PD/June/2010/2082

EDITOR

Mahendra Jain

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Year 4 Issue 48 June 2010

Dear Readers,

The June issue of your favourite magazine PratiyogitaDarpan is being presented to you. We have great pleasureand a sense of satisfaction to make this issue totallyexamination-oriented including your demands and additionalrequirements. We are sure that, if read intelligently, it willbe highly useful in any competitive examination for which itis meant.

As it is traditional with us, we always try to know andunderstand the demands of our readers, their suggestionsand changes in the pattern of competitive examinations. Wetry to include them as far as possible. This makes themagazine to their liking. It is really encouraging that ourreaders have unanimously endorsed the utility of themagazine, which, in their considered opinion, has no parallelin its field.

A number of core articles on important world eventscontributed by reputed authors are given in this issue. Someof the representative articles are : Indian Foreign Policy inthe New World Order, BRIC : Promising Start, Protection ofHuman Rights under Indian Constitution and NuclearDisarmament and Security, etc.

The most important section of the magazine contains anumber of question papers selected from various competitiveexaminations. These are fully solved with relevant hintsand explanations. We make all round efforts to give theirerror-free solutions which make the magazine unparalleledin its field. The magazine solves all your needs in anycompetitive examination for which it is meant. The study ofthis magazine will enrich your knowledge in all subjects,empower you for independent thinking and be original inany future examination. In short P.D. has been designed tohelp you at all stages throughout your journey to success.

Read Pratiyogita Darpan regularly and intelligently. Itgives you the power to master your career and shape yourdestiny.

With best wishes for your success and bright future.

Sincerely yours,

MAHENDRA JAIN

(Editor)

PD/June/2010/2083

Regulars

2082 To Our Readers2085 Editorial

News and Events

2087 Nation this Month

2098 World this Month

2109 Regional News

2111 National and International Updates

Career News

2121 Employment and Career News

2123 Forthcoming Competitive Examinations

Current Affairs

2124 Sports World

2128 Economic Scenario

2137 Memorable Points

World Panorama

2139 (i) BRIC : Promising Start

2143 (ii) Nuclear Disarmament and Security

Personality Development

2147 Success and Dynamic Personality

Inspiring Youth : Interviews

2148 Ritu ChauhanTopper of M.P. Civil Judge Exam., 2009

2150 Saurabh Kumar SinghalSelected as Bank P.O., Bank of India 2009

Articles

Socio Economic Article

2152 Chartered Accountancy Reforms through IndianCompanies Act

Economic Article

2154 Indian Foreign Policy in the New World Order

Legal Article

2157 Protection of Human Rights under Indian Cons-titution

Scientific Article

2159 Colonizing the Moon

Environmental Article

2162 Copenhagen Conference

Vividha

2166 Compendium

Countries of the World : At a Glance

2169 China

Annual Report : 2008-09

2171 Present Status and Future Scope of Food ProcessingIndustries : Highlights

2174 Financial Terminology

Profile : International Organisation

2176 Collective Security Treaty Organisation2177 Trade and Industry2179 Current Questionnaire

Question Papers

Optional Papers

2181 M.P. PSC State Service (Pre.) Exam., 2008 :Commerice

2189 U.P. Lecturers Exam., 2009 : Agriculture

2195 UGC-NET/JRF Exam., 2007 : Geography

Other Papers

2199 Combined Defence Services Exam., 2010 : GeneralKnowledge

2208 U.P. PCS (Mains) Exam., 2008 : General Studies

2218 Allahabad Bank P.O. Exam., 2010 : Computer Know-ledge

2221 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (A.O.) Exam., 2009 :General Awareness

2224 IDBI Bank Executive Exam., 2009 : Reasoning

2229 Indian Bank P.O. Exam., 2010 : QuantitativeAptitude

2234 Haryana School Teachers Eligibility Test, 2009 :English Literature

Your Pages

2246 Essay Contest

2247 Debate Contest

2251 Results

2252 Concentric Quiz

2255 Test Your Knowledge

Year 4

Issue 48

June 2010

PD/June/2010/2085 “There is only one corner of the universe you can be certain of improving, and that’s your own self.”

In a survey conducted amonghundred scientists of the world,Albert Einstein was voted the greatestphysicist of all times. Sir IsaacNewton came next. Strangely enoughno living scientist was includedamong the top ten.

The survey also votes the threemost important discoveries in thefield of physics viz., QuantumMechanics, Newton’s Mechanics andGravitation and Einstein’s Theory ofSpecial Relativity. These theories notonly revolutionised the whole think-ing process in physics, but alsoprovided a framework so deep anduniversal that all subsequent theoriesin physics are fitted in their frame-work.

There can be seen two specialfactors common to these three dis-coveries—they try to establish arelationship between matter andenergy and all the three lead to agreater appreciation of the mysteri-ous nature of the world.

According to Einstein the wholeuniverse works according to theimmutable law of ‘cause and effect’,which is very simple and beautiful.His energy equation E = mc2, isequally simple and beautiful.

How did Einstein visualize theworld and man and matter andenergy relationship so simple andbeautiful ? Einstein met RabindranathTagore more than once. Once in aflash, his consciousness reached theBuddhic plane and realized thatRabindranath Tagore was the mostbeautiful man in the world.Obviously, physical beauty was notat all the parameter of Einstein’sassessment of Tagore but the beauti-ful man inside. This inspired Einsteinto try to realize the inner value and

meaning of every person and everyt-hing. He also realised that beautyhidden in the universe was bubblingwith material energy.

The laboratory of the humanmind, if sufficiently developed bydelving deep into what we see andread, opens up new vistas of know-ledge and relationship.

As we repeatedly study ourbooks, we get a new meaning everytime. To put it in other words, we geta new insight into what is written orprinted in the book. Looking at thingsin a different way, it can be develo-ped by constant practice. This iscalled regeneration. Regenerationgives us a new life every time we geta new meaning of things. A thinkernamed Paul Zwolla has written inone of his essays—“So everyday, wecan regenerate ourselves and try torealise our hidden potential. Why notregard everyday as a goldmine, andtry to extract the gold it has in storefor us ?” Then life becomes a con-tinuous regenerative process—aprocess by which we get new light,new outlook and new knowledgeevery moment. This one can geteasily by intense, intensive andextensive study. The deeper we try togo into our books, the more friendlyand helpful they prove to us.Regeneration has nothing to do withthe craving for adoration. It is aprocess of simple living and highthinking and developing the insightof getting new meaning of things.

Some of you may ask—Will all ofus be able to regenerate ourselves ?The process, at first sight, looksdifficult. The answer is both yes andno. Yes, because ultimately everyonewill succeed. No, because everyonewill not be successful simply at onego. He will succeed who perseveres

after many failures and tribulationsand who steadily removes all obsta-cles coming in the way. NapoleanBonaparte used to say “Victorybelongs to the most persevering.” Yetanother thinker Bruyere has said that“No road is too long to the man whoadvances deliberately and withouthaste, and no honours are too distantfor the man who prepares himself forthem with patience.”

In this process no unfair meansare permissible. So, no one else willbe able to undertake the journey foryou. Nobody will work on yourbehalf.

Our readers must understandthat they have chosen to be success-ful in their efforts. So, the question offailure does not arise. Failure lies inceasing to try. Once, you have deci-ded to take an examination, there isno escape from trying and trying allthe way till you achieve the goal.

If we are really serious about ouraim, no power on earth can stop usfrom reaching the top—the Mount ofEverest of success. Let us give up theidea of behaving like tourists orthinking that we are happy-go-luckypeople. Let us not confine ourselvesto enjoying the beauty of the MountEverest on video-sitting in the draw-ing room. We must try to face it inperson.

Let us resolve to go thereactually. This is the first step on theroad to success, and of course, alljourneys start with the first step.

Calvin Coleridge left these wordsfor the young aspirants—“Persis-tence and determination alone areomnipotent. The slogan ‘persevere’has solved and will always solve theproblems of the human race,” mustbe our inspiration. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2086

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PD/June/2010/2087 “Self confidence is the first requisite to great undertakings.”

India, Australia Sign Education Deal

In a bid to cement bilateral cooperation further and togive a meaningful content to mutual relationship, India

Minister for Human Resource Deve-lopment Kapil Sibal and Australia’sDeputy Prime Minister and Ministerof Education Julia Gillard during apress conference in Melbourne onApril 8, 2010.

and Australia on April8, 2010 signed a majordeal on education. Onthis occasion HumanResource Develop-ment (HRD) MinisterKapil Sibal said thatIndian students con-tinued to come toAustralia for higherstudies and thegovernment had not prevented them. The deal was signedin Melbourne during Mr. Sibal’s visit to that country.

New Delhi wants to take the ‘relationship forward’with Canberra, Sibal told reporters as the education pactbetween the two countries was signed.

India-Australia Education CouncilA joint ministerial statement was signed to expand

the education exchange programme, Australian newsagency AAP reported on April 8, 2010.

An India-Australia Education Council comprisingexperts from both countries will now be set-up.

The relations between India and Australia had souredfollowing the fatal attacks on Indian students in Australiancities. A travel advisory had been issued to Indianstudents coming to Australia.

Mr. Sibal told reporters that he believed the attackson Indians had declined.

“The fact that I am here suggests that we want to takethe relationship forward; it does not mean that we are notconcerned about what is happening here. The advisoryobviously was given at a point in time when the incidentswere at a height. Students are still coming to Australia, wehave not prevented them,” he said.

“I think the Australian government is taking strongsteps in that direction to prevent those things from hap-pening.”

India and Australia have a history of close bilateralrelationship—and mutual cooperation in several fieldsincluding trade, finance, energy and education. It is owingto this that there has been a good intercourse between thetwo countries ever since India achieved independence. Onforeign policy part too there has been much meeting ofminds between the two countries as is reflected in delib-erations of the ASEAN + 3 countries. But unfortunatelyrelations took a nose dive for sometime past. The souring

of relationship went to the extent of Australia refusingcurtly to sell uranium to India for its nuclear reactors andincidents of Australian youths attacking Indian studentsstudying there increased. With the signing of this pact it ishoped that bilateral relations between the two countrieswill get back the warmth and cordiality that characterisedtheir relationship in the past. Both countries will have tostrive to deepen the relationship to a new level andenhance mutual cooperation in different fields in theinterest of the people of both the countries and in thelarger interest of global amity and peace.

Chinese President Hu Jintao on April 2, 2010 toldIndian President Pratibha Patil that China looked at itsrelationship with India as one of its most importantbilateral ties. “It is Beijing’s established policy to developa long-term and stable strategic cooperative partnershipwith India.”

Forget 62 War, It is Time to Look AheadHu sent a message to Patil to mark the 60th anniver-

sary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between the

New Beginning :Hu Jintao

two countries. He specifically mentionedthe new century in the context of thegrowing relationship suggesting thatChina was ready to look ahead withoutbeing influenced by the 1962 war. Healso called for strategic cooperativepartnership for peace and prosperity.“As emerging developing countries,China and India are facing commonchallenges, and broadly share a similarset of interests and responsibilities,” he said.

Indian President Ms. Patil responded with similarsentiments saying India wanted to take the relationship toa new high. “The constantly growing relationship betweenIndia and China is of global and strategic significance. It isconducive to the peace and stability of Asia and the worldat large,” she said.

The Prime Ministers of the two countries also on thisoccasion sent messages and responses which echoed thesentiments expressed by the two Presidents with ChinesePremier Wen Jiabao saying that the two countries had alot to share and learn from each other.

Shrill Voice can Damage the RelationshipNational Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon on

April 2, said that the shrill and over-excitable commentaryin both the countries had the potential to damage India-

PD/June/2010/2088 “The greatest success is successful self-acceptance.”

China relationship by introducing volatility in perceptions.“We have witnessed this phenomenon in India-Chinarelations in the last year or so,” he said, while addressinga seminar, ‘India and China : Public Diplomacy, BuildingUnderstanding.’

Evidently he was alluding to the spat between thetwo countries in the context of China claiming ArunachalPradesh as part of China and expressing its displeasureover Dalai Lama’s visit to Arunachal Pradesh, and Indiaassailing China on the latter’s activities in PoK.

“When the world is changing so rapidly and whenuncertainty in the international system is at unprecedentedlevels, neither India nor China can afford misconceptions,or distortions of policy caused by a lack of understandingof each other’s compulsions and policy processes,” he said.

Beijing says it is Ready to Stay out of PoKAs expressed by a Chinese Official, China’s policy

towards Pakistan will remain unchanged even after theattack on the US consulate in Peshawar on April 5, 2010.But, he said, the Chinese leaders are ready to considerIndia’s request to keep the country’s construction com-panies from entering Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK). AChinese official said that “China is conscious that India isopposed to the play of a third factor in the process ofsettling its relationship with Pakistan.”

The statement is significant because Pakistani foreignminister Shah Mehmood Qureshi recently offered Beijinga blank cheque to intervene in the India-Pakistan dialogue.

“Chinese leaders want to help India play a biggerrole in the United Nations and its Security Council,” Masaid, referring to Delhi’s efforts to secure a permanent seatin the UNSC. “But India should realize it is a sensitiveissue for China because neighouring Japan is alsocompeting for a seat in the UNSC,” he said.

S. M. Krishna’s Visit to ChinaThanks to India’s External Affairs Minister S. M.

Krishna’s visit to China in the second week of April, the

External affairs minister S.M. Krishnadelivers a speech at China Institute ofInternational Studies in Beijing onApril 6, 2010.

air of confusion cameto be cleared to agreat extent. Chineseleaders on April 7,2010 made no effort todeny reports that con-struction companiesfrom the country wereinvolved in develop-ing infrastructure pro-jects in the PoK. Theonly assurance theygave to the visiting Indian External Affairs Minister S.M.Krishna was that the Chinese work in the area waswithout prejudice to the fact that it is a disputed area.

Hotline Agreement SignedThe two countries signed an agreement for estab-

lishing a hotline between New Delhi and Beijing toenhance the quality of communication and evolve betterrelationship, Nirupama Rao, foreign secretary, toldreporters. This is an important confidence buildingmeasure, she said.

Rao said Chinese leaders have reiterated their knownposition on the issue of supporting India’s case for a seat

China’s foreign minister Yang Jiechi(right) with his Indian counterpartS.M. Krishna in Beijing on April 7,2010.

in the United NationsSecurity Council whilepromising to listenclosely to India’s con-cerns. China has beensaying it is keen onsupporting a ‘biggerrole’ for India in theUnited Nations with-out specifying it wasready to vote in itsfavour.

In view of the uncertainty and the confusing standtaken by China on India’s membership of the UN SecurityCouncil, Mr. Krishna asked his hosts in China to takeforward the process of building a closer relationship bysupporting India’s efforts for a seat in the UNSC.

The Chinese foreign ministry reacted almost imme-diately indicating it is ready to discuss the issue withIndia.

“Indeed, even on the complex issue of Un reforms, itis perhaps time for China to review previously held posi-tions and welcome the presence in the Security Council ofa nation with which it has much in common,” Krishnasaid while delivering a speech at the state-run think-tank, the China Institute of International Studies.

The Chinese foreign ministry has all along said it wasready to support India’s desire to play a bigger role in theUN without spelling what exactly it would do. New Delhifelt China was trying to evade the issue, which is whyKrishna asked it to review its ‘previously held positions.

But the Chinese foreign spokesperson came up with asomewhat different response April 6 when the issue wasraised at her press conference later in the day.

“On the UNSC question, we hope that the relevantparties will hold discussions in a patient way to arrange apackage of consensus on the issue and we will togetherwith other parties make efforts to maintain the regimemechanism of the UN,” Jiang Yu, the spokesperson said.

S. M. Krishna’s Visit Crucial to Further BuildBilateral Ties

Foreign Minister S. M. Krishna’s visit to China cameafter 60 years since the inception of India-China bilateralties. Both nations have shown maturity in their relation-ship since Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in 1988. The 90sand the first decade of the 21st century saw increasingcontacts between the two countries at the cultural, social,tourism and above all, trade level. It would be appropriateto conclude our reflections on the India-China dialoguescenario with an extract from Ravni Thakur’s article givenbelow :

China is today the largest trading partner with mostcountries. That is the case with India too, with bilateraltrade touching nearly $ 60 billion. However, the use oftrade figures to speak of increasing bilateral ties is seen bysome as misinformed since the balance of trade between

PD/June/2010/2090 “You have within you right now, everything you need to deal with whatever the world can throw at you.”

the two countries is firmly in China’s favour, as is thecomposition of the trade basket. Mutual mistrust betweenthe two and fundamental differences over the boundaryissue, about regional and traditional spheres of influence,Beijing’s relationship with Islamabad and New Delhi’srespect for the Dalai Lama are all cited as areas ofsuspicion.

In both countries, there is no single opinion abouteach other. India attaches the greatest importance tosecurity with regard to China and pays special attentionto the Sino-Pakistani relationship. There is an opinion thatChina will never allow India to emerge out of the India–Pakistan hyphenation. While India mistrusts China’smotives in South Asia, China claims India should under-stand China has other friends in the region (read : Pakistanand Sri Lanka). China’s recent claims over ArunachalPradesh as ‘disputed territory’ and its veto against a loanfor development in this region, further increased mistrust.

Maoists Unleash Terror on CRPF Men, 76 Killed

The Maoists let loose a reign of terror on the personnelof the Central Reserve Police Force in Chhattisgarh in thefirst week of April, 2010, killing 76 people of the Force. It

Bloody Day : Injured paramilitarysoldiers being rushed for treatment atJagdalpur in Chhattisgarh.

was a worst evermassacre of securitypersonnel by trappingand slaughtering themin the dense forestsof Chhattisgarh, twodays after UnionHome Minister P.Chidambaram calledthem cowards. Themassacre took place inDantewada in Bastarregion where the 120-strong Central Reserve Police Force was posted to flushout the Maoists from there.

In what appeared to be a meticulously plannedoperation, hundreds of Maoists—one report put thenumber at about 700—bombed and fired at the CRPFpersonnel as they entered a hilly stretch of forest wherethe rebels had held sway for decades, running a parallelde facto state.

The incident took place about 450 km south of Raipur,the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh. Dantewada isconsidered a stronghold of the outlawed CommunistParty of India—Maoist, which Prime Minister ManmohanSingh says has emerged as the ‘biggest internal securitythreat.’

It was the worst massacre since Maoists stormed anisolated police post in Chhattisgarh’s Bijapur district inMarch 2007 and killed 55 policemen.

Chhattisgarh’s mineral rich Bastar region has 40,000sq. km of land area but is among the poorest in India ineconomic development. It is dominantly home toimpoverish tribals, many of whom work for the Maoists.

Bastar has witnessed a string of deadly attacks since2005 that has claimed over 1,000 lives. Two days prior tothis incident, Home Minister P. Chidambaram had visitedLalgarh, a Maoist hub in West Bengal. There he called therebels cowards and then gave a virtual clean chit to theChhattisgarh government saying that the situation therehad improved vis-a-vis the Maoists.

The Central government reacted with shock and dis-may at the brutal massacre of the police personnel. ‘Some-thing has wrong,’ Home Minister told the reporters out-side his North Block Office.

The incident is a sad commentary on the efficiency ofour planning and strategy to deal with the greatestinternal security challenge. Experts called it a flawedoperation. When such is the predicament of the heavilyarmed police force, one can well imagine the condition ofthose ordinary people who have been facing the situationfor decades. What hope can the concerned people enter-tain from the security force, its planning and organisation,which finds itself at the receiving end. The successfulexecution of the operation by the Maoists in their favourmay boost their morale encouraging them to indulge insuch violent activities in future, if a well-thought outstrategy were not immediately put in place to root out themenace once and for all. It is time that the governmentcame out with a determination and used all kinds of forceto put an end to this menace.

Food Security Bill Soars to Rs. 63 K crore[Annual amount equals farm loan sop given in UPA-1]

If Planning Commission deputy Chairman MontekSingh Ahluwalia’s indication that 35 kg of foodgrains afamily and the Tendulkar Committee estimate of 8·3 croreBPL (Below Poverty Line) households could be the basisof the National Food Security Act (NFSA), then the gov-ernment bill adds up to a staggering figure of Rs. 63,750crore a year.

Costly Affair● A Tendulkar committee estimate of 8·3 crore BPL house-

holds or 37·2 per cent of population, the cost would be Rs.63,700 crore at 35 kg a family a month.

● Taking the current BPL and APL figures, it would cost Rs.52,000 crore. Going by the Saxena committee report of 50per cent poor, the cost will be Rs. 74,300 crore.

● The amount of foodgrain required would be 345L tonnesfor BPL and 191L tonnes for APL.

● High procurement can drive up retail prices along withincreased minimum support prices.

At 25 kg a BPL family, it is slightly less at Rs. 54,200crore, which is roughly the food subsidy estimated in the2010-11 budget by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee.But the budgetry figure is provisional as last year the finalbill came to Rs. 72,200 crore due to the rising cost of food-grains and higher procurement, 65 per cent hike over theprevious fiscal.

It is now clear that the number of BPL families to becovered by NFSA and the quantum of foodgrain is goingto be increased after Congress chief Sonia Gandhi wrote

PD/June/2010/2092 “I never loved another person the way I loved myself.”

to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh pointing to demandsto make the proposed Act more inclusive. UPA-1’s farmloan waiver was initially budgeted at Rs. 60,000 crore andfinally added up to Rs. 72,000 crore. Now, that the finalsketch of the Act is being drawn before the EGoM headedby Mukherjee and the costs are coming home to roosteven as the government and states spar on the number ofBPL families, if BPL cards issued by states are taken intoaccount, the number totals 11·5 crore while according toPlanning Commission figures it is 6·52 crore families. AsNFSA will be centrally funded, states are bound to pushfor an increase in BPL numbers.

Having presented NFSA as UPA-2’s premier welfareprogramme, the government can hardly back out or eventrim the scheme with Opposition CMs joining civil societyactivits in calling for an inclusive Act. While it may notaccept the ‘nutritional’ approach which wants pulses andedibile oil to be included in the NFSA, it will still be leftwith the task of delivering 354 lakh tonnes of foodgrain tobeneficiaries. Going by current BPL and APL figures, thebill for 35 kg a family is Rs. 52,000 crore, for the N. C.Saxena committee estimate of 50 per cent of populationbeing under the poverty line on basis of calorie intake it isRs. 74,300 crore.

These are daunting figures to budget year after yearwhen the government also has other big ticket items likeright to education to fund.

Mamta Flags off Aurobindo ExpressRailway Minister Mamata Banerjee flagged off a

Howrah-Puducherry weekly Express on April 8, 2010 fromthe Howrah station to commemorate the centenary year ofAurobindo’s travel to the erstwhile French colony Pondicherryand establishing an ashram there for preaching ancient Indianphilosophy and culture.

An interesting feature of the train is a special exhibitioncoach decorated with photographs of the life and times ofAurobindo and his philosophy. Mr. Banerjee said the coachwould be taken to all four corners of the country over the nextone year to make people aware of the teaching and philosophyof Aurobindo.

INS Kamorta, the First Project 28 Anti-Submarine Corvette Launched

Mamatha M, wife of Mr. M. M. Pallam Raju, theUnion Minister of State for Defence launched INS

INS Kamorta

Kamorta, country’sfirst Anti-submarinewarfare corvette atGarden Reach DefenceShipyard in Kolkataon April 19, 2010. Mr.Pallam Raju, Mr. AsimKr. Dasgupta, Minis-ter of Finance andExcise, Govt. of WestBengal, R.K. Singh,Secretary of Defence

Productions and Vice-Admiral Anup Singh were presentat the occasion.

The ASW corvette belongs to the Kamorta class ofwarships with Anti-Submarine warfare capability andvery low signature of radiated under water noise. Thiscorvette is designated to be a frontline warship for theIndian Navy. INS Kamorta is equipped with sophisticatedarrangement for mounting ships machinery. The weaponsystems and sensor suits of this ship are fully indigenous.The ‘X’ form of hull and superstructure gives this ship alow radar cross-section. This ship’s hull form has overalllength of 109 mtrs and can cut through the sea at a veryhigh speed of 25 knots. It has four indigenously madediesel engines each of 3800 kW. The ASW corvette is 13·7mtrs wide. Four ASW corvettes are currently under con-struction at GRSE. The launching of INS Kamorta markedthe completion of 50 years of GRSE’s glorious existence.

National Integration Council (NIC) Reconstituted

The Union government of India has reconstituted theNational Integration Council (NIC) which will be headedby Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The NIC consists of147 members including Union Ministers, leaders of theOpposition in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, ChiefMinisters of all States and Union Territories with Legisla-tures.

Leaders of national and regional political parties,chairpersons of national commissions, eminent journalistsand representatives of women’s organisations have alsobeen included in the National Integration Council.

The NIC is chiefly aimed at suggesting means andways to combat the menace of communalism, casteismand regionalism.

Set-up in early 60s by the then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, the NIC held its first meeting in 1962.The council reviews matters relating to national integra-tion and makes recommendations over such issues.

It has held 14 meetings so far, with the last one inOctober 2008, during the first innings of the UnitedProgressive Alliance (UPA) government.

The reconstituted NIC will have 14 Union Ministers—Mamta Banerjee (Railways), P. Chidambaram (Home),Kapil Sibal (Human Resource Development), PranabMukherjee (Finance), A.K. Antony (Defence), SharadPawar (Agriculture), M. Veerappa Moily (Law andJustice), Ambika Soni (Information and Broadcasting),Farooq Abdullah (New and Renewable Energy),Dayanidhi Maran (Textiles), Mukul Wasnik (Social Justiceand Empowerment), Kantilal Bhuria (Tribal Affairs),Salman Khurshid (Corporate Affairs and Minority Affairs)and Krishna Tirath (Women and Child Development).

Sonia Gandhi (Congress), Nitin Gadkari (BJP),Prakash Karat (CPI–Marxist), A.B. Bardhan (CPI),Mayawati (BSP) are other important members of theNIC. They have been included on the basis of the leadersof national political parties.

Sushma Swaraj, Leader of the Opposition in the LokSabha and Arun Jaitley, Leader of the opposition in theRajya Sabha have also been included in the NIC.

PD/June/2010/2094 “You don’t have to be great to start, but you have to start to be great.”

Leaders of the numerous regional political partiesacross the country like Mulayam Singh (SP), Lalu PrasadYadav (RJD), Shibu Soren (JMM), M. Karunanidhi (DMK),Chandra Babu Naidu (TDP), Mehbooba Mufti (PDP) andothers have also been named NIC members.

N. Ravi (The Hindu), Shashi Shekhar (Hindustan),Shobhana Bhartia (Hindustan Times), Barkha Dutt(NDTV), P. Sainath (The Hindu) are the prominent jour-nalists who have been made the members of the NationalIntegration Council.

Ela. R. Bhatt, V. Mohini Giri, Noor Bano, GomathiNair, Neerja Chowdhury, Annie Raja and Amrit Srini-vasan are the women representatives who have beenincluded in the NIC.

Azim Premji, Venu Srinivasan, Yogi Deveshwar,Nandan Nilekani and A. M. Naik are the eminent indus-trialists and businessman of India and they have also beenchosen in the NIC.

Somnath Chatterjee, Sitaram Yechury, C. K. JafferSharief, Asaduddin Owaisi, Shabana Azmi, Rajnath Singhand Amar Singh are other major public figures who havebeen named members of the National Integration Council.

Aiming at effective monitoring of minority welfareschemes in the country, Government on April 20, 2010pressed 223 national-level monitors (NLMs) into service.

Describing the newly appointed NLMs as ‘eyes andears’ of the government, Minority Affairs Minister SalmanKhurshid asked them to act as ‘gentle helping hand’ toensure that the money being given for minority schemesreach the intended beneficiaries.

Addressing a two-day Orientation-Cum-TrainingSession of national level monitors, the minority affairs

SalmanKhurshid

minister made it clear that the NLMs are‘neither inspectors nor NGOs’ and urgedthem to go beyond finding faults.

An MoU was signed in Decemberlast year between Ministry of MinorityAffairs (MoMA) and National Produc-tivity Council of India (NPC), an auto-nomous body under the Ministry ofCommerce and Industry, for monitoringand implementation of the schemes ofMoMA and its organisations.

Khurshid also asked the NLMs to give greater atten-tion to the implementation of the scheme of Multi-sectoralDevelopment Programme (MsDP).

● Minority welfare minister described the National-levelmonitors as the eyes and the ears of the government.

● The monitors will help the government ensure the minorityschemes reach the intended beneficiaries.

● They will carry out ground-level assessment of the schemes.

● The NLMs to give greater attention to the implementationof the scheme of Multi-sectoral Development Programme.

National Productivity Council of India has engaged150 NLMs—90 for Minority Concentration Districts andthe remaining 60 for other districts in the country.

It has also short-listed a total of 223 NLMs for thispurpose, of which 73 have been kept on standby.

The Minister said that the appointment of NLMs hasbeen made with the purpose of carrying out ground-levelassessment of the schemes.

“The NLM will visit all the districts and then reportto us about what steps we need to take for better imple-mentation of our scheme,” he said.

India to Continue Its Development andModernisation Work in Afghanistan

India is assisting the war-ravaged Afghanistan indevelopment and modernization. Its assistance to thegovernment is based on a principled policy followed bythe Indian government even in the face of terror threatsencountered by the Indian personnel working there.

India lost a total of 17 citizens in projects inAfghanistan, but it would not scale down its activitiesthere, the government told the Lok Sabha on April 22,2010.

Minister of State for external affairs Preneet Kaur saidthe government had ensured financial and other assis-tance to families of Indian officials and Indians who hadbeen killed in Afghanistan while working on projectstaken up by India there.

It included ex-gratia compensation, insurance pay-ments, liberalised pensionary benefits and other admis-sible benefits, she said during Question Hour, adding thatemployees of private firms were provided compensationby their companies.

The Minister informed that there was no Indianamong those killed in Afghanistan in 2007, but nineIndians lost their lives in 2008 including seven in theterror attack on its embassy in Kabul, one in 2009 (aprivate firm employee) and seven in 2010 (in a terrorattack on a hotel).

India’s Commitment Undiluted

Pointing out that India had no plan to scale down itsactivities in Afghanistan, Kaur said that its commitmentto assist Afghan people and government in building apeaceful, pluralistic, democratic and prosperous nationremained undiluted.

She said that the Indian government had comprehen-sively reviewed and enhanced security measures for thesafety of personnel and other Indians working inAfghanistan.

“It is also in touch with the Afghan governmentwhich has assured necessary security for Indians in thatcountry,” she said. Noting that Indian nationals registeredwith the embassy in Kabul are regularly advised aboutthe prevailing security scenario in the country throughadvisories, she said it outlined the precautions needed tobe taken for their safety.

PD/June/2010/2095 “You can do what you have to do, and sometimes you can do it even better than you think you can.”

Every Tom, Dick and Harry of a private institutionwould claim the status of a deemed university for hisinstitution, throwing overboard all canons of academicpropriety and educational excellence. To check mush-rooming of deemed universities, a government panelhas recommended tough conditions for institutes, includ-ing a mandatory 15-year standing and highest rating froman accreditation agency, for being considered for suchstatus.

The task force, set up by Human Resource Develop-ment Ministry to study a draft regulation prepared by theUGC for deemed universities, has recommended thatinstitutions should have minimum 15-years of standing tobe considered for deemed university status.

A + rating

Any institution to be considered for the status needsto secure A + rating, the highest rating showing it hasexcellent standards, from an accreditation agency likeNational Accreditation and Assessment Council orNational Board of Education, officials said. No deemeduniversity can offer courses in distance learning mode.The conditions, if approved by the UGC, will significantlycheck the unprecedented growth of such institutions.There are 130 deemed universities in the country of whichmore than 60 came up in last five years alone. A reviewcommittee set up in 2009 under P.N. Tandon found 44institutions unfit for the status and another 44 deficient ona number of counts.

The same panel was converted into a task force andwas asked to study and suggest guidelines for regulatingthe deemed universities.

Required Standards● The HRD ministry task force’s proposal says institutions

should have at least 15 years of standing to be consideredfor deemed status.

● They need to have secured A + rating from an accreditationagency like National Accreditation and AssessmentCouncil or National Board of Education.

● Under the proposal, no deemed university can offercourses in distance learning mode.

● There are 130 deemed universities in the country.

The UGC recommends deemed university status toinstitutions on the basis of their academic standards. Itconducts inspection and makes recommendation. UGCalso recommends De Novo status to institutions inexceptional cases where the institutes are offering coursesin emerging areas. In both the cases, the HRD Ministrygrants the status on the basis of the recommendations byUGC.

The task force has suggested that the UGC will haveto engage a separate panel of experts to study whether theinstitute is offering courses in emerging areas for DeNovo tag, sources said. It has further said that the deemedstatus will have to be reviewed by the UGC in every fiveyears. The panel has said that no deemed university canoffer courses in distant mode.

India Closely Watching China’s BorderInfrastructure : Krishna

India is keeping a close watch on China’s military moderni-sation and infrastructure in the border regions in Tibet and hastaken necessary measures to safeguard its security, ExternalAffairs Minister S.M. Krishna said in New Delhi on April 21.

He also said in the Lok Sabha that Beijing has denied anyplan to divert the Brahmaputra river by digging a tunnel in itspart of the Himalayas.

“The government pays close attention to China’s militarymodernisation programme, including the development of rail,road and airport facilities in the border regions opposite Indiain Tibet and Xinjiang Autonomous Border Regions,” Krishnatold the house in response to a question.

Human Resource Development MinistryLays out PPP Model for 20 IIITs

The Human Resource Development Ministry hasprepared a Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model forsetting up 20 IIITs (Indian Institute of Information Tech-nology) under which the expenditure could be shared 85 :15 between the government and the industry. Accordingto a note prepared by the ministry for these projects, eachIndian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) wouldbe set up at an investment of Rs. 200 crore and thegovernment would bear 85 per cent of the expenditure.

Of the 85 per cent spending the Centre would providefor 50 per cent and the state government would bear 35per cent of expenditure. It means the Centre will provideRs. 100 crore, the State government Rs. 70 crore and theindustry Rs. 30 crore for setting up each IIIT.

“The Ministry has prepared 50-35-15 funds sharingpattern between the Centre, State and the industry. ThePlanning Commission has given in-principle approval forit. Now the Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC) willconsider it,” a ministry official said.

Here It Goes● Each Indian Institute of Information Technology will be set

up at an investment of Rs. 200 crore, the governmentbearing 85 per cent of the expenditure.

● Of the 85 per cent spend-ing, the Centre will pro-vide 50 per cent and thestate 35 per cent.

● That means the Centrewill provide Rs. 100crore, the state govern-ment Rs. 70 crore andthe industry Rs. 30 crorefor each IIIT.

● The Planning Commis-sion has in-principleapproved the plan.

● As per the plan, each IIIT would be a centre of excellenceand specialise in a specific area. These institutes wouldconcentrate more on basic than applied research.

PD/June/2010/2096 “Nurture your mind with great thoughts, for you will never go any higher than you think.”

The ministry has over-ruled a proposal of NASSCOM,which had prepared a Detailed Project Report suggestingthat the private sector should bear more than 50 per centof the cost.

The Planning Commission had objected to NASS-COM’s proposal. Now if the EFC approves the govern-ment’s proposal, it would be moved to the Cabinet forfinal approval, which is perhaps a logical corollary. Asper the plan, each IIIT would be a centre of excellenceand specialise in a specific area. These institutes wouldconcentrate more on basic than applied research.

The ministry would bring in a bill in Parliament toconfer them with the status of institutes of nationalimportance. They can offer degree and Ph.D. programmesonce they become institutes of national importance. Someof the IIITs would be set up in northeastern states. If theindustry does not come forward, the DONER (Ministryfor Development of North-Eastern Region) would provideadditional funds. The buildings and campuses of theseinstitutes would be made environment friendly.

Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai visited India inthe last week of April 2010 and interacted with Indianleaders including the Prime Minister Dr. ManmohanSingh. During bilateral talks with Dr. Singh theAfghanistan President on April 26, 2010 assured India ofhis government’s commitment to provide full security toIndians working there and New Delhi conveyed readinessto augment its assistance to Kabul for capacity buildingand strengthening public institutions.

“We discussed the issue of terrorism, which threatensour region. President Karzai assured me that the govern-

Boosting Ties : Prime MinisterManmohan Singh with Afghan Presi-dent Hamid Karzai after a meeting inNew Delhi on April 26, 2010.

ment of Afghanistanwill take all possiblemeasures for thesecurity of Indians inAfghanistan,” PrimeMinister ManmohanSingh said after thebilateral meeting.

In a joint state-ment, both countriesexpressed grave con-cern over the threatposed by terrorism toAfghanistan national development efforts and expresseddetermination to work with the international communityto combat the forces of terrorism which posed a threat tothe region.

Both leaders discussed bilateral and regional issues,with Dr. Singh stating that India desired to see a strong,stable and prosperous Afghanistan, at peace.

The two leaders, in particular, took note of the ZaranjDelaram road project, the Pul-e-Kumri to Kabul transmis-sion line project and scholarship programmes which hadbrought direct benefit to the Afghan people.

The World Takes a Benign View of IndiaThe Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on April 17, 2010

returned home after an eight-day visit to the USA and Brazilwhere he participated in three multilateral summits and heldover a dozen bilateral meetings with world leaders.

After the meeting, Prime Minister Mr. Singh said thatunlike the rise of China, the world takes a benign view ofIndia. “The world takes a benign view of India. They want usto succeed.” Mr. Singh told the journalists.

The Prime Minister said that when he was asked to sharehis impressions of his meetings in Washington where heattended the 47-nation Nuclear Security Summit and in Brazilwhere he participated in the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA)summit and Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRIC) summits.

“Unlike China’s rise, the rise of India does not cause anyapprehensions,” Mr. Singh said when asked whether there wasunique Indian approach compared to the Beijing consensus.

“We should take advantage of it. This benign mood cannotlast,” the Prime Minister said.

Mr. Singh, however, said that India must first tackle a hostof domestic problems like poverty and underdevelopment.“Indian problems are all at home. We should get our acttogether. We need to work to remove ignorance, poverty anddisease,” he said.

The two-day SAARC Summit concluded in Thimphuin Bhutan on April 29, 2010, with a pledge to root outmenace of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.

The Eight-member grouping of South Asian nationsalso pledged to infuse new dynamism to its activitiesfor the region’s development.

They decided to have a Vision Statement and set upa forum of experts which will provide inputs forcharting out its future course in the medium and long run.

