on MOL Flu-idity and Composition

B. Jacotot and R. Sola-Alberich. Henri-Mondor HospitalRole of Oleic Acid in the Oxidative Modification of LDL

Sampath Parthasarathy. Univ. of California-San DiegoRice Bran Oil - A Different Monounsaturate

Robert J. Nicolosi. Umv. of Lowell and L.M. Ausman.Tufts Univ. and D.M. Hegsted. Harvard Med. School

Effects or Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatson Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Normal Males

Henry N. Ginsberg. Columbia Unlv,'railS Fatly Acids Decrease High-Density LipoproteinCholesterol Levels in Man

Martijn B. Katan. Agricultural Univ. and Ronald P.Mensink. State Univ,

Optimal Hydrogenation Routes: A Comparison of the

525

traditional plant breeding techniques.While HEAR oil contains 50% erucicacid, SHEAR contains up to 80%,Sparks said.

The United States imports over 30million pounds of HEAR annuallyfrom Canada and Europe. and approx-imately five million pounds are pro-duced domestically. The major marketfor HEAR is for use to produce eru-camides used as a slip agent in themanufacture of plastic films.

Orner uses include paints and coat-ings. plastics and nylons. and high-temperature functional fluids. Thedefatted meal can provide protein forlivestock rations. but because it con-tain toxic gtucoslnolates. HEAR mealusage is limited to beef fatteningrations. HEAR oil can be used fullyhydrogenated as an emulsifier inpeanut buuer.

Low-linolenic canola oilAnd if that is not enough varieties ofcanol a, CanAmera and Cargill aremarketing yet another one.

"Canxmera's new low-linoleniccanota oil does something not donein trade in the last 20 years:' Sparkssaid.

Sold under the name of Canaplusby CanAmera and Clear Valley byCargill, low-linolenic (CI8:3) oil wascreated through traditional breedingtechniques to compete with other edi-ble oils that have better stabilitybecause of a lower linolenic acid con-tent than canota.

The low-linolenic canola oil has8% saturated fat as compared to 7%for standard cauola oil, but, with its3% linolenic acid content, it hasimproved oxidative stability withoutuse of antioxidants, reduces frying

odors, makes it usable without hydro-genation, and retains cancla's highmonounseturare content.

"This oil is being used in the food-service trade in the United States."Sparks said. "Cargill provided it forEagle Snacks and McKane uses it infrying french fries.

"Future projects include a high-oleic (C 18: 1), low-linolenic canol aoil. Pioneer is devising saturate levelsdown to 4.2%, near the magic 3%mark considered ideal for vegetableoil. With a high-oleic version, Cargilland Pioneer are adding greater oil sta-bility.

Calgene. like CanAmera, is a "ver-tically integrated" company that cansupply all the needs of the farmer andconsumer.

"We take the crop all the waythrough. from seed to oil," Rey said.

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INFORM. Vol. 7. no. 5 (May 1996)

526

point. Also, {here is a great deal known about Arabidopsis,a close relative of canota and a genetic model."

It has become the equivalent of the fruit fly in geneticresearch," Moloney said.

Moloney's latest efforts have been with oleosins as car-riers of high-value proteins in oilseeds (INFORM 6:\07).Olecsins. present in all oilseeds , are the most highlylipophilic proteins known. According to Moloney, theirpresumed roles include structural stabilizers and as dock-ing sites for lipase.

Moloney's research group has used oleosins to expressin canota a blood anticoagulant called hirudin.

"At the levels of expression obtained, the value of thephannaceutical protein is in the range of $120,000 per met-ric Ion of seed:' Moloney said.

In another possible use of this technology, feed meal formonogastric animals could be greatly improved byexpressing protein supplements rich in essential aminoacids in the meal fraction. It would be possible to achieveexpression of ruminant digestive enzymes such as cellu-lase, xylanase, and phytase in seeds destined for feed meal.These enzymes would assist in the digestibility of the mealfor hogs and chickens. particularly in making fiber moredigestible. and in releasing sequestered phosphate.

MEETINGS

Higher-value applications ...If creation of a high-laurate or high-stearate canol a isincreasing the crop's value for the entire industry, then theconcept might be taken one step further into even highervalue applications.

Maurice Moloney of NSERClDowElanco IndustrialResearch and chairperson of plant biotechnology at theUniversity of Calgary presented such ideas in his presenta-tion, "Molecular Fanning-Novel Products from Canota,"

Moloney described some possible higher-value productsthat could be generated by genetically manipulating canola.Of those currently being investigated, the higher-pricedapplications involve industrial proteins and enzymes, andpharmaceuticals.

"Why use plants to do these things?" Moloney com-mented. "Plants are ideal vehicles. They are by far thecheapest source on this planet for producing proteins, car-bohydrates, and lipids. You can grow a couple of tons ofcanola with high amounts of a particular protein on a singlehectare of land."

Why canola and not the more widely planted grains,such as com or rice?

"Brassica species are very easy to work with in the Jab,"Moloney said. 'They are beuer than species such as tobac-co, which is less desirable from a public relations stand-

Regulatory, public perceptions .••The use of such specialty oils withinthe United States is one matter, but toexport them is another matter entirely.Terry Medley, associate administratorof the Animal and Plant HealthInspection Service of the USDAaddressed these issues in his presenta-tion, "Transgenic Trade-How FarHave We Progressed?"

Medley provided the latest infor-mation on the evolution of the regula-tory process in the United States andcustomer countries. He also spoke onthe steps that need to be taken to elim-inate trade barriers.

"We are working on several frontsto bring about international harmo-nization of regulatory approaches forthe products of agricultural biotech-nology," Medley said.

