Pratyaya in Sanskrit
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Transcript of Pratyaya in Sanskrit
Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal
root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present
continuous tense of verb and so on.
The following are some important suffixes:
àTyya>Suffixes
àTyya>
4. AnIyr!
7. Kt
8. zt&
3. Lyp!
2. KTva
1. tumun!
6. Ktvt!5. tVyt!
2. ri]tum! � To protect
3 . yaictum! � To beg
4. g&hItum! � To hold
5. leiotum! � To write
6. vistum! � To live
7. xaivtum! � To run
8. ivmaeictum! � To release
9. Éivtum! � To become
10. baeixtum! � To teach
11. jIivtum! � To live
12. jiLptum! � To blabber
13. icNtiytum! � To think
14. oaidtum! � To eat
15. iniNdtum! � To criticise
16. d{fiytum! � To punish
17. vKtum! � To speak
18. AagNtum! � To come
19. gNtum! � To go
20. patum! � To drink
21. ïaetum! � To hear
22. htuRm! � To snatch
23. ttuRm! � To cross
24. ktuRm! � To do
25. hNtum! � To kill
26. lBxum! � To get
27. ³Iiftum! � To play
28. pittum! � To fall
29. Swatum! � To stand
30. mtuRm! � To die
31. paliytum! � To nurture
32. AicRtum! � To worship
Here are a few examples:
The suffix tum! is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action.
Example: ram> piQtu< iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to school in order to study.
Once the tumun !-àTyy is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an
indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases
and numbers.
9.1 tmu un-! àTyy>
1. piQtum! � To read
an action, if the subject does another action, then, the KTva suffix is added to
the completed action.
Example: ram> piQTva ³Iiftu< gCDit, Having read, Räma goes to play.
The verbal forms formed with KTva suffix are also indeclinables.
Here are a few examples:
1. piQTva � Having read
2. ilioTva � Having written
3. xaivTva � Having run
4. %idTva � Having risen
5. %i;Tva � Having lived
6. hisTva � Having laughed
7. ri]Tva � Having protected
8. g&hITva � Having held
9. É]iyTva � Having eaten
10. g[iyTva � Having counted
11. caeriyTva � Having stolen
12. rciyTva � Having composed
13. yaciyTva � Having begged
14. tafiyTva � Having beaten
15. kwiyTva � Having told
16. icNtiyTva � Having thought
17. imilTva � Having met
18. ÉUTva � Having been
19. hTva � Having killed
20. gTva � Having gone
21. pITva � Having drunk
22. nTva � Having prostrated
23. Sm&Tva � Having remembered
24. ijTva � Having conquered
25. �:q�va � Having looked
26. ïuTva � Having heard
27. k«Tva � Having done
28. TyKTva � Having given up
29. mTva � Having considered
30. AiqTva � Having Wandered
The suffix Tva is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It
denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed
9.2 KTva-àTyy>
Lyp!-àTyy (y) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it.
Example: When the Lyp! is added to }a, which has the iv upasarga, it becomes
iv}ay.iv + }a + Lyp! = iv}ay � Having known
Without upasarga, }a becomes }aTva.Here are a few more examples:
1. Aa + þe = AahUy � Having called
2. in + bNx! = inbXy � Having bound
3. Aa + da = Aaday � Having brought
4. à + # = àeTy � Having reached
5. Aa + p̈ = AapUyR � Having filled up
6. à + ivz! = àivZy � Having entered
7. iv + lI = ivlIy � Having dissolved
8. sm! + Sm& = s<Sm&Ty � Having thought well
9. Aix + # = AxITy � Having got
10. Aa + p&CD! = Aap&CD!y � Having asked
11. in + mJj! = inmJJy � Having sunk
12. %d! + Swa = %Tway � Having got up
13. ins! + ic = iniíTy � Having decided
14. sm! + k« = s<Sk«Ty � Having purified
Lyp!-àTyy Lyp!-àTyy has the same function as KTva-àTyy, but the only difference is that, in
15. à + vc! = àaeCy � Having told
16. Aa + éh! = Aaéý � Having climbed
17. Aa + mNÇ! = AamNÈy � Having discussed
18. à + nm! = à[My � Having prostrated
19. Aa + gm! = AagTy/AagMy � Having come
When the AnIyr!!-àTyy is added to the verbal root, the potential passive participle
is formed. It conveys a sense of 'necessity' or 'command'.