SAARC

After detailed deliberations overissues like security, trade, climatechange, energy, food security, poverty-alleviation and disaster management, theSummit issued a declaration—Towardsa Green and Happy South Asia, whichspelt out a slew of initiatives to bringabout overall development of the region. The Leaders alsostrongly condemned terrorism and reiterated their firmresolve to root out the menace.

The countries, including Pakistan, Afghanistan,Bangladesh and Sri Lanka reaffirmed their commitment toimplement the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppres-sion of Terrorism and its Additional Protocol and SAARCConvention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Sub-stances.

The SAARC leaders also recognized in this regard thevalue of the proposed UN Comprehensive Convention onInternational Terrorism and noted the progress madeduring the recent rounds of negotiations and called for anearly conclusion of the Convention.

PD/June/2010/2097 “If you want a quality, act as if you already had it.”

The Leaders expressed satisfaction that SAARC hadachieved a number of important milestones with thecompletion of twenty five years of its establishment. Theleaders underscored the relevance and importance of theAssociation in providing a platform for regional coopera-tion to accomplish the Charter objectives.

On the conclusion of the Sixteenth Summit of the South AsianAssociation for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in Thimphu,Bhutan, the Leaders of SAARC issued a joint declaration onApril 29 evening.

‘South Asia Forum’ to be Formed

In this Silver Jubilee Year of SAARC, the leadersemphasized the need to develop a ‘Vision Statement.’They agreed to form a ‘South Asia Forum’ for the genera-tion of debate, discussion and the exchange of ideas onSouth Asia and its future development.

The Forum will consist of eminent personalities ofdiverse background including from all SAARC MemberStates. The Forum would provide inputs, based on a com-prehensive understanding, for charting out the futurecourse of SAARC in the medium and long run andrecommend, if required, the necessary improvementsrequired in the existing mechanisms.

Youth Action Plan to be Developed

The Leaders appreciated the comprehensive direc-tives of the Colombo Statement on Children of SouthAsia, specially highlighting the importance of the in-depth assessment of the SAARC Decade of the Rights ofthe Child (2001-2010) and its follow up. Recognizing theimportant role young people play in the region, theleaders directed the development of a SAARC YouthAction Plan, in line with the SAARC Youth Charter, toguide regional cooperation in this area. To achieve thisend, the leaders directed to organize SAARC YouthSummit, involving policy makers and youth leaders fromall Member States.

SAFTA to be Implemented in Toto

The leaders reiterated their commitment to imple-ment SAFTA in letter and spirit. They emphasized theneed to realize the full potential, through reduction of thesize of the sensitive lists, acceleration of trade facilitationmeasures, and removal of non-tariff, paratariff and otherbarriers. They directed the SAFTA Ministerial Council towork in earnest in these areas in a time bound manner. Itwas for the first time that Bhutan hosted the SAARCSummit.

List of SAARC Summits● First SAARC Summit, Dhaka, 1985● Second SAARC Summit, Bangalore, 1986● Third SAARC Summit, Kathmandu, 1987● Fourth Summit, Islamabad, 1988● Fifth SAARC Summit, Male’, 1990● Sixth SAARC Summit, Colombo, 1991● Seventh SAARC Summit. Dhaka, 1993● Eighth SAARC Summit, New Delhi, 1995● Ninth SAARC Summit, Male’, 1997● Tenth SAARC Summit, Colombo, 1998● Eleventh SAARC Summit, Kathmandu, 2002● Twelfth SAARC Summit, Islamabad, 2004● Thirteenth SAARC Summit, Dhaka, 2005● Fourteenth SAARC Summit, New Delhi, 2007● Fifteenth SAARC Summit, Colombo, 2008

India on April 29, 2010 commissioned its first indige-nously-built stealth warship with sophisticated features.

INS Shivalik

With the induc-tion of INS Shivalik,India gained entry intoa top club of deve-loped countries hav-ing such capability.INS Shivalik—the firstof the three-ship Pro-ject 17 frigates, was inducted at the Mumbai basedMazagon Docks in the presence of Defence Minister A. K.Antony. It may be noted here that the 143 metre longwarship with 6,000 tonne displacement has versatilecontrol system with signature management and radarcross section reduction features. The other countrieswhich have the capability to build stealth warships are theUS, the UK, Russia, France, Japan, Italy and China.

Sarosh Homi Kapadia Appointed ChiefJustice of the Supreme Court

President Pratibha Patil has appointed seniormost judge ofthe Supreme Court Justice Sarosh Homi Kapadia 38th ChiefJustice of India (CJI). He succeed JusticeK. G. Balakrishnan who retires on May 11,2010. He will take charge on May 12, 2010.Justice Kapadia will be the first CJI bornafter independence. He will have a tenure of2 years and 4 months. Justice Kapadia wasinitially appointed an additional judge ofthe Bombay High Court in October 1991and made a permanent judge in March 1993. S. H. Kapadia

For more than three years, he worked as the special judge ofthe special court under the Securities Transactions Act. OnAugust 5, 2003, Justice Kapadia was appointed the Chief Justiceof the Uttarakhand High Court. On December 18, 2003, he waselevated to the Supreme Court. It may be added here thatJustice Kapadia is known for several landmark judgementsunder the Constitutional law and taxation regulatory andcommercial laws.

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2098 “Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtues, but the parent of all others.”

US President Barack Obama and his Russian coun-terpart Dmitry Medvedev signed on April 8, 2010 historicarms reduction treaty at a ceremony in the medievalPrague Castle in the Czech Republic after talks thatcovered nuclear security, Iran’s atomic programme andan uprising in the strategic Central Asian state ofKyrgyzstan. It may be recalled that agreement to sign thetreaty had been reached in March 2010 itself. The pact wassigned to trim their strategic nuclear arsenals to theirlowest levels in half a century.

President Barack Obama andRussian President Dmitry Medvedevsmile as they sign the New STARTtreaty on April 8, 2010 in Prague.

President Obamaused this opportunityto deliver a sternwarning to Iran overits disputed nuclearprogramme, sayingthat the United Stateswould not tolerateactions “that risk anarms race in a vitalregion, and threatenthe credibility of theinternational community and our collective security.”

The treaty between Moscow and Washington caps aturnaround in relations with Moscow that hit bottom inAugust 2008 during the war between Russia and its tinysouthern neighbour Georgia. When he arrived in office,Obama made restoring the relationship a priority, a goalthat coincided with his vision expressed a year ago ofeventually ridding the world of nuclear weapons.

Expected Results of the New START● The danger of a nuclear war will be lessened.● There will emerge a security feeling in the world.● It would lead to the building of confidence and co-

operation between Russia and the USA.● It would lead to the reduction of nuclear weapons which

are deployed at several places.● It will stop the illegal spread of nuclear material.● There will be restriction on the nuclear arms race.

The treaty, if ratified by the legislatures in both coun-tries, would require each country to deploy no more than1,550 strategic warheads, down from 2,200 allowed in theTreaty of Moscow signed by President George W. Bush in2002. Each would be limited to 800 total land, and sea-based launchers under the Strategic Arms ReductionTreaty of 1991, or START. The Pact would cut strategic

nuclear arsenal deployed by the cold war foes by 30 percent within seven years.

Because of counting rules and unilateral reductionsover the years, neither country would have to actuallyeliminate large numbers of weapons to meet the newlimits. Moreover, the treaty does not apply to wholecategory of weapons, including thousands of strategicwarheads held in reserve and tactical warheads, some ofwhich are still stationed in Europe.

But the treaty would re-establish an inspection regimethat lapsed along with the old START last December andbring the two countries back into a legal framework afteryears of tension. Moreover, both sides hope to use it asbasis for a new round of negotiations that could lead tomuch deeper reductions that will cover weapons likestored or tactical warheads.

No Common GroundEven as the two Presidents hailed the treaty, they

found no common ground on American plans to build ananti-missile shield in Europe to counter any Iranianthreat. Obama refused Russian demands to include limitson missile defence in the treaty, although the Russian sidesaid that it was not a deciding point.

Medvedev said that the treaty could play a consider-able role in shaping disarmament in the future. “It fullyreflects the interest of the US and Russia. There are nolosers,” he said.

The treaty is significant in so far as it enabled boththe nuclear powers to show that they were serious aboutreducing their vast stocks to lend weight to efforts to curbthe atomic ambitions of countries like Iran and NorthKorea.

Stopping the spread of N-weapons will move usfurther beyond the cold war, strengthen the global non-proliferation regime, and make the world safer. But thecritics say that the warheads covered by the treaty arelethal relics of the cold war, and even within the plannedreductions there will be enough fire power on each side todevastate the world many times over. Any how it isappropriate to hold that a good beginning has been madeafter a long period of time and things would move in thedirection of further limitation of strategic weapons infuture. Obama rightly declared : “It is just one step on alonger journey.”

Obama’s $ 400,000 Salary Subject to TaxThe annual salary of US President Barack Obama is

$ 400,000 per annum, unlike many of the corporate executivesfrom the Wall Street, whose annual salary runs into millions. Inaddition to his taxable income, the President receives anallowance of $ 50,000 that is not taxable and is used for officialpurposes only.

PD/June/2010/2099 “Bing was always hesitant to accept appreciation in any form.”

Obama Looks to China to Help Sanctionsagainst Iran

US President Barack Obama used an unprecedentedsummit on nuclear terrorism to press world leaders to supportfurther isolating Iran for its nuclear activities, and the WhiteHouse said that China had agreed to co-operate in tighteningUN sanctions on the Islamic Republic.

In bilateral meet-ings leading up to theNuclear Security Sum-mit, Obama sought tosend a message toIran—which denies it isdeveloping a nuclearweapon—that it mustheed internationalefforts to restrain itsnuclear programme.

According to WhiteHouse officials Obamatold Chinese PresidentHu Jintao, who was

US President Barack Obama withChinese counterpart Hu Jintao inWashington on April 12, 2010.

attending Nuclear Security Summit in Washington on April12—that passing new sanctions against Iran was urgent.

China has backed three previous sanctions resolutions onIran, and its support is crucial because it is one of the fiveveto-wielding members of the Security Council.

It may be mentioned in the passing that Russia which wasearlier unwilling to support any fresh sanctions against Iranhas come round to supporting the sanctions as has becomeevident from the New Start Treaty which was signed by BarackObama and Dmitry Medvedev, with the latter agreeing tosupporting sanctions against Iran. Russian President Medvedevhad also agreed for the same when he clinched a deal withFrance for buying warship from France.

Ma Zhaoxu, a spokesman for the Chinese delegation wasmore cautious about April 12’s meeting, indicating that the twosides still differed on the elements of a sanction resolution.

Ma repeated the standard Chinese diplomatic formulation,saying that Hu told Obama that he hoped that world countrieswould “actively seek effective ways to resolve the Iraniannuclear issue through dialogue and negotiations.”

This latest formulation creates doubts that China will eversupport fresh sanctions against Iran and therefore, Obama’scurrent tirade against Iran might end in a fiasco. Future alonewill tell how the Iran nuclear issue is handled by theinternational community.

Political Turmoil in Kyrgyzstan : Opposition Stages a Coup

Opposition followers in Kyrgyzstan killed the coun-try’s interior ministry, took the deputy Prime Minister

An unidenttified man fires an auto-matic weapon near the main govern-ment building in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan,on April 7, 2010.

hostage and captu-red government esta-blishments includ-ing state television ina deadly revolt onApril 8, 2010.

Riot police firedtear gas and stungrenades in repeatedefforts to dispersethousands of pro-

testers surrounding President Bakiyev’s offices in thecapital Bishkek. Scores of people were killed in theencounter.Emergency

In a desperate bid to contain the unrest, Prime Minis-ter Daniyar Useno declared a state of emergency.

But shortly after the announcement, oppositionprotesters stormed the Kyrgyz television centre, forcing ahalt to all programmes, in a dramatic sign that the govern-ment was fast losing its grip.

A source in the office of Interior Minister MoldomusKongantiyev then revealed that he had been killed in riotsin the north-west hub of Talas where the first protests haderupted.

Protesters ap-peared to haveseized heavilyarmoured policevehicles, and stand-ing atop waving redKyrgyz flags and theblue flag of theopposition move-ment.

The violence gotsparked off a dayafter more than 1,000opposition protes-ters burst throughpolice lines and tookcontrol of govern-ment offices in Talas.

Kyrgyz Opposi-tion Seizes Con-trol

The oppositionin Kyrgyzstan saidthat it had dissol-ved Parliament andtaken power, aftera bloody uprisingforced the Presidentto flee the capital.Opposition leader

PD/June/2010/2100 “By appreciation, we make excellence in others our own property.”

Roza Otunbayeva, an ex-foreign minister said that theinterim government was fully in control. She said that theopposition shored up global diplomatic support for thenew regime.

Announcing that they would run the turbulent Cen-tral Asian nation for six months, Otunbayeva said that the

People gather in front of a buildinghousing government offices and theParliament in Bishkek on April 8, 2010.

new alliance pro-posed to hold newelections within thisperiod. She accusedthe deposed Presi-dent, who fled thecapital, of attempt-ing to rally supportin his southernstrong hold.

In her first action, Otunbayeva, designated the headof the interim government, said that a US airbase outsidethe capital Bishkek, which is seen vital to the NATO cam-paign in nearly Afghanistan, would remain open despitethe shift in power.

Russia’s Inter fax news agency reported that theopposition had taken over administration buildings inOsh.

Kyrgyzstan is a strategically important central Asianstate and houses a Russian base and a key US militarybase that supplies forces in Afghanistan. The US hassuspended military flights.

Otunbayeva said these military bases could continueas before. Ismail Isakov, named interim defence minister,affirmed that the country’s armed forces and borderguards were under the control of the interim government.

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and MsOtunbayeva held telephone talks.

“It is important that the conversation was held withher in her role as the head of the government of nationaltrust,” Putin’s spokesman Dmitry Peskov said.

What is Going on in Kyrgyzstan ?Why is the unrest significant ? : Kyrgyzstan, which lies at

the heart of Central Asia, is central to Western efforts tocontain the spread of Islamist militancy from Afghanistan.

US rents an air base in Kyrgyzstan which it uses to supportits fight against Taliban in nearby Afghanistan, Russia also hasan air base in the country.

Foreign powers are nervous that if violence sweepsthrough Kyrgyzstan—which borders China, Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan and Tajikistan—it could have unpredictableconsequences for the entire region.

What has sparked the unrest ? : Bakiyev, a formeropposition leader who came to power after Akayev’s ouster in2005, had since been accused by the opposition of tighteninghis grip on power, jailing political opponents and failing toroot out corruption.

Bakiyev won a second term by an overwhelming margin inJuly last year, but opponents and Western observers criticisedthe election.

Bakiyev had come under fire for failing to improve the fateof the nation’s 5·3 million inhabitants, a third of whom livebelow the poverty line. The average monthly wage is about$ 130.

Pakistan’s 18th Constitution Amendment Bill Introduced in

National Assembly[Clipping President’s powers is the main provision]

The Pakistan government on April 2, 2010 tabled inthe National Assembly, the 18th Constitution Amend-ment Bill, which contains a slew of constitutional reformsin Parliament which will strip the President’s office of keypowers. The draft of the Bill was presented by Chairmanof the parliamentary committee on constitutional reforms,senator Mian Raza Rabbani. It may be recalled that theParliamentary committee headed by Mian Raza Rabbanihad earlier finally approved all 93 amendments proposedin the Bill, despite opposition from certain quarters.

Constitutional amendments in Pakistan require a two-thirds majority both in the Senate and the National Assem-bly. The 18th amendment will nullify the controversial 8thamendment introduced by Gen. Zia-ul Haq in 1985.

President Asif AliZardari

Under the reforms, the Presidentwould no longer have the power todismiss the PM, dissolve Parliament orappoint the head of the country’s armedforces. Prime Ministers and ChiefMinisters would no longer be barredfrom office after two terms, which willallow, for instance, PML (N) boss NawazSharif, toppled by General PervezMusharraf in 1999, to again become PM.

The Bill also proposed removal of dictatorial amend-ments and abolition of the name of former PresidentGeneral Zia-ul Haq from the Constitution. However, it hasno mention of General Pervez Musharraf, who had alsoamended 26 articles of the Constitution through his dicta-torial 17 amendments.

Positive Change

It may be recalled that in his first annual address toParliament, Pak President Asif Ali Zardari had said thathe wanted a package of constitutional reforms designedto restore the 1973 Constitution to its original form.

“I congratulate the nation on this 18 amendment,”said Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani in the NationalAssembly. “Today is historic, these amendments willstrengthen institutions. This Bill will ensure parliamentarysupremacy. This is a bill of people’s emancipation, offederal Pakistan,” said Rabbani.

A Grand ExperimentAn editorial in the Times of India described the Bill as

a grand experiment. According to the editorial, Pakistan’sconstitutional reforms package could bolster its civilianauthority.

“Years of wrangling, backroom deals and acrobaticmanoeuvring later, the Pakistani political establishmenthas finally taken the first step towards fulfilling a long-standing promise. Taken together, the highlights of the100-odd amendments recommended in the constitutionalreforms package—stripping the President’s post of itsexcessive executive powers, amending the procedure forappointing judges, and abolishing the concurrent list with

PD/June/2010/2101 “Hopeful thinking can get you out of your fear zone and into your appreciation zone.”

all its subjects going to the provinces—have the potentialto alter Pakistan’s power dynamics dramatically. How-ever, it will not be an easy process. Achieving politicalconsensus on the 18th Amendment was a considerableachievement given Pakistan’s rancorous political environ-ment. But much remains to be done. There can be a vastgulf between legislation and implementation, particularlyin Islamabad’s beleaguered corridors of power.”

The editorial goes on : “Since its implementation,Pakistan’s 1973 Constitution has been more honoured inthe breach than the observance. From Zia ul-Haq to PervezMusharraf, successive extra-constitutional authoritieshave cannibalised it to cement their authority. Not surpris-ingly, this has perverted the dynamics of its power struc-tures entirely, undermining the system of checks andbalances that is the foundation of any democracy. Theresults have been plain to see—a continual erosion ofcivilian authority with the military accruing more andmore power to itself. By stripping the President of theright to dissolve Parliament and appoint the three services’chiefs, the amendment goes some way towards sealing themilitary’s entry point into Islamabad’s power structure.Likewise, establishing the transparency and independenceof the judiciary could enable it to work in harness with theexecutive after years of acrimony.”

The editorial advises the political parties to carrythrough the constitutional reform work to its logical con-clusion. Any other path will lead to political instability,institutionalised violence and the spectre of recurrentarmy coups. Pakistan is crying out for accountable govern-ment. For the country to establish itself as a functioningparliamentary democracy, its political parties must estab-lish the principle of civilian supremacy over the military.

The Bill received Presidential assent on April 19,after its having been passed earlier by both the Housesof Pakistani Parliament by a two-thirds majority.

Polish President among 132 Killed in Russia in Aircrash

Polish President Lech Kaczynski, a great admirer ofIndia, was killed on April 10, 2010 with his wife Mariaand other 130 people on board including almost all hisaides when their aircraft crashed in foggy weather whilelanding in Russia.

A TV grab from Polish Television’sTVP shows wreckage of the Polishgovernment Tupolev Tu-154 aircraftthat crashed near Smolensk airport onApril 10, 2010.

The disaster,which plungedPoland into griefoccurred when theRussian – builtTupolev 154-Mreportedly strucksome trees, caughtfire and broke up asit approached theairport in Smolenskcity in westernRussia.

The President along with his delegation, was going toRussia to take part in an official ceremony in Katyn,where 20,000 Poles were slaughtered by Soviet forcesduring World War II.

The Katyn massacre was a major irritant betweenPoland and Russia. Kaczynski was reluctant to go thereuntil the last day because he was not sure of getting aproper protocal from the Russian authorities.

As per official sources, all the top Polish officials ofthe Polish President perished in the crash.

Elected the President in October 2005, Kaczynski wasthe mayor of Warsaw where he cut his political teeth withhis missionary zeal.

In an earlier meeting with IANS, the President hadexpressed his desire to visit India. He warmly receivedIndian President Pratibha Patil when she flew to Polandin April 2009.

He was a great admirer of Indian democracy and amajor critic of China. He also had a soft corner for theDalai Lama and always met him when the Tibetanspiritual leader came to Poland.

Construction Work on a New Gas Pipe-line from Russia to Europe Started

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev flagged off theseabed construction of a new gas pipeline to Europe onApril 9, 2010. The $ 12 billion Nord Stream pipeline wouldcarry upto 55 billion cubic metres (bcm) of gas a year fromSiberian gas fields 900 km over land and 1,200 km underthe Baltic Sea from Vyborg in Russia to Greifs wald inGermany. This pipeline will give a new boost to Russia’sposition in Euro-pean energy mar-kets. There will betwo parallel gaspipeline legs in NordStream. The first legwill carry 27·5 bcmstarting from 2011and the second linkis expected to becompleted in 2012.Russia started theconstruction work ofthis pipeline afterseeking permissionfrom Sweden, Fin-land, Germany andDenmark for theconstruction as itwill cross the terri-torial waters of thesecountries.

The new pipe-line will increaseRussia’s grip overEurope’s energy sup-plies and diminishits dependence onthe transit countries,Ukraine and Belarus.

PD/June/2010/2102 “I am not afraid of tomorrow, for I have seen yesterday and I love today.”

‘Polished’ Prez who Stole the MoonPolish President Lech Kaczynski was a controversial figure on the world stage but his right-wing stance on many issues found

ready reception among many Poles, especially traditionalist and rural voters.Throughout his political career, he was not afraid to appeal to populist sentiments. As mayor of Warsaw, he twice banned gay

parades and spoke in support of reintroducing the death penalty.He was elected as Poland’s President in 2005 as candidate of the Law and Justice Party.

During the campaign, Kaczynski insisted Poles needed a President who would stand up for their interests.

He said post-communist Poland, often called the ‘Third Republic,’ needed radicaltransformation into a ‘Fourth Republic,’ based on social justice and a strong state.

The Law and Justice party, which stresses the traditional values of the RomanCatholic Church, was founded by Kaczynski and his twin brother, Jaroslaw, in 2001.

But they had already played an important role in shaping Poland’s post-Communistidentity. In the 1990 presidential election, they were key players in securing the victoryof the Solidarity leader Lech Walesa.

Lech Kaczynski, who was born in 1949, had followed his brother into the anti-government movement in the late 1970s and served as an adviser to the strikecommittee at the Gdansk shipyard during the August 1980 Solidarity-led protests.

But the brothers found themselves outside main-stream politics in the early 1990safter falling out with President Walesa.

File picture of Lech Kaczynski and hiswife Maria.

1949-2010● Warsaw Mayor in 2002.● Elected President in 2005● At 12, he and his brother shot to fame after

they acted in Two boys who stole the moon.

The relationship between the one-time allies in the fight againstCommunism soured further in recent years. In 2009, Mr. Walesa sued PresidentKaczynski for alleging that he had actually spied for the Communist secretservice in the 1970s.

In the wake of the 2005 election, Poland had two Kaczynski holding thereins of power–Lech as President and, from 2006, Jaroslaw as Prime Minister.

Since 2007, however, President Kaczynski had to work with Donald Tusk, who was his defeated rival in the presidential polltwo years earlier.

He asked Tusk to form a government after the victory of his centre-right Civic Platform in elections in October 2007. Under thePolish Constitution, the President has fewer powers than the Prime Minister, but has a significant say in foreign policy.

It was at time a difficult relationship. Kaczynski was a critic of Tusk’s liberal economic policies and often vetoed thegovernment’s bills.

In retrospect, the Kaczynski twins were perhaps destined to be prominent on whatever stage. At the age of 12, they shot tofame as starts in the 1962 film “Two boys who stole the moon.”

Their father was a World War II resistance fighter and it was from his tales of Polish heroism that Kaczynski developed hiskeen sense of Polish nationalism.

Some Major Plane CrashesJanuary 1, 2007 : An Indonesian Boeing 737-400 operated by budget carrier Adam Air disappeared from radar screens during a

flight from Java to Sulawesi islands. Wreckage was located 10 days later. All 102 passengers were killed.

August 20, 2008 : A Spanair MD-82, flying to the Canary Islands with 166 passengers and six crew, crashed on takeoff atMadrid airport killing 154 people. The remaining were seriously injured.

August 24 : A Boeing 37-200 belonging to a private Kyrgyz company Itek-Air, chartered by an Iranian company and bound forIran, crashed at Bishkek airport. Around 70 people died, including members of a local teenage basketball team.

May 20, 2009 : An Indonesian C130 military transport plane carrying 110 passengers and crew crashed and burst into flames 6·5km (4 miles) from the Iswahyudi air force base in East Java while preparing to land, killing 98 people including two on the ground.

June 1 : An Air France Airbus A330-200 jetliner carrying 228 people crashed over the Atlantic. Fifty-one bodies and 600 piecesof wreckage were recovered before the search for survivors was called off on June 26.

January 25, 2010 : An Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 737-800 crashed minutes after taking off from Beirut airport in stormy weather,plunging in a ball of fire into the sea.

April 10 : Hundred and thirty-two people aboard the Polish President’s official Tupolev Tu-154 plane were killed in a crash.

Elections for the 225-seat Sri Lankan Parliament wereheld in the second week of April 2010. The Sri LankanPresident Mahinda Rajapaksa’s United People’s FreedomAlliance won a majority in the parliamentary elections.This victory cemented Mr. Rajapaksa’s political domi-

nance in the country. Encouraged by an excellent perfor-mance by his party, Mr. Rajapaksa on April 10, 2010promised to bring peace and prosperity to a nationbattered by decades of civil war.

Mr. Rajapaksa said in a statement that his party’svictory in the elections of April 8 encouraged the govern-ment’s policies on “peace, and reconciliation, reconstruc-tion, greater infrastructure development.”

PD/June/2010/2103 “Correction does much, but encouragement does more.”

“We are humbled by the size of the repeated man-dates given by the people and pledge to respond, in fullmeasure, to the trust placed in us,” he said.

Crucial Tasks

MahindaRajapaksa

The United States embassy said in astatement that the election victoryprovides Rajapaksa a mandate to add-ress power sharing and human rightsissues. Rajapaksa has yet to follow upon a promise made after last year’sdefeat of Tamil Tiger rebels to discuss apower-sharing deal with the Tamils.

This is pre-eminently a onerous andcrucial task yet to be addressed success-fully by the Sri Lankan government under Mr. Rajapaksa.

Rajapaksa won re-election as President in polls 3-4months ago, riding on his popularity following the end ofthe decades-long civil war.

His party held a majority in the outgoing Parliament.

16th ASEAN Summit Concludes in Hanoi

The 16th ASEAN Summit was held in Hanoi, thecapital city of Vietnam from April 8–9, 2010. This Summitwas themed on ‘Towards the ASEAN Community : FromVision to Action.’ The Summit concluded with a RetreatSession for the ASEAN Leaders at the National Conven-tion Centre on April 9, 2010. Heads of the ASEAN coun-tries participated in the Summit except Thailand. Thailandwas represented by its Foreign Minister.

The Retreat was followed by a press conference byPrime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung of Vietnam. TheASEAN Leaders and the Secretary-General of ASEAN,then called on President Nguyen Minh Triet of Vietnam.He also hosted a lunch at the Presidential Palace in Hanoi.

In a Chairman’s statement of the Summit releasedafter the retreat, the leaders expressed satisfaction withthe progress in implementing the ASEAN charter and theRoadmap for the ASEAN community and reaffirmed theirstrong commitment to accelerate the effective implemen-tation through concrete and solid measures and activities.

The leaders of the ASEAN countries agreed thatASEAN would act swiftly at the national, regional andglobal levels to attain sustained and solid economicrecovery and upliftment for ASEAN in the aftermath ofthe global economic recession. In the official statement,

Previous Summits of ASEAN● First ASEAN Summit, Bali, February 23-24, 1976● Second ASEAN Summit Kuala Lumpur, August 4-5, 1977● Third ASEAN Summit, Manila, December 14-15, 1987● Fourth ASEAN Summit, Singapore, January 27-29, 1992● Fifth ASEAN Summit, Bangkok, December 14-15, 1995● Sixth ASEAN Summit, Hanoi, December 15-16, 1998● Seventh ASEAN Summit, Bandar Seri Begawan, November

5-6, 2001● Eighth ASEAN Summit, Phnom Penh, November 4-5, 2002● Ninth ASEAN Summit, Bali, October 7-8, 2003● Tenth ASEAN Summit, Vientiane, November 29-30, 2004● Eleventh ASEAN Summit, Kuala Lumpur, December 12-14,

2005● Twelfth ASEAN Summit, Cebu, Philippines, January 9-15,

2007● Thirteenth ASEAN Summit, Singapore, November 18-22,

2007● Fourtheenth ASEAN Summit, Cha-am, Thailand, February

26–March 1, 2009● Fifteenth ASEAN Summit, Cha-Am Hua Hin, Thailand,

October 23-25, 2009

the ASEAN leaders also said that they would worktogether and create a more effective environment of co-operation in the region to ensure financial stability. Theyalso agreed to foster regional infrastructure developmentin the region. In this regard, they adopted the ASEANleaders’ statement on sustained Recovery and Develop-ment. The leaders also pointed out the need to promoteGreen Growth,including the deve-lopment of greentechnology, its appli-cation and invest-ment.

Issue of ASEANConnectivity

ASEAN connec-tivity was high onthe agenda of the16th ASEAN Sum-mit, and the leaderstook note of the on-going efforts indeveloping a MasterPlan on ASEANconnectivity, whichis to be submitted tothe 17th ASEANSummit in October2010. The first meet-ing of the High LevelTask Force onASEAN connecti-vity, which was heldon March 9–10, 2010in Hanoi, had pro-duced the key ele-ments and principles

PD/June/2010/2104 “A word of encouragement during a failure is worth more than an hour of praise after success.”

for the Master Plan. The ASEAN leaders also emphasisedthat the priority should be given to augmenting intra-ASEAN connectivity, including the need to complete themissing air, sea and transportation links in Mekong andother sub-regions of ASEAN building on achievementsof existing frameworks. ASEAN leaders also agreed thatthe special efforts and measures should be taken to boosttransport, information communication technology (ICT)and energy facilities in the ASEAN region.

The issue of climate change was also discussed in theSummit. In the area of climate change, the leaders alsoreaffirmed their strong commitment to intensify efforts toaddress climate change and adopted the ASEAN leaders’statement on Joint Response to climate change.

The ASEAN leaders also endorsed Indonesia as thechair of the ASEAN for 2011.

ASEAN Establishment

The Association of South East Asian Nations(ASEAN) is a regional organisation formed by the govern-ments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singaporeand Thailand through the Bangkok Declaration whichwas signed by the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN countrieson August 8, 1967. Its aim is to accelerate economicprogress and maintain the economic stability of South-East Asia.

Now, there are ten member countries in ASEANGroup. They are : (1) Indonesia, (2) Malaysia, (3) Singa-pore, (4) Thailand, (5) The Philippines, (6) Vietnam,(7) Laos (8) Cambodia, (9) Myanmar, (10) Brunei Darus-salam.

The Fourth IBSA Summit 2010 was organised onApril 15, 2010 in Brasilia, Brazil. Heads of the IBSA states,Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh (India), the PresidentMr. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (Brazil) and the PresidentMr. Jacob Zuma (South Africa) took part in the Summit.

Luiz Inacio Lulada Silva

President of Brazil

Manmohan SinghPrime Minister of

India

Jacob Zuma,President of

S. Africa.

The heads of the IBSA states discussed various issuesincluding Iran and Nuclear Weapons, the Middle Eastcrisis, Global Governance, Issue of Women Upliftment andHuman Rights, Terrorism and Dis-armament and Non-Proliferation.

The IBSA leaders highlighted that the three countriesare committed to democratic values and social develop-ment.

Reforms in Global Institutions

The IBSA leaders reaffirmed their commitment toenhance participation of developing countries in thedecision-making bodies of multilateral institutions. Theyreiterated the urgent need for the reform of the UnitedNations (UN) to render it more democratic and consistentwith the priorities of developing countries. They also gaveemphasis on the reforms in UN Security Council. The per-manent and non-permanent seats of the UN SecurityCouncil should be increased.

The IBSA leaders also stressed the need to reform theBretton Woods Institutions (IMF and World Bank) inorder to augment their effectiveness and capability in theworld and enhance their credibility and legitimacy espe-cially in the developing-countries. The developing coun-tries should be given more responsibilities and powers inthese institutions in order to make these institutions reallyglobal.

Disarmament and Nuclear Security

The IBSA leaders reaffirmed their commitment to thegoal of complete elimination of nuclear weapons on alarge, global and non-discriminatory scale. They expres-sed their concerns over the indifference and apathy of thecountries to achieve the goal of complete disarmamentand nuclear security.

They underlined the need for reducing the role ofnuclear weapons in strategic doctrines. The IBSA leadersreiterated that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are mutually reinforcing processes, requiringcontinuous irreversible progress on both fronts.

Problem of Middle East

The issue of Middle East was also discussed in theSummit. IBSA also invited representatives of the Pales-tinians for the first time. The IBSA leaders expressedstrong disappointment and grave concern over the con-tinued construction of settlements by Israel and gavestress to the formation of a viable Palestinian state for theworld peace and security. According to the leaders,amicable solution of the Middle East crisis is very crucialand vital for the international peace, security and develop-ment.

The IBSA leaders offered their assistance for thesolution of the Middle East problem. The IBSA leaderscalled for an urgent resumption of negotiations along thelines of “UN Resolutions, the Madrid Principle, the RoadMap and The Arab Peace Initiative.”

Sustainable Development

The IBSA leaders stressed the importance of promot-ing sustainable and rapid development. They welcomedthe resolution of the UN General Assembly to convene aconference on Sustainable Development (Rio + 20) in Riode Janeiro, Brazil in 2012. They called for a comprehensivepreparatory process, to ensure that the Rio + 20 conferencecan adequately address existing implementation deficitsand emerging issues in sustainable development, with aview to further strengthening international cooperation inthis field.

PD/June/2010/2105/3 “Go for the moon. If you don’t get it, you’ll still be heading for a star.”

The leaders recalled with satisfaction, the first tri-lateral MERCOSUR-SACU-INDIA Ministerial Meetingheld in Geneva on November 30, 2009 and expressed theirconfidence that trade agreements and ongoing negotia-tions between MERCOSUR and India, MERCOSUR andSACU and SACU and India will lead to a future TrilateralTrade Arrangement which would form the largest tradeagreement in the developing world.

Global Financial and Economic Crisis

The issue of economic meltdown in the entire worldwas also discussed in the Summit. The IBSA leaderswelcomed the signs of recovery from the global financialcrisis. But they expressed their concerns over the conse-quences of the crisis for the achievement of the Millen-nium Development Goals. They stated that the developingcountries, especially emerging economies, had played asignificant role in bringing out the world from the crisisof economic meltdown. The IBSA leaders called thedeveloped and developing countries to come together toremove the dark clouds of recession from the whole worldaltogether. The leaders welcomed pledges to augmentIMF resources. They also called for a substantial increasein the capital base of the World Bank, so that it could sus-tain enhanced levels of lending. The head of IBSA nationsalso agreed to enhance cooperation between India, Braziland South Africa in relevant international fora whererecovery efforts are being considered.

The IBSA grouping was a result of the need for South-South co-operation as envisioned by the bigger players forthe each region in the hemisphere. It was the fourth IBSASummit. The first Summit was also hosted by Brasilia in2006. IBSA’s second Summit was organised in Tshwane(South Africa) in 2007 and its third Summit was held inNew Delhi in 2008.

Iran Tests Speed Boats in Major War Games

[Ya Mahdi Vessel Capable of Destroying Slups]

Iran’s Revolutionary Guards successfully deployed anew speed boat capable of destroying energy ships as wargames began on April 22, in a water way crucial for globaloil supplies, as reported by Iranian media.

Tehran UPS the Ante : A RevolutionaryGuard’s boat fires at an abandoned warship being used as a target during amilitary manoeuvre on April 22, 2010.

The IslamicRepublic, which islocked in a disputewith the West overits nuclear activities,often announcesadvances in itsmilitary capabilitiesin an apparent bid toshow its readinessfor any attack byIsrael or the UnitedStates.

It may be recalled that a day earlier, the Pentagonsaid that US military action against Iran remained anoption even as Washington pursues diplomacy andsanctions to halt the country’s nuclear activities.

According to media reports, naval, air and groundunits of the elite Guards force took part in the three-dayexercise in the Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. About 40per cent of the world’s trade oil leaves the Gulf regionthrough the strategic narrows.

Asymmetric Warfare

Western military analysts say Iran may resort to‘asymmetric warfare’ if it comes under attack, for exampleby deploying swarms of speed boats to disrupt enemyoperations in the Gulf.

State broadcaster IRIB said that Guards put intooperation for the first time its ‘smart and unique’ YaMahdi vessel.

“The radar-evading, high speed Ya Mahdi Vessel isable to track and target the enemy’s surface vessels in asmart way and destroy them,” it said, adding that it wasnow being mass produced. According to Iranian sources,Ya Mahdi was a remote-controlled vessel whose missilescould blow 7-meter holes in any enemy ship. The sourcessay that more than 300 various high-speed vessels tookpart in the drill, equipped with missiles and rockets andcarrying Guards commandos. “The vessels are regardedas the enemy’s nightmore,” said the source. They can bean effective tool against the enemy. However, the US andother navies know how to counter this.

The drillscoincided with risingtension between Iranand the West, whichfears Tehran’snuclear programmeis aimed at develop-ing bombs. Irandenies the charge.

The UnitedStates is pushing fora fourth round ofUN sanctions onTehran over itsrefusal to halt sensi-tive nuclear activi-ties as demanded bythe UN SecurityCouncil, includingproposed movesagainst members ofthe Guards.

Israel, widelybelieved to have theMiddle East’s onlyatomic arsenal, hasdescribed Iran’snuclear programmeas a threat to itsexistence. Iran, apredominantly Shia

PD/June/2010/2106 “Nine tenths of education is encouragement.”

Muslim state, has said it would respond to any attack bytargeting US interests in the region and Israel, as well asclosing the Strait of Hormuz.

Nuclear Security Summit ends with Action Plan for Nuclear Security

The two-days Nuclear Security Summit concluded onApril 13, 2010 in Washington with leaders from 47 nations

Obama chats during the gathering ofworld leaders at the Nuclear SecuritySummit in Washington on April 13,2010.

signing off on a non-binding commu-nique and an actionplan that presses forcollective globalaction to secure allvulnerable fissilematerials such ashighly enricheduranium and sepa-rated plutoniumwithin four years.