According to Medley, the most fre-quently requested categories for testingin U.S. cultivar field trials are: herbi-cide-tolerance (28%), product-quality(27%), insect-resistance (23%), andviral-resistance (11%). For canola, the

requests for field tests of product-quali-ty cultivars comprise 65% of the total,with 25% for herbicide tolerance.

"ln looking at the various entitiesinvolved, I see a lot of different defini-tions of biotechnology," Medley said."Biotechnology is not about doingsomething that isn't familiar. It'sabout building upon what has beendone for a long time."

Joyce Groote, executive director ofthe Food Biotechnology Communica-tions Network, focused on public per-ception in her presentation on "FoodBiotechnology: Has Public DialogueKept Up with the Science?"

The public is not currently con-cerned about food safety. and activismhas been relatively dormant the pastfew years, according to Groote.

"Environmental activism hasdecreased to levels lower than thoseseen in 1991:' Groote said. "In 1995.most of the reasons for productchanges tended to be related to pricedifferences."

Terry Medley, enoclate admlnlstl1lltor ofthe U.S. Department of Agriculture', AnI-mal and Plant Health Inspecllon Service,'peak. on transgenic trade.

The more important issue, Grootesaid, is whether the public trustsscientists with the public food sup-ply. A 1995 National Science liter-ature Survey found that only 51% ofconsumers feel science and technol-ogy improve the quality of life. shesaid.

INFORM. Vol. 7. 00. 5 (May 1996)

527

One major problem may be thatconsumers do not trust the media or thegovernment when it comes to biotech-nology, and yet those are their primaryinformation sources, she noted.

On the positive side, OTOOle

reminded the audience that, "publicattitudes are still in the formativestages. The level of awareness isincreasing."

Increasing awareness may be bothgood and bad for biotechnology."While opposition to biotechnologyexists. the consumer often doesn'tknow about it," Groote said. "In astudy undertaken when the Havr Savrtomato entered the market. most con-sumers were not aware of the effortsto discourage its use:'

Consumers are also unaware ofbiotechnology regulations. accordingto Groote. "Many respondents felt thatthe government should increase regu-lations for biotechnology products,"she said. "When focus groups weregiven more information about theexisting regulatory system, they feltthat biotechnology products shouldparallel the regulation of conventionalproducts.

"The type of genetic transfers andtheir applications play an importantrole in the acceptance of new prod-ucts. For example. plant-to-planttransfers are seen as the most accept-able. Bacteria-to-plant are less so, andperson-to-person, animal-to-animal,and animal-to-plant more unaccept-able."

To understand better what changeshave been made to the food they eat,consumers are interested in biotechlabeling on foods, but don't want tech-nical jargon they cannot understand,Groote said.

"Denmark, Austria, Sweden, italy,and Germany are insisting that (modi-fied) soybeans be labelled as 'geneti-cally engineered' before approval,"Groote said.

Redenbaugh later added histhoughts on the use of the term"GMO" (genetically modified organ-isms). "I find the use of this term veryodd," he said, "Most of what anyoneworks with has been genetically modi-fied through breeding, The terminolo-gy adopted by the EU is very mislead-ing. and doesn't offer good informa-

tion to consumers.""We do not advocate labeling or

separating genetically modified vari-eties from their nonmodified counter-pans," Medley remarked.

Redenbaugh quoted from PaulBerg and Maxine Singer's book,Biotechnology: "No documented haz-ard to public health has beenattributable to the applications of

recombinant DNA technology.""We have some of the safest food

in the world here in North America,"added Guy Turcotte of the AlbertaCanola Producers Commission. "Con-sumers need to be informed as to theultimate safety of any product thatreaches the marketplace. There's beena lot of research to prove the safetyand usefulness of biotech in canola,'

Uses, applications ...Biotechnology, however, is only oneway to increase the market forcanola. Another is to increase thenumber of uses for canota oil andmeal. Andrew Brown of CanolaIndustries Canada (CIC) covered avariety of uses during hispresentation during the "Environ-mentally Friendly Canola" session.

Brown detailed CIC's use of canotameal as an organic fertilizer for thelawn and garden markets and ofcanola oil as a lubricant, penetratingoil, and dust abatement product.

"You can't make a silk purse froma sow's ear, but we've certainly gottena lot closer to making silk thread,"Brown said.

CIC produces a whole range ofcanol a-based products: transformeroils, paints, plastics, cosmetics, andgreases. It also makes an organicfertilizer suitable for the NorthAmerican market that Brownexpects to be worth $800 milliononce developed.

For engine oil and lubricants,Brown said canota's advantages lie inits higher viscosity index, shearstrength, high flash point, lower pourpoint, higher lubricity, good additivecompatibility, and biodegradability(see sidebar).

Brown said ferries in the provinceof British Columbia use biodegrad-able canola oil as a lubricant, as docruise lines around the Alaskanwhale-watching areas and those thattravel to the Galapagos Islands.

Although canola oil has manyadvantages, Brown feels it has someproblems with oxidative stability."We're interested in high-oleic rape-

seed," Brown said. 'The oxidative sta-bility is very good:' High-oleic rape-seed could have an oleic acid (CI8:\)content of up to 80%, Brown said.

"Down the road, we'll be lookingat developing some more applicationssuch as fish food, pharmaceuticals,neutraceuticals, and bioplastics," hesaid.

Brown shared the session on theenvironmental friendliness of canolawith Zenneth Faye, director of theSaskatchewan Canol a DevelopmentCommission (SCDC) and theSaskatchewan Canola Growers Asso-ciation.