Example: ïImÚaray[> Smr[Iy>, Lord Näräyaëa is to be remembered.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender −−−−− pQnIy>Feminine Gender −−−−− pQnIyaNeuter Gender −−−−− pQnIym!Here are a few more examples:
1. kr[Iym! � To be done
2. pQnIym! � To be read
3. gmnIym! � Have to go
4. vhnIym! � To be carried
5. hnnIym! � To be killed
6. hsnIym! � Have to laugh
7. vdnIym! � To be spoken
8. vcnIym! � To be spoken
9. danIym! � To be given
10. dzRnIym! � To be seen
11. ïv[Iym! � To be heard
12. ÉednIym! � To be split
13. inNdnIym! � To be condemned
14. TyjnIym! � To be given up
15. ÉaejnIym! � To be consumed
16. oadnIym! � to be eaten
17. jynIym! � to be conquered
18. yaejnIym! � to be linked
19. nynIym! � to be carried
20. Smr[Iym! � to be remembered
9.4 AnIyr-!! àTyy>
The usage of tVyt!-àTyy is similar to AnIyr!-àTyy. The only speciality is that
the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the tVyt!-àTyythan AnIyr!-àTyy.
Example: ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm! , The religious rites ought to be done.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender � piQtVy>Feminine Gender � piQtVyaNeuter Gender � piQtVym!Here are a few examples:
1. piQtVym! � Must be read
2. Éai;tVym! � Must be spoken
3. ÉaeKtVym! � Must be enjoyed
4. ointVym! � Must be dug
5. baeixtVym! � Must be educated
6. ktRVym! � Must be done
7. TyKtVym! � Must be given up
8. datVym! � Must be given
9. ïaetVym! � Must be heard
10. maijRtVym! � Must be purified
11. sihtVym! � Must be borne
12. leiotVym! � Must be written
13. tirtVym! � Must be crossed over
14. ³IiftVym! � Must be played
15. kwiytVym! � Must be told
16. ri]tVym! � Must be protected
17. jetVym! � Must be conquered
18. SwatVym! � Must be positioned
19. hNtVym! � Must be killed
20. SnatVym! � Must be bathed
21. }atVym! � Must be known
22. ÔòVym! � Must be seen
23. netVym! � Must be carried
24. patVym! � Must be drunk
25. gNtVym! � Must be gone
26. v´Vym! � Must be spoken
9.5 tVyt-! àTyy>
The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix Ktvt! to the verbal
root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense.
Example: ram> iv*aly< gtvan! (AgCDt! ), Räma went to school.
Thus gtvan! and AgCDt! mean one and the same.
The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number
and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender � piQtvan!Feminine Gender � piQtvtINeuter Gender � piQtvt!!Here are a few examples:
1. gtvan! � Went 4. p&óvan! � Asked
2. k«tvan! � Did 5. xaivtvan! � Ran
3. iSwtvan! � Stood 6. piQtvan! � Read
9.6 Ktvt-! àTyy>
7. nmSk«tvan! � Prostrated
8. g&hItvan! � Held
9. %Ktvan! � Told
10. �òvan! � Looked
11. oaidtvan! � Ate
12. Aiqtvan! � Roamed
13. Swaiptvan! � Established
14. TyKtvan! � Gave up
15. àei;tvan! � Sent
16. i]Ptvan! � Threw
17. ïutvan! � Heard
18. pItvan! � Drank
19. ijtvan! � Conquered
20. iliotvan! � Wrote
21. AahUtvan! � Called
22. nItvan! � Carried
23. AanItvan! � Brought
24. iciNttvan! � Thought
25. Aacirtvan! � Did
26. }atvan! � Knew
The past passive participle is formed by adding Kt-àTyy to the transitive verbal
roots.
Example: rav[> ht>, Rävaëa has been killed.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in
gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender � k«t>Feminine Gender � k«taNeuter Gender � k«tm!Here are a few examples:
1. k«t> � Has been done 3. gt> � Has been gone
2. ïut> � Has been heard 4. �ò> � Has been looked
9.7 Kt-àTyy>
5. pIt> � Has been drunk
6. nIt> � Has been carried
7. piQt> � Has been read
8. taift> � Has been beaten
9. ht> � Has been killed
10. ijt> � Has been conquered
11. iliot> � Has been written
12. kiwt> � Has been told
13. TyKt> � Has been given up
14. }at> � Has been known
The present participle is formed by adding zt&-àTyy to the verbal root. This
has the sense of present continuous tense.
Example: ram> gayn! gCDit, Räma goes singing.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun
in gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender � k�vRn!Feminine Gender � k�vRNtINeuter Gender � k�vRt!Here are a few examples:
1. k�vRn! � Doing
2. gCDn! � Going
3. AagCDn! � Coming
4. pQn! � Reading
5. z&{vn! � Hearing
6. Tyjn! � Giving up
7. xavn! � Running
8. palyn! � Protecting
9.8 zt&-àTyy>