According tothe joint communi-que adopted in thenuclear Summit, “Nuclear terrorism is one of the mostchallenging threats to International Security, and strongnuclear security measures are the most effective means toprevent terrorists, criminals or other unauthorised actorsfrom acquiring nuclear materials.”

The communique reaffirmed the fundamental res-ponsibility of states, consistent with their respectiveinternational obligations, to maintain effective security ofall nuclear materials, which includes materials used innuclear weapons and nuclear facilities under their control.

US President Barack Obama, the host of the NuclearSummit, told the fellow leaders of the world in a plenarysession of the Summit on April 13, that it was time, “notsimply to make pledges, but to make real progress for thesecurity of our people.” He further said, “Terrorist net-works such as al-Qaeda have tried to acquire the materialfor a nuclear weapon, and if they ever succeed, theywould surely use it. Were they to do so, it would be acatastrophe for the world ?”

Other pledges adopted at the Summit include settingup of robust national legislative and regulatory frame-works for nuclear security; taking concrete measures tosecure the safety of highly enriched uranium andseparated plutonium; and expanding capacity buildingfor atomic security at bilateral, regional and multilaterallevels for the promotion of nuclear security culture.

The communique and action plan gave emphasis onthe need for capacity building for nuclear security and co-operation at multiple levels for the promotion of nuclearsecurity culture through technology development, humanresource development, education and training.

The joint document reaffirmed the essential and sig-nificant role of the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) in the international nuclear security frameworkand agreed to ensure that it continues to have the appro-priate structure, resources and expertise needed to carryout its mandated nuclear security activities.

At the end of the Nuclear Summit, US PresidentObama made an announcement of the next venue of theNuclear Summit. He announced that the South KoreanPresident, Lee Myungbak, had agreed to be the host of thenext nuclear security conference, in 2012. That would seemto ensure a particularly close focus on the North Koreannuclear programme.

Pakistan Signs $ 65 million Deal for US Warship

Pakistan has signed a $ 65 million deal with theUnited States for the ‘hot transfer’ of refurbished Ameri-can frigate USS Mclnerney by Aug. 31. The contract forthe ‘hot transfer’ of the USS Mclnerney, a Perry-classguided missile frigate, was signed by senior officials ofthe two countries in Washington on April 20, 2010. Underthe agreement, the Pakistan Navy will take over the vesselon August 31.

Hot Transfer : The Pakistan Army willtake over guided missile frigate USSMclnerney on August 31.

The sale of thefrigate, which wouldbe inducted into thePakistan Navy asPNS Alamgir at aceremony in the US,was approved by theUS Congress inSeptember 2008.

Commissionedin 1979, the frigatewould be handedover after refurbishment that includes antisubmarinecapability that has been paid for with the foreign militaryaid provided by the United States to friendly countries.On completion of the refurbishment in January next year,the vessel will sail to Pakistan to join the country’s navalfleet.

A Major Milestone

Pakistani officials described the deal to acquire thewarship as a major ‘milestone’ towards further streng-thening the wide ranging Pakistan-US relationship.

“The successful completion of this contract will pavethe way for acquisition of more vessels of the same classfor the Pakistan Navy to raise a sqadron of eight Perry-class frigates,” a spokesman for the Pakistani embassysaid.

“This will greatly enhance the operational readinessof the Pakistan Navy,” he added. In the last couple ofyears USS Mclnerney has been mainly involved in suc-cessful counter-drug operations.

The frigate is being transferred under the ForeignAssistance Act and the Arms Export Control Act in whichPakistan is considered a major non NATO ally and is ableto receive older unneeded US military equipment.

France Moves to Ban Muslim Veil in Public

France is moving towards a ban on wearing face-covering Islamic veils in public, with the government set

PD/June/2010/2107 “Remember, man does not live on bread alone : sometimes he needs a little buttering up.”

to examine a draft bill amid heated debate over women’srights and religious freedom.

President Nicolas Sarkozy spoke out in favour of acomplete ban on April 21, and the relevant bill will bepresented to the Cabinet in May, government spokesmanLuc Chatel said on April 21.

Burqa hurts the dignity of women andis not acceptable in French society, saysPresident Nicolas Sarkozy.

S a r k o z y belie-ved that the full veil,commonly referredto as the b u r q a inFrance, “hurts thedignity of womenand is not acceptablein French society.”

Chatel quotedSarkozy as sayingthat everythingshould be done so that “no one feels stigmatized becauseof their faith and religious practices.”

The proposal has attracted both fierce criticism andpraise in the home of the largest Muslim community inthe 27-member European Union. Almost 10 per cent ofFrance’s 62 million population is Muslim.

Most French voters back a ban, polls have shown, butlegal experts have warned that it could violate the Consti-tution. France’s highest court, which advises the govern-ment on the preparation of new laws, said in March a bancould be unlawful.

The idea of a ban was first floated last year by mayorswho noticed more and more women in their neighbor-hoods covering themselves with full veils. A parliamen-tary commission was set-up to examine the proposalduring six months of hearings.

Since then, many feminists from France’s poor, multi-ethnic suburbs have spoken out in support of a ban,saying it could help young women who did not want towear the veil but were forced to do so by their partners orfamilies. Others, however, see the ban as part of a risinghostility against Islam and its symbols—from veils tominarets—and argue that many Muslim women actuallywant to cover up.

The debate has spread as far as Afghanistan, wheresome women’s rights activists expressed outrage at theFrench proposal, saying they disliked the burqa butwomen should be free to wear whatever they wanted.

The parliamentary commission wrapped up its inves-tigation in January and recommended that Parliamentpass a resolution denouncing face-covering veils, and thenvote the strictest law possible to prevent women fromwearing them.

Volcano Erupts in Iceland, After-ShocksFelt Worldwide

A volcano erupted in Iceland in the second week ofApril and its effects rippled around the globe. The fall outfrom the ash cloud looming Europe illustrates just howinterconnected our world has become.

The eruption was a single act of nature, but it stop-ped the world in countless ways. Flights of planes carry-ing passengers and cargo stopped, stranding thousandsof passengers at different places. A cloud of ash fromthe volcano shut down much of air travel to and from

PD/June/2010/2108 “I’m tired of dreaming. I’m into doing at the moment. It’s, like, let’s only have goals that we can go after.”

northern Europe for a number of days as massivetransportation grid lock spread around the world.

Ejyafyalljokull : One volcano broughtEurope to a standstill.

One Icelandinggeologist, MagnusTumi Gudmundsonof the university ofIceland said thatactivity at the vol-cano Ejyafyalljokullwas a scene of hor-ror. Air India alsosuspended all itsscheduled flights toEurope, USA andCanada following volcanic ash spreading over Europe.

Scientists warned on April 17 that the Icelandingvolcano could cause problems to air traffic for as many assix months. But the great threat : the possibility that thevolcano, under the Ejyafyalljokull glacier, could eruptonce again.

However, the volcano has a history of long periods ofactivity. The last time it erupted in 1821 it kept emittingash and gas for 13 months.

Icelanding volcanoes are mild-mannered comparedto those along the Pacific ‘ring of fire.’ Nonetheless, thereis a one in a million chance of April 14’s eruption beingthe precursor to one of the mega eruptions that in the pasthave changed climate, destroyed civilizations and killedthousands. If somehow this happens the world would beengulfed in a horrendous environmental crisis.

Did You Know ?● Mount Toba, in Indonesia, is believed to have erupted

70,000 years ago in a mega-blast that caused a six-year longvolcanic winter and a millennium-long freeze. An estimated1000 cubic kilometers of matter was thrown into the air.

● The resulting famine killed so many that mankind wasreduced to a population of barely 5 to 10,000 and cameclose to extinction.

● 1816 Tambora eruption in Indonesia was the most power-ful eruption in recorded history. It wiped out summer inEurope and North America, but also inspired in otherways.

Something About VolcanoWhat is a volcano ? Named after Vulcanus, the Roman god of fire, a volcano is simply a vent in the Earth’s crust from which

molten rock, hot rock-fragments, ash, gas, and steam are released. Typically, a volcano is found at places where tectonic plates eitherconverge or diverge. Some of the most violent eruptions take place along convergent boundaries where one plate is forced beneaththe other. Because of the pressure and the friction, which causes melting of plate material into the mantle, these places become proneto earthquakes and volcanoes. The most famous example of susceptibility to volcanic activity and earthquakes because of convergingplates is the Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire is home to over 75 per cent of the world’s active and dormantvolcanoes and experiences 9 out of every 10 earthquakes. What made the Ejyafyalljokull volcanic system erupt ? Unlike the Ringof Fire, whose volcanic activity is a result of converging plates, Iceland is located on diverging plates. The rift associated withthe mid-Atlantic Ridge, which marks the division between the Eurasian and North American plates, runs across Iceland fromthe southwest to the northeast and results in extensive volcanic and geothermal activity. Divergent boundaries are alsoseismically active and are often the sites of volcanic islands formed when the plates move apart to produce gaps, which allowmolten lava to rise to fill. Nearly half of Iceland’s land area, which is of recent volcanic origin, consists of a mountainouslava desert and other wasteland. Ejyafyallajokul had also erupted in 1821 and continued releasing magma for more than a year.

Can Scientists Predict Volcanic Eruptions ?There are certain precursors to every volcanic eruption. For every eruption, the magma or the molten rock beneath the surface of

the Earth has to force its way upward through the solid rock beneath a volcano. These processes cause shaking of the Earth’s crust.The ground movements, earthquakes, and changes in volcanic gases help the scientists in anticipating an eruption. The recenteruption of Ejyafyalljokull was very much on the cards because the area has been witnessing unusual seismic activity sinceDecember 2009. It was noticed that there was a 3 cm shift in the local crust, out of which a 1 cm shift had occurred within 4 days. Thearea was witnessing frequent small-scale earthquakes indicating movement of magma. These were all pointers to a possibleeruption.

Obama’s Vision : Man on Mars in 30 yearsScrapping the ‘Back to Moon’ project of NASA, US Presi-

dent Barack Obama gave a new mission to the country’scivilian space programme agency—a manned mission to Marsin three decades and sending astronauts to explore asteroidsbeyond the moon by 2025.

In a speech at the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida, Obamaannounced to increase its budget by $ 6 billion in the next fiveyears.

“By doing that we will ramp up robotic exploration of thesolar system including a probe of the Sun’s atmosphere’s newscouting missions to Mars and other destinations; and anadvanced telescope to follow Hubble, allowing us to peerdeeper into the universe than ever before,” he said.

“Early in the next decade, a set of crewed flights will testand prove the systems required for exploration beyond lowEarth orbit. And by 2025, we expect new spacecraft designedfor long journeys to allow us to begin the first-ever crewedmissions beyond the Moon into deep space,” the Presidentsaid.

“We’ll start by sending astronauts to an asteroid for thefirst time in history. By the mid-2030s I believe we can sendhumans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And alanding on Mars will follow : And I expect to be around to seeit,” he added.

Justifying his decision to scrap the Moon project, the USPresident told NASA : “I just have to say pretty bluntly here—We have been there before. There is a lot more of space toexplore, and a lot more to learn when we do.”

News in a Nutshell

Saudi Arabia to Set-up Nuclear CitySaudi Arabia has decided to set-up a nuclear city that

would use atomic energy for peaceful purposes, especiallyin industry, agriculture, mining, desalination andmedicine. A royal decree issued by King Abdullah binAbdulaziz said that the King Abdullah Nuclear andRenewable Energy City will be setup in Riyadh, thecapital of the kingdom. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2109 “Confidence is preparation. Everything else is beyond your control.”

ANDHRA PRADESH

Rs. 36,800 crore Fixed for Andhra PradeshAnnual Plan

The plan outlay for Andhra Pradesh for 2010-11 hasbeen pegged at Rs. 36,800 crore which is 9·86 per centmore than the outlay of Rs. 33,497 crore fixed for 2009-10.The actual rise is Rs. 3,303 crore this year. The plan outlaywas decided between Planning Commission DeputyChairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia and Andhra PradeshChief Minister K. Rosaiah on April 16, 2010. AndhraPradesh, it may be recalled here, has not only becomerevenue surplus but also has succeeded in maintainingfiscal deficit well within borrowing limits. Mr. Rosaiahbriefed the commission that focus would be on infrastruc-ture and urban development.

ASSAM

Rs. 7,645 crore Annual Plan for Assam

The Annual Plan for Assam for 2010-11 was in April19, 2010 finalised at Rs. 7,645 crore. The plan was finalisedat a meeting between Planning Commission DeputyChairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia and State ChiefMinister Tarun Gogoi. Briefing the Commission, ChiefMinister Tarun Gogoi said Plan realisation this yearwould be over 90 per cent with gross state domesticproduct (GSDP) growing at over 6·1 per cent. He alsoinformed the Commission that substantial improvementhad been achieved in flagship programmes includingSarva Shiksha Abhiyan, rural health mission, welfare ofminorities and guaranteed rural employment.

DELHI

E-Waste Disposal Scheme Launched

Chief Minister Shiela Dixit launched e-waste disposalscheme on April 5, 2010. She also distributed 16-e-wastecollection bins and 42 paper recycling machines. Underthe scheme, e-waste collection bins will be installed at allidentified places across Delhi from where the authorisedrecyclers will collect the e-waste for recycling. TheDepartment of Environment under its scheme will set upEco-clubs in schools and colleges of Delhi and also getpaper recycling machines installed in over 88 schools ofDelhi.

HARYANA

Punjabi Sahitya Akademi Awards ConferredHaryana Chief Minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda on

April 23, 2010 conferred the Haryana Punjabi SahityaAkademi awards on Punjabi litterateur in Chandigarh.

He conferred the Haryana Punjabi Gaurav Puruskar,comprising cash awards of Rs. 1·25 lakh each, on JoginderSingh Principal and Sukhchain Singh Bhandari for 2008-09 and 2009-10 respectively. He also conferred the BhaiSantokh Singh Award for 2009-10, comprising Rs. 1 lakh,on Rattan Singh Dhillon; and Baba Sheikh Farid Awardand Sant Taran Singh Vehimi Award of Rs. 51,000 each onCharanjit Kaur and Sudarshan Gaso respectively.

The Lok Gayak Award of Rs. 21,000 was given toNaresh Kumar (Bittu Shahpuri).

Six authors—Lakhwinder Singh Bajwa, JoginderKaur, Jeevan Bakshi, Ikbaal Singh, Prem Sethi and MadanLal Kapoor—were awarded Rs. 21,000 each.

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Himachal Pradesh Formulates Rs. 4500 crorePlan for Power Transmission

Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Prem KumarDhumal on April 28, 2010 said that a Rs. 4500 croreMaster Plan had been formulated for putting up in placepower evacuation to transfer electricity to other parts ofthe country. According to the Chief Minister, HimachalPradesh would serve as power bowl for the entire countryin the next few years. The State Government would set uppit head based captive thermal plants to fill the gap ofsupply and demand.

KERALA

State Film Awards 2009 : Eight Awards forPazhassi Raja

Kerala State Film Awards 2009 were announced onApril 6, 2010 in Thiruvananthapuram. The Mammootty-starrer ‘Pazhassi Raja’ written by M.T Vasudevan Nairand directed by Hariharan, has bagged eight awards.

Mammootty’s role in ‘Paleri Manikyam’ won him thebest male actor award and its female actor ShwethaMenon, won the best female actor award. JagathySreekumar bagged the special jury award for his contri-

PD/June/2010/2110 “Confidence comes not from always being right but from not fearing to be wrong.”

butions to the world of films. P. Sukumar, who directed‘Swa Le,’ was adjudged the best debutant director and‘Ividam Swargamanu,’ directed by Roshan Andrews,clinched the award for the best popular film with artisticvalue.

The awards claimed by ‘Pazhassi Raja’ are thefollowing : best director–Hariharan, best scenarist–Mr.Vasudevan Nair, second best actor award–Manoj K.Jayan, second best female actor–Padmapriya, best filmeditor–Sreekar Prasad, best art director–Muthuraj, bestcostumer–Natarajan, and best dubbing artiste–ShobbyTilakan.

Sooraj Venjaramoodu has been chosen the best come-dian for his performance in ‘Ivar Vivahitharayaal.’

Baby Nivedita who acted in ‘Bhramaram’ is the bestchild artiste.

Paleri Manikyam Oru Pathira KolapathakathinteKatha,’ directed by Renjith, has clinched the award for thebest feature film and ‘Raamanam,’ directed and producedby M.P. Sukumaran Nair, has bagged the award for thesecond best feature film.

The following are among the other award winners :Best story writer–Sasi Paravur for ‘Kadaksham’; cine-matographer–K.G. Jayan for ‘Sufi Paranja Katha’; lyricist–Rafeeq Ahammed for the song ‘Thekkini kolayilchumarail…’ in ‘Sufi Paranja Katha’; best music director–MohanSithara for the same song; background score–Rahul Raj for ‘Rithu’; playback singer male K.J. Yesudasfor the song ‘Swantham swantham balyathiloode…’ in‘Madhya Venal’; female playback singer Shreya Ghoshalfor ‘Chanthu thottile…’ in ‘Banaras’; best classical singerSharath for the song ‘Bhavayami paadumente…’ in‘Megha Theertham’; best sound recorder N. Harikumarfor ‘Patham Nilayile Theevandi’.

ORISSA

Rs. 11,000 crore Finalised for Orissa AnnualPlan

The Annual Plan for Orissa for the current fiscal wasfinalised at Rs. 11,000 crore at a meeting between Plan—

Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik withPlanning Commission Deputy Chair-man Montek Singh Ahluwalia.

ning CommissionDeputy ChairmanMontek Singh Ahlu-walia and OrissaChief MinisterNaveen Patnaik. TheChief Minister said–the average annualgrowth of 9·51 percent achieved duringthe Tenth Planwould be maintainedduring the currentPlan period also. Mr.Ahluwalia lauded the state progress in social sectorschemes and called for efforts to be made to improve theoverall human development index.

RAJASTHAN

World’s First Homeopathy University willbe Set-up

The Rajasthan Assembly on April 1, 2010 passed theHomeopathy University, Jaipur Bill 2010 to facilitate theestablishment of the World’s first Homeopathy Univer-sity. The Bill, passed unanimously by the House after adiscussion on the penultimate day of the current sessionwill replace an ordinance promulgated in October 2009 bythe State government and thus permitted the Dr. MadanPratap Khunteta Homeopathic Medical College, Hospitaland Research Centre Society to start a self-financingUniversity in the private sector in Sanganer Tehsil ofJaipur district.

The objective of the University to undertake studyand research in homeopathy and offer a five and half yearbachelor’s degree in homeopathic medicine and surgery,B.Sc. nursing, three year post-graduate courses, Ph.D.courses, M.Sc. in Life Sciences and to run various diplomacourses and certificates.

A Record Annual Plan Fixed

The Planning Commission on April 9, 2010 peggedthe annual plan 2010-11 for Rajasthan at Rs. 24,000 crore—the highest ever in its history. The current outlay wasfinalised at Rs. 6,678 crore more than the Annual Plan ofRs. 17,322 crore sanctioned for the previous year by thecommission. The Plan was finalised between Chief Minis-ter Ashok Gehlot and Planning Commission DeputyChairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia in New Delhi. Theoutlay includes a one time additional central assistancefor construction of the Rajasthan High Court building inJodhpur and development of the dargah of KhwajaMoinuddin Chisti and Ana Sagar Lake area in Ajmer. Thetop priority in the plan has been given to the energysector and social and community services. In this year,there is the increase of 38·55 per cent over the last year.

TAMIL NADU

Rs. 282·25 crore Granted for Maritime Univer-sity

The Union Government on April 8, 2010 providedfinancial support of Rs. 282·25 crore to the IndianMaritime University (IMU) Chennai to meet capitalexpenditure and recurring deficit. The Cabinet Committeeon Economic Affairs has approved the money required bythe Central University during the first two years of itsinception. As we know, the University was established inChennai (Tamil Nadu) in 2008. One part of fund—thatis—Rs. 275·33 crore has been granted as capital supportwhile another part totalling Rs. 6·92 is to meet theestimated deficit during this initial period. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2111 “Appreciation is a wonderful thing : It makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well.”

ACRONYMS

DONER—Development of North Eastern Region.

IIIT—Indian Institute of Information Technology.

The Human Resource Development Ministry hasprepared a Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model forsetting up 20 IIITs under which the expenditure could beshared 85 : 15 between the government and the industry.

INSAS—Indian Small Arms System.

It is an assault rifle being built by state-run OrdnanceFactory Board. It will soon be a part of the Royal OmanArmy. It is presently the standard infantry weapon of theIndian Armed Forces.

NFSA—National Food Security Act.

NLM—National-Level Monitors.

NPC—National Productivity Council.

MsDP—Multi-sectoral Development Programme.

START—Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.

A new START treaty was signed by the USA andRussia on April 8, 2010. It takes the place of the formerSTART signed in 1991. The treaty provides for at least 30per cent reduction of nuclear weapons in the arsenals ofboth the countries.

APPOINTMENTS/ELECTION

G. RaghuramaProf. G. Raghurama, a professor in the Electronics

and Instrumentation Engineering at BITS (Birla Instituteof Technology and Science) has been appointed as thenew Director of the Institute’s Pilani campus.

G. Raghurama

Having completed his M.Sc. fromIIT, Madras, Prof. Raghurama did hisPh.D. in Physics from Indian Institute ofScience, Bangalore and joined BITS as afaculty member in 1987.

He has been the Deputy Director(Academic) in the institute since January2007.

Prof. Raghurama had held several senior positions inthe institute including Dean of Admissions and Placementand Dean of Faculty Division II. H e led the team whichimplemented the online test BITSAT, which remains abenchmark for computer based admission tests in India.

He teaches courses and guides research in the areasof Electronic Sciences, Communication Systems, Telecom-

munications and Networks and Software Engineering.Having published over 40 research papers in internationaland national journals and conferences, Prof. Raghuramahas supervised a number of doctoral candidates.

An awardee of a research grant from Nokia in 2000and Faculty Champion Award from Microsoft in 2007,Prof. Raghurama has represented BITS in several nationalforums.

Gopal Subramanium : New BCI ChairmanGopal Subramanium, the Solicitor General of India,

has been unanimously elected Chairman of the BarCouncil of India in BCI’s meeting held in New Delhi onApril 11, 2010. Mr. Gopal has been elected for two years.Mr. Gopal is the first Solicitor General to be unanimouslyelected Chairman of the Bar Council of India (BCI).

GopalSubramanium

The candidature of Subramanium,who is an ex-officio member of the BCIin his capacity of Solicitor General, forthe post of BCI Chairman was proposedby the majority of the members presentat the meeting and received unanimousbacking of the remaining members.Subramanium will succeed Suraj NarainPrasad Sinha.

R. Dhanapal Raj has been elected Vice-Chairman fortwo years. Milan Kumar Dey and Brij Mohan Vinayakhave been elected Chairman and Vice-Chairman respec-tively of the Executive Committee of BCI for two years.

Harsh ManglikIT industry body National Association of Software

and Services Companies (NASSCOM) has appointed

Harsh Manglik

Harsh Manglik as the Chairman of itsExecutive Councilfor 2010-11. NASS-COM made the announcement ofManglik’s appointment on April 20,2010. Mr. Manglik replaced Mr. PramodBhasin. Prior to the appointment as theNASSCOM Chief, Mr. Manglik was theChairman and Geography ManagingDirector for Accenture in India. He hasalso been a member of the NASSCOM’s ExecutiveCouncil.

NASSCOM has also appointed NIIT TechnologiesChairman and Managing Director Rajendra Pawar as theVice-Chairman of its Executive Council.

Mukul SangmaMukul M. Sangma took oath as the 21st Chief

Minister of Meghalaya on April 20, 2010, which alsohappens to be his 45th birthday.

PD/June/2010/2112 “Always remember, everyone is hungry for praise and starving for honest appreciation.”

Mr. Sangma was administered the oath of office andsecrecy by Governor R. S. Mooshahary at Raj Bhavan.Three other ministers—one Independent and two fromthe United Democratic Party—were also sworn-in.

Mukul Sangma

It may berecalled that D. D.Lapang had resignedas Chief Ministerearlier on April 19following thedemand for hisresignation by amajority of legisla-tors on the groundthat Meghalaya hadnot made any pro-gress under hisleadership.

Sangma, a medical practitioner, gave up his govern-ment posting as medical and health officer at Tura healthcentre and jumped into the electoral fray in 1993. Hecontested and won the 58-Ampatigiri assembly consti-tuency in West Garo Hills as an Independent candidate.There was no looking back for him since then.

At the age of 33, Sangma first bagged a cabinet berthand held various posts as minister of taxation, informa-tion and public relations and others.

In 2005, Sangma was appointed deputy chief ministerin-charge of home and education departments. But he wasforced to quit after the Garo Hills police firing, in whichnine people lost their lives and several others were injuredover the Meghalaya Board of School Education issue.

Chirayu AminJolted by the alleged dubious dealings in the Indian

Premier League (IPL) the Board of Control for Cricket in

Chirayu Amin

India (BCCI) set into to motion a clean-up act in Mumbai on April 26, 2010 byappointing Vice-President (West Zone)Chirayu Amin as interim chairman ofthe IPL. Lalit Modi ceased to hold allpositions (Chairman, IPL and Cham-pions League T-20 and Vice-President,BCCI) after BCCI, served show-causeunder BCCI rules and regula-tions 32

(IV) and suspended him under Rule 32(IV).

PERSONS IN THE NEWS

Aditi MalikAditi Malik, an Indian human rights student has won

the prestigious Gates scholarship. Winning this scholar-ship, she has secured her place at the Cambridge Univer-sity.

Ms. Malik from Delhi is among 80 graduate studentsfrom 26 countries who have been declared winners ofthe Gates Cambridge Scholarships from more than 7,000applicants.

The University said the Gates Scholarship pro-gramme, set up in 2000 and funded by the Bill and

Aditi Malik

Melinda Gates foundation, enabledpost-graduates with a strong interest insocial leadership and responsibility tostudy at Cambridge.

At Cambridge, Ms. Malik willpursue M. Phil in International Relat-ions focusing on the theoretical andpractical tnsions between state sovere-ignty and human rights.

Ms. Malik has been a bright and promising studentfrom her early academic period. She obtained her undergraduate degree in Government and Economics atFranklin and Marshall college in Pennsylvania, US. There,she claimed prestigious Henry S. Williamson Award ofthe college for her brilliant overall performance.

It is worthnoting that Gates scholarship programmeis celebrating its 10th anniversary this year.

Oh Eun-sun : First Woman to Conquer14 peaks

A South Korean mountaineer became the first woman toscale the world’s 14 highest mountains, crawling on all fourson April 27, 2010 as she reached the last summit.

Oh Eun-sun (44) arrived at the final,steep stretch of Annapurna in theHimalayas 13 hours after she left the lastcamp to beat a Spanish rival to the record.Her feat was broadcast live in South Koreaby KBS television.

At the top, she pulled out a SouthKorean flag, waved, and then wept beforethrowing up her arms and shouting,‘Victory !’

Oh Eun-sun

Annapurna was the last of the 14 peaks above 26,247 feetMs. Oh needed to climb to set the mark. She reached thesummit—26,545 feet above sea level—13 years after she scaledher first Himalayan mountain, Gasherbrum II, in 1997. Shescaled the Everest in 2004.

On April 27, 2010, KBS footage showed Mr. Oh breathingheavily after each step in minus-29 Celsius temperatures onsnowy Annapurna. “I’m so happy, and I would like to sharethis joy with the South Korean people,” said an emotional Ms.Oh, murmuring, “Thank you, thank you.”

President Lee Myung-bak sent a congratulatory message,saying South Koreans were “awakened to her great spirits ofchallenge.” According to his office. “She is really great and I’mproud of her,” he said.

Ms. Oh’s quest has met with some controversy, after somequestioned whether she had in fact summited one of the peakson the list : Kanchenjunga, the world’s third-highest. Photostaken of that trek did not clearly prove she had reached thesummit. She dismissed the criticism.

DEATHS

Juan Antonio SamaranchFormer International Olympic Committee President

Juan Antonio Samaranch died on April 21, 2010 at the ageof 89 at a Barcelona hospital from a cardiorespiratoryarrest in Spain.

PD/June/2010/2113 “The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.”

Samaranch headed the International Olympic Com-mittee (IOC) for 21 years for the longest tenure after that

Juan AntonioSamaranch 1920-

2010

of the body’s founding father, BaronPierre de Coubertin. Samaranch, aformer diplomat who served as Spanishambassador, led the IOC from 1980 to2001. He was considered one of thedefining Presidents for building the IOCinto a powerful global organisation andfirmly establishing the Olympics as aworld force.

Samaranch was admitted to theQuiron Hospital in Barcelona (Spain) on

April 18 after experiencing some Cardiac uneasinessand problem. He is survived by his 50-year-old sonSamaranch Jr. and a daughter Maria Teresa.

IOC President Jacques Rogge paid handsome tributeto Samaranch. He said in a statement, “I cannot find thewords to express the distress of olympic family. I ampersonally deeply saddened by the death of the man whobuilt up the Olympic Games of the modern era, a manwho inspired me, and whose knowledge of sport wastruly exceptional.

When Samaranch assumed the office of IOC as itshead in 1980, the IOC was passing through very hard time.It was at the verge of bankruptcy. The Olympics werebattered by boycotts, terrorism, mismanagement andfinancial problems. When he left the IOC office after 21years as its chief, the IOC had become a rich well-organised and internationally accepted sports body. TheBOYCOTT era was over. It was Samaranch who madeOlympics internationally acclaimed and favourite sportsfestival across the globe.

Dorothy HeightDorothy Height, a longtime leader of the US Civil

rights movement and the Chairwoman of the National

Dorothy Height

Council of Negro women, passed awayon April 20, 2010 in Washington. Ms.Height a pioneer of the 1960s civil rightmovement, had joined historic marcheswith Martin Luther King Jr. and led theNational Council of Negro women for40 years. She was 98. Height began hercareer as an advocate for civil rights andgender equality during 1930s, workingto prevent lynching, desegregate the US armed forces andreform the criminal justice system in the US. Ms. Heightdied of natural causes.

Ms. Height received the Presidential Medal of free-dom in 1994 from the then US President Bill Clinton.

M. K. Kamalam : Malayalam’s Talkies FirstHeroine Passes Away

M. K. Kamalam, who was the heroine of the firstMalayalam talkies Balan died at her residence in Kottyamdistrict on April 20. She was 86.

Though her film career was short-lived, Kamalamcreated history by doing the lead female role in the firsttalkie, Balan, produced in 1938 by Modern Theatres,Salem.

It was the search by veteran director T. R. Sundaramfor a woman artist who could act, sing and dance withequal felicity that led him to choose Kamalam for the rolein Balan.

Kamalam’s was the first Malayalam voice ever heardon the sound track of a film as her debut film was the firstaudio movie in the language.

“A film artiste’s career was full of challenges in thosedays, as there was no facilities like playback or dubbingthen. Only those with born talent were spotted for roles.Certainly, a veteran director like Sundaram could havecast Kamalam after being convinced of her talents,” saidBalagoplan, a film historian.

C. K. PrahaladCoimbatore Krishnarao Prahalad, one of the world’s

most eminent management gurus, a distinguishedprofessor and a visionary passed away in San Diego aftera brief illness. He was 68.

C. K. Prahalad

An alumnus of the Indian Instituteof Management, Ahmedabad, Prahaladfirmly believed in a growth story basedon financial inclusion and inclusion ofthose belonging at the bottom of thepyramid. His advocacy to supportproducts and services for the lessaffluent consumers is believed to be theinspiration for products such as theTata Nano.

He believed in building a stronger India through thespread of education, good health and good governance.He had also outlined a vision for India at 75.

Prahalad was conferred the Padma Bhushan by theGovernment of India in 2009.

He taught at various places including IIM-A andStephen M. Ross School of Business at University ofMichgan.

The Indian industry has had a close association withPrahalad as well. He worked closely with severalcompanies in India and outside. He was on the boards ofHindustan Lever Ltd., NCR Corporation, TVS CapitalFunds among others. He also had a close association withindustry body Confederation of Indian Industry.

John WakefieldJohn Wakefield, the torchbearer of Karnataka’s first

eco-tourism project—the Kabini River Lodge on the banksof the Kabini at Karapur in Mysore district—passed awayat the Kabini lodge on April 26. He was 95.

Mr. Wakefield used to share his ‘jungle tales’ withvisitors, who included many international guests. He wasthe brand ambassador of Jungle Lodges and Resorts (JLR)and was instrumental in the success of its eco-tourismprojects.

Son of the former manager of the Maharaja of Tikareyin Bihar, Mr. Wakefield came to Karnataka as therepresentative of Tiger Tops Jungle Lodge (TTJL)—a

PD/June/2010/2114 “Next to excellence is the appreciation of it.”

wildlife resort with its headquarters in Nepal—to set up ajungle lodge at Nagarahole on the invitation of late ChiefMinister R. Gundu Rao., who was impressed with his stayat the Tiger Tops lodge in Nepal.

Rajasthan Governor Prabha RauRajasthan Governor Prabha Rau died in Delhi on

April 26, 2010 following a heart attack.

Homage : Congress President Sonia Gandhi paying herrespects to the late Rajasthan Governor Prabha Rau (right) atJodhpur House in New Delhi on April 26, 2010.

Ms. Rau, a senior Congress politician from Maha-rashtra who took over as Rajasthan Governor on January25 this year, is the second Governor in the State to die inharness in past five months. Her predecessor ShailendraKumar Singh had passed away in December 2009. Prior toher posting in Rajasthan, Ms. Rau was Governor ofHimachal Pradesh from July 19, 2008 to January 24, 2010.

Ms. Rau hailed from the illustrious Wasu family ofMaharashtra.

Carlos FranquiCuban writer and political activist Carlos Franqui, an

important figure in the Cuban revolution, who laterbecame one of the most outspoken critics of Fidel Castrohas died. He was 89.

Franqui died on April 15 in Puerto Rico after a briefhospitalization for bronchial and heart problems,according to a friend. Franqui entered leftist politicalmovements as a youth, joined and left the CommunistParty and became a journalist who eventually joinedCastro’s rebellion against dictator Fulgencio Batista.

Alejandro RobainaCuban tobacco grower Alejandro Robaina, an inter-

national symbol of the island’s cigar-making powers, diedon April 17, 2010. He was 91.

AlejandroRobaina

The only Cuban grower with acigar brand named after him, Robainatravelled for decades as an unofficialglobal ambassador for the island’sstogies. In his final days he could befound smoking cigars in a rocking chainon his front port in San Luis, inwesternmost Pinar de Rio Province.

He worked the fields in VuettaAbajo, Cuba’s most famous cigar-growing region where Habanos—a joint venture betweenthe communist government and Britain’s ImperialTobacco Group PLC—produced Robainas.

Robaina became famous for the top quality tobaccohe helped produce and was honoured numerous times bythe Castro government.

RESIGNATION

D. D. LapangMeghalaya Chief Minister D. D. Lapang on April 18,

2010 submitted his resignation to Congress PresidentSonia Gandhi to end a lingering political crisis in the state.The Party President accepted the resignation.

Shashi TharoorMinister of State in the External Affairs Ministry

Shashi Tharoor resigned on April 18, following anunpalatable IPL controversy in which he got involved. He

Shashi Tharoor at the ParliamentHouse on Tharoor resigned as theminister of state for external affairson April 18, 2010.

had to submit hisresignation when theopposition demand forhis resignation becamemost vociferous to theextent that the parlia-mentary proceedingswere stalled for a longtime over the issue.

Mr. Tharoor is awriter of note and hadbeen an outstandingIndian diplomat. He was a candidate for the post ofUnited Nation Secretary General, but he lost and Ban-ki-moon obtained the majority support installing him thenew US Secretary-General.

AWARDS AND HONOURS

Lifetime Achievement Award for R. P. GoenkaR. P. Goenka who is the Chairman Emeritus of RPG

Enterprises was conferred the Lifetime Achievement

Union Civil Aviation Minister Praful Patel (right) presentingthe lifetime achievement award to Chairman Emeritus of RPGGroup R. P. Goenka.

Award by the All India Management Association (AIMA).The award was presented to him by Union Minister forCivil Aviation Praful Patel in New Delhi on April 7, 2010.It is the first ever Managing ‘India Award’ by AIMA.

PD/June/2010/2115 “The roots of all goodness lie in the soil of appreciation for goodness.”

Asko Parpola gets Classical Tamil AwardAsko Parpola has been selected for the Kalaignar

M. Karunanidhi Classical Tamil Award for 2009.Professor Asko Parpola is currently Professor Emeritus of

Professor AskoParpola

Indology in the University of Helsinki(Finland) and is considered authority onthe Indus script. He was chosen for hiswork on Dravidian hypothesis in theIndus script. According to Parpola’sversion the Dravidian is very close toold Tamil. The award which carries acash prize of Rs. 10 lakh, a citation andmemento will be conferred on himduring the World Classical Tamil Con-ference to be held in Coimbatore in June 2010.

IPL Awards : Sachin Tendulkar Named BestBatsman

Mumbai Indians Captain Sachin Tendulkar was onApril 23, 2010 named best batsman while Deccan

Sachin Tendulkar

Charger’s Pragyan Ojha was honouredwith the best bowler award. It may benoted here that Sachin Tendulkar whorecently celebrated his 37th birthday has570 runs in his kitty from 14 matcheswith five fifties in IPL matches. Leftarm spinner Pragyan Ojha is the mostsuccessful bowler of IPL-III with 21

Pragyan Ojha

wickets in his kitty from 15 matches.Delhi Daredevils’ AB de Villiers wasdeclared best fielder while West IndianKieron Pollard was named for bestdebut performance for his superb allround performance with bat and ball.The list of IPL awardees in details, isgiven below :

Jury Awards

Best Batsman : Sachin Tendulkar (Mumbai Indians)Best Bowler : Pragyan Ojha (Deccan Chargers)Best Debut Performance : Kieron Pollard (Mumbai

Indians)Best Dramatic Performance : Harbhajan Singh

(Mumbai Indians)Most Consistent Performer : Jacques Kallis (Royal

Challengers Bangalore)Best Breakthrough Performance 2008 : Brendon

McCullum (Kolkata Knight Riders)Best Breakthrough Performance 2009 : Anil Kumble

(Royal Challengers Bangalore)Best Fielder : AB de Villiers (Delhi Daredevils)Best Ground : M Chinnaswamy Stadium, BengaluruBest Stadium Experience : DY Patil Stadium, Navi

Mumbai

Viewers’ Choice Awards

Best Catch : David Hussey (Kolkata Knight Riders)Best Batsman : Sachin Tendulkar (Mumbai Indians)Best Captain : Sachin Tendulkar (Mumbai Indians)

Best Bowler : Pragyan Ojha (Deccan Chargers)Best Commentator : Ravi ShastriMost Stylish Player : Robin Uthappa (Royal

Challengers Bangalore)Most Fan-Friendly Cricketer : Adam Gilchrist

(Deccan Chargers)Best Fielder : Suresh Raina (Chennai Super Kings)

Statistical Awards

Most Economic Bowler : Ravichandran Ashwin(Chennai Super Kings)

Fastest Hundred : Yusuf Pathan (Rajasthan Royals)Highest Percentage of Runs Scored in Boundaries :

Virender Sehwag (Delhi Daredevils)Indian Cricketing Legend I Would Want in my

Team : Kapil Dev.