The grower-funded SCDC's three-year biodiesel research initiative spentover $100,000 to determine the poten-tial for biodiesel as an alternativevalue-added market for lower-gradecanota seed and screenings.

Faye spoke on how biodiesel is aproduct made from vegetable or ani-mal by-products, with over 500,000tons produced per year worldwide.Biodiesel can be used by itself or inblends with regular diesel fuel. Blend-ed biodiesel is widely used in Europe.Faye felt biodiesel will be moving upin importance in North Americabecause it is biodegradable, renew-able, and nontoxic.

According to Faye, biodiesel canbe made from canola dockage(screenings), oil from thermally dam-aged canola (for which there is no realmarket right now), oil from low-quali-ty mustard, flax, and sunflower seed,waste restaurant oil, and animal fatused for frying.

"This use of waste oil will give usthe best bang for our dollar," Faye

INFORM. VOl. 7, no. 5 (May 1996)

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MEETINGS

Supply, demand ...said. "We can sell McDonald's ourvegetable oils. and then take it backand make biodiesel out of it.

"We arc not trying 10 supplant thepetroleum industry. That's simply nOIpossible."

Faye related how the entire U.S.soybean crop would supply enoughbiodiesel to replace only 10% of thediesel fuel used today. In fact. itwould take all of the soybeans grownin Wisconsin just to run the munici-pal bus fleer of Chicago. and elevenlimes the acreage of canota grown inCanada would be needed just to sup-ply all the Canadian highway trans-portation.

Faye said that by 2004. 75% ofnew Canadian government vehicleswill use alternative fuels.

Other products can come from allof this work done on biodiesel. Fayesaid. "once we have made biodiesel,or rape methyl ester. we are able tomake ester products. like solvents.detergents. cosmetics. lubricants."

Faye and the SCDC are now readyto take biodiesel to the pilot-plantstage. Faye said the first Canadianbiodiesel plant will be up und run-ning in Saskatchewan by the end of1996 or early 1997. making 1,000tons of biodiesel per year.

What is canol a?

In order to meet the growing demandfor canota, growers in Canada and theUnited States are looking at ways toincrease production.

And although biotechnology willhelp in this area, Phil Thomas of theAlberta Agriculture extension officesaid that growers still have a long wayto go before achieving maximumyields with standard commoditycanota.

Thomas spoke on effective exten-sion tools and techniques to encouragegrowers to produce canola. He said hisextension office is constantly explor-ing ways to help producers maximizetheir returns from producing canota.

Thomas said that more than 4.000farmers visited the 14 Canola Produc-tion Centres or their 15 satellite siteslast year to get information on vari-eties. seeding management. fertilitymanagement, weed control. diseases.insect pests, and harvest management.

Although the record 14.4 millionCanadian acres seeded in 1994 is agood milestone. Thomas said the topthird of growers produce 2.500pounds of seed per acre, but the bot-tom third harvest 1,000 pounds per

The term "rape" in rapeseed comes from the Latin word"rapum," meaning turnip. Turnips, broccoli, mustard seed,and rapeseed are all members of the Brassica family ofplants.

ln 1967, Canadian plant breeders began the process ofgenetically altering rapeseed to meet European standardsfor imported edible fats and oils. Rapeseed was modifiedby reducing the levels of glucosinolates (which contributeto the sharp taste in mustard) and licosenic and erucic acids(two fatty acids nOIessential for human growth).

The acceptable level of erucic acid was first set at 10%to follow the Europeans, and then lowered to 5% in 1979.The maximum level acceptable for international trade isnow 2% on a mass basis. Those rapeseed varieties with anerucic acid content of less than 5% are considered low eru-cic acid rapeseed (LEAR). Those varieties with less than2% erucic acid that also have a glucosinolate content in themeal of less than 30 micromoles per gram are called "dou-ble-zero (00) rapeseed:' This type of rapeseed is calledcanota. a word base on the phrase "Canada oil low acid."

acre. Five-year averages of canotayields have plateaued from 1978 to1995 at approximately 1,100 poundsper acre.

"We know we can increase yield byapplying current techniques andapplying them right," Thomas said.

Joe Anderson and Greg Porozni.canola growers in Idaho and Alberta.respectively. spoke on a similar theme.Their session covered adapting canotaproduction practices in response tochanging technology and marketopportunities.

John Burritt, president of theADM's Northern Sun Division. talkedabout market opportunities in his pre-sentation, "The State of the U.S.Canola Industry."

The initial resistance to canolabeing introduced in the United Stateshas created a situation where 75% ofU.S. demand for rapeseed is suppliedthrough imports. he said.

"The tide began to tum for canolain the 1990 Farm Bill, which providedmarket loans and flexibility for grow-ers," Burrill said.

"ln the key state of North Dakota,our 1996 estimate of 350.000 acres of

The trademark "canota" was originally registered by theWestern Canadian Oilseed Crushers' Association and latertransferred to the Canola Council of Canada in 1980. In1986 its definition was amended to indicate the lower limiton erucic acid and glucosinolates.

There are two main varieties of canol a grown. 8ras-sica rapa (Polish type) is for short growing seasons,and B. IW/JUS (Argentine type) is for longer growingseasons.

Canola grows to a height of two feel tall up to six feettall. depending on the variety. It produces groups of yellowflowers that yield seed pods about two inches long. Eachpod browns as it ripens and contains 20 or more smallround black or brownish-yellow seeds. Canola seed con-tains approximately 40% oil by weight.

Canota is a cool-season crop that grows well on Canadi-an prairies where cool nights help it to recover from hotdays and limited rainfall. Growing and harvesting canotarequire the same machinery used in growing standard cere-al crops such as wheat. oats. and barley.

INFORM. Vol. 7. no. 5 (May 1996)

529

canola under cultivation is 62% higherthan the 1995 acreage."

The most important problem forthe U.S. canol a industry 10 address,Burritt remarked. is the need to devel-op seed types suited for the differentclimatic regions of the country.

"While there has been some suc-cess in growing canota in the north,there has been very little progress inthe southern states," Burritt said.

U.S. imports have increased to onebillion pounds per year. Burrill said,and he asked whether that canotacould be grown and processed in theUnited States.

Burrill felt that up to four millionacres of land that had been removedfrom service in 1985 could be broughtback into production and planted withcanola. The current crush capacitywould be able 10 handle the increasein canota. Burritt said.

Can the U.S. farmers grow thismuch canola?

"If they have a bad year with comor beans. farmers would usually reachfor wheat," said Robert O'Dnniel, anIllinois canota grower. "Now ccuola isan option:'

Options for canola was the subjectof the presentation by Tom Richard-son of The Sparks Companies.Richardson spoke about canota mar-kets and the effect of demographics,consumer trends, and changing eco-nomic circumstances in developingregions of the world.

"The future of the canota market,the canola farmer, exporter, and crush-er is tied to oil rather thnn meal,"Richardson said. "Canola is truly anoilseed, while soybeans would bemore correctly labeled as a mealseed."

Richardson said the trend that hasdeveloped and will continue is that therate of increase in the consumption ofoil is rising more quickly than is theincrease in the consumption of meal.

"The crush is currently insufficientto satisfy the oil demand," Richardsonsaid. "World oil stocks have beenfalling, and if something doesn'tchange, the situation will become crit-ical."

According to Richardson, the twomost important changes that haveoccurred recently to exacerbate this

of a thriving livestock industry com-bined with a growing demand for oilhas made India one of the largest mealexporters in the world. They export 2.5million tons of meal annually:'

According to Richardson, China isalso a net exporter of meal andimporter of oil.

problem involve the European Unionand the former Soviet Union. InEurope, the Common AgriculturalPolicy (CAP) reform undertaken twoyears ago has led to a significantreduction in the growth of mealdemand, and demand may declinebefore long, Richardson said.

The only two logical places that oilseedarea could increase significantly are

Argentina and Canada.

Richardson doesn't expect thisworldwide situation to change verymuch over the next five years: "Theanswer to the problem lies in theworld's ability to shift to higher oilyielding seeds such as canota. rape-seed, and sunseed."

No help can be seen on the hori-zon, according to Richardson. TheEuropean Union will have decliningoilseed area due to cheaper wheatgrowing and a current grain shortages.In China, the entire arable crop area isunder cultivation. In India. oil demandwill continue to exceed the ability ofthe oilseed production industry, evenunder optimistic growth scenarios.

"The United States and Brazil areestablished soybean growers with atradition of cropping in rotation withcorn:' Richardson said. "To change ina major way within five years is notvery likely:'

Richardson felt that, with sustainedstrong price levels. the only two logi-cal places that oilseed area couldincrease significantly are Argentinaand Canada.

As it is now, world vegetable oilstocks as a percentage of usage couldfall as low as 8.5%. compared to thedesired minimum of 10%. A one-mil-lion-ton increase in world oil produc-tion is needed, requiring about 2.5million tons of canota or sunseed.

"If Canadian canol a productionlakes half of the necessary production,acreage by the year 2000 will have toincrease to 6.5 million hectares (16million acres)," Richardson said."That's a 15% increase from therecord area farmed in 1994."

If the European meal demand con-tinues to decline. the crush for mealwill have to be reduced. Oil supplywill be reduced as well. Close to 70%of Brazilian and Argentine oilseedexports go to Europe. Richardsonsaid, so it will affect South America aswell.

Richardson also felt the "near-demise of meal demand in the formerSoviet Union and former EasternEurope" is here to stay. Increased farmefficiency, decreased credit on the for-eign markets, and a massive slaughter-ing of livestock herds have depressedthe meal demand and will keep it fromever regaining its former stature in thenear future.

"These countries at their peak rep-resented over 40% of world meal con-sumption," Richardson said. "A four-million-ton reduction in meal demandmeans that five million tons less willneed to be crushed. A five-million-tonreduction in crush means an almostone-million-ton reduction in oil sup-ply."

Oil demand is certainly notdecreasing. Richardson remarked."The most important areas over thenext several years in terms of impacton oil consumption will be China.India, Pakistan. and some other lessdeveloped Asian countries," he said."These countries represent over 50%of the world population."

"India is the best example of oilconsumption outpacing meal consump-tion," Richardson said. "It is the secondlargest country in the world, and ulti-mately will pass China in total popula-tion due to higher growth rate. A lack

INFORM. Vol. 7. no. 5 (May 1996)

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MEETINGS

RegulatoryconcernsPart of growing enough canol a tomeet oil demand will depend on thetools the farmers have at their dis-posal. Pesticides are one such tool,but sometimes their use becomesbogged down in cross-border redtape, according to Anne Lindsay,director of Policy and InternationalAffairs Division of the Office of Pes-ticide Programs at EPA.

Lindsay remarked on how farmerson both sides of the U.S./Canadianborder find they sometimes cannotaccess registered pesticides used byneighbors across the border. This isof particular concern in the UnitedStates. where canol a is a relativelynew crop and has limited registeredcrop protection products.

The Canada-U.S. Trade Agree-ment (CUSTA) was established in1988 to work toward equivalence ofpesticide standards, according toLindsay. CUSTA established theTechnical Working Group (TWG)co-chaired by the director of the EPAOffice of Pesticide Programs and theexecutive director of the CanadianPest Management Regulatory Agen-cy.