M. M. Joshi and Mohan Singh Chosen BestParliamentarians

Former BJP President Murli Manohar Joshi andSamajwadi Party member Mohan Singh have been chosenas the best parliamentarians for 2009 and 2008 res-pectively. The Award Committee, which selects the nomi-nees for the honour, finalised their name at a meeting onApril 21, 2010.

Murli Manohar Joshi Mohan Singh

The committee also decided that as the winner of thebest parliamentarian award for 2007 Priya RanjanDasmunsi was in no position to receive it because of illhealth, it should be handed over to his wife and LokSabha member Deepa Dasmunsi on his behalf.

The two awardees for 2008 and 2009 have had a longparliamentary career.

Seventy-six year-old Joshi was twice in the RajyaSabha and is a fifth term member of the Lok Sabha electedfrom Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh). He was home ministerduring the 13 day government of A. B. Vajpayee in 1996and was in charge of HRD ministry when the NDA was inpower in 1988-1999 and from 1999-2004.

Mohan Singh, like Joshi, has had his political groom-ing in Allahabad in U.P.

The 65-year-old leader was thrice elected to theLower House, including to the 14th Lok Sabha from 2004-09. He lost the elections in 2009. The former member ofthe Uttar Pradesh assembly and council is currently thegeneral secretary and spokesperson for S. P.

Instituted in 1995, the outstanding parliamentarianaward has so far been conferred on 13 leaders : Chandra-shekhar, Somnath Chatterjee, Pranab Mukherjee, S. JaipalReddy, L. K. Advani, Arjun Singh, Jaswant Singh,Manmohan Singh, Sharad Pawar, Sushma Swaraj,P. Chidambaram, Mani Shankar Aiyar and Dasmunsi.

PD/June/2010/2116 “The best way to appreciate your job is to imagine yourself without one.”

Bengali Novel Shortlisted for IndependentForeign Fiction Prize

For the first time Mani Sankar Mukherjee’s book‘Chowringhee’ (an Indian novel) has been shortlisted forthe Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for 2010. The Inde-pendent Foreign Fiction Prize, awarded by The Indepen-dent and supported by the Arts Council England andChampagne Taittinger is one of the most esteemed prizesfor translated fiction in Britain. Chowringhee—one of themost popular works in Bengali literature in the 1960s—isabout a myriad of characters that people a popular hotel,Shahjahan in the city’s Champs–Elysees of the times asseen from the eyes of a clerk who works there.

Saudi Prince HonouredGovernor of Riyadh Prince Salman Bin Abdul Aziz

was on April 14, 2010, was honoured with Doctor ofLetters degree (Honoris Causa) by Jamia Millia Islamia.The degree was conferred on Prince Salman in recognitionof his philanthropic and humanitarian work. According tothe citation, he had also spearheaded the rapid transfor-mation of the city of Riyadh from the midsized town intoone of the most modern urban metropolis of the world.

Gallantry Medals Presented

Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram on April 9,2010 presented gallantry medals to 56 Central ReservePolice Force. Among those who were awarded theGallantry Medal were Inspectors—General Subesh KumarSingh and A. P. Maheshwari, Deputy Inspector GeneralNarendra Bhardawaj, Commandants Ram Charitra, D. P.Upadhyay and Akhilesh Pratap Singh Deputy Comman-dants Prakash Ranjan Mishra, Kanhaiya Singh and AshokKumar were also conferred gallantry medals.

Jaipur Writer given Lifetime AchievementAward

The Public Relations Council of India has conferredthe K. R. Singh memorial lifetime achievement award for2010 on noted Jaipur based author and public relationsactivist Manohar Prabhakar. He was recognised for hisdistinguished services. Dr. Prabhakar has written morethan 50 books and has twice got the coveted BharatenduAward by the Union Ministry of Information andBroadcasting. He retired from Rajasthan Governmentservice in 1990.

Dev Anand Honoured with Phalke RatnaEvergreen actor and filmmaker Dev Anand has been

honoured with prestigious Phalke Ratna Award this year.

Dev Anand

The award is presented by Dada SahebPhalke Academy (Mumbai). The awardwas presented to him on April 30, 2010the birth anniversary of father of theIndian film industry. Earlier Sunil Dutt,Dilip Kumar, B. R. Chopra and ManojKumar have been conferred upon withPhalke Ratna award.

Amitav Ghosh gets Dan David Award

Noted Indian Amitav Ghosh writer has been selectedfor the prestigious Dan David Prize. He has been

Amitav Ghosh

recognised for his remarkable re-working of the great tradition of thewestern novel in transnational terms.“Ghosh’s work provides a transnationalunderstanding of the self seen as theintersection of the many identitiesproduced by the collision of languagesand cultures; displacement and exile—lives torn between India, Burma,England and elsewhere; families torn by the violence andpsychological turmoil of colonial rule and post colonialdispossession; a globe wracked by two world wars andtheir ancillary bloodshed.” The jury wrote in their awardconferring remarks. The award, it may be noted here, isannually given in three different fields—Archaeology,Performing Arts and Material Science—in the threedimension time framework of past, present and future.Amitav Ghosh is the third Indian to win this award afterChemist CNR Rao and Musician Zubin Mehta.

SURVEY/OPINION POLL/REPORT

Political Landscape in Britain UndergoesChange

[Liberal Democrats Push Labour Party to ThirdPlace : Poll]

Britain’s Liberal Democrats, normally the country’sthird party, have overtaken the ruling Labour Party aftertheir leader’s performance in a pre-election TV debate, apoll showed on April 17, 2010.

The survey for the Sun newspaper put the LiberalDemocrats second on 30 per cent, behind the oppositionConservatives, but pushing Prime Minister GordonBrown’s Labour Party into third place on 28 per cent.

Although the Conservatives, who have long beenahead in polls, maintained their lead on 33 per cent, it wasa drop on their recent scores. The pollster quizzed 1,290people on April 16 for the survey.

The result came after Liberal Democrats leader NickClegg triumphed in the first ever prepoll TV clash withleaders of the two other parties on April 15.

According to polls of viewers taken after the debate,Clegg, who presented his party as an alternative to thetraditional groups, saw off both Brown and the Conser-vative leader David Cameron.

The Sun survey, which asked people who theyplanned to vote for at the May 6 general election, was thesecond poll following the US style televised showdown togive Clegg’s party a boost.

The poll has brought out certainly astonishingresults. The Liberal Democrats have hardly ever been inthe reckoning for forming the government, but the perfor-

PD/June/2010/2117 “I sometimes think that God, in creating man, somewhat overestimated his ability.”

mance at the polls point to their phenomenal rise over theyears, thanks to the popular dissatisfaction with the rulingLabour Party. Whatever the case, it would be nothingshort of a surprise if the Liberal Democrats rise to aposition in the vicinity of government formation. Onething is, however, certain that the Liberal Democrats arepoised to play a greater role in British politics than everbefore. Britain has ever been known as two-party state,things may spring surprise by bringing the LiberalDemocrats to a position which affects the balance in politi-cal equations.

NATURAL DISASTER

Hundreds of People Killed as Quake StrikesWest China

A series of earthquakes struck a mountainous Tibetanarea of Western China on April 14, 2010, killing at least

Rescue workers search for survivors atthe site of a collapsed building inYushu country in western China’sQinghai province on April 14, 2010.

one thousand peopleand injuring morethan 10,000 ashouses made of mudand wood collapsed.Many more peoplewere trapped andthe toll was expectedto rise.

The largestquake was recorded

by the US Geological Survey at magnitude 6·9 on theRichter scale. Students were reportedly buried insideseveral damaged schools. Hospitals were overwhelmed,many lacking even the most basic supplies. The quakewas centred on Yushu country, in the southern part ofQinghai, near Tibet, with a population of about 10,000,mostly herders and farmers.

The China Earth-quake Networks Centremeasured the largestquake’s magnitude at7·1. Qinghai averagesmore than five earth-quakes a year of atleast5·0 magnitude, accord-ing to the official XinhuaNews Agency.

Residents fled as the ground shook, toppling housesmade of mud and wood, as well as temples, gas stations,electric poles and the top of a Buddhist pagoda in park.The quake also triggered landslides, Xinhua said.

“Nearly all the houses made of mud and woodcollapsed. There was so much dust in the air, we couldn’tsee anything,” said Ren Yu, general manager of YushuHotel in Jiegu, the county’s main town. “There was a lotof panic. People were crying on the streets. Some of ourstaff, who were reunited with their parents, were also intears.”

77 People Perish as Storm Hits Bengal, BiharA ferocious storm ravaged parts of West Bengal and

Bihar, leaving hundred of people dead, destroying thou-

Residents try to erect a damagedtemple after a storm in North Dinajpurdistrict of West Bengal on April 7, 2010.

sands of houses andsnapping power andcommunication linesovernight, the officialsaid on April 7, 2010.

At least 38people were killed inWest Bengal’s NorthDinajpur districtwhile in the neigh-bouring Bihar’sborder district ofAraria, Purnia,

Kishanganj and Supaul were affected. The toll was about39.

The high velocity storm, which lasted about an hour,uprooted thousands of trees, caused widespread damageto crops and killed cattle in both the States.

ART OF LIVING

Los Angeles Church to give Lessons on IndianWay of Living

A 100-year-old Church in Los Angeles in the UnitedStates will now propagate Indian way of life and its spiri-tual teachings. This historic building is being taken up by

India Calling : The church buildingis being taken up by the Art ofLiving Foundation to run its com-munity service, including yoga,meditation, and knowledge pro-grammes.

the Art of Living Foun-dation t o run its com-munity service, includ-ing Yoga, meditationand knowledge pro-grammes. The newAoL (Art of Living)centre, a registerednational historic monu-ment since 1987, hasbeen designed in anew-classical styleby architect AlfredRosenheim. Its cons-truction began in 1907and opened to thepublic in 1910. At thetime of construction, itwas the largest churchon the West coast ofthe USA and featured what was then the world’s largestpoured concrete dome.

The AoL leader Sri Sri Ravishankar is believed to haveinaugurated the Centre on April 14, 2010. On April 15, iti s believed to have hosted a forum on corporate socialresponsibility called ‘Business, Ethics and Spirituality,’with Sri Sri Ravishankar, billionaire philanthropist JohnPaul Dejoria and professional stakeholder and MTV starBob Dyrdek. It is good of Sri Sri Ravishankarji that hehas pioneered the effort of taking the message of the AoLphilosophy to the four corners of the world including theUSA.

PD/June/2010/2118 “Appreciation is a wonderful thing : It makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well.”

ADVENTURE/EXPEDITION

Singapore-India Joint Naval Exercise–SIMBEX–10 Concludes

Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise SIMBEX-10 Concluded on April 15, 2010 with the ships of both thenavies returning to harbour for a final summing up of theexercise.

Republic of Singapore Navy’s fleet commander RearAdmiral Joseph Leong arrived at the Eastern Navalcommand, Visakhapatnam for the final phase of SIMBEX-

Vice Admiral Anup Singh, Flag OfficerCommanding-in-Chief, Eastern NavalCommand, giving a memento toColonel Glam Hock Koon Tan KaiHoe, Commanding Officer of 185Squadron of the Republic of SingaporeNavy in Visakhapatnam on April 15,2010.

10. Rear AdmiralLeong was accom-panied by the com-manding officer 185squadron of theRepublic of Singa-pore Navy Col. GlamHock Koon Tan Kai.The Indian Navywas represented byFlag Officer Com-manding-in-Chief ofENC Vice AdmiralAnup Singh. TheIndian Navy expres-sed satisfaction withthe level of mutualconfidence and inter-operability achievedthrough the joint naval exercise SIMBEX-10.

SIMBEX is an institutionalised series of regularexercises conducted on annual basis between the Indianand Singaporean navies. The interaction between theIndian navy and the Singapore navy began with modestlypitched anti-submarine training in 1994. This contact hasgrown steadily but impressively over the past 10 years.SIMBEX-10 was conducted in the Andaman Sea and theBay of Bengal from April 3 to 15, 2010. Apart from twonavy ships of the Republic of Singapore Navy, sevenIndian navy ships and a submarine participated in thenaval exercise. On India’s side, INS Ranvir, Jyothi, Kora,Mahish Nirbhik, Nishank and Batti Maw took part in theexercise. Both Indian and Singaporean navy officialsdeclared SIMBEX-10 exercise a successful exercise.

Sir David Attenborough Treks to North PoleVeteran British wildlife broadcaster Sir David Atten-

borough has reached the North Pole for the first time atthe age of 83.

The naturalist and presenter made it to the top of theworld while filming in the Arctic Circle for a new BBCseries on the impact of global warming on the Earth’sextreme regions.

Attenborough, who had recently visited the SouthPole, said : “The Poles look superficially very similar. Butwhen you visit them within a few weeks of each other,you realize how what is happening to them is going toaffect the entire planet.”

ENVIRONMENT

Project to Conserve Mount Kailash RegionLaunched

India, Nepal and China have jointly launched a trans-boundary project to conserve the mount Kailash region, asacred landscape that lies at the borders linking the threenations. The Kailash region conservation Project is mainlymeant to tackle the issue of glacial melt, biodiversityconservation and interestingly, also has a mandate forcultural conservation in the Himalayan region.

This ambitious trans-boundary project has beenlaunched under the guidance of the International Centrefor Integrated Mountain Development, (ICIMD) and willinvolve the forest Department of Uttarakhand, theNepalese Ministry of forests, the United Nations Environ-ment Programme, the G.B. Pant Institute of HimalayanEnvironment and Development, the Wildlife Institute ofIndia, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This wouldbe a first-of-its kind trans-boundary conservation initia-tive in the area. The whole project is divided into manyphases. The first phase of the project will last 18 months.As a first step of the Project a workshop was organised atAlmora on April 11 to 13, 2010.

Union Minister of State for Environment and forestsMr. Jairam Ramesh commented on the Project, “This is afirst of its kind trans-boundary project in the region. It ishoped that this would set the tone for more trans-boundary collaboration between countries in the regionon science, culture and capacity building in the greaterHimalayan region.”

LAW/CONSTITUTIONAL/JUSTICE

Nominee, Not Heir, Inherits SharesA nominee has the right to the shares after the

original shareholder’s death and not the deceased’s heirs,the Bombay High Court has ruled.

Dismissing the application of a widow who soughtpermission to sell the shares belonging to her latehusband, Justice Roshan Dalvi held that she had no rightto do so since she was not the nominee. The nominee washer late husband’s nephew.

Issue of OwnershipInsurance Policy : On the death of the policy holder, the

insurance company hands over the money to the nominee,who holds this amount in trust. The legal heirs have right overthis amount

Flat in Housing Society : Following the flat owners’ death,the society will transfer the shares in the housing society to thenominee. The nominee assumes the role of the trustee of theestate of the deceased, but legal heirs have right over theproperty.

Shares in a Listed Company : When the shareholder dies,the shares are automatically transferred to the name of thenominee. The nominee becomes the owner of the shares andcan transfer them.

PD/June/2010/2119 “The secret of life is to appreciate the pleasure of being terribly deceived.”

“The Companies Act sets out that the nomination hasto be made during the lifetime of the holder, according tolegal procedures. If that procedure is followed, thenominee would become entitled to all the rights in theshares to the exclusion of all other persons (following thedeath of the shareholder,” said the judge.

The Court said that Harsha Kokate would have norights over the shares owned by her deceased husbandNitin Kokate.

Harsha had married Nitin in December 2004. Theirmarital life was short-lived as Nitin passed away in 2007.A year later Harsha moved the High Court seeking to sellthe shares in Nitin’s demat account with SaraswatCooperative Bank. It was found that a year before hisdeath Nitin had nominated his nephew in respect of theshares.

Harsha’s lawyers had argued that she was entitled tothe shares as she was her late husband’s heir and legalrepresentative.

DEFENCE

INSAS to be Part of Oman ArmyAssault rifles INSAS, built by the state-run Ordnance

Factory Board, will soon be part of the Royal OmanArmy. The indigenously-built rifle was sent to Muscat inMarch and is undergoing trial for the Oman army.

“Oman has informed us that the rifles have success-fully passed the trial run, INSAS will, in all likelihood, bethe standard assault rifle of the Royal Oman Army,” saidan OFB deputy director rank official, who spoke oncondition of anonymity as he is not authorised to speak tothe media.

The rifles were subjected to endurance tests forextreme desert temperature and sandstorms and perfor-med well in both the conditions, sources in OFB and theMinistry of Defence told the press.

INSAS comes in three variants—an assault rifle, alight machine gun and a carbine.

India will be supplying the 5·56 mm assault rifles toOman.

“If a deal is struck with Oman, the quantity and sizeof the deal will not be made public,” said Major GeneralV. K. Narula, additional director general (public relations)of the Indian Army.

INSAS, or the Indian Small Arms System, wasdeveloped in OFB’s Ishapore factory, around 45 km northof Kolkata, in 1998.

Equipped with 20 or 30 round transparent magazines,the rifle has an effective range of 450 metres. The loadedweapon weighs around four kilogram.

INSAS is presently the standard infantry weapon ofthe Indian Armed Forces.

In 1999, it served the army against Pakistan in theKargil confrontation.

The successful trial runs of India-built assault rifleINSAS conclusively shows that India has registeredsignificant advances in defence production. Its destructive

PD/June/2010/2120 “A word of encouragement during a failure is worth more than an hour of praise after success.”

capacity stood proved in the Kargil war against Pakistan.Perhaps in this particular area India is becoming, by andlarge, self-reliant.

MiG-21s are being Phased out : DefenceMinister

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is gradually phasing outits older MiG-21 combat jets, many of which have beenlost to crashes, Defence Minister A. K. Antony said onApril 19, 2010.

Defence MinisterA. K. Antony

“The MiG-21 is a very old aircraft.It is now in the process of being phasedout,” Antony said during question hourin the Lok Sabha.

“The normal life of an aircraft is 30-34 years,” he added.

The IAF currently operates a littleover 200 MiG-21s. Of these, 121 havebeen upgraded to the Bison version andare likely to fly till 2017, an IAF source said.

The remaining 80-90 aircraft will be phased out in thenext two-three years.

The IAF first acquired the MiG-21 in 1961. Between1966 and 1984, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)built four variants of the aircraft, initially from completelyknocked down kits and eventually from Indian-madecomponents for 658 planes.

In the mid-1990s, despite a series of crashes, the IAFdecided to upgrade 121 planes of the fourth variant, theMiG-21bis, to the Bison category.

The complete phase out of the MiG-21 was also linkedto the acquisition of new aircraft, the IAF source pointedout.

Towards this end, the IAF will induct two squadrons—16 aircraft each-off the indigenous Tejas Light CombatAircraft (LCA) and another six squadrons of the planewithin six years.

Missile to Hit Target in 60 minutesAs the White House pushes for cuts in the nuclear

arsenal, as reflected in nuclear arms reduction treatysigned with Moscow, the US Pentagon is developing aweapon to help fill the gap : missiles armed withconventional warheads that could strike anywhere in theworld in less than an hour.

US military officials say the intercontinental ballisticmissiles, known as Prompt Global Strike weapons, are anecessary new form of deterrence against terrorist net-works and other adversaries.

As envisioned, the conventional missiles would givethe White House a fresh military option to consider in acrisis that would not result in a radioactive mushroomcloud.

The Prompt Global Strike programme, which thePentagon has been developing for several years, is alreadyraising hackles in Moscow, where Russian officials predictit could trigger a non-nuclear arms race and complicatePresident Barack Obama’s long-term vision of ridding theworld of nuclear weapons.

US military officials are also struggling to solve aseparate major obstacle : the risk that Russia or Chinacould mistake the launch of it for a nuclear one.

RELIGION

Extramarital Sex Fuels Earthquakes, saysIran Cleric

A senior Iranian cleric has claimed that dolled-up womenincite extramarital sex, causing more earthquakes in Iran, acountry that straddles several fault lines, newspapers reportedin April. “Many women who dress inappropriately…causeyouths to go astray, taint their chastity and incite extramaritalsex in society, which increases earthquakes,” Ayatollah KazemSedighi told worshippers at Tehran during Friday prayer.“Calamities are the result of people’s deeds,” he was quoted assaying by reformist Aftab-e Yazd newspaper. “We have noway but conform to Islam to ward off dangers.”

PLACES IN THE NEWS

MexicaliAn earthquake measuring 7·2 on the Richter Scale

struck on April 4, 2010, 62 km from Mexicali near US-Mexico border and was felt hundred of km away through-out Southern California.

MajuliThe Union Government will declare the World’s

largest river island of Majuli an eco-sensitive zone inAssam. This information was given by Union Minister forEnvironment and Forests Jairam Ramesh on April 6, 2010in Majuli.

DantewadaChhattisgarh’s district Dantewada hogged the head-

lines when Maoist rebels in their deadliest attack killed 74members of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and2 policemen from the Chhattisgarh police and destroyedan Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) on April 6, 2010.

BOOKS AND AUTHORS

1. Not by Reason Alone—The Politics of Change—By N. K. Singh, Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd.

2. Coastal Histories of Society and Ecology in Pre-Modern India — Edited by Yogesh Sharma

3. The Girmitiya Saga —By Girraj Kishore

IMPORTANT DAYS

National DaysJune 29 National Statistics Day

International DaysJune 5 World Environment DayJune 14 World Blood Donor DayJune 20 World Refugees DayJune 23 United Nations Public Service DayJune 27 World Diabetes Day P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2121/4 “The world is more malleable than you think and it’s waiting for you to hammer it into shape.”

Recruitment in Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank

Recruitment in Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 15, 2010.

Total Vacancies—119.Educational Qualifications—

Degree from a recognized universityin any discipline or its equivalent.

How to Apply—All eligible can-didates should apply in the prescri-bed application format given inEmployment News April 17–23, 2010.

Selection Procedure—The selec-tion of the candidate shall be made onthe basis of written test and inter-view. The written test will compriseReasoning Ability, Numerical Ability,Clerical Ability and English Langu-age.

See Employment News April17–23, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment in Aryavart Gramin Bank for Various

Post

Combined Defence Services Examination (II)

2010

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 17, 2010.

Total Vacancies—520.Educational Qualifications—

Degree of a recognized university orequivalent for I.M.A. and Officers’Training, B.Sc. (with Physics andMathematics) or Bachelor of Engi-neering for Naval Academy and AirForce Academy.

How to Apply—The UPSC havedeveloped an application form. Thisapplication form alongwith an Infor-mation Brochure containing generalacknowledgement card and anenvelope for sending the applicationis obtainable from the designatedHead Post Office against a castpayment of Rs. 20.

Scheme of Examination—Thetest will consist of English, GeneralKnowledge and Elementary Mathe-matics of Matriculation level. Inter-view for Intelligence and personalitytest will also be held.

See Employment News April17–23, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment in the Offices of the Principal

Accountant and Accountant General M.P.

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 17, 2010.

Total Vacancies—42.Educational Qualifications—

The minimum required educationalqualification is 10th class.

Age Limit—18 to 27 years.How to Apply—The candidate

should use the format published inthe Employment News April 17–23,2010.

See Employment News April17–23, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment in the Office of Defence Audit Deptt. (Under Indian Audit and

Account Deptt.) for Various Posts

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 17, 2010.

Total Vacancies—91.Educational Qualifications—

10th class pass.How to Apply—The candidate

should apply as per the Formatpublished in Employment NewsApril 17–23, 2010.

See Employment News April17–23, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment in Indian Army (10 + 2 Technical

Entry Scheme

Recruitment in Indian Army (10 + 2 Technical

Entry Schemes)

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—June 30, 2010.

Total Vacancies—85.Educational Qualifications—

Only those candidates who havepassed 10 + 2 Examination or itsequivalent with a minimum aggre-gate of 70% in Physics Chemistry and

Mathematics are eligible to apply forthis entry.

Age Limit—1612 to 191

2 years.

How to Apply—As per theformat prescribed in EmploymentNews April 17-23, 2010.

See Employment News April17–23, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment in Aryavart Gramin Bank for Various

Post

Recruitment in Aryavart Gramin Bank for Various

Posts

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 17, 2010.

Total Vacancies—90Age Limit—18 to 26 years.Selection Procedure— T h e

written test will consist of Reasoning,Quantitative Aptitude, GeneralAwareness and English Language.

PD/June/2010/2122 “I’m not a banner. I am an encourager and a persuader and an advocate.”

How to Apply—All eligible can-didates should apply in the prescribedapplication format, available onBanks’ website www.aryavartrrb.com.

See Employment News April17–23, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment in Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank

Recruitment of Religious Teachers in Army

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 1, 2010.

Total Vacancies—64.Educational Qualifications—

Madhyama in Sanskrit or Bhushan inHindi or equivalent for Pandit,Vidwan in Punjabi for Granthi andMaulvi Alem in Arabi, Adib Alim inUrdu or equivalent for Maulvi.

Selection Procedure—Paper Iwill contain questions on generalawareness and Paper II will test theknowledge specific to particularreligious denominations to which thecandidate belongs.

How to Apply—As per theformat given in Employment NewsApril 17-23, 2010.

See Employment News April17-23, 2010 for more details.

ComindCCcc Defence Services Examination (II) Recruitment in Syndicate

Bank

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 12, 2010.

Total Vacancies—1000.Educational Qualifications—

Minimum 12th standard (10+2) passor equivalent qualification with aminimum of aggregate 55% marks.

Age Limit—18 to 28 years.Selection Procedure—Written

test will consist of Reasoning, Nume-rical Ability, Computer Awarenessand English Language.

How to Apply—Candidates arerequired to apply online throughwebsite www.syndicatebank.in. Noother means/mode of applicationwill be accepted.

See Employment News April10–16, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment in Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank

Recruitment in DelhiPolice for Various Posts

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 14, 2010.

Total Vacancies—499.

Age Limit—18 to 25 years.Educational Qualifications—

Candidate should be graduate orequivalent from a recognized Uni-versity for Assistant Sub-Inspectorand 12th pass for Head Constable.

How to Apply—EmploymentNews application form and typedphotocopied application form or thecandidates can go to www.delhi-police.nic.in or www.delhipolicerecruitment.nic.in to apply online.

Selection Procedure—A candi-date after qualifying the physicalmeasurement shall be put throughwritten test. The question paper willbe objective type and will includequestions on General KnowledgeArithmetic, Reasoning.

See Employment News April24-30, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment of Judges in Madhya Pradesh High

Court Jabalpur

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 12, 2010.

Preliminary Exam Date—August 8, 2010.

Mains Exam Date—October 3,2010.

Total Vacancies—57.Educational Qualifications—

Law graduate from a recognizeduniversity.

Selection Procedure—In prelimexam, there will be one paper havingtwo parts. One part will be related toIndian Constitution and Law whilethe other part will be related toGeneral Awareness. In mains, therewill be two papers. The first paperwill be related to Indian Constitutionand Law while the second paper willhave two parts first part of which willbe Essay and Translation while thesecond part will be based on Law.After mains exam there will beinterview.

Log onto website www. mphigh-court.nic.in for more details.

Recruitment in Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank

Recruitment in Assam Rifles for Various Posts

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—June 15, 2010.

Total Vacancies—103.Educational Qualifications—

Matric Pass.

Age Limit—18 to 23 years.How to Apply—The candidates

shall forward their applications asper the following format given inEmployment News April 24-30, 2010.

Written Test—The written testwill consist of OMR based objectivetype multiple choice questions to beanswered using a pen.

See Employment News April24-30, 2010 for more details.

Banaras Hindu Univer-sity Recruitment for

Various Posts

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 20, 2010.

Total Vacancies—130.Educational Qualifications—

Degree/qualification as per therequirement of the posts.

Age Limit—As per the require-ment of the post.

See Employment News April24-30, 2010 for more details.

Film and TelevisionInstitute of India, PuneAdmission to Various

Courses

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—June 15, 2010.

Exam Date—August 1, 2010.Total Vacancies—176.How to Apply—The prospects

containing the application form anddetails may be obtained on requestalongwith a demand draft of Rs.2,000.

See Employment News April 24-30, 2010 for more details.

Recruitment in the Indian Navy (Technical Branch)

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 18, 2010.

Educational Qualifications—Four years B.E./B. Tech engineeringdegree qualified with minimum 60%marks in aggregate.

How to Apply—As per theformat given in Employment NewsApril 24-30, 2010.

Selection Procedure—The Ser-vice Selection Board (SSB) interviewswill be held for candidates on thebasis of their performance in B.E./B.Tech degree.

PD/June/2010/2123

See Employment News April24-30, 2010 for more details.

Ministry of Defence (Government of India) :Recruitment for Various

Posts

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 22, 2010.

Date of Exam—July 4, 2010.

Educational Qualifications—10th standard pass for non ITIapplicants while for ITI applicantsNCVT or SCVT.

FORTHCOMING COMPETITIVE EXAMS.2010

Delhi Subordinate Services Selection Board TGTHindi Exam. (May 9)

Madhya Pradesh PSC State Services Exam., 2009 (May 9)Oriental Insurance Company Scale-I Administrative

Officers (Scale-I) Exam. (May 9)Corporation Bank P.O. Exam. (May 9)Chhattisgarh Pre-Medical Test (May 9)Common Law Admission Test (CLAT), 2010 (May 9)Chhattisgarh Pre-Engineering Test (May 12)Delhi Transport Corporation Driver Recruitment

Exam. (May 14&21)Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan Pre-Shikshashastri (B.Ed. Entrance) Test (May 15)Integrated Scholarship Examination, 2010

(For Class VIII) (May 15)C.B.S.E. Pre-Medical and Pre-Dental (Mains) Exam., 2010 (May 16)Punjab and Sindh Bank P.O. Exam., 2010 (May 16)SSC Combined Graduate Level Exam., 2010 (Tier-I) (May 16)Sarva U.P. Gramin Bank Officers Scale-I Exam. (May 16)Delhi Subordinate Services Selection Board PrimaryTeacher, Asstt. Teacher (Primary) Exam. (May 16&23)Chhattisgarh Pre-B.Ed. & D.Ed. Exam. (May 20)U.P. Combined Pre-Medical Test, 2010 (May 21)Delhi SSSB TGT Mathematics Exam. (May 22)M.P. P.M.T., 2010 (May 23)UPSC Civil Services Pre. Exam., 2010 (May 23)Punjab and Sindh Bank Clerical Cadre Exam., 2010 (May 23)Sarva U.P. Gramin Bank Clerk-cum-Cashier/Office Assistant Exam. (May 23)Syndicate Bank Specialist Officers Exam., 2010–11(May 23)Uttarakhand Pre-Medical Test, 2010 (May 26)

(Closing Date : 12 May, 2010)Common Pre-Medical Entrance Exam., 2010 for Private Medical&Dental Colleges of Uttarakhand (May 29)Bank of Baroda P.O. Exam. (May 30)Uttarakhand Joint Entrance Exam. Polytechnics, 2010

(May 30-31 & June 1)Raj. PSC Accountant, Junior Accountant & TRA (Direct Recruitment) Exam., 2008 (May 31)Orissa PSC Civil Judge Preliminary Exam. (May)Madhya Pradesh Pre-Polytechnic Test, 2010 (June 6)M.P. Commercial Tax Deptt. Taxation Assistant Exam. (June 6)

Bank of Baroda Clerical Cadre Exam. (June 6)United India Insurance Administrative Officer (Scale-I) Exam. (June 6)Delhi SSSB TGT English Exam. (June 6)LIC Apprentice Development Officers Exam. (June 13)Jharkhand Gramin Bank Officers Scale-I Exam. (June 13)Delhi SSSB TGT Natural Science Exam. (June 19)Joint CSIR-UGC Test for JRF and Eligibility for

Lectureship, June-2010 (June 20)Jharkhand Gramin Bank Clerk-cum-Cashier Exam. (June 20)Common Proficiency Test (CPT)-June 2010 for C.A. Entrance (June 20)UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) June 2010 (June 27)Syndicate Bank Probationary Clerk Exam., 2010-11(June 27)

(Online Closing Date : 12 May, 2010)Delhi SSSB Drawing Teacher and Physical Education

Teacher Exam. (June 27)Vidarbha Kshetriya Gramin Bank Officer Scale-I Recruitment Test (July 4)Canara Bank Probationary Officers Exam. (July 4)M.P. Higher Judicial Service Preliminary Exam. (July 4)Trade Apprentices for Training in Ordnance and

Ordnance Equipment Factories for 2010-11 (July 4)(Closing Date : 22 May, 2010)

Vidarbha Kshetriya Gramin Bank Office Assistant Recruitment Test (July 11)Rajasthan PSC School-Lecturer (School Education) Exam. 2008 (Hindi & Sanskrit) (July 11)Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank Clerk Exam. (July 11)

(Closing Date : 15 May, 2010)Bihar I.T.I. Entrance Exam., 2010 (July 17)

(Closing Date : 12 May, 2010)Canara Bank Probationary Clerks Recruitment Exam. (July 18)Aryavart Gramin Bank, Lucknow Officer Scale-I Exam. (July 18)Aryavart Gramin Bank, Lucknow Clerical Cadre

(Office Assistant) Exam. (July 25)Civil Judge II (Entry Level) in High Court of

Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur Preliminary Test (Aug. 8)(Closing Date : 12 May, 2010)

National Defence Academy Exam. (II), 2010 (Aug. 22)Combined Defence Services Exam. (II), 2010 (Sept. 19)

(Online Closing Date : 10 May, 2010;Offline Closing Date : 17 May, 2010)

Age Limit—14 to 22 years.

Selection Procedure—Writtentest consisting of English, GeneralKnowledge Mathematics andAptitude/Reasoning.

Go to Ministry of Defence web-site to know further details.

M.P. Public ServiceCommission Recruitment

for Various Posts

Last Date (Receipt of Applica-tion Forms)—May 30, 2010.

Total Vacancies—122.Educational Qualifications—

Degree in Economics / Math /Statistics / Mechanical or ChemicalEngineering.

Selection Procedure—There willbe written test followed by Interview.

How to Apply—Apply onlinethrough the websites :

www.mponline.gov.in orwww.mppsc.com orwww.mppsc.nic.in

Log onto www.mponline.gov.infor more details. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2124 “A happy life consists not in the absence, but in the mastery of hardships.”

CRICKET

Chennai Super Kings isChampion of IPL-III

Chennai Super Kings beat Mum-bai Indians by 22 runs to win the finalof the 2010 IndianPremier League onApril 25, 2010 inNavi Mumbai.Chennai SuperKings set a targetof 168 runs but restricted MumbaiIndians to 146-9 to earn the victorywith Sachin Tendulkar top scoring forthe Mumbai Indians’ with 48.

The Chennai Super Kings team after winning the IPL-III tournament inMumbai on April 25, 2010.

It was Suresh Raina’s unbeateninnings of 57 enormously helpedChennai Super Kings beat MumbaiIndians. The Super Kings had beenstruggling at 68-3 at the end of the12th over but the turnaround camewhen Raina contributed half centurywith Mahendra Singh Dhoni (20) toachieve splendid victory. As for therecords of the Indian Premier League2010, Sachin Tendulkar scored 618runs in the tournament—the maxi-mum by any batsman in a singleedition of IPL. Chennai Super Kingscontributed 168 runs in final which

was the highest total in an IPL final.Suresh Raina gave 57 runs in an IPLfinal which was the highest in an IPLfinal. Besides Murali Vijay made 26number of sixes—second most in thisIPL after Robin Uthappa.

Dhoni Joins 1500 Run Clubin Twenty-20 Cricket

Mahendra Singh Dhoni becamethe fifth Indian and 27th batsman

M. S. Dhoni

overall to score1500 runs inTwenty-20 Cricket.The Chennai SuperKings captainachieved this featduring his 22 runsknock in the finalagainst Mumbai

Indians in Navi Mumbai on April 25,2010. It was his 61st innings and 67thmatch in twenty-20 cricket. It may benoted here that Mahendra SinghDhoni made his debut for India

Indians with 1,500 Runs in Twenty-20Batsman M Runs Avg. H.S. 100 50

Rohit Sharma 73 1848 32·42 101* 1 10Gautam Gambhir 68 1775 29·09 86 — 15Yuvraj Singh 73 1701 27·00 71 — 10Virender Sehwag 66 1609 26·37 94* — 11Suresh Raina 57 1524 34·63 98 — 10Mahendra Singh Dhoni 67 1512 34·36 73* — 7

against South Africa in Johannesburgon December 1, 2006 and just tookthree years and 145 days to complete1500 runs. It may also be added herethat Suresh Raina also completed his1500 runs during his unbeaten 57run-knock. It was Raina’s 54th inningsof the 57th match for the ChennaiSuper Kings batsman.

Alec Bedser Passes AwayFormer Surrey and England

Cricketer Sir Alec Bedser died at the ageof 91 on April 4, 2010 in London. The

Alec Bedser

fast bowler was knighted in 1997. Hetook 236 wickets for England in 51 testsin a 10 years period. He also served arecord 23 years as a selector and alsomanaged two overseas tours. He madehis test debut in 1946 against India. Inhis career he took 1,924 first classwickets. In cricket, he was well knownfor his lethal leg cutters and subtle inswingers. In 1946 and 1947, he sentdown 3,200 overs in first class cricket.He was of the greatest bowlers Englandhas ever had.

PD/June/2010/2125 “Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is most important that you do it.”

TENNIS

AITA will Launch IndianTennis League

All India Tennis Association(AITA) has planned to launch theIndian Tennis League (ITL) inDecember 2010 in five cities across

the nation on the pattern of IndianPremier League.

ITL will have 10 players in eachcity-based team, divided into twointernationals, four current Indiaplayers and four Indian juniors.

AITA secretary, Anil Khanna,listed Leander Paes, Mahesh Bhu-pathi, Sania Mirza, Rohan Bopanna,Somdev Devvarman and Yuki Bham-bri as a few of the Indian senior par-ticipants.

Competitions will involve twosingles (men/women) and threedoubles matches (men/women/mixed). Twenty-five ties and one finalwill be played over two weeks andtelecast on television.

Rupesh Roy is TriumphantSeventh-seeded Rupesh Roy

bagged to ITF Futures men’s circuitsingles title on April 3, 2010. Hedefeated second seeded VishnuVardhan 1-6, 6-4, 7-5 in the final. Itwas Rupesh’s maiden ITF HardCourt Title. He took Rs. 60,450 asprize money.

Rupesh Roy

Roddick Champion at KeyBiscayne

Andy Roddick beat Tom Berdych7-5, 6-4 to bag the Sony Ericsson onApril 4, 2010 in Key Biscayne. It washis fifth Masters 1000 title and firstsince 2006. Roddicks’s dominatingserve and smart baseline gamehelped him to emerge winner. Hehad also won the tournament in 2004.

Andy Roddick poses with the trophy

Paes-Dlouhy Pair Claim SonyEricsson Title

Third seeded Lukas Dlouhy(Czech Republics) and Leander Paes(India) bagged their first title whenthey defeated fourth seeded Mahesh

PD/June/2010/2126 “What does not kill me makes me stronger.”

Bhupati and Max Mirnyi in the finalof the Sony Ericsson open in Miamion April 3, 2010. Paes won his firsttitle after finishing runner-up in 2003

Leander Paes at the Miami Masters withLukas Dlouhy.

(with David Rikl and in 2007 withMartin Damm). This was Mirny’s firstloss in five finals at the event. He wonthe title with three different partnersin 2003 (with Roger Federer) in 2005and 2006 (with Jonas Bjorkman andAndy Ram respectively).

Chela Claims ATP Title

Argentina’s Juan Ignacio Chelaclinched his first ATP title in Houstonon April 11, 2010 after beating thirdseeded Sam Querrey of USA.

Chela beat Sam 5-7, 6-4, 6-3 toclaim his fifth ATP title and first sincehe beat Carlos Moya for the crown inAcapulco in March 2007.

Samantha Stosur Bags FamilyCircle Cup

Samantha Stosur crushedRussia’s Vera Zvonareva 6-0, 6-3 onApril 18, 2010 to claim the FamilyCircle Cup in Charleston (SouthCarolina). It was her second WTATour title. She delivered a ruthlessdisplay to bag her fifth successivematch against the Russian.

`GOLF

Phil Mickelson Clinches Aug-usta Masters Title

US golf star Phil Mickelson wonhis third Masters title and fourthmajor crown on April 11, 2010 inAugusta. Mickelson shot a bogey-free

five under par 67 to finish 72 holes on16 under 272 after beating Lee West-wood of England by three strokes. Hewas presented the green jacket sym-bolic of Masters supermacy.

Karlberg Wins SAIL OpenTournament

Sweden’s Richard Karlberg wonthe $ 300,000 SAIL Open Tournament

Richard Karlberg

in New Delhi on April 2, 2010.Richard had a total of 268 to bag hisfirst ever Asian Crown by fivestrokes. He took home the winner’scheque of $ 47,550. Shiv Kapurfinished second after managing a oneunder 71 with an aggregate of 273.

GRANDPRIX

Valentino Rossi Wins QatarGrand Prix

Italy’s Valentino Rossi clinchedthe Qatar Grand Prix on April 12,2010. Rossi clinched the race afterCasey Stoner crashed out early in theseason opening Moto GP race.

Valentino Rossi

Rossi finished 1·022 secondsahead of Yahama teammate JorgeLorenzo of Spain to bag his 104thcareer title. It may also be added thatit was Rossi’s first win in the openingrace of a season since 2005 at JereziSpain.

Jenson Button Claims ChineseGrand Prix

Jenson Button won the ChineseGrand Prix on April 18, 2010 inShanghai.

Jenson Button (right) celebrates his winwith second-placed McLaren teammateLewis Hamilton (left) and team principalMartin Whitmarsh.

He beat his team mate LewisHamilton in a 1-2 finish for Mc Laren.It is to be mentioned here that Buttonis the reigning World Champion. It isalso noteworthy that after four racesthis season Button leads the driver’sstandings on 60 points, ahead ofRosberg’s 50. Hamilton and Alonsoare level on 49 points in third.

Sebastian Vettel Wins Malay-sian Grand Prix

Sebastian Vettel claimed theMalaysian Grand Prix on April 4,2010 for Red Bull in Sepang. He ledMark Webber in a 2-1 finish to em-erge winner in the race. Nico Rosbergfinished third while Renaults’ RobertKubica came fourth and Force India’sAdrian Sutil took fifth position.

Sebastian Vettel and his Red Bull teamafter clinching the Malaysian GP.

PD/June/2010/2127

BADMINTON

Lin Dan Lifts Asian Men’sTitle

Lin Dan won the BadmintonAsia Championship on April 18, 2010after registering victory over fellowChinese Wang Zhengming in NewDelhi. Lin Dan’s victory completedChina’s sweep of the singles titles forthe sixth time in the continentalchampionship. In Ladies section,China’s Xuerui Li took the women’ssingles crown after beating Xin Liu. Itmay be recalled here that China hadwon the singles titles in 1997, 1998,1999, 2001 and 2009. The women’sdoubles title was also lifted by theChinese. In women’s doubles, China’sPan Pan and Qing Tian outclassedMalaysian pair of Vivian Kah MunHoo and Khe Wei Woon 21-10, 21-6.In Men’s doubles final fifth seededGun Woo Cho overpowered HungLing Chen and Yu Lang Lin (ChineseTaipei) to emerge winners while in

mixed doubles Malaysian pair ofPeng Soon and Liu Ying Goh beatKorea’s sixth seeded combination ofYeon Seong Yoo and Min Jung Kim toclinch victory.

Lin Dan (left) and Xuerui Li did Chinaafter winning the men’s and women’s

singles titles

SQUASH

Shorbagy and Dipika Cham-pions in WISPA Competition

India’s Dipika Pallikal picked upher maiden WISPA Title after trounc-ing second seeded Emma Beddoes ofEngland 3-1 in the women’s final ofthe Indian Challenger (Squash Event)in Kolkata on April 17, 2010. In Men’sfinal it was Mohammed El Shorbagy

of Egypt who outclassed compatriotTarek Momen in the final and thusclinched the PSA title.

Mohammed El Shorbagy and DipikaPallikal with the men’s and women’strophies.

SPORTS ANDGAMES BRIEFING

Prateek and Mahanta Clinch100 m Gold Medals

Ninave Prateek of Maharashtraand Ranjit Mahanta of Orissa won the100 m gold in the Seventh NationalYouth (under-18) Athletics Cham-pionship in Coimbatore. Prateekstopped the clock at 11:18 seconds forthe top honour in boys’ section whileMahanta won by creating a newrecord in girls’ category. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2128 “Every calling is great when greatly pursued.”

Reserve Bank of India on April20, 2010 announced Monetary Policy2010-11. The key message of RBI isthat inflation is the core concern inthe economy at the present moment.With this key objective RBI raised keypolicy rates by 25 basis points. Therepo rate, reverse repo rate and cashreserve ratio (CRR)—all have beenraised by 25 basis points. Repo Rateand Reverse Repo Rate have gone up5·25 per cent and 3·75 per cent respec-tively with immediate effect i.e., fromApril 20, 2010 while cash ReserveRatio has been raised to 6·0 per centw.e.f. April 24, 2010. The bank rateand statutory liquidity ratio (SLR)have been kept unchanged at 6·0 percent and 25 per cent respectively.

This is the second time in amonth that RBI has raised key policyrates. The central bank had raised thekey policy rates by 25 basis points inMarch 2010.

In its Annual Policy Statement2010-11, RBI projects economy’sgrowth at 8 per cent for 2010-11. RBIhas suggested various regulatorymeasures towards the normalisationof the economy. RBI has allowedtrading in interest rate futures (IRFs)

Statistics Related to IndianEconomy (as shown by RBI)

GDP growth (2009-10) 7·2 per centInflation 9·9 per centFll inflows Rs. 46,000 crRupee/dollar 44·33Credit growth 16 per cent

Growth figures for FY10 andRBI Projections for FY11

FY10 FY11

GDP growth 7·2* 8·0WPI inflation 9·9 5·5M3 growth 16·8 17·0Credit growth 16·9 20·0Deposit growth 17·0 18·0

* Advance estimated by CSO (in %)

RBI’s ViewpointFavourable Vs. Unfavourable

Favourable Features in the Economy Unfavourable Features in the Economy

● Economic recovery has sustained ● Developments on inflation front areworrisome. Crude prices remainvolatile, demand side pressuresbuilding up

● Industrial recovery is becoming morebroad-based

● Uncertainty due to monsoons, paceand share of global recovery

● Service sector activities have shownbuoyancy

● Managing government programmewill be tougher

● A sustained increase in bank credit,fund-raising from non-bank sources

● Large capital flows and volatileexchange rate movements can beharmful

on securities with short-term maturi-ties such as two year and five yearsecurities and 92-days treasury bills.

Besides, the policy detailed areforms roadmap aimed at issuinglicences to new players, easing therules for the entry of foreign banks,enhancing infrastructure finance anddeveloping the market for bonds andother financial instruments.

Though the 25-basis-point hikein repo and reverse repo rates was lessthan market expectations, a rate hikecannot be ruled out in near future.Many economists and analysts feltthere could be another hike 50-basis-point hike before the next policy state-ment due in July 2010 especially ifthe inflation rate breached RBI’s toler-ance level.

PD/June/2010/2129 “The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be continually fearing that you will make one.”

RBI’s Monetary Policy 2010-11(At a Glance)

Key objectives :

● RBI targets inflation at 3 per cent in the medium term● Economic growth projection seen at 8 per cent for 2010-11● GDP growth seen at 7·2-7·5 per cent during 2009-10● Inflation to be maintained at 5·5 per cent for 2010-11● Quarterly policy review on July 27, 2010Monetary measures :

● Cash reserve ratio raised by 25 basis points to 6 per cent w.e.f. April 24, 2010● Repo rate raised by 25 basis points to 5·25 per cent w.e.f. April 20, 2010● Reverse repo rate hiked by 25 basis points to 3·75 per cent w.e.f. April 20, 2010● CRR hike to suck out Rs. 12,500 crore of liquidity● Bank rate retained at 6 per cent● Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) retained at 25 per centFinancial market products :

● Interest rate futures on 2-year and 5-year notional coupon bearing securities and91-day treasury bills introduced

● Recognised stock exchanges allowed to introduce plain vanilla currency optionson spot dollar/rupee exchange rate

● Reporting platform for secondary market transactions in CDs and CPs introduced● A working group to list modalities of a single-point reporting mechanism for all

OTC intererst rate and forex derivative transactionsRegulatory measures :

● Preparation of a discussion paper on foreign banks by September 2010● Putting out a discussion paper on banking licenses to private sector players by

July 2010● Constituting a working group to recommend a roadmap for the introduction of a

holding company structure for banks● Core Investment Companies (CICs) having an asset size of Rs. 100 crore to register

with RBI

International Monetary Fund inits World Economic Outlook Report2010 says that India is expected togrow by 8·75 per cent in 2010 and 8·5per cent in 2011, driven by strongdomestic demand. According to thereport, India’s projected growthwould be supported by a resurgencein demand from the working class onthe back of an improvement in busi-ness confidence, which will result inmore investment.

The salient highlights of thereport are :

● In terms of growth China isahead of India. In China GDPgrowth exceeded the govern-ment’s 8 per cent target in 2009and is expected to be close to 10per cent in both 2010 and 2011.

● The strength in final domesticdemand in India and especiallyChina is expected to have posi-

tive spillovers for other Asianeconomies, particularly exportersof commodities and capitalgoods.

● Asia’s GDP is projected to growby 7 per cent in both 2010 and2011.

● Korean Economy is expected toexpand by 4·5 per cent in 2010and 5 per cent in 2011.

● The Asean-5 economies are pro-jected to grow by 5·5 per cent in2010.

● Among the Asean-5, the Indone-sian economy has proved to beremarkably resilient, with outputgrowing at 4·5 per cent in 2009,compared with 1·75 per cent forthe Asean-5 as a whole. Thisgrowth of the Indonesianeconomy is buoyed by strongdomestic demand and lessdependence on trade.Indonesia’s growth is expected toaccelerate to 6 per cent in 2010and to 6·25 per cent in 2011,reflecting a pickup in privateinvestment.

● Indian economy which was moreclosed and has relied on stimulusto support growth the main chal-lenge would be to ensure durablefiscal consolidation, includingby implementing fiscal and otherstructure reforms.

● Japan faces significant challengesin strengthening domesticdemand and fighting off defla-tion, given the need to bringdown the high level of publicdebt and with the policy rate nearthe zero bound.

● In China, the withdrawal of theexceptional monetary stimulusintroduced in 2009 will minimisethe risks from excessively easycredit conditions. For othereconomies in the region, wherethe recovery of private demandis more uncertain and whereoutput gaps are likely to closemore slowly, policy-makersshould avoid premature tighten-ing of monetary conditions.

Lok Sabha ApprovesFinance Bill 2010

The Finance Bill 2010 has beenpassed by the Lok Sabha on April 29,2010. Finance Minister Mr. PranabMukherjee while replying on the Billannounced various service tax exemp-tions and reliefs. A few importantexemptions and reliefs announcedare :

● Rs. 362·82 crore debt relief pack-age for coffee growers.

● Service tax concessions for cons-truction industry and new hos-pitals with a minimum 100 bedcapacity.

● Export duty on iron ore lumpsincreased to 15% from 5%.

● Excise duty reduction for che-roots, bidi.

● Tax exemption for conversion ofa company into Limited LiabilityPartnership (LLP).

● Service tax exemption forconstructions under JawaharlalNehru National Urban RenewalMission (JNNURM) and RajivAwas Yojana.

● Full excise duty exemption onbetel nuts.

PD/June/2010/2130 “Keep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see the shadow.”

● Basic custom duty on 11 specifieddrugs including two anti-cancerand one for the treatment ofAIDS reduced to 5 per cent.

Cabinet has approved disinvest-ment in public sector undertakingSteel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) tomop up an estimated Rs. 16,000 croreby selling equity and issuing freshshares to the public.

According to the proposal, whichwas approved by the Cabinet Com-mittee on Economic Affairs (CCEA),SAIL will raise an additional 10 percent of the paid-up equity, and thegovernment, on its part will, disinvest10 per cent of its holding.

As per official announcement,this disinvestment will be done intwo tranches. In each tranche, therewill be a 5 per cent follow-on publicoffer (FPO) and 5 per cent sale of thegovernment equity.

At current prices, it is expectedthat SAIL would get an additionalcapital of Rs. 8,000 crore, whilethe government would get anequal amount.

The net result after both tranchesare completed, will be, that theGovernment of India’s shareholdingwill be approximately 69 per cent andpublic shareholding 31 per cent.

As of now, public shareholdingin SAIL is 14·2 per cent.

The proceeds from fresh issues ofequity by SAIL will help in filling theresource gap for funding the steelNavratna’s capital expenditureemerging from increased pressure onsteel prices and diminished margins.

Disinvestment Roadmap in SAIL

The government in Budget2010-11 had set a target of raisingabout Rs. 40,000 crore throughdisinvestment, while last year it wasRs. 25,000 crore.

Other PSUs like Coal India Ltd.,MMTC and Engineers India are alsoexpected to be brought under disin-vestment for meeting the disinvest-ment target of Rs. 40,000 crore during2010-11.

The Proposed National Manu-facturing and Investment Zones(NMIZs) promise a triple bonanza forSpecial Economic Zones—easieraccess to land, flexible labour policiesand various concessions proposed bythe Department of Industrial Policyand Promotion (DIPP) in the manu-facturing policy. The biggest advan-tage would be getting regulatoryclearances easily.

According to a discussion paperon NMIZs, export-oriented units(EoUs) and SEZs can be locatedwithin the NMIZs. An SEZ located inNMIZs will also enjoy the incentivesunder the SEZ Act.

The basic difference betweenNMIZs and SEZs lies in the scale ofoperation. SEZs will be a smallerentity within the NMIZs and wouldbe governed by the SEZ Act whileNMIZs, on the other hand, will bemuch larger in size.

NMIZs are designed to push theshare of manufacturing in the GrossDomestic Product to 25 per cent by2022 from about 15 per cent atpresent.

Major Incentives and FacilitiesNational Manufacturing andInvestment Zones (NMIZs)

1. Expenditure on training/retrainingof the workers to be treated at parwith R&D.

2. Tax exemption on expenditureincurred in taking national/interna-tional process/product certifica-tion/approvals like ISO 9000, BIS14000, BEE, etc.

3. 50 per cent of the expenditureincurred in filing internationalpatents to be shared by govt.

4. Interest subvention on workingcapital by 4 per cent to create paritywith international counterparts.

5. In government purchases preferencewill be given to units located in theNMIZs.

6. Income tax exemption to suppliersin proportion to the supplies madewithin the NMIZ.

7. Special incentives for certain crucialindustries where import depen-dence is very high.

8. The state government may alsonotify a package of incentives for thedevelopment of the NMIZ, includ-ing moratorium on all municipaland other local taxes for 10 years, forthe NMIZ developers as well as theunits which are located in the Zone.

The government through NMIZis looking beyond SEZs and EoUs. InNMIZs, the focus is not just onexports but manufacturing.

Another advantage whichNMIZs may provide is the singlewindow clearance mechanism whichSEZ could not provide. NMIZs havebeen designed to promise fasterclearances. Each NMIZ will be run bya special purpose vehicle which willbe empowered to issue or expediteapprovals and pre-approvals.

Availability of finances for NMIZis also proposed to be cheaper. Thepolicy proposes subvention of intereston working capital by 4 per cent tocreate parity with international coun-terparts. Viability gap fundingthrough existing schemes would alsoconsidered.

According to the data releasedby RBI in its Macro economic andMonetary Development Review

PD/June/2010/2131 “He who limps is still walking.”

2009-10, private sector banks havemanaged a 70 basis points increase incredit growth in the 12 months as onMarch 26, 2010, outstanding theirpublic sector and foreign competitorswhich registered a decline theirgrowth rates.

Banking industry as a wholeshows a revival in demand for loans.The pace of credit growth for privatesector banks increased to 11·7 per centin the period, compared to 11 per centa year earlier. From March 27, 2009,to March 26, 2010, private sectorbanks extended additional loansworth Rs. 61,211 crore compared toRs. 52,013 crore in the previous 12months.

Foreign banks continued tosqueeze their loan books but the paceof shrinkage has declined. From

Credit Flow from Scheduled Commercial Banks (Rs. crore)Items Outstanding as As on Mar 27, ‘09 As on Mar 26, ‘10

on March 26, ’10 Amount Percent

Amount Percent

Public sector banks 24,12,508 3,48,562 20·9 3,93,797 19·5Foreign banks 1,66,839 6,467 4 – 2,496 – 1·5Private banks 5,84,703 52,013 11 61,211 11·7All scheduled commer-cial banks*

32,40,399 4,13,636 17·5 4,64,849 16·7

* Including regional rural banks Source : RBI

March 27, 2009, to March 26, 2010,foreign banks pared their loan assetsby 1·5 per cent as against 4 per centgrowth in the previous 12 months.

Total outstanding loans offoreign banks fell by Rs. 2,496 crore toRs. 166,839 crore in the 12 months.

Public sector banks saw theircredit growth slow to 19·5 per cent for12 months up to January 15, com-pared to 20·9 per cent a year earlier.

The review presents the opinion,that there is a significant revival incredit demand since November 2009and the incremental credit-depositratio has also increased steadily in thesecond half of 2009-10. This couldhappen in Indian economy as theeconomic recovery is increasinglybecoming more broad-based, withindustrial output exhibiting strongacceleration in recent months.

Rail Coach Factory (RCF),Kapurthala has rolled out the coun-try’s first air conditioned double-decker coach for oscillation trials onthe Delhi-Muradabad section.

RCF will start manufacturing thecoaches after successful completion ofoscillation trials. These futuristichigh-speed stainless steel AC coacheswould be introduced to cater to theheavy rush of commuters in highdensity corridors offering AC travelat a low cost. The first double-deckertrain would be seen running on trackby end of this year. The new coachwith pleasing green-yellow colourscheme has all features and the com-forts of a Shatabdi coach.

A totally new coach shell designcapable of running at a speed of 160kmph has been developed by RCFengineers in tandem with ResearchDesign and Standard Organisation(RDSO) within a short span of justnine months. In the new design, 128passengers can be seated as comparedwith 78 passengers in Shatabdi chaircars, thus increasing the capacity byalmost 70 per cent.

The overall height of a double-decker coach has been increasedmarginally (four and a half inches)keeping in view the constraints likeoverhead structures, bridges, electrictraction equipment, platforms etc, sothat these coaches can be used with-out modifying any of the fixed struc-tures except for clearing some minorinfringements.

Government has come forwardto provide support to Micro, Smalland Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) byensuring big purchase by govern-ment from this sector. According tothe recommendation of a high-levelMSME Task Force constituted byPrime Minister Manmohan Singh, theCentre will reserve 20 per cent forMSME manufactured items forprocurement by the government.

PD/June/2010/2132 “Whatever you are, be a good one.”

With this reservation, govern-ment purchase from MSME sectorhas been estimated to touch the levelof Rs. 160000 crore during 2010-11which is about 4-fold as compared to2009-10.

At present, the government pur-chase from MSME Sector is aroundRs. 40,000 crore, of the estimated totalprocurement of Rs. 6,00,000-7,00,000crore annually, which is less than7 per cent.

The government purchase isestimated to grow at an annual rate of10 to 15 per cent and accordingly it islikely to reach Rs. 80,000 crore during2010-11. Adding this growth with 20per cent reservation for MSMEproducts, this figure is expected to goupto Rs. 160,000 crore.

Besides this purchase support,the Task Force also recommendedeasy credit and market support toMSME Sector for recovering from theaftermath of the slowdown appearedon world horizon.

National Small IndustriesCorporation (NSIC) has been directedand equipped by the government toeliminate the bottleneck of non-avail-ability of finance to MSME Sector. Asper official information, NSIC hasentered into an agreement with 10banks for facilitating bank finance forMSMEs and processing their applica-tion without any charge.

National Bank for Agricultureand Rural Development (NABARD)has performed a record businessworth Rs. 1·36 lakh crore in 2009-10(long-term and short-term refinanc-ing, plus funding under the RuralInfrastructure Development Fund),while its current loans have crossedRs. 1 lakh crore. The volume of busi-ness operations grew from Rs. 81,220crore in 2006-07 to Rs. 98,700 crore in2007-08, Rs. 1·19 lakh crore in 2008-09and Rs. 1·36 lakh crore in 2009-10. Thegrowth in 2009-10 was around 14 percent over the previous year.

According to the official figure,NABARD’s production credit depart-

ment achieved the highest-ever dis-bursements of Rs. 23,849 crore in2009-10, while the investment creditdepartment achieved its target ofRs. 12,000 crore.

As per NABARD’s declaration,the disbursements under RuralInfrastructure Development Fund(RIDF) have been Rs. 18,888 crore.NABARD’s outstandings under RIDFhave now crossed Rs. 60,000 crore,which is expected to ensure a steadyflow of income for the years to come.

It is also worthnoting that theinstitution’s net surplus has beenestimated to exceed Rs. 1,600 crore for2009-10.

NABARD has appointed theBoston Consulting Group to preparea roadmap for the future financialtransactions and disbursements.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI)has issued the final guidelines onbase rates, which will be the newbenchmark to arrive at lending rates.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI)has given complete freedom to banksto decide the methodology for calcu-lating the base rate, which will be thenew benchmark to arrive at lendingrates. Banks may now choose anybenchmark to arrive at the base ratefor a specific tenor that may bedisclosed transparently.

In a draft circular, which wasbased on a working group report, RBIhad said the base rate would be linkedto the cost of deposits, a negativecarry for statutory liquidity ratio andcash reserve ratio, overhead costs anda profit margin. But now, the formulahas been turned into an illustrativeexample.

The only thing which could besurvived from the working groupstage to final guideline stage is the baron lending below the new bench-mark, that is now proposed to kick infrom July 1, 2010. Inspite of this, thereis concession for banks to lend toemployee’s below the base rate.Besides, those who borrow againstdeposits and small ticket borrowersunder the differential interest ratescheme will be exempted.

UIDAI Unveils UID’s Logo‘AADHAAR’

The Unique Identification (UID)project, headed by Nandan Nilekani,has been renamed ‘Aadhaar’, whichmeans foundation or support.

The UID Authority of India(UIDAI), which aims to give the 1·2billion residents of the country aunique 12-digit identification number,also unveiled a new logo that depictsa yellow-coloured sun with a finger-print in the centre. The logo wasselected after a nation-wide compe-tition that received 2,000 entries.

UID’s Identity AADHAARUnveiled

Aadhaar, or the 12-digit uniqueidentification (UID) number that willidentify the 1·2 billion residents ofthe country on the basis of theirbiometrics, will have additional fourdigits that will be hidden from thecommon man. The provisions arebeing made for extra for digits thatwould be a post-fix for these 12-digit number for pin-based identi-fication. This pin-based number willhave two types of authentication. Thefirst will be biometric identificationusing finger-prints and irisscan for100 per cent authentication, while thesecond will be a pin-based process forUIDAI’s data base.

These four digits, which theauthority terms a ‘virtual number’,will change as and when the residentchanges his pin number of residence.The user, however, will only use the12-digit number allotted to him.

The first set of Aadhaars will beissued between August this year andFebruary 2011. The authority plans toissue 600 million UIDs over the nextfive year.

PD/June/2010/2133 “Victory belongs to the most persevering.”

Base Rates Guidelines : Journey DetailsOct. 20, 2009 : Working group’s report made public :

Says base rate will include —(i) The card interest rate on retail deposits with one-year maturity(ii) Adjustment for the negative carry for CRR, SLR(iii) Unallocatable overhead costs(iv) Average return on net worth.● Suggests ban on lending below base rate. Sub-base rate lending to priority and

non-priority sectors to be capped at 15 per cent of incremental lending.● Actual lending rates to factor in product-specific operating costs, credit risk

premium and tenor premium.

Feb . 10, 2010 : RBI issues draft circular :Criteria for base rate determination—

(i) Cost of deposits(ii) Adjustment for the negative carry for CRR, SLR(iii) Unallocatable overhead costs(iv) Profit margin● Will include product-specific operating costs, credit risk

premium and tenor premium● No lending below base rate. Export credit, small-ticket

differential rate of interest (DRI) scheme loans to be keptout.

● Base rate to replace BPLR from April 1.

April 9, 2010 —Final guidelines issued :● Banks free to choose benchmark● Given freedom to decide methodology● All loans to be benchmarked to the base rate. Export credit, loans to bank

employees, loans against fixed deposits, DRI scheme outside ambit● System to kick in from July but banks free to alter methodology till Dec. 2010

Business Standard Billionaires ClubIn the Business Standard Billionaires Club, the number of billionaires has

increased five times from just 120 in 2000 to 602 in 2010. The dominance ofmanufacturing sector prevails in producing billionaires. A decade ago, themanufacturing sector had 43·6 per cent share of the total net worth of Rs. 1·95 lakhcrore of India’s billionaires. That share has gone up to 67 per cent of the total networth of Rs. 14·77 lakh crore now. Technology billionaires, who benefited from theboom a decade ago, saw their share in total wealth declining from 45·6 per cent in2000 to 10·3 per cent a decade later.

Service sector billionaires, led by Telecom doubled their share in total net worthfrom 11 per cent a year ago to 22·8 per cent in 2010.

In the overall ranking for 2010, while Reliance Industries Chief Mukesh Ambaniremained the wealthiest Indian, brother Anil Ambani, the second wealthiest Indian in2009, slipped to fifth position while the second spot was grabbed by Anil Agarwal,promoter of Vedanta group who rode the price recovery in aluminium and copperand bought iron ore company Sesa Goa.

Azim Premji, the richest Indian during the technology boom, was back in therecknoning at third position, and Sunil Mittal slipped from second position to thefourth position.

Business Standard Billionaires Club

Rank Networth (Rs. crore)

2010Name Flagship company

March-09 March-101 Mukesh Ambani (1) Reliance Ind 1,15,233·53 1,59,854·162 Anil Agarwal 5) Sterlite Ind 28,928·36 91,925·533 Azim Premji (6) Wipro 26,713·63 83,652·354 Sunil Mittal (2) Bharti Airtel 76,159·48 77,558·465 Anil Ambani (3) Reliance Comm 48,262·97 68,443·236 Prithviraj, Sajjan and

Naveen Jindal (7)JSW Steel 25,115·18 65,534·85

7 Gautam S Adani (4) Adani Enterprises 31,119·80 60,474·018 K. P. Singh and Family (8) DLF 21,386·13 40,998·839 Kumar Mangalam Birla (9) Grasim Ind 14,903·26 29,110·67

10 Keshub Mahindra (13) Mahindra & Mahindra 9,257·91 23,924·69

Note : Number in brackets represents ranking in 2009.

News in a Nutshell

● BSNL disinvestment issuereferred to GoM—After theprotest and indefinite strike byemployee Unions of BSNL, thegovernment took the decision torefer the issue of disinvestmentin telecom public sector enter-prise to a Group of Ministers(GoM).A high level panel, headed bySam Pitroda and Deepak Parekhand Telecom Secretary P. J.Thomas as members, had recom-mended 30 per cent disinvest-ment in BSNL and voluntaryretirement to over 1,00,000 staffas part of steps to improve finan-cial health of the PSU.It may be recalled that SamPitroda panel was set up byPrime Minister Manmohan Singhto suggest ways to improveBSNL’s financial health.BSNL saw profits of only Rs. 178crore in 2009-10 (up to December2009) against profit level ofRs. 575 crore in 2008-09, as thePSU is rapidly losing marketshare to new entrants. At present,BSNL has 91 million users, bothmobile and landline. BSNL offersservices across India, exceptDelhi and Mumabi.

● NABARD Loans for Uttara-khand’s Hydel Projects—NABARD has granted loans togovernment agencies for thedevelopment of hydropowerprojects in Uttarakhand. As perofficial announcement ofNABARD, Rs. 61·61 crore hasbeen sanctioned this year tostate-run Uttarakhand Jal VidyutNigam Ltd. (UJVNL) to developfour mini-hydro power projectssituated in Uttarkashi, Haridwar,Pithoragarh and Chamoli dis-tricts.NABARD has lent Rs. 200·54crore to the state governmentunder the RIDF as against thetarget of Rs. 150 crore set for2009-10.Similarly, total projects amount-ing to Rs. 426·18 crore were sanc-tioned by NABARD during theyear. Some of the importantsectors under which the projects

PD/June/2010/2134 “Remember your dreams.”

have been sanctioned includerural roads (250 projects), minorirrigation (128 projects), ruralbridges (53 projects) and minihydropower projects (4 projects).So far, cumulatively, NABARDhas sanctioned Rs. 1,191·43 croreand disbursed Rs. 850·40 croreunder the RIDF in the state.

● Uttar Pradesh Agri-credit poten-tial pegged at Rs. 33,800 crore :NABARD—According to theState Focus Paper prepared byNABARD, the aggregate creditpotential of agriculture sector inUttar Pradesh has been projectedat over Rs. 33,800 crore for 2010-11 which shows a growth rate ofaround 27 per cent over 2009-10.The aggregate credit is estimatedto stand around Rs. 26,600 crorein 2009-10.State Focus Paper providesinformation to bankers relatingto opportunities available formaking further investment. Italso gives indications to govern-ment regarding policy measuresfor sustainable development ofagriculture.NABARD has provided a recordloan assistance aggregatingRs. 4,860 crore to the UttarPradesh government and banksvis-a-vis Rs. 3,465 crore during2008-09 registering a growth ofabout 40 per cent.As per NABARD’s official infor-mation, the credit support toUttar Pradesh is one of the largestassistances given by NABARD toany other state governmentbecause the Non-PerformingAssets (NPA) levels were zero forthe Bank in Uttar Pradesh.NABARD runs probably theworld’s largest micro financeprogramme in the world throughits Self Help Group Bank linkageprogramme aimed at financialinclusion of vulnerable ruralwomen.

● World Bank Okays $ 1 billionloan for urban projects—TheWorld Bank has given its consentto lend India $ 1 billion forvarious developmental projectsin urban areas of the country.As per the official announcementmade by the Ministry of UrbanDevelopment, “World Bank hasagreed in principle to give us $ 1

billion (Rs. 5,000 crore) for imple-menting various schemes underthe Jawarharlal Nehru NationalUrban Renewal Mission(JNNURM).Negotiations for the delivery ofloan are in the final stage and theloan amount is expected to bedelivered in early months of2011. The government may gofor more loan from the WorldBank later, depending upon theimplementation of projects.

India’s First 700-MW NuclearPlant

Nuclear Power Corporation’s firstindigenous 700-MW Pressurised HeavyWater Reactor at Kakrapar AtomicPower Project in Gujarat is expected tobe commissioned in 2015. About 70 percent of excavation of the site in project’sUnit-3 at Tapi had been completed andthe first ‘pour of concrete’ (for layingthe foundation) would take place inJune 2010.

At present, 523 projects related tourban infrastructure develop-ment are being implemented in65 cities across the country.

● NABARD provides Rs. 2,385crore Grant for Madhya Pradeshrural banking—National Bankfor Agriculture and RuralDevelopment (NABARD) haspumped into the rural bankingsector of Madhya Pradesh awhopping Rs. 2,385·39 crore asrefinance, which is 5 per centhigher than the previous yearlevel. Besides, it disbursed loansto the tune of Rs. 602·79 crore tothe Madhya Pradesh governmentfor bolstering rural infrastruc-ture, taking the total disburse-ment in the state during 2009-10to Rs. 2,988·18 crore. Refinanceassistance to banks for term lend-ing in farm and non-farm sectorduring 2009-10 stood at Rs. 224·23crore. The refinance disbursed tovarious banks was mainly forfarm mechanisation, minorirrigation, non-farm sector, ruralhousing, Swarnjayanti GramSwarozgar Yojana, rural trans-port and dairy development. Inaddition, refinance assistance ofRs. 2,161·16 crore, a growth of 22per cent over the previous year,was provided for short-termcredit operations to cooperativeand regional rural banks.

● RINL gets ‘Navratna’ Status—The government has awarded‘Navratna’ Status to one morepublic sector enterprise RashtriyaIspat Nigam Ltd. in March 2010.With this new member inNavratna Club, the number ofNavratna Status company hasgone to 19. Till now, RashtriyaIspat Nigam Ltd. was having thestatus of ‘Mini Ratna’ company.The government has granted thisNavratna status to any publicsector enterprise after a period of18 months. It may be recalledthat in October 2008, Coal IndiaLtd. was the 18th company to begranted Navratna status.

Census 2011 Work Begins

The 15h National Census exercisei.e., Census 2011 work has begun sinceApril 1, 2010. President Mrs. PratibhaDevisingh Patil became the first to beenumerated in the decennial exercise.This exercise, capturing the socio-economic cultural profile of all itscitizens, will also seek information forthe creation of National PopulationRegister.

Under this census exercise, everyperson aged over 15 will be pho-tographed and finger printed to create abiometic national database that willform the base of a new National Popu-lation Register of the nation’s 1·2 billionpopulation.

The entire census exercise has beenscheduled to be completed by March 15,2011.

● Education becomes a funda-mental right—Nearly eight yearsafter the Constitution wasamended to make education afundamental right, the govern-ment at last implemented a his-toric law to provide free andcompulsory education to allchildren in the age group of 6-14years. It is worthnoting that the86th Constitutional amendment,making education a fundamentalright, was passed by Parliamentin 2002. The Right of Children toFree and Compulsory EducationAct, a law to enable the imple-mentation of the fundamentalright, was passed by Parliamentlast year. Both the Constitutionalamendment and the new lawcame into force w.e.f. April 1,2010.

PD/June/2010/2135 “To achieve the impossible, it is precisely the unthinkable that must be thought.”

With the Right to Education Actcoming into force, India hasjoined the league of 135 countriesthat have legal guarantee to pro-vide free and compulsory educa-tion to children. According to theUNESCO’s ‘Education f o r AllGlobal Monitoring Report2010’, about 135 countries haveconstitutional provisions for freeand non-discriminatory educa-tion for all. However, the reportsays, despite the legal guarantee,primary school fees continue tobe charged in some countries.

India Achieves UNMillennium Goal for Drinking

WaterAs per the declaration of the Rural

Development Ministry, India hasachieved the Millennium DevelopmentGoal (MDG) for drinking water byproviding 84 per cent of its rural popu-lation with access to improved source ofwater.

Despite this achievement, the Minis-try accepts that the country is facing atremendous challenge in sustainingdrinking water security in rural areas asmost water sources are ground water-based and have been overexploited foragriculture and industry besides beingsubjected to untreated sewage.

The overexploitation of groundwater sources is posing a ‘growing’threat to the country’s drinking watersecurity.

It is important to recall that theMDGs are eight international develop-ment goals that all 192 United Nationsmember states and at least 23 interna-tional organisations have agreed toachieve by the year 2015.

● FDI in Cigarettes manufactur-ing banned—Indian governmenthas decided to ban foreign directinvestment in tobacco sector. Thecabinet committee on EconomicAffairs has decided to ban foreigndirect investment in manufactur-ing of cigarettes in the country.This government’s decision willhit global tobacco companieswhich have made attempts toincrease their presence in thecountry—like Japan TobaccoInternational (JTI). Phillip Morrisand British American Tobacco.Under the existing policy, FDI upto 100 per cent was allowed intobacco, with the prior permis-

sion of the Foreign InvestmentPromotion Board (FIPB), andsubject to the company obtainingan industrial licence. The policyallowed 100 per cent FDI forcompanies who want to set up amanufacturing plant in a specialeconomic zone for exports.This policy had come underattack from the Ministry ofHealth, which initiated theproposal to ban FDI in tobaccoaltogether. It was the ministry’scontention that as signatories tothe Framework Convention ofTobacco Control, India had theresponsibility of reducingtobacco consumption.