Lindsay relayed that, in July1993, both countries agreed on newinitiatives to improve cooperationand synchronization of pesticide reg-ulatory systems. The Pilot Project onParallel Registration Review wasborn, and selected tebufonozide, aninsect growth regulator, forsimultaneous registration review inboth countries.

The project greatly increasedunderstanding about each other'sregistration procedures, Lindsaysaid. The next step is a Joint Pesti-cide Review where the scientific datareview responsibilities are dividedbetween the two countries.

The TWG now is developing aprocess and schedule for review, andsoliciting chemical candidates forconsideration, according to Lindsay.She said she expects three to fiveproducts in the pilot program.

Lindsay remarked that the TWG,working with comments from com-

modity groups, identified anothercause of trade problems: Maximumresidue limits (MRLs). This began aprocess for the exchange of residuechemistry data to expedite theestablishment of import tolerances.

In addition, Canada and the Unit-ed States are beginning work on aprocess for establishing North Amer-ican MRLs. Lindsay also said thatthe North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA) created theneed for the TWG to expand to cre-ate a trilateral forum of Canada,Mexico, and the United States.

eral funding agencies.In the Market Development Com-

rnittee report, David Sefton notedthat Mexico has now become a majorpurchaser of Canadian canol a seedwith over 400,000 metric tons beingexported there during the 1994--1995crop year. In 1995, the EU purchasedover I million metric tons of canolaseed, making it the second largestseed export market.

The United States Canola Associ-anon (USCA) held its annual meet-ing concurrently with the CCC.Elected 10 a first term on the boardof directors to represent canola pro-ducers were Minnesota grower SteveDahl and Bill Mickelson, presidentof the Northern Canola GrowersAssociation. Elected to the sameterm to represent industry were JimGumpert of Pioneer Hi-Bred and JimJohnson of ICI seeds. Elected to asecond term to represent the canol aindustry were John Burritt, presidentof ADM's Northern Sun Division;Jim Habernicht of SeedTec Interna-tional; and David Harley of Procter& Gamble.

Canola units establishinformation serviceThe Canola Information Service isan initiative of the SaskatchewanCanola Development Commission incooperation with the SaskatchewanCanota Growers' Association and theCanola Council of Canada.

The free service offers ca nol aeducational and nutritional informa-tion to consumers, educators, healthprofessionals, foodservice personnel,and the media. Materials such asrecipes, a newsletter, and lessonplans for educators and dietitians areavailable. Promotional aids such asplacemats and stickers are availablefor restaurant and foodservice use.

Persons seeking more informationshould contact the Canol a Informa-tion Service, A5A-116-103rd StreetEast, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7NIY7, Canada (phone: 306-664-7117,fax: 306-664-4404).

INFORM. Vol. 7. ro.s (May 1996)

Annual meetingsof canola groupsThe Canol a Council of Canada(CCC) held its annual business meet-ing for members on March 5. In thepresident's report, Dale Adolphenoted that research and crop produc-tion activities represent 75% of thetotal CCC expenditures for 1996, upfrom 69% in 1995.

In the crop production committeereport, David Lemke reported thatCanada's 1995 canola crop fell shortof the 1994 crop in both acreage andyield. Canola acres decreased 8% to13.2 million acres because ofinclement weather, pest problems,and farmers new to canola. The 1995average yield was 21.8 bushels peracre as compared to 22.8 for the 10-year average.

Harold Hedley said in theResearch and Technical Committeereport that the CCC is now develop-ing the largest research consortiumundertaken by the organization. Itwill focus on a technique known asgene mapping with the goal being tolocate and utilize all importantgenetic traits in the Bras s icagenome. The projected fundinglevel for this consortium is approxi-mately $500,000 annually for fiveyears. Funds will come from theCCC, the Canadian Oilseed Proces-sors Association. the SaskatchewanCanol a Development Commission,Alberta Canol a Producers Commis-sion, and several provincial and fed-

Canola latest candidateto enter lubricant arenaThe United Stales consumes 2.5 bil-lion gallons of lubricants annually, ofwhich 46% are used as automotivecrankcase oils. Agro Management ofFort Collins, Colorado. is aiming forthis market with their canola-basedengine oil, BiD 2530.

Agro Management started outwith a canota-based biodegradablebicycle chain oil in 1993. Initialdevelopment of an engine oil beganin 1994, and now more than 500hours of testing in small engines (upto 5 horsepower) have been complet-ed. Reduced oil consumption,reduced engine wear, and cooleroperating temperatures have beennoted.

Upgrading to larger engines. thecompany combined with ColoradoState University (CSU) to run a 40horsepower 1957 Volkswagen engine(1385 cubic centimeters displace-ment) on a research combine at CSU.The combine has operated for 25hours on the same oil, which theresearchers say is equiavatcnt to anestimated 2,125 miles driven at 85miles per hour.

Product testing will be completedthis summer, and production andlicensing will begin late in 1996 orearly 1997. Agro Management said itis in discussions with Briggs & Strat-ton, Tecumseh, American Honda,Volkswagen of America, CaterpillarTractor, and the U.S. Department ofDefense.

The initial market would be insmall-engine applicutions, such aslawnmowcrs, garden tractors, trans-fer pumps. and the like.

"Briggs & Stratton owns 80% ofthe world small-engine market," saidDuane Johnson. CSU canota special-ist. "They make about 60,000engines every day, and each engineis started for 30 seconds as a finaltest. Even though a small engine mayonly need about one quart of oil, itadds up to 90,000 gallons of oil runthrough seven million engines eachyear. They have a real disposal prob-lem on their hands."