● 11th Plan growth target pro-posed to be reduced at 8·1 percent—Taking a note of economy’sslow performance mainly due toworldwide slowdown, PlanningCommission in its mid-termreview of the plan has comeforward to revise the 11th plangrowth target at 8·1 per cent. Theoriginal annual growth target ofthe 11th plan (2007-12) wasplaced at 9 per cent. It may berecalled that the National Devel-opment Council (NDC) hadfinally approved the 11th plan atits 54th meeting on December 19,2007 to raise the annual eco-nomic growth rate to 9 per centfrom 7·6 per cent recorded duringthe 10th plan. The growth ratesof the first three years of theplan, i.e., 2007-08, 2008-09 and2009-10 stood at 9 per cent, 6·7per cent and 7·2 per cent respec-tively. As per Planning Com-mission’s projections, thegrowth rates for 2010-11 and2011-12 will stand around 8·5per cent and 9 per cent respec-tively and it will reduce theaverage growth rate of the planat around 8·1 per cent.This revised target growth ratewill be placed before NDC afterthe approval of the cabinet.

● On-line service tax paymentabove Rs. 10 lakh made manda-tory—The Central Board ofExcise and Customs (CBEC) hasmade it mandatory for assesseeswho have paid Rs. 10 lakh ormore as service tax for 2008-09 tofile returns electronically throughinternet banking from this year.

Notifications issued by the gov-ernment also specify the same forcentral excise duty paid to man-datorily file returns electroni-cally. In both cases, Rs. 10 lakh ormore include the amount paid byutilisation of Cenvat credit.It is worthnoting that returnsonce filed for Central Excisecannot be revised but the con-tents of service tax could beamended once within 90 daysof filing returns.

Besides, CBEC has automatedalmost an entire range of servicesin indirect tax. For electronicfiling, it has devised new soft-ware called Automation ofCentral Excise and Service Tax(ACES) with connectivity in 104commissionerates. It could beused for electronic filing ofcentral excise and service taxfrom April 1.

Under ACES, several processesof central excise and service taxpayments have been automated.These include registration ofassessees, refunds filing ofreturns, accounting, disputesresolution, audit, provisionalassessment, exports, claims,intimations and permission toassessees.

● NTPC Targets 10000 MW in UPby 2017—National ThermalPower Corporation (NTPC) istargeting a combined powergeneration capacity of almost10000 MW in Uttar Pradesh by2017. The present total installedcapacity of NTPC stands atroughly 5500 MW in U.P. which,as per official declaration isestimated to become 10000 MWby the end of 12th plan i.e., by2017.NTPC has 20 power generationunits at Singrauli, Rihand,Unchahar and Tanda in the state.Two units of 500-MW each arebeing added at Rihand that willbe commissioned by 2012, heinformed.

The capacity addition envisagedduring 2012–17 includes Singrauli(Stage III, 500 MW), Tanda (StageII, 2 × 660 MW), Meja (2 × 660MW) and Unchahar (Stage IV,500 MW).

PD/June/2010/2136 “Fanaticism consists of redoubling your efforts when you have forgotten your aim.”

Meja unit is being planned in a50 : 50 joint venture with UttarPradesh Rajya Vidyut UtpadanNigam Limited (UPRVUNL). Be-sides, a 2 × 4 MW hydro projectand a 25-MW solar thermalproject in the state are also in thepipeline.

● Committee set up to appraisenon-plan schemes over Rs. 75crore—The government has setup a committee on non-Planexpenditure, with expendituresecretary as its Chairman andPlanning Commission Secretaryas a member. The committeewould appraise proposals for allnon-Plan schemes that involveexpenditure of Rs. 75 crore andabove. With the Constitution ofthe committee, no non-Planexpenditure would be referred tothe Finance Commission or thePublic Investment Board.Specific proposals will be con-sidered by the committee inconsultation with the secretary ofthe department concerned. Afterthe proposals have beenappraised, those involvingexpenditure of more than Rs. 75crore and up to Rs. 150 crore willneed to be approved by theminister in charge, while decisionon those above Rs. 150 crore andup to Rs. 300 crore will be takenby the minister concerned inconsultation with the FinanceMinister. Proposals above Rs. 300crore and those involving thecreation of autonomous organi-sations, irrespective of the outlay,would require the approval ofthe Cabinet or Cabinet Com-mittee on Economic Affairs(CCEA).

● Govt. approves 5 new SEZs—The government has approvedsetting up of five new SpecialEconomic Zones (SEZs). Theproposal of these new five SEZswere approved in the Board ofApproved (BoA) meeting.Indus Gene Expressions, CochinInternational Airport, ShanthaBiotechnics, Suchirindia Infras-tructure and Lanco Solar weregiven permission to go aheadwith their SEZ plans.

The request of setting up a SEZby Larsen & Toubro (L & T) inMysore has not been cleared bythe government and the decisionhas been deferred due to the

requirement of some more clari-fications from L & T.The developers who were givenpermission to get their SEZsdenotified are Unitech Infopark,Wardha Power Company andEstra IT Park. They had citedeconomic slowdown as reasonfor surrendering their tax-freeenclaves.It is worthnoting that the SEZsector has attracted investmentsof more than $ 28 billion over thepast three-and-a-half years in the105 zones that are now opera-tional. This included about $ 6billion FDI.

● Railway’s earnings grow byabout 8 per cent in 2009-10—Railways have earned nearly 8per cent more revenue in 2009-10, compared with the earningsin the 2008-09.The total earnings of the IndianRailways during 2009-10 wereRs. 86,644·43 crore, againstRs. 80,264·60 crore in 2008-09,an increase of 7·95 per cent.The total goods earnings havegone up from Rs. 54,132·76 crorein the period between April 1,2008, and March 31, 2009, toRs. 58,261·05 crore in the sameperiod in 2009-10, registering anincrease of 7·63 per cent.The total passenger earningsduring 2009-10 were Rs. 23,751·38crore, compared withRs. 21,978·34 crore during 2008-09, an increase of 8·07 per cent.Railways registered a growth inpassenger segment also, as thetotal approximate number ofpassenger bookings during April2009-March 2010 was 7,442·65million, compared to 7,096·01million in the same period lastyear, showing an increase of 4·88per cent.

● RIL buys Shale gas in USA—Reliance Industries Limited (RIL)is going to be a partner in about300,000 acres in Marcellus Shalearea in southwestern Pennsyl-vania.The company has announcedthat its subsidiary—RelianceMarcellus LLC—is underway toenter into a joint venture withUnited States based AtlasEnergy. The both parties haveexecuted definitive agreementsunder which Reliance will

acquire a 40 per cent interest inPittsburgh-based Atlas coreMarcellus Shale acreage position.Reliance will bear an acquisitioncost of $ 339 million and pay anadditional $ 1·36 billion as capitalcosts for the development pro-gramme over seven and a halfyears.While Atlas will serve as thedevelopment operator for thejoint venture, Reliance is expectedto begin acting as developmentoperator in certain regions in thecoming years as part of the jointventure.The Reliance-Atlas joint venturewill generate the potential tobecome one of the largest primeacreage holders in the MarcellusShale.

● SIDBI to raise Rs. 15,000 crore in2010-11—Small IndustriesDevelopment Bank of India(SIDBI) has decided to raiseabout Rs. 15,000 crore long-termloans in the current financial year2010-11. This includes loans of$ 300 million each from WorldBank and Japan InternationalCooperation Agency.During 2009-10, SIDBI took loansof close to Rs. 20,000 crore,including short-term loans.As per official declaration, SIDBIhad made a commitment toinfuse Rs. 500 crore throughequity and subordinate debt intomicro finance institutions (MFIs).So far, SIDBI has already dis-bursed Rs. 100 crore to micro-finance institutions.SIDBI has come forward to takeequity stakes in MFIs to improvetheir capital adequacy whichthey can leverage upto ten times.SIDBI’s exposure to MFIs standsat about Rs. 3,800 crore and forthe entire MFI sector, the loanoutstanding could be of the tuneof Rs. 19,000 crore.

● Subsidy to farmers for dripirrigation—To encourage farmersto adopt drip irrigation system inthe water scarce areas of Kutch,Gujarat Mineral DevelopmentCorporation has decided to pro-vide 25 per cent subsidy to thefarmers on installing the system.This 25 per cent subsidy will bein addition to the 50 per centsubsidy provided by the stategovernment. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2137/5 “It is better to be hated for what you are, than to be loved for something you are not.”

MEMORABLE POINTSMEMORABLE POINTSNational

● The new NASSCOM Chief is ➟ Harsh Manglik

☞ Harsh Manglik has been appointed as the new Chief of IT industry body National Association of Softwareand Services Companies (NASSCOM) replacing Pramod Bhasin. He took over the charge for 2010-11 fromApril 20, 2010.

● The IPL-III best batsman award has been bagged by ➟ Sachin Tendulkar

☞ Sachin Tendulkar was on April 24, 2010 named best batsman after he was adjudged as the tournaments’ mostprolific batsman with 570 runs in his kitty from 14 matches with five half centuries.

● Dipika Pallikal recently won her ➟ Maiden WISPA title

☞ Dipika Pallikal defeated Emma Beddoes of England 3–1 in the women’s final of the Indian Challenger (SquashEvent) in Kolkata on April 17, 2010.

● Asian Development Bank has pegged Gross Domestic Product of India at ➟ 8·2 per cent in 2010

☞ The Asian Development Bank (ADB) on April 13, 2010 projected the Indian economy to grow by 8·2 per centduring 2010. The projection has been made in its flagship annual publication Asian Development Outlook2010.

● Indian scientists recently released ➟ Mycobacterium, tuberculosis genome mapping

☞ Indian scientists (by the governments’ Open Source Drug Discovery—OSDD initiative) released the results ofits Connect 2 Decode (C2D) project to reannotate the biological and genetic information relating toMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome in a Conference in New Delhi on April 11, 2010. This is the firsttime that a comprehensive mapping of the mtb genome has been compiled verified and made publiclyavailable.

● The IPL-III Champion is ➟ Chennai Super Kings

☞ Chennai Super Kings defeated Mumbai Indians by 22 runs to emerge winner in the final of Indian PremierLeague (IIIrd Edition) in Mumbai on April 25, 2010.

● The Phalke Ratna Award has been given to ➟ Dev Anand

☞ Evergreen Actor Dev Anand has been honoured with the prestigious Phalke Ratna Award this year. Theaward is presented by the Dadasaheb Phalke Academy.

● India launched its Census 2011 on ➟ April 1, 2010

☞ India on April 1, 2010 launched ‘Census 2011’ the biggest ever census enumerating the countrys’ 1·2 billionpopulation and classifying usual residents according to their gender, religion, occupation and education. It isthe 15th National Census Exercise since 1872.

● The Maritime Bilateral Exercise which India recently held with Singapore is ➟ SIMBEX

☞ The navies of India and Singapore held in the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal the 2010 edition of theSingapore Indian Maritime Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX) with eight platforms—five Indian and three Singa-porean taking part in the exercise.

● Classical Tamil Award for 2009 has been bagged by ➟ Asko Parpola☞ Asko Parpola—a leading authority on the Indus script and Professor Emeritus of Indology in the University of

Helsinki, Finland has been selected for Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi Classical Tamil Award for 2009.● India recently signed a pact with China on ➟ Hot Line

☞ India and China on April 7, 2010 signed an agreement to set-up a hot line to open up direct communicationsbetween their Prime Ministers.

● The person who has been appointed as the new IPL Chief is ➟ Chirayu Amin☞ The Board of Control for Cricket India appointed Vice-President (West Zone) Chirayu Amin as interim

Chairman of IPL on April 26, 2010.● Operation Triton is related to the Coastal security of ➟ Kerala

☞ The second edition of Triton series of exercises designed to test the security of Kerala Coast was conducted inApril 2010. The first exercise in the series Operation Triton was successfully conducted in October last afterwhich it was deemed imperative to have a Coastal exercise every six months.

PD/June/2010/2138 “Self-trust is the first secret of success.”

International

● The new Premier of Sri Lanka is ➟ D. M. Jayaratne☞ Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapakse on April 21, 2010 appointed Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Jayaratne—

a founder member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) as the Prime Minister.● The Asian (Badminton) Men’s Title has been bagged by ➟ Lin Dan

☞ Lin Dan beat Wang Zhengming to clinch the Asian Badminton title on April 18, 2010 in New Delhi.

● The Asian Women’s Badminton Title has recently been won by ➟ Xuerui Li☞ Xuerui Li beat Xin Liu to bag the Asian Women’s Badminton title in April 2010 in New Delhi.

● The winner of Chinese Grand Prix is ➟ Jenson Button☞ Jenson Button won the Chinese Grand Prix on April 18, 2010 in Shanghai after beating his teammate Lewis

Hamilton in a 1–2 finish for McLaren.● Recently BRIC Summit was held in ➟ Brasilia

☞ The BRIC (comprising Brazil, Russia, India and China) was held in Brasilia on April 15, 2010 in which IndianPrime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, Brazil’s President Luiz Inacio da Silva, Russian President DmitryMedvedev and Chinese President Hu Jintao met and issued a declaration calling for reforms in the IMF andthe World Bank.

● Recently earthquake hit China’s province ➟ Qinghai☞ A 7·1 magnitude quake struck a remote border area in north-west Qinghai province on April 14, 2010 leaving

hundreds of people and bringing down houses, temples, schools and government buildings.

● Phil Mickelson recently won ➟ The Augusta Masters Title☞ US golf star Phil Mickelson won his third Masters title and fourth major crown on April 11, 2010 defeating

England’s Lee Westwood by three strokes in Augusta.

● Nuclear Security Summit was recently held in ➟ Washington☞ A very important and crucial the Nuclear Security Summit was held in Washington in April 2010. A range of

national commitments towards strengthening the security of nuclear materials were made by the participatingcountries including a promise by Russia and USA to dispose of Weapons grade plutonium.

● The winner of Malaysian Grand Prix is ➟ Sebastian Vettel☞ Sebastian Vettel clinched Malaysian Grand Prix on April 4, 2010 in Sepang for Red Bull.

● NASA recently launched its ➟ Discovery Space Shuttle☞ The Discovery Space Shuttle blasted off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Centre in Florida on April 5, 2010 with

a crew of seven astronauts on 13-days mission aboard the International Space Station.

● The person who has recently been re-elected as the President of Sudan is ➟ Omar Hassan El-Bashir☞ Sudan’s President Oman Hassan El Bashir won the presidential election on April 26, 2010 with a decisive win.

● USA and Russia recently signed ➟ START Deal☞ USA President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a Strategic Arms Reduction

Treaty on April 8, 2010 in Prague aiming at reduction of weapons stockpiles by a third. The START deal willlast for 10 years.

● SAARC Summit was recently held in ➟ Thimphu☞ The Sixteenth South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit was held in Bhutanese

capital Thimphu on April 28-29, 2010 with Bhutan hosting the summit for the first time.

● Russia and Ukraine recently ratified ➟ The Base Deal☞ The Russian and Ukrainian Parliaments on April 27, 2010 simultaneously ratified a landmark agreement to

extend the lease of a key Black Sea Naval base in Sevastapool to Russia by 25 years.

● The telescope which completed its 20 years recently is ➟ Hubble Telescope☞ The Hubble Telescope celebrated the 20th anniversary of its launch on April 24, 2010 with NASA releasing a

new photograph from the orbiting observatory of a cosmic pillar of gas and dust in the Carema NebulaGalaxy.

● Recently USA launched its ➟ Reusable Space Plane☞ After a decade of development the US Air Force has recently launched a prototype space plane which could

serve as a potential space shuttle replacement. The robotic X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle was launched by rocketto conduct technology tests in orbit after gliding back to earth.

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2139 “If you don’t run your own life, somebody else will.”

BRIC : Promising Start

—Arunoday Bajpai

The four-nation grouping BRIC(Brazil, Russia, India and China) isheaded for a promising start. Withinfew years of its establishment, BRICis emerging as an effective forum forthe voice of non-western players inthe global affairs. BRIC is primarilyan economic grouping. The firstsummit of the BRIC countries washeld at Yekaterinburg (Russia) onJune 16, 2009. During the first summit,the major focus of the summit was onimproving the current global econo-mic situation and discussing how thefour countries can better work to-gether in future as well as a moregeneral push to reform financialinstitutions. It was also discussed asto how the developing nations asmembers of BRIC could be betterinvolved in global affairs in future.After the first summit the BRIC coun-tries suggested that there was a needfor a new global reserve currency thatis diversified, predictable and stable.Thus, the initial thrust of BRIC wasto counter the U.S. hegemony inglobal economy, besides searching foravenues of mutual cooperation.

The foreign ministers of BRICcountries met in Yekaterinburg onMay 16, 2008 to prepare the groundfor the first summit of the BRICcountries. The Agriculture ministersof the BRIC countries met in Moscowin March 2009 to discuss measures forensuring global food security. Thesecond summit meeting of BRICcountries was held on April 15, 2010at Brasilia (Brazil). The proposed 2day summit ended a day earlier thanscheduled after Chinese President HuJintao decided to return home earlybecause of an earthquake in thewestern province of Qinghai thatkilled at least 760 people and dis-placed another 100,000.

Idea of BRIC (BRIC Thesis)Though the association of four

BRIC countries is gradually assuminga political posture, it primarily it is aneconomic idea. In economics, BRICor the BRIC countries is a groupingacronym that refers to the relatedeconomies of Brazil, Russia, India andChina. The term ‘BRIC’ was for thefirst time used by Jim O’ Neill ofGoldman Sachs financial company in2001. In a paper published by him, heargued that the four BRIC countriesare developing rapidly and by theyear 2050, the combined economies ofthe BRIC countries would eclipse thecombined economies of the currentrichest countries of the would. Thefour BRIC countries combinedcurrently account for 25% of the totalworld land area and 40% of theworld’s population. However, JimO’Neill did not argue that these fourcountries would organise themselvesinto an economic bloc or politicalassociation like European Union orASEAN.

The above argument known as‘BRIC Thesis’ was further elaboratedby Jim O’ Neill in his 2003 Reporttitled, ‘Dreaming with BRICs : Thepath to 2050’. This Report recognisesthat Brazil, Russia, India and Chinahave changed or modified theirpolitical systems to embrace globalcapitalism. It predicts that India andChina shall emerge as the dominantglobal players of manufactured goodsand services respectively, whileBrazil and Russia would emerge asdominant suppliers of raw material.Thus, cooperation among the BRICcountries is the logical next step.Brazil is dominant in iron ore, whileRussia is dominant supplier of oil andnatural gas. Thus, these countrieswould be the leading commoditysuppliers to India and China. There-

fore, BRIC countries have the poten-tial to form a powerful economic blocto the exclusion of present day domi-nant states of G-8 group. The BRICthesis is vindicated in view of the factthat the G-20 is emerging a dominantplayer in international affairs and theBRIC countries have an importantplace in the G-20 grouping.

The follow-up Report issued byNeill in 2004 further predicts themassive rise of the middle class inBRIC countries. It is calculated thatby the year 2025 the number ofpeople with per capita income ofmore than $ 15000 will rise to 200million in BRIC countries. The secondfollow-up Report, issued in 2007,gives insights into “India’s RisingGrowth potential”. Report says thatIndia has 10 of the 30 fastest growingareas in the world and a massivenumber people will move to cities by2050. This would give significantimplications for demand for urbaninfrastructure, real estate and ser-vices. Report asserts that India’sinfluence on world economy will bebigger and quicker than implied inprevious reports.

Thus, the BRIC thesis highlight-ing the nature and collective econo-mic strength of these countriesprovided a stimulus for them to seekcloser cooperation with each other. Itshould also be noted that these coun-tries have rich experience of mutualcooperation through various forasuch as IBSA, G-20 and ShanghaiCooperation Organisation. TheRussian President Dmitry Medvedevis said to be the driving force behindthe evolution of BRIC as a potentialeconomic bloc vis-a-vis G-8 groupdominated by the U.S. and itswestern allies.

The BRIC MembersIf we go by the combined figures

of four BRIC countries, we find thatthey encompass over 25% of the landarea of the world; 40% of the globalpopulation and hold a combined

PD/June/2010/2140 “You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection.”

GDP (PPP) of 15·36 trillion dollars.On almost on any scale, they are thelargest entity on the globe. If Chinaand India have first and secondposition, respectively in global popu-lation, Russia has the distinction ofhaving largest land area in the world.BRIC countries include two largestenergy consumers (India and China)in the world and also the two largestenergy producers (Russia and Brazil)in the world. In fact, their combinedstrength is derived from theirindividual strength. Politically andeconomically both the BRIC countrieshold dominant position in theirrespective regions. Their location andsize cover the width and length ofthe globe. It is estimated that theeconomies of the BRIC countriescollectively will match the size of theU.S. by the year 2020. Through theG-20 forum, they have been playingleading role in the global economicrecovery during last few years.Comparative profile of their econo-mic profile is given below :

A Comparative Profile of BRIC Members

Indicator Brazil Russia India China Total

1. Population(in million 2009)

192·7 141·9 1179·6 1336·9 2851·3

2. Area (sq km) 8514877 17075400 3287240 9640821 35518338

3. G D P ( P P P )(2009) in billion

2002 2126 3528 8816 16472

4. GDP (nominal)in billion U.S. $(2009)

1481 1254 1242 4927 8904

The above comparative figuresfurther vindicate the BRIC thesisabout the size and economic growth.Also, if we go by their status in globaleconomy through their globalstanding, it can be safely concludedthat they acting together are bound toplay an increasingly important role inglobal affairs. In addition, two of theBRIC members also hold permanentseat in the UN Security Council. Therest of the two are the potentialclaimants of that position. Also, thetwo members—China and Russia arethe declared and recognised nuclearweapon states, while India has amplydemonstrated that it holds the capa-bility to become nuclear power at anygiven point of time. Their globaldominance can be inferred from theirglobal ranking in different fields asgiven below :

Global Ranking of BRIC Members in Different FieldsGlobal Ranking

Area/Field Brazil Russia India China

1. Population 5th 9th 2nd 1st

2. Land Area 5th 1st 7th 3rd

3. Labour force 5th 6th 2nd 1st

4. GDP (PPP) 9th 6th 4th 2nd

5. GDP (PPP) percapita

77th 51th 128th 97th

6. GDP Growth Rate 81st 69th 28th 16th

7. Human Develop-ment Index (HDI)

75th 71st 134th 92nd

8. Foreign ExchangeReserves

7th 3rd 5th 1st

9. Cultivated Land 5th 4th 2nd 3rd

10. Internet users 5th 8th 4th 1st

11. Military Expen-diture

12th 5th 10th 2nd

Mutual ComplementariesIn order to ensure a viable

process of cooperation among theBRIC countries some amount ofsynergy in the field of economy and

trade is required. As noted earlier,China and India respectively areleading in the field of manufacturedgoods and services, whereas Russiaand Brazil are the leading members inthe supply of commodity and energy.If China and India are the leadingconsumers of energy resources,Russia and Brazil are the leadingproducers of energy. More speci-fically we can state that China hashuge solid manufacturing and hugefinancial clout, and Russia has energy(oil and natural gas) and advancedtechnology in certain fields. Brazilis an agricultural superpower withgrowth in manufacturing, whereasIndia has comparative advantage ininformation technology, pharma-ceuticals as well as agriculture. Thus,the four countries have comple-mentary factor endowments and

national skills, that makes BRIC apotential forum for mutual coope-ration in the field of Economic growthas well as trade. Combined togetherthey have a huge market and risingmiddle class, which can ensure a self-sustained growth largely unaffectedby global economic ups and downs.

Their political synergy arisesfrom their shared spirit to counter theeconomic and political hegemony ofthe U.S. and its allies in global affairs.These four countries of the BRIC havegradually evolved and articulatedcommon viewpoints and orientationon major international issues such asreform of global financial institutions,restructuring the UN system, climatechange management, internationaltrade negotiations, terrorism andproblem areas in Iran, West Asia andAfghanistan. As BRIC is graduallyadopting a political posture, thissynergy would play a major role ininternational affairs.

Brasilia Summit April 15, 2010The second Summit of the BRIC

countries was held at Brasilia, thecapital of Brazil on April 15, 2010. Thetwo-day Summit was shortened toone day due to early departure ofChinese President on account ofearthquake in China. The BrazilianPresident Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva,Russian President, Dmitry Medvedev,Indian Prime Minister, ManmohanSingh and Chinese President HuJintao participated in the Summit.

PD/June/2010/2141 “Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.”

BRIC and Food SecurityThe first summit meeting of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) members,

the leading players of global politics was held in 2009 at Yekaterinburg, Russia.However, BRIC has taken a major initiative to raise concern about the global foodsecurity. India like other developing countries is deeply concerned about the issue offood security, particularly in view of the threat posed by growing population andclimate change.

The first ever meeting of Agriculture Ministers of member countries was heldon March 26, 2010 at Moscow, where they agreed to extend their cooperation toagriculture to promote global food security. At the end of the meeting, they adopted‘Moscow Declaration’, which identifies four areas for cooperation in this field.

1. In order to facilitate intensive analysis of food security and coordinatedformation of national grain reserves, the member states decided to set up acommon database of production and consumption of agricultural produce ineach country.

2. The emphasis was laid on the food security of the poor and vulnerable sectionsof society. For this purpose they agreed to jointly outline a BRIC food securitystrategy and to share experience to provide food for the poor.

3. The Declaration was concerned about the impact of climate change on foodsecurity. They agreed to make joint efforts to mitigate the impact of climatechange on food security and adapt farming to the changing climate. They alsocalled on the rich countries to transfer technological and financial assistance todeveloping countries to promote sustainable agricultural growth and counteradverse impacts of climate change.

4. They also agreed to promote cooperation and exchanges among themselves infarm technology and innovation.

They also agreed to set-up an expert level working group to implement theabove programme, agreed by the member-states.

In this meeting India was represented by the Union Agriculture Minister SharadPawar, who called on the BRIC nations to jointly tackle the problem of increasingproductivity in foodgrains. For that purpose, he proposed to set up a separateworking group for farm research. He underlined the synergy between India andChina, which have world’s largest population on the one hand, and Russia andBrazil, which have the world’s largest unused land areas, on the other. The RussianAgriculture Minister remarked that it was quite possible for Russia to use themanpower, financial aid and technological resources of BRIC members to bring backthe unused farm land under cultivation for farming.

The very idea of tackling the food security problem in poor and developingcountries underlines the future direction and orientations of BRIC.

At the end of the Summit, theBRIC leaders issued a 33 points jointDeclaration. In the joint Declaration,the leaders expressed their jointposition on different global andregional issues, besides initiatingsome measures to move the processof mutual cooperation in the desireddirection.

The main points of the jointDeclaration are given below :

1. The first part of the Declara-tion relates to common vision andGlobal Governance. While underly-ing the major and swift changesundergoing in the world, the leadersexpressed their support for a multi-polar, equitable and democratic worldorder based on international law,equality, mutual respect, cooperation,coordinated action and collectivedecision-making of all the states.

While appreciating the centralrole played by the G-20 group inmanaging global financial crisis, theyadvocated the need for G-20 to beproactive and formulate a coherentstrategy for the post crisis period.

They expressed strong commit-ment to multilateral diplomacy andappreciated the central role played bythe United Nations in dealing withglobal challenges and threats. Theywanted to make the UN moreefficient, effective and representative.For that purpose the declaration,indirectly, supported the SecurityCouncil membership for Brazil andIndia. The statement said, “we reite-rate the importance we attach to thestatus of India and Brazil in inter-national affairs and understand andsupport their aspirations to play agreater role in the United Nations.

Also, the declaration claimedthat the deepened and broadeneddialogue and cooperation of the BRICcountries is conducive not only toserving common interests of emerg-ing market economies and develop-ing countries but also to building aharmonious world of lasting peaceand common prosperity.

2. International Economic andFinancial Issues—While underlyingthe uncertainties of global economy,they welcome the ongoing recoveryof global economy in which emergingmarkets are playing an importantrole. The leaders underlined theimportance of maintaining relativestability of major reserve currenciesand sustainability of fiscal policies inorder to achieve a strong long termbalanced economic growth.

However, the most importantprovision in the declaration was thedemand for long overdue reforms ofBretton Woods institutions (IMF,World Bank) within the year 2010itself. They said that the legitimacydeficit of these institutions should beimmediately addressed. The first andforemost reform should be in thevoting power in favour of emergingmarket economies and developingcountries to bring their participationin decision-making in line with theirweight in world economy. The votingpower reform in World Bank quotareform of IMF should be concludedby the G-20 summit in November2010. The leaders also demanded amerit based selection method in theseinstitutions, irrespective of nationa-lity for the main positions. Moreover,the staff of these institutions needs tobetter reflect the diversity of theirmembership.

Also, they expressed the need forfostering cooperation among coun-tries regarding the regulation andsupervision of all segments of finan-cial markets.

They also took note of the sug-gestion of the Russian President tofacilitate trade and investment. Theywould study feasibility of monetarycooperation, including local currency,trade settlement arrangements bet-ween the four countries.

3. Climate Change—The leadersdemanded that the upcoming talkson climate change in Cancun (Mexico)should be more inclusive and trans-parent. These negotiations should

PD/June/2010/2142 “If I am not for myself, who will be ?”

produce fair and effective outcome,while reflecting the principles of UNFramework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC), especially theprinciples of equity and common butdifferentiated responsibility.

4. International Trade—TheDeclaration stressed the importanceof the multilateral trading systemembodied in the world trade organi-sation for providing an open, stable,equitable and non-discriminatoryenvironment for international trade.They urged all states to resist all formof trade protectionism and fightdisguised restrictions on trade. Theyfelt the need for a comprehensive andbalanced outcome of Doha Round oftrade negotiation in the manner thatfulfils its mandate as a ‘developmentround’.

5. Terrorism—The Declarationcondemned terrorism in its all formsand manifestations. The fight againstinternational terrorism should beundertaken with due respect to UNCharter, Resolutions and inter-national law. They called for repres-sion of terrorism and its financing.They demanded the early conclusionof the UN convention on inter-national terrorism.

6. Other points—Other pointshighlighted in the declaration aregiven below :● International community to make

necessary efforts to fight poverty,social exclusion and inequality.

● They demanded to develop astrategy for ensuring foodsecurity for vulnerable popu-lation and to reduce the adverseimpact of Climate Change onfood security.

● Recognised the potential of new,emerging and environmentallyfriendly technologies for diver-sifying energy mix and creationof job.

● They underlined the importanceof preventing a potential set backto the efforts of poor countriesaimed at achieving MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDG) dueto the effects of economic andfinancial crisis.

● Affirmed the importance ofencouraging dialogue amongcivilizations, cultures and people.Supported the initiative of UNcalled ‘Alliance of Civilization’.

● They welcomed the sectoralinitiatives for strengthening co-operation among themselves, forexample the meetings of deve-lopment banks, cooperatives,Agriculture Ministers, exchangeprogrammes of magistrates andjudges business forums andconference of think tanks etc.

The summit host, the BrazilianPresident remarked that the BRICcountries have a fundamental role inthe construction of a fairer inter-national order. The Russian Presidentadded that the meeting showed, “theBRIC format is becoming full-fledgedand allows U.S. not only coordinateour efforts but also to make concretedecisions.” The Indian Prime Ministercalled the summit ‘very successful’and stressed that the BRIC groupingwas uniquely placed to recast globalorder and to contribute to worldeconomic growth and prosperity.India feels satisfied because its maindemands like claim for UN SecurityCouncil seat and early conclusion ofinternational convention on terrorismfind prominent place in the Declara-tion. Also, the member states recog-nised India’s economic aspirationsand backed a greater role for NewDelhi in international affairs. TheIndian Prime Minister admitted thatthe world wants India to succeed andthis country should take advantage ofit. He remarked that India’s greatestchallenges are at home and that theworld takes a benign view of India’sgrowth.

It should be noted that duringthe BRIC summit, simultaneouslythe IBSA summit was also held atBrasilia. The issue of expansion ofIBSA to include China and to make itCHIBSA also cropped up. But Indiaindirectly hinted that IBSA is a forumof democratic countries and Chinadoes not qualify for that. Regardingexpansion of BRIC to include SouthAfrica to make it BRICs, the IndianPM termed it problematic as BRIC isthe grouping of rising economies andSouth Africa is not in that league.Other countries that have expressedan interest in joining BRIC areMexico, Indonesia and Turkey.Turkey is also interested in joiningIBSA.

EvolutionThough BRIC is still in the

process of evolution, critics have

raised apprehension to its futureprospects. They suggest that BRIC isnothing more than a neat acronym forthe four largest market economies butin economic and political termsnothing else binds the four. China’srecord in democracy and humanrights is not appreciated by othermembers. Besides, two large membersChina and India have many politicaland strategic differences. Some ofthese are boundary dispute, Chinesenaval encirclement of India and itsproximity with Pakistan. Both haveclashing goals as regional powers.Russia and China have long historyof ideological differences. Critics alsopoint out China is in league of itsown compared to other BRICcountries. China is the muscle ofBRIC and they know it. Because ofthis they have effective veto powersover many initiatives of BRIC. Somecritics have also challenged the BRICthesis regarding the future growthprospects. In reality, many importantresources important to sustaingrowth such as oil, natural gas, coal,iron etc. might soon experience apeak in production, before renewableenergy can be developed and com-mercialised, which might result inslower economic growth of BRICcountries than anticipated.

Though Brazil’s economic poten-tial has been appreciated for decades,yet it had until recently consistentlyfailed to achieve investors’ expec-tations. Also, the BRIC countries haveenormous population of impover-ished people, which may pose theproblem of finances, social unrest andlimited domestic economic demand.

Inspite of these criticisms BRIChas moved ahead and within a shortspan of time it has evolved from aneconomic forum to a political forumalso. The international and regionalissues raised by it will be duly appre-ciated by the developing countries. Itis a timely counter mechanism for thepolitical and economic hegemony ofthe U.S. and its western allies. Thelogic of economic growth and deve-lopment is likely to iron out theirpolitical and ideological differences.The combined strength of the BRICcountries would enable it to play asignificant role in the global economicand political affairs in future.

PD/June/2010/2143 “Other people’s opinion of you does not have to become your reality.”

Nuclear Disarmament and Security

It appears that the nuclearsecurity and disarmament haveoccupied centre stage in the recentmonths. First, the US and Russia haveagreed and signed a new START(Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)Treaty or START-II on April 8, 2010in Prague, Czechoslovakia reducingtheir strategic (long-range) nuclearweapons by one-third. Again, theNuclear Security Summit was held onApril 12-13, 2010 at Washington todiscuss the issue of physical securityof nuclear material and technologyfrom going into the hands of non-state actors, particularly terrorists andcriminals. Third in the series of globaldiplomacy was the organisation ofTehran International Conference onDisarmament and Non-proliferationheld on April 17-18, 2010 in Iran withthe theme of ‘Nuclear Energy to alland Nuclear Weapons to none’. Itshould be noted that Iran and NorthKorea were not invited by the U.S. inthe Nuclear Security summit, as thelatter is contemplating harsh actionagainst Iranian nuclear programme.The fourth in the series is the NPT(Non-Proliferation Treaty) Reviewconference to be held in May 2010 atNew York under the auspices of theUN.

These four events highlight theimportance of nuclear disarmamentand security in the post cold war era.Since of invention of nuclear armsand their use in 1945 in Hiroshimaand Nagasaki during the World WarII, the scientists and political leadersalike have tried to control the threatof Nuclear weapons in the post warinternational politics. However,during the cold war era and bipolarrivalry between the US and USSRnuclear arms race assumed newforms and dimensions.

Though various measures ofarms control and disarmament wereinitiated yet it could not prevent theproliferation of nuclear weapons andtechnology into new directions andareas. The global nuclear weaponstockpile had the capacity to elimi-nate entire global population fiftytimes. There are certain neorealistscholars like Kenneth Waltz nuclearweapons have helped in maintaining

uneasy peace between super powers.He argues that the idea of MAD(Mutually Assured Destruction)prevents eithers of the super powerfrom using nuclear weapons as incounter nuclear attack it is also likelyto be destroyed. The MAD works inall security environment, regardlessof historical tensions or recenthostility. He claims that the cold warwas the ultimate logic of MAD—theonly occasion when enmity betweenthe two super powers did not resultin military conflict. That is why theRussian policy makers are deadagainst the proposed U.S. missiledefence programme in the EasternEurope as it would expose Russia tonuclear missile attack and simultane-ously provide shield to the U.S.against the counter nuclear attack byRussia. In brief, the development ofnuclear defence capacity by one partyonly goes against the idea of mutualassured destruction. The neo-liberalideology in international politics isbased on the three key assumptions—the primacy of military security in theagenda of nations; weakness of inter-national institutions in preventingconflicts; and the long-run unimpor-tance of economic integration andglobalisation in the strategy of states.However, the neo-liberal thinkers donot accept these assumptions of neo-realisism and still consider nuclearweapons as a threat of global securityand peace. It should be noted thatvarious measures adopted for armscontrol and disarmament underlinethe neo-liberal ideology.

New Strategic Arms Reduc-tion Treaty (April 8, 2010)

START treaty was signed atPrague (Czechoslovakia) on April 8,2010 by the U. S. President BarackObama and Russian President DmitryMedvedev to reduce the stockpile ofstrategic nuclear weapons. It wassigned at the Czech capital Prague asit was leave one year ago that BarackObama proclaimed America’s Com-mitment to seek the peace andsecurity of a world without nuclearweapons.

The 10-year treaty would replaceSTART-I (1991) Treaty which expired

in Dec. 2009. The new START treatylimits the number of strategic nuclearwarheads to 1550 on each side, whichis 30% less than the 2200 limit ofwarhead allowed before the treaty.The limit of 2200 nuclear warheadswas fixed at the Moscow Treatysigned between the two countries in2002. The START treaty also limitsthe missile launchers on both side to800 which is 59% less than theprevailing permissible limit beforethe treaty.

After signing the treaty, theAmerican President Obama said,“This day demonstrates the deter-mination of the United States andRussia—the two nations that holdover 90 per cent of the world’s nuclearweapons—to pursue responsibleglobal leadership.” He further remar-ked that the treaty would signifi-cantly reduce missiles and launchersand put in place a strong and effec-tive verification regime. He said thatit would maintain the flexibilityneeded to protect and advance theU.S. nuclear security and guaranteeits unwavering commitment to thesecurity of our allies. DmitryMedvedev, the Russian Presidentdescribed the deal as win-win forboth countries. The also remarkedthat, “this agreement enhancesstrategic ability and, at the same timeallow us to rise to a higher level ofcooperation between Russia andUnited States”.