"Ultimately it (petroleum-basedlubricant) must be disposed of as

Want to learn more?hazardous waste," said Charles Rifeof the Kansas State UniversityDepartment of Agronomy. "With acanol a-based lubricant, you couldjust add a few 'bugs' (microbes) andall you are left with is water and car-bon dioxide."

"They are looking for an oil theycan use and then biodegrade," John-son said. "We think this can get thejob done."

Agro Management believes thatby 1998 it can capture 5% of the cur-rent $6.9 billion petroleum crankcaseoil market. That would require aboutone million harvested acres of canolaor rapeseed, if market share achievesthat level of $345 million. accordingto the company, which estimates that30,000 acres of canol a could begrown in Colorado, for an initialvalue to the Colorado canola indus-try of roughly $22 million.

Four meetings scheduled for later thisyear will include discussions of useof canola or other genetically modi-fied oils.

• The Agricultural BiotechnologyInternational Conference will be heldin Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada,June 11-14, 1996.

• An AOCS short course on identi-ty-preserved oils, a joint effort withthe Institute of Food Technologists(1FT) will be held at the New OrleansMarriott. June 21-22, 1996, just prior10 the national IFf meeting.

• The Second European LiquidBiofuels Forum will be held in Graz,Austria. Sept. 22-25, 1996.

• The World Conference and Exhi-bition on Oilseed and Edible Oils Pre-cessing will be held in Istanbul,Turkey, Oct. 6-10, 1996.

World Conta.. a ana EXhibition on

Environmental Challengesin Oilseeds Processing, Surfactants and Detergents, and Oleochemlcals

March 4-7,1997' Brussels,BelgiumThe conference will feature current environmental Issues in the fields ofwastewater, air emissions and solid waste, while focusing on establishingenvironmental standards on a global scale within the Industries. Industryand environmental Issues in three major Industry segments-ollseeds,surfactants and detergents, and oleochemlcals-wlll be analyzed anddiscussed. An exhibit will be held In conjuncuon with this conference.

Tentative Technical Program Topics.., Economic and markellng Issues as they relate to the environment... Global environmental regulatory Issues... Analysts and assessment methods: life-cycle analysis... Risk assessment: human health exposure and the environment... ISO 14,OOO(fC 207... Industrial wastewater Issues and by-products utilization... Air emissions, packaging, and manufacturing solid-waste issues... Impacts of product pollutants on surface water or receiving waters

General chairpersons of the conference are Michael J. Boyer, ApplledEngineering and Science, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;and Hans Verbeek,Henkel KGaA, Dusseldorf, Germany.Additional information about this meeting or the exhibition is availableby contacting the AOCS Education Department, P.O. Box 3489,Champaign,IL 61826-3489 (fax: 1-217-351-8091; phone: 1-217-359-2344).

INFORM.Vol.7. ro. 5 (May 1996)

531

532

MEETINGS

PUFAlinfant nutrition program announcedThe tentative technical program hasbeen announced for the "PUFA inInfant Nutrition: Consensus and Con-troversies" conference to be held Nov.7-9,1996, in Barcelona. Spain.

The AOCS conference will providea forum for researchers, clinicians,and industry representatives to discusskey issues on the effect of dietarylong-chain PUFA (polyunsaturatedfatty acids) on the neural developmentof term and preterm infants. Majortopics will be visual function, infantdevelopment, stable isotope methodol-ogy, neural development. and clinicaltrial methodology. An exhibit will beheld as part of the conference.

The conference is being designed10 result in a concluding session atwhich discussion leaders will beable to delineate clearly those scien-

tific issues on which there is con-sensus and those which remain amatter of controversy. Preregistrantswill be sent advance copies ofabstracts and will be expected toexamine closely poster presenta-tions, which are expected to be amajor vehicle for display of recentresearch findings. The formal ses-sions will consist primarily of struc-tured discussion.

The first three sessions will be heldThursday, Nov. 7. Session topics are(a) PUFA assimulation in neural andother tissues; (b) PUFA supply viaplacenta, human milk, and synthesis;and (c) PUFA and retinal and visualfunctions. Poster presentations will beon display throughout the meeting inthe exhibit hall.

Two sessions and six workshops

will be held Friday, Nov. 8. Thetechnical sessions will be PUFA andinfant development other than visual,and safety aspects of PUFA relatedto infants. The workshops, to lasttwo hours each, will be held in con-current groups of three. The firstgroup of workshops will be on (a)design and analysis of clinical trials;(b) stable isotope methods; and (c)assessing development outcomes.The second group of workshops willbe on (a) visual function techniques;(b) looking for neural mechanismsfor n-3 PUFA; and (c) a secondworkshop on design and analysis ofclincal trials.