A major and noticeable com-ponent of this treaty is its newverification regime. The new treatyhas a verification and transparencyregime that combines the best veri-fication elements from the 1991START-I treaty with new elementsthat overcome its limitations. Theverification measures include on thesite inspections and exhibitions, dataexchanges and notifications, relatedto strategic offensive arms andnuclear facilities covered by thetreaty. Some of the important factsassociated with the new START treatyare given below :

● In fact, it is the first legallybinding and verifiable nuclearweapon reduction pact the twocountries Russia and US havenegotiated in last two decadesafter the end of cold war. This issignificant in view of the fact

PD/June/2010/2144 “It took me a long time not to judge myself through someone else’s eyes.”

Background of Disarmament and Arms Control MeasuresBefore listing various measures to control nuclear arms race, it appears

appropriate to distinguish between the two terms-arms control and disarmament.The idea of arms control denotes a process of preventing the future proliferation ofnuclear weapons. The proliferation or expansion may be both vertical (within thesame country-new nuclear weapons) or horizontal (expansion in other regions andcountries) The notion of disarmament is a more comprehensive and wide concept. Itdenotes reduction or elimination of existing level of nuclear weapons. If we go bythis distinction, we find that most of the measures regarding nuclear weapons were,in fact, arms control measures. The main efforts for nuclear arms control anddisarmament since the world war II are given below :● The United Nations adopted its first Resolution in 1946 entitled, ‘The

Establishment of a commission to deal with the problems raised by thediscovery of atomic energy. In 1954, India became the first country to seek acomplete nuclear test ban. In 1950s many plans and proposals were forwardedfor disarmament but two super powers could not agree on these proposals. A 10member Disarmament Committee was established by the UN for this purposein 1960, which was expanded to include 18 members in 1962. Finally in 1979, thepresent conference on Disarmament was established as an institutionalisedmechanism to seek the goal of nuclear disarmament.

● The first major treaty of Arms control is partial Test Ban Treaty, 1963 whichprohibits the nuclear tests on land, sea and sky. But it did not ‘specifically banunderground nuclear test. India is a party to this treaty. However, India tookthe advantage of exception of underground test and conducted its firstunderground nuclear test in 1974 at Pokharan which was termed as PNE orpeaceful Nuclear Explosion and code named as ‘smiling Buddha’.

● Open Space Treaty, 1966, which prohibits the use and deployment of nuclearweapons in outer space.

● Nuclear Free Sea Bed Treaty, 1971, prohibits the storage and deployment ofnuclear weapons in the sea bed.

● The most significant measure was Non-proliferation treaty, 1968 which cameinto force in 1970. The treaty has been signed by 189 states and it prohibits thehorizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear weapon states; whilerecognising their right to peaceful use of nuclear energy under the supervisionof International Atomic Energy Agency, Geneva. India has not signed NPT as itconsiders this treaty as discriminatory because the treaty permits the verticalproliferation of nuclear weapon. At present many western countries, mainly theU.S. are putting pressure on India to sign this treaty.

● Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, (SALT-I) 1972 by which both super powersagreed to freeze in the number of Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)and Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBM) that they would deploy.

● ABM Treaty (Anti-Ballistic Missile) 1972. Both the US and USSR agreed todeploy only one interceptor system for anti-ballistic missiles. It should be notedthat the ongoing Missile Defence programme of the U.S. in Eastern Europe(Poland and Czechoslovakia) is the violation of this treaty.

● Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, SALT-II, 1979 replaced SALT-1 and placedlimit on long range missiles and heavy bombers on both super powers.

● Intermediate Range Nuclear Force Treaty (INF) 1987 placed a global ban andelimination of short and medium range nuclear weapons. It also provided for anelaborate verification regime. In fact, this was the first disarmament measure intechnical sense.

● Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-I), 1991; which was ratified in 1994.Strategic arms is another name for long-range missiles and other nuclearweapons. This treaty limited the long-range nuclear forces to 6000 warheadsand 1600 ballistic missiles; with respect to the U.S. and newly independentstates of former Soviet Union.

● START-II was signed in 1993 but it never came into force. However, both USand Russia committed to reduce their strategic nuclear warheads to 3300 by theyear 2007.

● Moscow Treaty or Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty (SORT) 2002, whichcame into force in 2003 and provided for the reduction of strategic warheads byboth countries 2200 by the year 2012.

● Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty-CTBT was signed in 1996 and has been signedby 181 countries. It provides to ban all nuclear tests in all environment. Indiahas not signed this treaty and demanded universal disarmament measuresalong with ban on tests.

that, at present, there are about23000 nuclear strategic warheadsin the world and 90% of whichare with the US and Russia andthe rest with Britain, France,China, India, Pakistan and Israel.While India’s nuclear prog-ramme is self-sustained, Pakistanhas received technological andmaterial support from China,whereas Israel’s nuclear prog-ramme is tacitly supported bywestern countries mainly France.

● The new pact revives the dis-armament process which fellapart after the 1991 START-Itreaty. This treaty expired in Dec.2009. It is alleged that itsverification mechanism was notsatisfactory. However, the majorfactor affecting the disarmamentprocess was America’s proposedmissiles defence programme inEastern Europe initiated duringBush era. Since the missiledefence programme was to belocated in poland and Czecho-slovakia, near the borders ofRussia, its leadership becameapprehensive of its intentions;though America has declaredthat the missile defence program-me is intended against Iran.America, also did not agree tothe Russian proposed of a jointmissile defence programme, theundermining the ongoing nucleardisarmament process betweenthe two countries. The crux of thematter is that the missile defenceprogramme shield America andits allies from counter attackwhile Russia remains exposed tosuch attack. This goes against thebasic norm of balance of nuclearforces. Another related fact wasthat the conservative critics ofBarack Obama at home wereopposed to the U.S. signing suchtreaty at all as Russia was likelyto dismantle its aging missilesanyway.

● The signing of this pact wasfacilitated when Barack Obamaput hold on the missile defenceprogramme for a year or so andpromised to usher in an era ofnuclear weapon free world. Theobjections of Russia were incor-porated in the preamble of thetreaty where a linkage between

PD/June/2010/2145 “The way you treat yourself sets the standard for others.”

the offensive and defensivenuclear weapon has been esta-blished. Inspite of this, the inter-pretation of the treaty hasbecome controversial because theU.S. claims that there is nolegally binding linkage betweenthe strategic offensive and stra-tegic defensive weapons. Russiahas claimed that such Linkage islegally binding and is in tunewith the spirit of the treaty.Russia has also warned that if theU.S. goes ahead with the missiledefence programme in future, itwould be against the spirit of thetreaty and she would from thebinding provisions of the treaty.

● This controversy would make itdifficult for Obama to get thesenate’s approval to the treaty.According to the U.S. Consti-tution, all international treatiessigned by America shall comeinto force only after they areapproved by the Senate. TheDemocratic party of Obamaneeds support of some Repub-lican members for such approvalwhich is hard to come by. Thereare many instances when Senatehas refused to approve thetreaties signed by the U.S.President. One such example isthat the U.S. could not becomethe member of League of Nationsdue to lack of Senate’s approval,whereas the idea of League ofNations was mooted by the U.S.and it also signed the same.

● Another negative aspect of thetreaty is that the nuclear weaponsto be reduced under This treatyshall not be destroyed. Theseweapons shall be merelyremoved from duty and will bestockpiled. After all this is acontrol measure, not disarma-ment. These weapons can bereinstalled, if U.S. missile defencegoes ahead; Russia is openlyhinting at that. Incidently itworks for Russia’s benefits,because Russia’s conventionalarms are slightly inadequate andtechnically underequipped. Be-sides, the new START treaty is abilateral arms control measure,whereas the nuclear disarma-ment process has to be multi-lateral to ensure a world free of

nuclear weapons. Other nationsare also to be involved in theprocess. The U. S. is facing toughtask to control the nuclear pro-gramme of some countries parti-cularly that of Iran and NorthKorea.

● Inspite of above challenges, thenew treaty is a great strideforward, particularly in view ofthe negative disarmament pos-tures of the two countries duringBush era. Infact, to achieve thegoal of disarmament, one shouldgo first for the control of nuclearweapons. The new treaty hasbrought the issue of disarma-ment and arms control again atthe centrestage of the globalpolitics. It creates momentumfor the ‘reset’ of relationshipannounced last year by both thePresidents. The new STARTtreaty was negotiated in thespirit of give and take, whichmay lay the foundation for anuclear free world in future.

Nuclear Security SummitThe three core components of the

global nuclear agenda are : Armscontrol and Disarmament; Non-proliferation of nuclear weapons; andSecurity of nuclear material andweapons. While disarmament andarms control are concerned withcontrolling or eliminating the nucleararsenal of declared nuclear weaponstates–the U.S., Russia, France, Britainand China, the non-proliferation isconcerned with the prevention ofproliferation of nuclear weapons tothose nations which do not havethem. Pakistan, Iran, North Korea,Israel and India. Non-proliferationaspect of nuclear weapons is regula-ted by the NPT. The NPT reviewconference is due in May 2010 in NewYork under the aegis of the UnitedNations. India is likely to facetremendous pressure to sign thistreaty during review conference,particularly after the peaceful nuclearagreement with the U.S.

The third aspect of nuclearweapon management is nuclearsecurity that means ensuring thephysical security of nuclear weaponsand materials from going into thehands of terrorists and criminals. Thecomponent of nuclear security hasbecome significant in view of the fact

that in last 20 years or so, there hasbeen considerable proliferation ofnuclear technology to new statesostensibly in the name of peaceful useof nuclear energy. The very dual usenature of nuclear technology has alsohelped in such proliferation. Usuallyfor producing nuclear energy, theenriched uranium up to 20% is usedand the same enriched uranium maybe diverted for producing nuclearweapons. Another fissile material-plutonium is obtained as a byproductof nuclear plants, which can also beused for producing weapons afterproper processing. The states usingsuch nuclear material may not be inposition to provide proper and foolproof security from their possessionin unauthorised elements. The secondfactor highlighting the urgency ofnuclear security is the widespreadnetwork and strengthened position ofterrorists and organised criminals atglobal level. After 9/11, terrorism hasemerged as the major threat to globalsecurity. If the terrorists and criminalelements get hold of nuclear material,they will pose tremendous challengeto human security. According to thelatest figures given by the Inter-national panel on Fissile Material, theworld has accumulated, in last 60years a huge stock of such material.There are altogether 1670 tonnes ofhighly enrich uranium (HEU), ofwhich over 95% is in the hands ofthe U.S. and Russia. Another fissilematerial used in nuclear weapon isplutonium, which does not exist innatural state and is always obtainedby reprocessing of spent fuel innuclear plants. The present globalstock of weapon grade plutonium isabout 500 tonnes’ of which, again, theU.S. and Russia have largest amount.The U.S. has 92 tonnes, Russia has160 tonnes, and the bulk of the rest isin the U.K., France and Japan. Itshould be underlined that it takesonly about 5 kg of plutonium or 25 kgof enriched uranium to make aHiroshima like nuclear bomb. Thus,all that the terrorists are to do is topilfer a tiny amount of fissile materialto unlease havoc for worse than anydisaster witnessed so far.

It is in this threatening back-ground that Obama invited an Inter-national summit on nuclear security.In fact, in his Prague speech last yearin April, he remarked, “we must

PD/June/2010/2146 “In my day, we didn’t have self-esteem, we had self-respect, and no more of it than we had earned.”

build on our efforts to break-up blackmarkets, detect and intercept nuclearmaterial in transit and use financialtools to disrupt this dangerous trade.And we should start by having aglobal summit on nuclear securitythat the U.S. will hold within the nextyear”.

The Nuclear Security Summitheld on April 12-13, 2010 was sequelto the above concern raised by theU.S. President and to hold a globalSummit for that purpose. The Summitheld in Washington D.C. focused onhow to better safeguard weapongrade uranium and plutonium toprevent nuclear terrorism. Delega-tions from 46 governments excludingthe U.S. attended the Summit; 38 ofwhich were represented by the headsof state or governments. Delegationsfrom European Union, InternationalAtomic Energy Agency and theUnited Nations also attended. Thus,the Summit was the largest gatheringof heads of states called by the UnitedStates President since 1945 UnitedNations Conference on InternationalOrganisation.

It should be noted that Iran andNorth Korea were not invited to thesummit. Israel did not attend thesummit due to concerns that therewould be demands for Israel to signthe Non-proliferation treaty. Theconcern was expressed by the ArabStates which demanded nuclear freezone in West Asia.

The two-day summit issued anon-binding communique on April13, 2010 which recognised nuclearterrorism as “one of the most chal-lenging threats to internationalsecurity”. With respect to the physicalsecurity of the nuclear weapons andmaterials, the communique high-lighted the following points :1. Reaffirm the fundamental res-

ponsibility of states consistentwith their respective inter-national obligations.

2. Called on the states to work co-operatively as an internationalcommunity to advance nuclearsecurity.

3. Recognised that highly enricheduranium and plutonium requirespecial precautions.

4. Parties to fully implement allexisting nuclear security commit-ments.

5. Support the objectives of Inter-national Nuclear Security instru-ments and the role of Inter-national Atomic Energy Agencyand the United Nations in thisregard.

6. It acknowledged the need forcapacity building for nuclearsecurity.

7. It also recognised the need forbilateral and multilateral coope-ration among nations to preventellicit nuclear trafficking.

8. Supporting the implementationof strong nuclear security prac-tices.It should be noted that the goal

of non-proliferation is aimed at states,whereas the goal of nuclear securityis aimed at terrorists and organisedcriminals. The goal of the summit isto ensure that the terrorists are neverable to acquire, purchase or stealnuclear weapons or materials fromthe states which are in possession ofsuch material. If states deliberatelyallow such material to go in thehands of non-state actors, it is nottheft but proliferation. The famousexample is the nuclear proliferationnetweork developed by Pakistaniscientist A. Q. Khan with the tacitconsent of the Pakistani authorities.The U.S. has already an adhocarrangement like the proliferationsecurity Initiative to interdict suchproliferation.

There are some other inter-national instruments to preventnuclear terrorism. The 1979 Inter-national Convention on PhysicalProtection of Nuclear Material(ICPPNM) was the first instrument todeal with the physical protection ofthe fissile material while it was intransit. In 2005, the convention wasamended to include the protection ofsuch material even when it was keptand stored. Thirty-two countries,including India, have acceded to thisconvention. Similarly UN SecurityCouncil Resolution 1540 of 2004obliges countries to develop andmaintain physical protectionmeasures for weapons of massdestruction items, refrain fromhelping non-state actors acquire ordevelop weapons of mass destructionand pass laws to that effect. TheRussian sponsored convention onsupression of nuclear Terrorism, 2005

has also come into force. This con-vention obliges the states to prosecuteor extradite suspects involved innuclear terrorism. The U.S. andPakistan have not acceded to thisconvention.

India was represented by thePrime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singhin this summit. He remarked thatIndia was gratified that the inter-national community was finallysitting up and taking note by its longheld concerns about the activitiesof nuclear traffickers. The PrimeMinister also officially announced thesetting up of a Global Centre forNuclear Energy partnership in India.One of the schools of this centrewould focus more narrowly onnuclear security, including issues likephysical protection, and training ofsecurity forces for that purpose. Inbrief, the Nuclear Security Summithosted by the lone super power hashighlighted the entire gamut of issuesinvolved in nuclear security.

Tehran International Confe-rence on Disarmament andNon-proliferation-2010

Islamic Republic of Iran orga-nised this conference on April 17-18,2010 at Tehran under the theme ‘TheNuclear Energy for All, NuclearWeapons for no one’. Experts andofficials from 60 countries partici-pated in this conference, includingIndia. Out of this 24 delegations wereled by Foreign Ministers or DeputyForeign Ministers. The U.S. was notinvited to this conference.

In the background of this con-ference were the recent U.S. efforts tomobilise international support toimpose harsher sanctions against Iranto compel it to withdraw nuclearenrichment programme. DuringWashington Summit on nuclearsecurity, the U.S. President Obamatried to pursuade India, China andBrazil to agree for tough sanctionsagainst Iran. However, these coun-tries are not in favour of toughersanctions against Iran. Instead Indiawants to engage Iran to wean awayIran from developing nuclearweapons. Brazil and China are alsoopposed to tougher sanctions.

Continued on Page 2194

PD/June/2010/2147 “To wish you were someone else is to waste the person you are.”

Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development Article Article

Success and Dynamic Personality—I. M. Soni

It is said of a dynamic person.“Wherever he goes the air is chargedwith an electric current. He is adynamo.”

Lord Beverbrook, the mediamagnate, had a special talent fornewspapers and their running. Butwithout the driving force, the electriccurrent, he would have not achievedthe fame he did.

There are people in every walk oflife who stand out distinct not somuch by their intellectual attributesas by their sheer drive of personality.It is their dynamism.

Minus this quality, a large num-ber of talented men fall short of whatthey might have been. They never gettheir desserts, remain anaemic per-sonality.

They may think, “I am not LordBeverbrook. I don’t have that aggres-siveness.” Another person may whis-per to himself, “I can be a goodfollower, not a good leader.” Yetanother, “I shun responsibility. It robsme of sleep. Hell with the world.”

You have to emerge from thisdiffidence and tell yourself that youcan gain from shedding this diffi-dence. Extra dynamism and drivepay in career chase as in life.

The reason is that personality isnot static. It undergoes transforma-tion. You are not today what youwere ten years ago. You take thequalities you secretly admire.

These can be negative or posi-tive. The boy who becomes a criminalin adult life had admiringly looked atfilm villains. The boy who becomesan excellent cricketer, like M. S.Dhoni, had a role model in SachinTendulkar.

The quality of force and drive iscompounded of certain attitudes andcharacteristics. These can be cultiva-ted and out of these a dynamic,forceful personality emerges.

The dynamic quality is not amere gift from God. It is a combi-nation of attributes you can cultivate.

Self-confidence

Vernon Thomas in “WordPower-Life Power, says, “Never runyourself down. Never express your-self as being inferior. Far, if you do,you will believe what you say andyour belief makes it so. Forbid yourtongue to slap one over on you withphrases such as “I am not as capableas others”. “My best is not goodenough.” Instead express phrases thatcharge you with confidence.

There is cumulative magneticeffect in holding in your mind thethought that you are made forsuccess. That nothing can hold youback from it. Have faith in yourultimate triumph. Stick to it tena-ciously.

Success is like erecting a wall.You do it brick by brick. Not in onego. Build it bit by bit. Triumph oversmall obstacles. Total them, and youget a big success.

One success leads to another.You are the gainer. You developdynamic power to grapple and winover difficulties.

DecisivenessAnother quality to be inculcated

is that of decisiveness. Many well-informed and reasonably talentedpeople lack this quality-ability tomake up their mind. Without anyreason, they are in a fix or a dither.The extremes sway like weather-vanes.

This is a flaw in personality-structure. It stems either from over-caution or unwillingness to act. Itweakens character and eventuallymakes one a pliable toy of circum-stances. The person does not impressanyone and gets nowhere.

Pradeep Virk, facing an inter-view, was asked, “What will you doif you are not selected ?“

Replied he, “I have no reason tobelieve that I am going to be rejec-ted.”

“Why ?”

“Because, I am an optimist.”

He was selected.

By being a decisive character,having thought your way throughmade-up mind, one way or the other,you are forging ahead. You are adynamic personality in action.

Prof. R. C. Paul, former Vice-Chancellor of Punjab University, oncetold me, “I decide without ditheringabout things. I make it a practice notleave things hanging over andundecided.”

Initiative

The third aspect of dynamism isinitiative. This lends wings to youraction.

There are countless people whojust jog along with things as theywere. In comparison, there are a fewwho take initiative, venture into freshfields and become successful. Theformer merely wonder at the latter’ssuccess.

Harvey Day says, “There aremillions who regard safety-first astheir basic approach. They typeletters, put address on envelopes,dictated by others. This is life forthem. Ask them to do anything out-side and you scare life out of them.”

This is safe, no doubt. But it isalso boring, repetitive, and it yieldsnothing in life.

Contrast this with the young girlwho performs on a tight-rope in thestreet to earn a few coins. She is notafraid taking risks, nor of chances.She uses that bit of opportunity withboth hands. Things like that requiredash and initiative.

Had Columbus not ventured,America would have remainedundiscovered. Explorer Livingstonerisked his life exploring Africa. Single-handed, he threw open Central Africaexploring regions which had beendreamed of.

Continued on Page 2156

PD/June/2010/2148 “Believe in your dreams and they may come true; believe in yourself and they will come true.”

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Inspiring Youth ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

“Be honest to yourself and have faith inAlmighty and you will emerge winners.”

—Ritu Chauhan

Topper of M.P. Civil Judge Exam., 2009

‘Pratiyogita Darpan’ arranged an exclusive interview with Ritu Chauhan who has been selectedas Judge in M.P. Civil Judge Exam, 2009. She deserves all admiration and our heartiest cong-ratulations on her splendid success. This important, thought provoking and highly inspiringinterview is being presented here in its original form.

PD—Fantastic performance in theJudicial services exam., accept ourheartiest congratulations on yoursplendid success.

Ritu—Thank you sir.

PD—How do you like PD inEnglish ?

Ritu—It has become a milestonefor English medium students. I reallylike its articles and coverage ofcurrent affairs especially the currentquestionnaire section.

PD—Did you read IAS toppersinterviews in magazines ? Were youinspired by any of the IAS toppers ?What was your perception abouttoppers ?

Ritu—Yes, I keenly read toppers’interviews and tried to inculcatequalities which contributed to theirsuccess. I was inspired by the fact thateach has to walk his own path andhardwork always pays. My percep-tion about toppers was that it is theirconfidence, planning and perseve-rance which make them toppers.

PD—Describe the exact momentwhen you came to know about theimportance of judicial services ?

Ritu—I always perceived judicialservices as a platform to serve societyand after 12 class I took up law withan aim to join these services. Duringmy graduation the importance ofthese services became clearer to me.

PD—In how many attempts haveyou achieved this success ?

Ritu—It was my first attempt.Infact my first eligible attempt as I didmy law in 2009 only.

PD—Were you confident of yoursuccess this time and how did youreact to this special news ?

“Pratiyogita Darpan fulfils the qualitiesof a good magazine. It is really useful forany type of competitive exam. I relied on itfor coverage of current affairs portion andregularly read the prize winning essayswhich helped me in mains.”

—Ritu Chauhan

Ritu—I was expecting a place inthe final list but 1st rank came as apleasant surprise. My father gave methe news when I was in Delhi. It tookan hour or two to sink in. I thankedgod for being kind to me and feltvery much relieved that my hard-work had paid off.

PD—What is the importance ofmedium of examination in exams likeJSE ?

Ritu—It is not the medium butoverall presentation and expressionwhich matters a lot. However goodcommand over both the languages(Hindi and English) is required forscoring well in the translation sectionof paper II.

PD—Was JSE a planned thing foryou ? Had you thought of some timeframe for this examination.

Ritu—Yes, it was a planned thingfor me. I started preparation duringfourth year of my graduation. I mana-ged to allocate two to three hoursdaily exclusively to prepare for thisexam apart from my graduationsubjects. Since my preparation hadreached to a satisfactory level duringmy final year, I always aimed to clearthis exam in first attempt itself.

PD—Judicial services, was thisyour ultimate goal or were you pre-

paring for other career opportunitiesas well simultaneously ?

Ritu—I centred my undividedfocus on this exam itself. I even gaveup the idea of doing LL.M. unless Igave a wholehearted attempt to thisexamination. I wasn’t preparing forany other examination.

PD—Can you list a few thingswhich your preparation involved ona day-to-day basis ?

Ritu—I tailored my preparationto needs of different stages of thisexamination. I used creative methodsto learn the facts and data, madebrief charts, regularly discussedimportant provisions of law with myfriends and even voice recorded afew of them in my mobile and laptopand listened them in my free time.Also reading motivational books andarticles helps maintaining positiveattitude.

PD—While the changing eco-nomic environment offers immenselucrative career opportunities acrossvarious sectors, still what kept youmotivated towards judicial services ?

Ritu—Despite the emergence oflucrative career opportunities in pvt.sector, judicial service is the mosthonourable service which gives us theopportunity to deliver justice to a

PD/June/2010/2149 “You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection.”

common man which I think is a greatservice to society. So it is job satisfac-tion coupled with power and prestigewhich makes it different.

PD—What preference in serviceshave you opted for ?

Ritu—In JSE, no preference.

Bio-DataName—Ritu ChauhanFather’s Name—Mr. S. N. Singh

ChauhanMother’s Name—Mrs. Abha

ChauhanAge—23 yearsEducational Qualifications—

B.A. LLB. (Hons.) [5 years inte-grated law course]

Barkatullah University, Bhopalyear 2009 (75% topper in univer-sity)

12th—CBSE Board-in year 2004Carmel Convent School, Bhopal(70·4%)

10th—CBSE Board-in year 2002Carmel Convent School Bhopal(74·2%)

Previous Selection—None (Itwas my first attempt at any com-petitive exam)

PD—Does the educational, finan-cial and demographic status of thefamily of an aspirant have any impacton preparation ?

Ritu—If one has good educa-tional, financial and demographicstatus then it boosts the morale of thecandidates and creates the supportiveenvironment for preparation. Butabove all it is the strong will powerand perseverance which matter morethan anything else.

PD—In your opinion what roledo these Competition Magazines playwhen you are preparing for anexamination like civil services ?

Ritu—Competition magazinesplay vital role in preparation for civilservices. It helped me especially inpreparation for general studies,current affairs and essay portion.They give detailed information aboutthe strategy and methods of prepara-tion for freshers by publishing inter-views of toppers.

PD—If given to ask as to whatshould be the qualities of a standard

magazine for competitive examina-tion, what would be your answer ?

Ritu—In my opinion a standardmagazine should :

(1) Contain relevant and authen-tic information.

(2) Use precise and simplelanguage.

(3) Provide in depth analysis ofimportant issues.

PD—As per a reputed surveyreport out recently, PratiyogitaDarpan (Hindi) is the largest readand the only career and competitionmagazine in top 7 magazines in India.How do you rate PratiyogitaDarpan ? Would you suggest somemore features to be added in PD tohave a better coverage for this exami-nation ?

Ritu—Pratiyogita Darpan fulfilsthe qualities of a good magazine. It isreally useful for any type of competi-tive exam. I relied on it for coverageof current affairs portion and regu-larly read the prize winning essayswhich helped me in mains. Guidelineof experts should be included forcandidates of judicial service exams.I’ll recommend some more essays onlegal issues and analytical articles onrecent legal developments.

PD—Did you see our latest publi-cation : Pratiyogita Darpan–YearBook ? What is your opinion aboutthe contents, size and time of launch ?

Ritu—PD Year Book is good.Collection of facts is very helpful inprelims.

PD— How would you ratePratiyogita Darpan on the scale ofquality ?

Ritu—Pratiyogita Darpan : Regu-lar Issues–8

Pratiyogita Darpan : Year Book–8·5.

MY STRATEGY FOR SUCCESS

FOR PRELIMS

Prelims is basically test of yourmemory and ability to recognise theright option. Hence it requires exten-sive study and continuous revision ofcore areas. I studied text using multi-ple choice questions as yardstick. I

Personal QualitiesFavourite Persons—My parents

and everyone who does good forothers

Strong Point—Grasping Power,faith in God

Weak Point—Sometimes care-less for myself

Hobbies—Reading novels,helping others

PD—In your opinion at whicheducation level should one startpreparing for judicial services andwhat should be the minimum periodof time required to prepare for judicialservices examination ?

Ritu—During graduation itselfone should focus on building soundconcepts in law. With regular andserious study one year is sufficient.

PD—What is the secret of yoursuccess ?

Ritu—Almighty’s grace, habit ofbeing attentive to details, support ofmy family, proper guidance from myteachers and blessing of my wellwishers.

PD—Any suggestions/adviceyou would like to give to futureaspirants.

Ritu—Understand the nature ofexamination and work hard in theright direction. Time and resourcesavailable should be utilized in anintelligent manner. Be honest to your-self and have faith in Almighty. Takedifficulties as challenge, they arebound to yield your strong determi-nation.

PD—Thank you Madam andwishing you all the best for a brightfuture.

Ritu—Thank you sir and thankyou PD. Best wishes.

made it a point to solve as manyobjective questions as possible fromprevious papers of various judicialservice examinations. In examinationhall intelligent guessing by elimina-tion method helps.

Continued on Page 2161

PD/June/2010/2150 “Trust yourself. You know more than you think you do.”

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Inspiring Youth ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

“I succeeded because I was in dire need ofsuccess.”

—Saurabh Kumar SinghalSelected as Bank P.O. (MMG Scale-II) Bank of India 2009

‘Pratiyogita Darpan’ arranged an exclusive interview with Saurabh Kumar Singhal who has beenselected in Bank Probationary Officer Bank of India (Batch 2009). He deserves all admiration andour heartiest congratulations on his splendid success. This important, thought provoking andhighly inspiring interview is being presented here in its original form.

PD—Heartiest congratulations onyour brilliant success in the Bank P.O.Exam.

Saurabh—Thank you very much.PD—As you are aware, on the

great demand from lakhs of aspiringyouths like you, PD English waslaunched on 1st June, 2006. Now thatyou have tasted the sweetness of suc-cess, so please tell us—

(i) What difference could it havemade if you had got PD Englishwhile you were preparing for BankP.O. Exam. ?

(ii) What special feature/featureswould you like to see in PD English ?

Saurabh—(i) It has immenselyhelped me in keeping me updatedand provided me with its valuablematerial for General Awareness sec-tion while I was preparing for BankP.O.

(ii) It should publish the wholepaper (all the four sections withthe qualifying subjective paper) ofpreviously held P.O. examinationinstead of only one section at a time.

PD—Were you confident of yoursuccess ? How did you react to thisspecial news of your success ?

Saurabh—Generally, banks offerJunior Management Grade Scale I tothe entry level fresh officers. And Ihad already been selected in sixbanks as P.O. (JMG–I). But this onewas a unique opportunity. Bank ofIndia had offered directly middlemanagement grade scale II (other-wise a P.O. reaches to scale II afterminimum 3 or 4 years’ service).

I was confident of my success asthe written examination had beenvery good and the interview also wasvery promising. That’s why I didn’tjoin any of the banks I was pre-viously selected in.

“Pratiyogita Darpan is the only Competi-tive Magazine. I would suggest anyone toprepare G.A. section because this magazinecovers much more than any other competi-tive magazine. Some banking based infor-mation/knowledge make it more useful tothe Bank P.O. aspirants.” “Indian Economy(P.D. extra issue) is also very good.”

—Saurabh Kumar Singhal

On hearing the news of successin this exam I took a deep breath ofrelief that my decision to wait for thisparticular result had turned out tobe fruitful. I thanked God and sharedthe news with my family and well-wishers immediately.

PD—Before knowing your ownresult, what was your perceptionabout toppers ?

Saurabh—I always believed thatthey must have one thing in common,that is ambition, but at the same timethey must have kept in mind andfollowed the first deserve, then desireprinciple .

PD—Was only Bank P.O. yourultimate goal or were you preparingfor other career opportunities as wellsimultaneously ?

Saurabh—When I came to realisethat I should prepare for P.O. exami-nation seriously, it became my ulti-mate goal. After that, I never thoughtof any other career option at all.

PD—In how many attemptshave you achieved this success ? Howdo you visualise your preparation/previous attempts ?

Saurabh—Before my first successin Bank P.O. exam. I had attemptedthree more P.O. examinations all ofthem with a negative result. I couldnot clear even the written test. I had

not attained that level of speed andaccuracy at that time which arequired to fight any P.O. examina-tion. But once I attained that level, Isucceeded in seven P.O. examina-tions in a row including this one(with a superior opportunity–MMGscale II).

PD—In your opinion at whichlevel of education should one startpreparing for Bank P.O. Exams andwhat should be the minimum periodof time required to prepare for BankP.O. Exams ?

Saurabh—Dedicated preparationof six months can make one able tocrack the P.O. Exam. After one hascompleted one’s graduation onemay start for it. As percentage ingraduation is a criterion for makingappearance in it, one should notignore graduation exams.

PD—What is your opinionregarding the general view thatScience subjects have better chance toscore than the subjects in Humani-ties ?

Saurabh—Does not apply in caseof Bank P.O. exam.

PD—Does the educational, finan-cial and demographic status of thefamily of an aspirant have any impacton his/her preparations ?

PD/June/2010/2151 “Love yourself, for if you don’t, how can you expect anybody else to love you ?”

Bio-DataName—Saurabh Kumar Singhal

Father’s Name—Late ShriJagdish Prasad Singhal

Mother’s Name—Smt. SushilaDevi

Age—26 yrs (DoB. 25-12-1983)Educational Qualifications—M.A. in English (University of

Kota, Kota) (61%)12th—Board of Secondary Edu-

cation, Ajmer (80·31%)10th—Board of Secondary Edu-

cation, Ajmer (85·09%)Previous Selections—Proba-

tionary Officer (JMG Scale I) in :1. Indian Overseas Bank, 2. Cor-poration Bank, 3. Dena Bank, 4.Union Bank of India, 5. Bank ofBaroda, 6. SBBJ

Saurabh—Yes, to some extent,all these factors have an impact. Insome cases they prove to be crucial.

But it is also true that wherethere is a will, there is a way. Andafterall, a real talent can be delayed,but cannot be denied.

PD—In your opinion what roledo the Competition Magazines playwhen you are preparing for an exami-nation like Bank P.O. ?

Saurabh—General AwarenessSection can not be even thought ofbeing prepared without help ofcompetitive magazines.

What newspapers provide in adetailed way Competition Magazinespresent in an oriented manner. Com-petition Magazines are like a big‘Patakha’ in a small packet.

PD—What, in your consideredopinion, should be the qualities of astandard magazine for competitiveexaminations ?

Saurabh—(1) Information andfacts given should be authentic.

(2) Language should be easy andlucid.

(3) Details should be supple-mented by graphs or pictorial depic-tion, wherever necessary.

PD—PRATIYOGITA DARPANis the largest read Career and Com-petition Magazine in India. How doyou rate Pratiyogita Darpan and inwhat way can this magazine be mademore useful for Bank P.O. aspirants ?

Saurabh—Pratiyogita Darpan isthe only Competitive Magazine, Iwould suggest anyone to prepareG.A. section because though it doesnot cover the whole section fully, itcovers much more than any otherCompetitive Magazine.

Some banking based information/knowledge may make it more usefulto the Bank P.O. aspirants.

PD—Please give your commentson the PD Extra Issue Series on‘General Studies’ and a fewOptionals ?

Saurabh—I haven’t gone throughany except one on ‘Indian Economy.It is good.

PD—How would you rate thecontents of Pratiyogita Darpan on thescale of quality ? What more do youexpect from Pratiyogita Darpan ?(Kindly specify separately for :Regular Issues, Extra Issues, YearBook.)

Saurabh—Regular issues : 9 out of10.

Extra issues : ( I haven’t gonethrough any except Economy issueonly) 7 out of 10.

Year book : have not gone through.The percent of accuracy in the

answers given for the previously heldP.O. Exams. need to be hiked to 100.

PD—What is the secret of yoursuccess ?

Saurabh—I believed in mydecision of attempting Bank P.O. as acareer option throughout the periodof preparation. That let me not loseheart or deviate at any point. Isucceeded because I was in dire needof success.

Blessings of my mother and goodwishes of my sisters and brother-in-law stood by me always.

PD—Did you join any coachinginstitute at any stage of the prepara-tion ? If yes, then what is youropinion about the role these institutesplay in the preparation for P.O.Examinations ?

MY STRATEGY FOR SUCCESS

FOR WRITTEN EXAM.

As English was my home-zone(my subject in P.G.) I did not need togive much time to it, though I didn’tignored it at all. For Quantitative

Saurabh—Coaching institutesplay on important role in Bank P.O.examination. It is all about speedgame. So to catch that speed youneed help of many tricks and shortmethods especially in QuantitativeAptitude and Reasoning section. Youmay spoil a lot of your precious timein the course of preparation as well aswhile writing examination if you areignorant of these methods. Coachinghelps you learn these methods.

I joined YUWAM first. It wasOK. Then I joined classes of HarendraSir for Quantitative Aptitude andReasoning. It gave me immense helpin achieving a higher accuracy with agreater speed.

Personal QualitiesFavourite Persons—Amir KhanStrong Point—Decision-mak-

ing power innovative outlook andtolerance

Weak Point—My extra-sensi-tive nature

Hobbies—To listen to goodmusic and read literature

PD—Any suggestion/adviceyou would like to give to the futureaspirants ?

Saurabh—One can never besuccessful in a task if there is anydouble-mindedness. More than any-where, it holds good in the world ofcompetition. If your mind is well-setabout your goal. 80 per cent of thebattle is already fought in yourfavour. For the rest 20 per cent, targetyour week points, take help of yourseniors and teachers, never beexhausted of practice of previouspapers and master the art of time-management.

PD—Thank you very much andwishing you all the best for a brightfuture.

Saurabh—Thank you.

Aptitude and Reasoning section, firstof all, I cleared my basics, thenattempted mock-tests and each time Ianalysed in detail how I could havedone better.

Continued on Page 2251

PD/June/2010/2152 “Trust yourself, then you will know how to live.”

Socio Economic ArticleSocio Economic Article

Chartered Accountancy Reforms through IndianCompanies Act

—Dr. L. N. Koli and Dr. Brijesh Rawat

In a large business having manytransactions, auditing is a necessity.The need for auditing is even greaterin business where all the owners, asin the case of a joint stock company ora cooperative society do not activelyparticipate in the management.Similarly, auditing has become anecessity for public corporations,trusts and government departments.Considering the need of Auditing, theCentral Government has made itcompulsory for these organizations toget their accounts audited every year.In this paper we have taken specialpoint to incorporate the variousCompanies (Amendments) Acts per-taining to the Chartered AccountancyReforms.

In India, the law relating toauditing followed the British Model.The Joint Companies Act of 1857,made a provision for an optionalannual audit of companies. Thehistory of auditing in India datesback to April, 1914 when the IndianCompanies Act, 1913 come into force.The growth of the Chartered accoun-tancy profession in this country wasactually an outcome of this Actwhich made it obligatory on the partof every company registered under itto have the accounts audited at leastonce every year. The Act for the firsttime prescribed the qualifications foran auditor. Prior to 1913, no suchqualifications were prescribed.