The final session on Saturday willfocus on industrial concerns and

(continued OIl page 536)

Susan E.Carlson, Ph.D.UniversityofTennessee.USA

Robert Gibson, Ph.D.FlindersMedicol Cenlre,Au.lrolio

'erthold Koleta:ko, M.D.Universityof Munich.Germony

UFA in Infant Nutrition:

ber 7-9, 1996. HotelPrincesaSofia. Barcelona,Spain

Ja tDpicaI ...... worbhot- aad potters, this American Oil Chemists Sociery (AOCS)~ _ PUPA in lawn Nutrition. will addras _raJ main themes related 10 long-chain polyuuacuruecll'atty acid.. (LCPUFA): new animal, human and cellular work relatedto the main theme ofPUFA and Infant Nutrition is e:ncouraged. Adeast half of all formalaeuiou will be deYoled to structuted ditcwsion directed by leaders in the field. Workshopswill prvride IIdditionaJ opponunities to discuss SlUdy design, methods, etc. By the end ofthe ~ we will ~ an up-to-thc:-minute UKSIment of consensus and COntroversy(oecdt £OrreMUCb, produas or information) on a variery oflopics, including:

MatenW-to-infanl transfer of PUFA • PUFA, growth and immune function• PUFA accrmoo and mc:u.boli.m • Sources of LCPUFA

0-3 PUFA and visual function • Public health/industry concerns• n-3 PUFA and neural development

An e:mibi. by .uppliers of producu and services 10 the infant nutrition industry will be:anin~ pan of the conference. Firms that supply specialr:y oils, lipich and other ingredi-ents as wdl u analytical equipmeot manufacturers and research organizations are expectedto participate. Ample: time: will be:given to participants to visit with exhibitors throughomthe conference. An all-conference reception will be:held in the exhibit area the evening ofNovembe:r 7, following the: first full day of technical sessions. In addition, conferencebreaks and lunches will be held with the exhibits.

For more informationoboullhe meeting or wbmillingOnobstroct for presento';on, conloct theAOCS M_~n-gl Oeporlment. For mo... informotionon ... hibilingollhe conlerence, conloctlhe AOeS Exhibit,.Deportment. AOCS, P.O. Box3489, Champaign, IL 61826-3489 USA.Phone 1·217-359·2344. Fox 1·217-351-8091.

INFORM, Vol. 7. no. 5 (May 1996)

OF!llanlzlng Co•• 1ttee

DATISTOREMEMBIR.

Registrotion forms will b.moiled in M~ 1996.

Abstroct forml ore due 01AOeS lu_ 15, 19M.

Abstroct booklets will besenllo 011conferenceregiltronts in •• " ••• II'1996.

MEETINGS

[continued from p"ge 532)

industry relationship to the clinicalarena. There will be a one-hour clos-ing session summarizing the technicalsessions and workshops.

Conference organizers are Susan E.Carlson of the University of Ten-nessee, Memphis: Roben A. Gibsonof Flinders Medical Centre in Aus-tralia; and Berthold Kclerzko of theUniversity of Munich in Gennany.

Several organizations are providingfinancial support for the conference.Major sponsors include Hoffmann-LaRoche, Mead Johnson, Nutricia,Nestle Switzerland, and Gist Bro-cades. Other conrriburors include RossLaboratories, Manek BtosciencesCorporation, Wyeth Labs. ScotiaPharmaceuticals. and the Canol aCouncil of Canada. This list includesdonations received as of early March;several firms were expected toannounce donations after the deadlinefor this issue of INFORM. All donorswill be listed in the program distribut-ed at the meeting.

Additional information on the con-ference is available from the AOCSEducation Department. P.O. Box3489. Champaign. IL 61826-3489(phone: 217-359-2344; fax: 217-351-8091).

51st DGF congressto be Oct. 6-8The German Society for Fat Science(OGF) will hold its 51 st annualcongress in Bremen. Germany, fromOct. 6--8, 1996.

The four main topics for the con-ference will be (a) synthesis of combi-nation products: chemical and biologi-cal processes; (b) fats and lipophilicvitamins: tocopherols in oilseeds andtheir relevance for nutrition; (c) analy-sis and biodegradation of productsbased on renewable resources; and (d)innovation by modification of physicalproperties.

Anyone wishing 10 receive furtherinformation about the meeting shouldsend hislher name and address to Ger-man Society for Fat Research, F.Amcneu, P.O. Box 90 04 40, 0-60444

Frankfurt am Main, Germany (phone:49-69-7917-533; fax: 49-69-7917-564).

Solutions described the process ofenvironmental auditing. This could beviewed as a health check-preferablycarried out by an external consul-tant-in a formal manner, with sys-tematic objectives and unbiased. Anenvironmental audit can range from anexamination of the company's pur-chasing policy for environmentaleffects through transport and storage.Were there potential problems ofspillage. contamination, odor, tankresidues, and cleaning? Processes aresimilarly examined for potential risks,including disposal problems. In an oilrefinery, audits can include detailsconcerning spent bleaching earth,deodorization distillate, aqueous efflu-ent, and the handling of process chem-icals.

KJaus Weber from Krupp describeda number of potential steps to reducenegative environmental effects. For oilmills. there are regulations setting aquantitative limit of 50 mglm3 on dustemulsion in air flews. Smells must bereduced by 99% if greater than100,000 units/m3• while hexane lossshould be less than 6 kg per hour. If itis more, then the concentration mustbe below 150 mglm3. Measures thatcan be incorporated in equipmentdesign were the drying of whole seed(instead of flakes), and recycling ofdrying air after condensing out themoisture. Expeller cake can be cooledwith solvent miscella. If evaporatedhexane is condensed. more heat ener-gy is recovered. If flakes are com-pressed before extraction, their aircontent is reduced, lowering volumesemitted. Odors and dust are effectivelyremoved by cloth filters for the dust,followed by biosorption in a meter-deep bed of peat or shredded treerOOIS.The odors are decomposed bythe microbial population, but thisrequires relative humidity of 90% anda maximum temperature of 30De.

Tony Nock of Crosfieldsdescribed the advantages of silica asan absorbent in oil refining. In com-parison with bleaching earth, silicawas more efficient for removingphosphorus, iron. and also nickelafter hydrogenation. When silica andbleaching earth were used in combi-nation, the total amount would beless. which would reduce oil losses

SCI event reviewsenvironmental issuesThis report was provided by K.G.Berger, a consultant and frequent con-tributor to INFORM, of 17 GrosvenorRd., Chiswick, London W4 4EQ,England.

The topic of a one-day seminar of theOils and Fats Group of the Society ofChemical Industry (SCI) was "Envi-ron mental Issues Facing the EdibleOil Industry." The meeting was heldFeb. 2, 1996, at the SCI offices. 14Belgrave Square. London. England,with 55 participants.

In introducing Stephen Battersbyof Professional Briefings as the firstspeaker, meeting chairperson DavidAllen pointed out that the environ-mental regulations with which indus-try has to comply were increasing andthat failure to comply could be veryexpensive. Battersby listed the Envi-ronment Protection Act of 1990. theWater Resources Act, Water IndustriesAct of 1991, and the Clean Air Act of1993 as well as the amended Environ-ment Act of 1995. These United King-dom laws formed the primary legisla-tion and were quite formidable andsubstantial documents. They were fur-ther amplified by detailed ministerialregulations issued from time to time,The European Union was also in theprocess of legislating on the environ-ment.

The acts deal with issues of air andwater pollution, disposal of waste. thecontamination of land with damagingwaste. As an example, Battersbydescribed a recent series of court caseswhere an industrial company wasfound not guilty of contaminatingwater being drawn from a boreholetwo miles away on the ground thatthey could nOI have foreseen the dam-age. Because this case is now publicknowledge, such a defense would notbe available in the future in a similarcase.

Next, Ian Nicholson of Enviro

INFORM. Vol. 7. no. 5 (May 1996)

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as well as the amount of solid wasteto be disposed of.

The possibilities of recycling ofspent bleaching earth and nickel catn-lyst were discussed by Werner Zschauof SUd Chemic. Worldwide the quanti-ties generated are about 500,000 tonsof earth and 10.000 Ions of nickel cat-alyst annually. Oil retention in bleach-ing earth was normally 35-40% andthere was a risk of self-ignition duringstorage and transport, especially as theoil was distributed in a thin layer, 1 goil occupying about 250 m2 of sur-face. Possible uses include burning.use in cement or brick manufacture. oras a soil improver.

As regards the nickel residues, it ispossible 10 extract them and convertinto fresh catalysts but this is expen-sive. It is generally preferred to recov-er its nickel for use in various alloys.It would be worth treating if the mini-mum nickel content is 5%, and vari-ous heavy metal contaminants are notexcessive.

In 1991 the vessel KIMYA sank offthe coast of the north Wales coast nearthe island of Anglesey and over timereleased its cargo of 1.500 tons of sun-flower oil. The effect of this spill isbeing investigated by Stephen Mudge(University of Wales). In the vicinityof the wreck. there was considerablemortality of mussels. and laboratoryexperiment with various oils showedthat the mussels could not toleratepolyunsaturated oils. Another effectwas that the polymerized oil bondedwith beach sand to form hard impervi-ous layers. Such polymers were not

broken down by the bacteria popula-tion. An oil layer in the nearby saltmarsh disturbed the normal microbialactivity because the oil layer createdanaerobic conditions. In consequence.the normal aerobic bacteria could notflourish, and black layers of iron sul-fide. typical of anaerobic conditions.appear in the sand at depths down to20 inches (50 cm).

Charles Reynolds described thecollection and use of discarded fryingoils from fast-food restaurants andsnack-food manufacturers. Total quan-tities were 65-70.000 metric tons ayear. The recent regulations had intro-duced a welcome level of control bylicensing into the collection. storage.and disposal of the used oil. Its mainuse. after bulking and clean-up. is as acomponent of specific blends of oilsused for animal feed. Some of the liq-uid oils are used for industrial lubri-cants, for example. in steel works.

S. Ward of ICI described the meth-ods for collection and the use of plas-tic bottles used for edible oil. Thethree main materials used in plasticbottles are polyethylene. polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polyethyleneterephthalate (PET). It is necessary tosegregate these three types beforereprocessing. Collection is in variousbulk containers, conveniently sited forconsumer use. One successful con-tainer is a cage fitted with a net. whichis lifted out, when full, by the collect-ing lorry. Sorting into polymer type isdone manually in a materials recoveryfacility on a slow-moving conveyorbelt. At the reprocessing facility there

is a final sorting, the bottles arewashed. ground up, and labels and lidsare removed by flotation. Clean PETflake is reused as fiber for duvets andclothes. in sheets for packing. and fornonfood bottles; PVC is reused in gut-tering, window frames. seweragepipes and as fiber, mixed with wool,for garments. The industry is preparedto conform with European legislationon the proportion of packaging wastethat must be recycled. Although it canbe demonstrated that the recyclingsaves resources overall, it costs about£ 180 per ton at present. Particular carehas to be taken with used oil bottlesbecause oil residues tend to causeproblems during reprocessing.

John Barberio of Reading Scientif-ic Services was the final speaker,describing the various analytical toolsavailable for environmental analysis.For inorganic contaminants. atomicabsorption spectrometry was appropri-ate. or for the simultaneous determina-tion of several elements inductivelycouple plasma (lCP) is recommended.Air sampling for particulates requiresdrawing air through filters. Forvolatiles. a variety of sample bags ortubes are available, or preferably asorbent tube. Thermal desorptioncould then take place either into a coldtrap prior to gas-liquid chromatogra-phy (GlC) or direct to Gt.C. A vari-ety of adsorbents were available. Thefinal analysis was by GlC-GlC/MSor HPle.

Volatile organics in water could besampled in the head space, after heat-ing the water if necessary. •

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INFORM. VOl. 7. no. 5 (May 1996)