The Companies Act, 1913 Compulsory audit in the case ofcompanies was introduced by thisAct, with specific provisions. Thefollowing outcomes were of this Act—

● Audit made compulsory for thecompanies.

● Rules relating to maintenance ofbooks of accounts and contentsof the balance sheet.

● Prescribed the qualification foran auditor.

● Defined the duties and rights ofthe auditor.

● Appointment procedure forauditor.

In 1918 the Government of Bom-bay started a programme for trainingof professional accountants and thosepassing the examination were awar-ded the Government Diploma inAccountancy (GDA). Persons holdingthe Government diploma in accoun-tancy could practice accountancythroughout the British India.

Indian Accountancy BoardThe Central Government of India

set up an Indian Accountancy Boardunder the Auditor’s certificate rules,1932. Under the rules, registeredaccountants were prepared to workas qualified auditors. But with thenew development and with thegrowth of the accountancy profes-sion,there emerged a growingdemand for autonomy.

The Chartered AccountantAct, 1949

The Chartered Accountant Actwas passed in 1949 and it came intoforce on July 1, 1949. Accordingly, theInstitute of Chartered Accountants ofIndia (ICAI) was set up under theAct. The affairs of the ICAI aremanaged and controlled by a councilof the chartered accountants. Thecouncil lays down standard ofeducation, training, professionalconduct and discipline.

Now, a person has to follow therules and regulations of this Instituteand has to pass the examinationsconducted by it. Only then can heobtain his certificate of CharteredAccountants and could be fullycompetent to work as professionalauditor in India.

The Companies Act, 1956The Companies Act, 1956 con-

tained the rules relating to books ofaccounts and their audit. The Act

makes audit compulsory for everycompany to have its accounts auditedby qualified auditors. (Here qualifiedauditor means a person who ismember of the Institute of CharteredAccountants of India).

The Companies Act 1956, hasmade additional provisions as regardsmaintenance of accounts and audit.Accordingly, only independentpersons duly qualified and trained inthe profession can act as statutoryauditors in case of a company. Thescope of duties, rights and liabilitiesof the auditor and requirements as toannual the audit report, have alsobeen enlarged.

The Companies Act 1956, alsoprescribes a cost audit in the case ofspecified companies to be conductedby a ‘Cost and Works Accountant’within the meaning of the Cost andWorks Accountants Act of 1956.

The Companies (Amendment)Act, 1960

This Act introduced variousprovisions related to :

(i) Appointment of Auditor

(ii) Disqualification of Auditor

(iii) Duties of Auditor.

The Companies (Amendment)Act, 1965

The Act has inserted a newsection 233B under which the centralgovernment has been empowered toorder audit of cost accounts in certaincases by a person possessing theprescribed qualifications from ICAIor ICWAI.

The cost audit has been madecompulsory for the cost accounts ofthe cement companies from January1, 1969.

The Companies (Amendment)Act, 1974

This Act introduced majoramendments in company law inIndia, w.e.f. February 1, 1975. Promi-

PD/June/2010/2153/6 “Nothing builds self-esteem and self-confidence like accomplishment.”

nent changes regulated to auditingare :

● Two new sub-sections (IB) and(IC) have been added to Section224. These sub-sections restrictthe number of companies inwhich an individual or a firm canbe appointed as auditor. Section224A, which has been inserted bythis Act 1974 amendment, laysdown certain cases where aspecial resolution is required forappointment of Auditors.

● The provisions in respect of auditof cost accounts in certain caseshave been substantially im-proved. (Sec. 233B).

The Companies (Amendment)Act, 1978, 1979 and 1980

The auditor’s responsibility inregard to companies accounts hasbeen further increased by theamendments to the Act made in 1978,1979 and 1980.

The Companies (Amendment)Act, 1988

This Act has made compre-hensive changes in regard to-‘Ceilingon number of audits under section224 (now in case of firm of auditors, apartner in full-time employment else-where will be excluded for cal-culating the specified number of com-panies for which the firm can makeappointment as auditors).

The Companies (Amendment)Act, 1999

This act came into force onOctober 31, 1998. This importantprovision related to audit was madeas follows :

● Inserted Section 210A in theCompanies Act, 1956 on Consti-tution of National AdvisoryCommittee on AccountingStandards.

● Incorporated amendments intoSection 211 of the companies Act,1956 regarding statutory com-pliance of Accounting Standardsthe extract of Section 211 of theAct (Every profit and lossaccount and balance sheet of thecompany shall comply with theaccounting standards).

The Companies (Amendment)Act, 2000

It came into force w.e.f. December13, 2000. The major changes relatingto auditing introduced by theCompanies (Amendment) Act, 2000are as under :

● Section 224 has been amended soas to exclude private limitedcompanies in counting thenumber of companies which anauditor can audit. This meansthat an auditor can now take upaudit work of 20 public com-panies and also any number ofprivate companies, as he likes.

● Auditors not to hold securitiesof auditee company (Sec. 26)An additional requirement for aperson to become auditor of anycompany will be that he shouldnot continue to hold any securi-ties of that company after oneyear of the amendment.

● Besides the usual opinion onfinancial statements, the auditor’sreport should state in thick typeor italics, such observations orcomments of the auditors thathave any adverse effect on thefunctioning of the company. Thereport will be in similar shape ifany person becomes disqualifiedto be director of the companyunder Sec. 274(1)(g). As per Sec.274(1)(g), a person cannot becomedirector of a company if he isalready director of anotherpublic company and such othercompany has failed to file annualaccounts and return conti-nuously for a period of threefinancial years commencing 1stApril, 1999, or if it has defaultedon repayment of deposit orinterest on the due date, or failedto redeem its debentures on duedate, or pay divided, and suchfailure continues for one year ormore.

● A new Section 292 A has beeninserted for better corporategovernance. It provides for theConstitution of an ‘Audit Com-mittee’ by public companieshaving paid-up capital of not lessthan Rs. 5 crore.

CARO-2003The Central Government has

issued the Companies (Auditor’s

Report ) Order (CARO) 2003, underSection (4A) of the Companies Act.The order issued after consultationwith the Institute of CharteredAccountants of India, will come intoeffect from 1st July 2003.

Companies to which CAROwill Apply● Chit fund company, Nidhi com-

pany or Mutual benefit company● Finance company● Manufacturing company● Processing company● Service company● Trading company

CARO Not to Apply to CertainCompanies● Banking company, as defined

under Banking Regulation Act,1949

● Insurance company

● Company licensed under Sec. 25of Companies Act, and

● Private company having a paidup capital and reserve up to Rs.50 lakh.

The Companies (AccountingStandards) Rules, 2006

The Central Government hasnotified Accounting Standards 1 to 8and 9 to 29 by publishing the sameas the Companies (AccountingStandards) Rules, 2006, in the OfficialGazette on December 7, 2006. TheseAccounting Standards have comeinto force from accounting periodscommencing on or after the aforesaiddate. In order to facilitate referenceby members and others concerned,the Technical Directorate of theInstitute of Chartered Accountants ofIndia has brought out a new publi-cation ‘The Companies AccountingStandards Rules, 2006’.

The Companies (AccountingStandards) Rules, 2008

The Central Government hasnotified a rule (Dated 27-3-2008) inrespect to Accounting Standard-15(Employee Benefits)

Under this, Accounting standard-Paragraph 145(b) (iii) has been inser-ted, which explains the need toconsider any unrecognized part of thetransitional liability in accounting forsubsequent actuarial gains. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2154 “You cannot be lonely if you like the person you’re alone with.”

Indian Foreign Policy in the New World Order

Economic AEconomic Articlerticle

—Dr. Amresh Chandra

Past and Present

The approach of Indian foreignpolicy was well articulated by Nehruat the time of India’s independence.“The world in spite of its rivalriesand hatred and inner conflicts movedinevitably towards closer cooperationand the building up of a world ofcommonwealth. It is in this one worldthat free India will work, a world inwhich there is free cooperation of freepeoples and no class and groupexploits another” [J . N. Dixit, AcrossBorder Fifty years of India's ForeignPolicy]. The foreign policy of anycountry is a direct reflection of itsoverall national policies, its goals forthe future, and self perception of itsrole and destiny in the world.

In fact, Nehru determined India'sinternational profile to a great degreein the post-independence years, in hiscapacity as the foreign minister ofIndia. Jawaharlal Nehru's foreignpolicy has been made subject to muchcontroversy and debate, like hiseconomic policies. However, taken inthe context of India's newly foundstatus as a democratic republic,Nehru's foreign affairs policies seemto be extremely apt. However, thisNehruvian approach of our foreignpolicy was criticized by many scholarsand politicians due to its inability tomeet the requirements of the newemerging world order. Criticism ofthe existing foreign policy and a callfor change in the approach is loudertoday. In this contemporary worldidealist approach of Nehruvianism isinadequate to meet the requirements.

Background of the ForeignPolicy

Socialism can be said to be one ofthe greatest international influenceson Nehru, but Gandhi's ideals ofSatyagraha also influenced him to agreat degree. But he committedhimself to neither point of view inframing his foreign policy. Nehru'sforeign policies were characterized bytwo major ideological aspects. First,

he wanted India to have an identitythat would be independent of anyform of overt commitment to eitherpower bloc, the USA or the Soviet.Secondly, he had an unshaken faith ingoodwill and honesty in matters ofinternational affairs. The first policyled ultimately to the founding of theNon-Alignment Movement (NAM).His second faith was terribly shakenby the Chinese attack of 1962, openlydisobeying all the clauses of thePanchsheel or five-point agreement of1954 between New Delhi and Peking.This breach of faith was a majorpsychological shock for Nehru, andwas partially the reason for his death.

Nehruvian Approach

Nehru saw war and violentinsurgency from very close quartersas a freedom fighter, and he believedin neither. In his foreign policies,Nehru tried to guide India in such away, so as to steer clear from anyform of violence and militarism. Herightly believed that a newlydecolonized nation must invest allits economic and logistic resourcestowards development and not defenseand armament. Just like his economicpolicies, which were non-committaltowards any ideological position,Nehru wanted to bring in a healthylevel of pragmatism in his dealings ofIndia's foreign affairs as well. Heunderstood that overt commitment toany of the two major power blocs toemerge in the aftermath of WorldWar II, would not serve India's path.He therefore wanted to tread a thirdpath, which was not necessarily themiddle path.

It should be remembered thatthis dogged non-commitment ofNehru was not seen sympatheticallyby any of the super powers of eitherEast or West at its initial stage. It wasfrequently termed as a kind of inter-national opportunism and wasaccused of ‘neutralism’—a stancereckoned to be not only dangerousbut also equally immoral in the worldof International politics. However,

the increasing popularity of NAMamong various Asian and Africancountries and Nehru’s growingstature as a statesman, situationschanged their views. India too bene-fited from this position, as it managedto secure rebuilding grants frommember countries of either bloc.After Nehru’s successful mediationin the Korean War and the Congoproblem, putting an end to a long andviolent struggle, his status as acommendable and efficient statesmanreached new heights. JawaharlalNehru’s theory of ideological non-commitment in a world that wasrendered dangerous by the Cold Warwas appreciated by one and all.

Non-Alignment Movement

The greatest success of JawaharlalNehru's non-committal internationalpolitics was the formation of the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM). Nehrufound allies in Tito, Nasser, Soekarno,U Nu and Nkrumah at a later stage inhis formation of this new alliance. Analliance of newly independent andlong colonized nations was not takenseriously in the beginning, eitherby the Eastern or the Western bloc.However, the importance of thealliance was soon felt, and initiallyled to a great degree of internationalpressure from both parts of the globe.However, Nehru proceeded with hismission undaunted. It was great testfor his courage and it was soon foundout that the NAM was not merely apassive platform of neutral and inac-tive nations. It had clear objectivesthat included the gradual decoloni-zation of the world, and a strongstatement that the member countrieswere not party to the ever escalatingtension of the Cold War. The favouredprocess of decolonization as adoptedby the NAM member countries wasone of discussion and peaceful agree-ment. On many occasions, NAM metwith success, often under the leader-ship of Nehru. Whoever supportedits cause was an ally and a friend.Nehru preached a policy of issue

PD/June/2010/2155 “The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.”

based alliance and not one based onpolitical and economic dogmas. Hewas proud of being an Asian, andwanted Asian nations to be the pri-mary determinants of their politicalfate, not always guided by Westernforces.

Nehru's unshaken belief in theforce of international brotherhoodwas attested with his decision tocontinue with India's Commonwealthstatus. He was made subject to muchcriticism back home because of thesupport he extended towards theCommonwealth, particularly after thecomplication of the independenceissue by the British government in thepost World War II years, leading tothe unwanted partition. HoweverNehru, always the believer in peace-ful alliances and solution of inter-national affairs based on discussions,went on with his ideals.

Kashmir Problem and NehruNehru's Foreign policies did not

augur well when it came to deal withthe neighbours. Kashmir was aperpetual problem, and he failed toreach any successful negotiationregarding Kashmir with the neigh-bour Pakistan. Nehru had an innatebelief in honest fellow-feeling andpolitical generosity. He tried to forcea negotiation with the Pakistanigovernment through the UnitedNations. But the Pakistani militaryrulers denied any peaceful agreement.The offer of a possible plebiscite wasalso taken off in 1950. After India'sdogged denial of the two-nationtheory, a result in favour of Kashmirin the Muslim dominated Kashmirwould be a strategic disaster for India.The Kashmir problem remainedunresolved, and not even Nehru'sdiplomatic expertise could give anypositive direction to the problem. Itstill continues to be the one of the keyinternational problems in South Asia.

China FactorNehru's foreign policies concern-

ing China have been made subject tomuch criticism. However, even in thiscase, it was Nehru's faith in trans-parency in the handling of Inter-national relations that is seen to bethe root of all problems. Nehru wasintent on a very warm and mutuallybeneficial relationship between Indiaand China. The five-point agreement

or the Panchsheel between NewDelhi and Peking initiated in 1954was a result of these negotiations.However, China started patrollingcertain parts of the Indian borderfrom 1955 onwards. Delhi startednegotiations to solve the problem ina peaceful way. India, under theleadership of Nehru wanted to takeone issue at a time and begin thediscussions. The Chinese govern-ment, under Chou En-lai wanted totreat the border issue in its entirety atone go. It was gross violation of thefive-point agreement. The Chinesedenial for the arbitration from theInternational Court of Justice compli-cated the problem.

Amidst such tensions, theChinese suddenly started a full-scaleinvasion in 1962. It was a rude shock,not only to Nehru, but to the entireinternational society. The Indianmilitary was unprepared and alsounequipped. Both USA and theSoviet extended token help. Sovietwas quite busy with the Cuban crisis,however soon after the problemsubsided, President Kruschev didextend some help. American help wasminimum, compared to the massivemilitary help that was extended toPakistan in 1954. On top of that, theSandys - Rusk team visited India tohold talks in order to make Indiaconcede certain areas of Kashmir toPakistan, a claim that was squarelydenied. Nehru stood firm with thisfaith in the five-point principle. Theinternational community stood byhim, as China withdrew under grow-ing international pressure, fearingisolation and global antagonism.Nehru played his last masterstroke ininternational policy, as he turned themilitary defeat in a moral victory forIndia.

The Chinese invasion had farreaching effects on India's foreignpolicy. It forced Nehru to change hisstance on international affairs. Herealized that unmitigated goodwillwas not necessary the way thebusiness of foreign affairs was con-ducted. Nehru's dreams were more orless shattered. It was also a great eye-opener. It made India to see that it isimportant to strengthen one's militarystrength and not overtly depend onpeaceful negotiations in matters ofinternational affairs. The Chineseinvasion was a shock to Nehru,

almost shaking his idealistic founda-tion to the very base. Domestic pro-blems also kept escalating, putting agreat degree of mental and physicalstress on Nehru.

Foreign Policy in the Contem-porary Period

As underlined earlier, in thiscontemporary world idealist approachof Nehruvianism is inadequate tomeet the requirements of the presentworld’s endless complexities. Foreignpolicy is a process; and constantadaptations to shifting conditions andcircumstances in a world wherechance, uncertainty and ambiguitydominate the balance of power.

Where does India fit into a worldbeing shaped by the realties of the21st century ? And what are theparameters on which India’s foreignpolicy should be based so that it canrespond effectively to the challengesof the new millennium ? India’sforeign policy has shown elements ofboth constancy and change over thelast six decades. While we havepreserved the basic principles[Principles of Panchsheel—1. Peacefulcoexistence, 2. Non-interference in thedomestic affair of a country,3. Respect of other countries sovere-ignty and territorial integrity, 4. Non-alignment that is not joining anygroup either NATO or Warsaw PactBloc, 5. Mutual non-aggression etc.]that were enunciated by the foundingfathers of the Republic, we have alsocrafted creative responses to thechallenges of the Post Cold War andin the era of LPG [Liberalisation,Privatisation and Globalization].

The parameters that directedforeign policy making in the paststand altered today as pragmatismrequires this. The contemporaryworld order is amorphous and un-predictable. It defies theories andmodels which try to conceptualizethe transformations sweeping theworld. The inescapable reality ofglobalization—a generic term thatdisguises a complex and often con-tradictory set of process operating indifferent fields like technological,political, diplomacy, economic andsocio-cultural spheres has inducedtransformation. This transformationis resulting into fresh look on theforeign policy.

PD/June/2010/2156 “Whatever good things we build end up building us.”

As India seeks to become a majorplayer on the international politicalstage, it will face two major internalconstraints. First, India will have torecognize the need to exploit theextant structure of internationalsystem to its advantage more effect-ively. Structural constraints are themost formidable ones a stateencounters in its drive towards thestatus of a major power. Yet, Indianforeign policy continues to be reactiveto the strategic environment ratherthan attempting to shape the strategicrealities. While such an ad hocresponse to the structural imperativescarried little costs when India was onthe periphery of global politics, itholds grave risks now that Indiaseems poised to play a significant rolein global politics. Second, India mustcome to grips with its discomfortwith the very notion of power and inparticular its wariness of the use of‘hard power’. Throughout history, allmajor powers have been requiredto employ the military instrumentskillfully. India's reluctance to accepta more sophisticated understandingof power, in general, and militarypower, in particular, will continueto undermine Indian foreign andsecurity policy.

An attribute of a dynamicforeign policy is the ability to respondto changing developments. The emer-gence of the Central Asian Republicsin the aftermath of the break up of theSoviet Union was one such recentdevelopment, and India, given thestrategic and economic importanceof this region, has been quick tostrengthen its bilateral relations witheach of these Republics. The shift inrecent years by the countries ofCentral and East Europe to politicalpluralism and market-orientedstructures has also seen India tryingto build upon existing business andinstitutional linkages so as to furtherstrengthen the traditional ties offriendship with the countries of thisregion

With China the aim of Indianforeign policy has been of developinga relationship of friendship, co-operation and good neighbourliness,

exploiting the potential for favourablegrowth wherever it exists, even as weseek to find a fair, reasonable andmutually acceptable solution to theoutstanding border issue. This hasbeen made possible, in large part,because on foreign policy and nationalsecurity matters, our country has hada broad national consensus, cuttingacross all political divides, ever sinceindependence.

The change or a bit unpred-ictability in the foreign policy furtherdeepened after the 9/11, terroristattack on WTC, and America’s war-against terrorism, attack on Iraq,America’s ambiguity in its policytowards Pakistan and terrorism andindeed growing proximity of Indiawith the United States. Post 9/11 andnow Post Af-Pak Policy unveiling itshould be clear to all right thinkingIndians that the United States globaland regional agenda in South Asiais not in consonance with India’sstrategic expectations from the UnitedStates. The United States agenda isin contradiction to India’s nationalsecurity interests and India’s nationalaspirations. India’s expectant hopesattending the advent of evolving aUS-India Strategic Partnershipfocused on multiple aims. At the coreof these aims are—(1) India’s rise toglobal power status with a USimpetus. (2) Strategic downsizing ofPakistan and limiting its ‘spoiler-state’ role in South Asia. (3) Joint US-India convergence in coping andmanaging of the growing militaryrise of China.

It is therefore a time of greatand unprecedented challenges andopportunities for Indian foreignpolicy. Our strategic goals mustremain the same, to enable thedomestic transformation of India byaccelerated growth and strategicautonomy. The old adage in foreignaffairs stipulates that a nation doesnot have permanent friends or foes;only its national interests are per-manent. Pursuit of national interest isthe primary foreign policy goal of allnations, including of India. In thefuture also, India will continue toevolve and implement a foreign

policy that maintains a healthybalance between her principles andtradition of idealism as well as thedemands of realism. India’s foreignpolicy is facing challenges and thuschanging in pursuit of maximizing itsnational interest on broad inclus-iveness. The mandarins of foreignpolicy formulations need to ensurethese areas in the years and decadesto come; firstly, ensuring a peacefulperiphery; secondly, relations withthe major powers; and, thirdly, issuesof the future namely food security,water, energy and environment.

P.Darpan

Continued from Page 2147

Take a hint. Initiative is a quality.Cultivate it. Go for it. Use it. Don’twait for anyone to come and take thefirst step for you. Do it yourself.That’s initiative.

The world is teeming withtedious bores who parrot what hasbeen said and done before. If onlythey could side-step. The side-track iswaiting for you to explore it. Bold-ness is required to try new ways.

EnthusiasmEnthusiasm literally means

‘intense interest’. A Greek word, italso means ‘possessed by God’,which implies passionate zeal.

Look at the early life of MichaelFaraday. He was an apprentice at abookbinder. He listens to a lecture ofHumphrey Davy. His imagination isset afire.

He offers his ‘modest’ service toSir Humphrey’s laboratory, spendsnights in a store-room but tries hisbest to imbibe new ideas. He spongesupon anything new.

He proves the saying : a manwith unlimited zest can accomplishanything without zest, a man is justabout alive. He is breathing, notliving.

The pointer is significant—yourliving comes to life, gifts and talentsexpand, develop, and you arecharged with new sparks of energy.You become a powerful personality !Success is due more to zeal than toability ! P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2157 “Nothing profits more than self-esteem, grounded on what is just and right.”

Protection of Human Rights Under Indian Constitution

Legal ArticleLegal Article

—Dr. Krishna Chandra Kalanidhi

The Indian Constitution bearsthe impact of the Universal Declara-tion of Human Rights and this hasbeen recognised by the SupremeCourt of India. As a matter of fact,India was a party to the UniversalDeclaration of Rights and thatDeclaration describes some funda-mental rights as inalienable. TheUniversal Declaration of HumanRights does not define the term‘human rights’. It refers to them as‘the equal and inalienable rights ofall members of the human family’.Fundamental rights are the modernname for what have been tradi-tionally known as ‘natural rights’.

The framers of the Indian Cons-titution were influenced by the con-

S. No. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Indian Constitution

1. Right to life, liberty and Security of Person(Art. 3)

Article 21

2. Prohibition of slavery, slavery trade etc. (Art. 4) Article 23

3. Equality before law and non-discrimination(Art. 7)

Article 14 and 15 (1)

4. Right to effective remedy (Art. 8) Article 32

5. Right against arbitrary arrest, detention etc.(Art. 9)

Article 22

6. Right against ex-post facto laws [Art. 11 (2)] Article 20 (1)

7. Right to freedom of movement [Art. 13 (1)] Article 10 (1) (d)

8. Right to own property and not to be deprived ofproperty (Art. 17)

N.B. : The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act,1978 which omitted Article 19(1) also inserted anew article i.e., Article 300 A-Wi a new chapteri.e., Chapter IV in Part XII of the constitution afterArticle 300 with heading ‘persons not to bedeprived of property save by authority of law’.Thus ‘right to property’ is now contained inArticle 300-A but it is not a fundamental right.

Article 19 (1) (f) (But itwas omitted by theConstitution) (42ndAmendment)

9. Right to freedom of thought, conscience andreligion (Art. 18)

Article 25 (1)

10. Right to freedom of opinion and expression(Art. 19)

Article 19 (1) (a)

11. Right to freedom of peaceful assembly andassociation [Art. 20 (1)]

Article 19 (1) (b)

12. Right to equal access to public service [Art. 21 (1)] Article 16 (1)

13. Right to social security (Art. 22) Article 29 (1)

14. Right to form and join Trade Unions (Art. 23 (4) Article 19 (1) (C)

cept of human rights and guaranteedmost of human rights containedin the Universal Declaration. TheUniversal Declaration of HumanRights contained Civil and Political aswell as economic, social and culturalrights. While Civil and Political rightshave been incorporated in Part IIIof Indian Constitution, economic,social and cultural rights have beenincorporated in Part IV of the consti-tution. Here lies the Chart to indicatethe human rights which have beenincorporated in the Indian Constitu-tion.

1. Civil and Political Rights

The given table shows that manyof the Civil and Political rights

enshrined in the Universal Declara-tion of Human Rights also findmention in Part III of the Constitutionas fundamental rights. However,there are certain rights which are con-tained in the Universal Declarationbut have not been expressly men-tioned in the constitution. These rightsare :

1. Right not be subjected to tortureor to cruel, inhuman treatment ofpunishment (Article 5).

2. Right to recognition everywhereas a person before the law(Article 6).

3. Right to full equality to a fair andpublic hearing by an indepen-dent and impartial tribunal(Article 10).

4. Right to be presumed innocentuntil found guilty according tolaw in a public trial [Article 11(i)].

5. Right to privacy (Article 12).

6. Right to leave any countryincluding his own and to returnto his country [Article 13(2)].

7. Right to nationality [Article 15(1)].

8. Right to marry and found afamily [Article 16(1)].

9. Right to take part in the govern-ment of his country [Article 21(1)].

Article 21 of Indian Constitutionis of widest amplitude and severalunenumerated rights fall within it.These rights are :

1. Right to go abroad

2. Right to Privacy

3. Right against Solitary Confine-ment

4. Right against Bar Fetters.

5. Right to Legal Aid

6. Right to Speedy Trial

7. Right against Hand Cuffing

8. Right against delayed execution

9. Right against Custodial violence

PD/June/2010/2158 “Low self-esteem is like driving through life with your hand-break on.”

10. Right against Public Hanging

11. Right to Health Care or Doctor’sassistance

12. Right to Shelter.

Other rights which have beenheld to emanate from Article 21 arethe following :

1. Right to know

2. Right to Compensation

3. Right to Release or Rehabilita-tion of Bonded Labour

4. Right against Cruel and UnusualPunishment

5. Rights of inmates of protectivehomes.

The Supreme Court startedreading some of the provisions inPart IV Directive Principles of StatePolicy into the Fundamental Rights.42nd Amendment Act 1976 hadinserted Article 48A in Part IV of theconstitution requiring the state toendeavour to protect and improvethe environment and to safeguard theforests and wild life of the country.The Supreme Court interpreted theright to life in Article 21 to mean lifefrom environmental pollution.

Freedom of Information

With reference to ‘Right to know’it may be noted that Indian Parlia-ment has enacted the Freedom ofInformation Act, 2002 (Act No. 5 of2003). It received the assent of thePresident of India on 6-1-2003 andwas published in Gazette of Indiaon 7-1-2003. But this Act was subse-quently repeated by Section 31 of theRight to Information Act 2005 (Act 22of 2005).

2. Economic, Social and Cul-tural RightsThe following table shows that

most of the economic, social and

S.No. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

IndianConstitution

1. Art. 23 (1) Right to work, to free choice of an employ-ment, to just and favourable conditions of work etc.

Article 41

2. Art. 23 (2) Right to equal pay for equal work Article 39 (d)3. Art. 23 (3)—Right to just and favourable remuneration Article 434. Art. 24—Right to rest to leisure Article 43

5. Art. 25 (1)—Right of everyone and a standard of livingadequate for his and his family

Article 39 (a) andArticle 47

6. Art. 26 (1) Right to education and free education in theelementary and fundamental stages

Article 41 andArticle 45

7. Art. 28—Right to a proper social order Article 38

cultural rights proclaimed in theUniversal Declaration of HumanRights have been incorporated in PartIV of the Indian Constitution. How-ever, the Constitution of India isconspicuous by absence of expressmention of certain rights proclaimedin the Universal Declaration such asright to special care and assistance tomothers and children and some socialprotection for all children, whetherborn in or out of wedlock [Article 25(2)]; Parents’ right to choose the kindof education for their children[Article 26(3)]; Right of everyone tofreely participate in the cultural life ofthe community to enjoy art and toshare in scientific advancement andits benefits. [Article 27(1)]; and rightof everyone to the protection of themora and material interests resultingfrom any scientific, literay or artisticproduction of which he is the author[Article 27 (2)].

In respect of the above rightsabsence of express mention does notmean that these rights have not beenincorporated in the Indian Constitu-tion. As a matter of fact, the aboverights are either subsumed in theexisting right to any part thereof orhave been expressed in a littledifferent wording or having a littledifferent scope. For example Article39(f) charges the state to direct itspolicy towards securing, “thatChildren are given opportunities andfacility to develop in a healthy man-ner and in condition of freedom anddignity and that childhood and youthare protected against moral and mate-rial abandonment.” Similarly, Article42 makes “provision for just andhumane a conditions of work andmaternity relief.” Article 47 providesfor the “Duty of the State to raise thelevel of nutrition and standard ofliving and to improve public health.”

So far as human rights concern-ing economic, social and culturalaspects are concerned, the factremains that Directive Principle ofState Policy contained in Part IV ofthe Constitution, are definitely muchmore exhaustive than the UniversalDeclaration. There are a number ofprinciples and rights contained inPart IV of the constitution which donot find mention in the UniversalDeclaration. Such rights and princi-ples are :1. Equal justice and free legal aid

(Article 39 A).2. Organisation of village pan-

chayats (Article 40).3. Participation of workers in

management industries (Article43-A).

4. Uniform Civil Code (Article 44).5. Promotion of educational and

economic interests of scheduledcastes, scheduled tribes andother weaker sactions (Article 46).

6. Protection and improvement andsafeguarding of forests (Article48 A) etc. P.Darpan

By : Dr. L. N. Koli

� E-mail : publisher@upkar.in� Website : www.upkar.in

UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2

Just Released

Code No. 1682 Price : Rs. 60/-

PD/June/2010/2159 “The confidence which we have in ourselves gives birth to much of that which we have in others.”

Colonizing the Moon

Scientific ArticleScientific Article

—Dr. Basudeo Prasad Yadav

Moon, the natural satellite of theEarth, has been subject of wonderand legend through all humanhistory. Although men have visitedthe moon, mapped its surface,brought back samples of its rocks andmade thousands of measurementsof its properties, the origin of themoon remains unknown. Was it oncea part of the Earth ? Did it and theEarth form together ? Or did theEarth capture it ? Did the Moon andtides play on essential role in theorigin and evolution of life on Earth?And having been drawn off our homeplanet by the lure of the bright, close,mysterious Moon, are we now desti-ned to inhabit this other world?

The Moon’s diameter is 2,160miles (3,476 km) compared with theEarth’s diameter of 7,910 miles(12,740 km). The moon’s surface areais comparable to that of Africa. It hasa surface gravity only one-sixth ofthat of the Earth. Because of its smallmass—1/81 of the earth’s—it has beenunable to hold an atmosphere. As aconsequence, all sizes of meteorites,dust, and solar and cosmic radiationsand particles have smashed into theunprotected moon for aeons, creatingthe ruined, cratered and pulverizedsurface that one sees.

Due to its small size, the Moon hasapparently lost much internal heatover the ages. The present heat flowis about one-third of the average forthe Earth. The moon is seismicallyquiet relative to the Earth and itshows little evidence of recentvolcanic activity or of movements ofthe crust. Thus, it preserves a recordof solar system events extending backbillions of years.

Even in ancient times it wasknown that the Moon shines byreflected sunlight and that the oshenlight sometimes seen on the dark partof the new moon is due to sunlightreflected from the Earth to the Moonand back. The Moon reflects onlyabout 10% of the sunlight falling onit. Moon is really quite and a dark

object. At full Moon, the dish isalmost equally bright from the centreto the edge or limb. The moon alwaysturns the same face to the Earth. TheMoon and the Earth Orbit each-otherabout their bary centre or commoncentre of mass. The bary-centre is2,900 miles (4,670 km) from the centreof the Earth.

SpeculationsWater is crucial to life. If we ever

hope to set up a colony somewhere,we first need to look for water. Thiswas true when the first humansmigrated out of Africa some hundredmillennia and it is true even today aswe try to expand our reach beyondthe Earth.

As early as the 1970s, scientistshad wondered what happened to allthe water that was deposited on themoon by the comets and the meteo-rites that collided with it. After all, alarge fraction of water on the Earth isalso believed to have come from

Key Facts about the Moon

Mass 8·10 × 1019 tons (73·49 × 1021 kg)

Volume 5·28 × 109 cu mile (21·99 × 109 cu km)

Density 208·52 lbs/cu ft (3·34 gram/cc)

Diameter 2,160 mile (3,476 km)

Surface gravity 5·32 feet (1·62 metre)/sec2

Escape velocity 1·48 miles/sec (2·38 km/sec)

Orbital velocity 2,287 mph (3,680 km/hour)

Synodic revolution period 29 day, 12 hour, 44 minute

Sidereal revolution period 27 day, 7 hour, 43 minute

Rotation period 27 day, 7 hour, 43 minuteAverage albedo (reflectivity) ~ 10%

Day equatorial surface temperature 400° K (127° C)

Night equatorial surface temperature 100° K (–173° C)

Polar surface temperature 120° K (–153° C)Atmosphere None

Greatest distance from earth ~ 251,983 mile (405,508 km)

Least distance from earth ~ 225,755 mile (363,300 km)

Period of nodal regression 18·6 yearsInclination of orbit to ecliptic 5°

Inclination of orbit to earth’s equator maximum, 28°30‘; minimum, 18°20‘

Inclination of lunar equator to ecliptic 1°30‘

Inclination of lunar equator to orbit 6°45‘

comets. However, it was thought thatthe sunlight was so intense that waterprobably evaporated into free space.Then speculation began to appearabout the possibility that water mayhave survived in the cold polarregions where sunlight failed toreach. One of NASA’s missions wassent into these cold-dark regions tosee if ice water splash could bedetected, but the results were notvery clear. Finally, NASA’s Clemen-tine satellite and Lunar Prospectororbiter searched the presence of waterin the crater.

Yes, there is Water on MoonA new chapter has been added to

the decades long scientific quest forwater on the Moon. An instrument onthe Chandrayaan-1, known as theMoon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), hasdetected water across the surface oflarge parts of the Moon, challengingthe long-held view that the Earth’snatural satellite is bone dry.

PD/June/2010/2160 “If you can’t get a compliment any other way, pay yourself one.”

The spacecraft has also foundindications that water is beingproduced in the lunar soil throughinteractions with charged particlesstreaming out from the sun. M3, a USsupplied instrument that flew on theChandrayaan-1, examined the inten-sity of different colours of sunlightbouncing off the lunar surface.

M3 discovered the signature ofwater and hydroxyl on the surfacesoil and rocks at many diverse placesin sunlit regions of the Moon. Thesignature was stronger at the higherlatitudes. The U.S. space missions,Cassini and Deep Impact Spacecraft,provided supporting evidences. Thewidespread distribution of waterseen by M3 was a complete surprise.Discovery of water on Moon is ofhuge scientific interest. Scientistshave long speculated that Solar windcarrying charged particles from theSun, could interact with the lunar soilto produce water.

Chemical Signature of Water on MoonThree different space probes have detected the chemical signature of water all overthe moon’s surface. The discovery could provide vital resources–drinking water androcket fuel-for future moon-dwellers

M3 has not found the lakes, poolsor puddles of water that we are fami-liar with on Earth. The probe hasbarely skimmed the lunar surface tofind evidence of water molecules andhydroxyl that interact with moleculesof rocks and dust. Water so discernedmight be the equivalent of one litre,say researchers, enough to feel hopesof finding more water as ice in thedarker, unexplored parts of theMoon.

600 million tonne of Water-ice on Moon

Chandrayaan-1 also detected morethan 40 ice-filled craters in theMoon’s North Pole, reinforcingfindings of water on the Moon. Thesmall craters with water ice, rangingin size 2 to 15 km in diameter, werefound by NASA’s Synthetic ApertureRadar (SAR) that flew aboard theChandrayaan.

This finding would give futuremissions a new target to explore andexploit. It is estimated that therecould be at least 600 million metrictonnes of water ice in the craters.These new discoveries show that theMoon is an even more interesting andattractive scientific exploration andoperational destination thanpreviously thought.

The emerging picture, from multi-ple measurements and resulting dataof the instruments on lunar missions,indicates that water creation, mig-ration , deposition and retention areoccurring on the Moon.

Aboard Chandrayaan-1, the SARmapped the Moon’s permanentlyshadowed polar craters that are notvisible from the Earth.

Water to Open Floodgates forSpace Exploration

Water exists on many bodies inour solar system, both planets andtheir numerous moons, but finding iton our own moon is breathtaking,both from a practical and theoreticalpoints of view. It adds to our knowl-edge of how cosmic processes work.It may open the new way to utilisewater on Moon for making hydrogenand oxygen-the first needed for fueland the second for life. Thus thepossibility of using the Moon as abase camp for space explorationinches a wee bit closer.

What about Moon-life ? The mereexistence of water does not lead toany strong possibility of life existingon Moon. More study will be neededto see if in the past some simple life-like forms could have evolved. Withalmost no atmosphere, constantexposure to high energy solar windsand extreme temperatures, the likeli-hood is remote.

As our most prominent andnearest celestial neighbour, the Moonhas been the subject to a very closeinvestigation from the beginning ofspace exploration over half centuryago. Most of the early explorationsappeared to confirm that the Moonwas a dry rocky body. It has noatmosphere—the envelope of gasesand water vapour that surrounds theEarth and many other bodies in theuniverse. As a result, any waterwould have long been lost in space.

PD/June/2010/2161 “Someone’s opinion of you does not have to become your reality.”

This consensus of a barren, water-less Moon came under increasingdoubt, starting with the 1994 Clemen-tine mission, followed by the Cassiniflyby in 1999 and the Lunar con-naissance observer in 2008. ButChandrayaan’s instruments havefinally clinched the issue.

So, where does this water comefrom? There are two theories. One isthat the comets and the meteoritesbrought it there. About 3·9 billionyears ago, the Earth and the Moonboth suffered a heavy bombardmentof comets and meteorites for longtime, giving the Moon its charac-teristic pockmarked features. Thecomets might have left water on lunarsurface. The bulk would have beenlost by now, but some still remains.

The other theory is that it iscreated on the lunar surface by theimpact of solar winds. The Sun sendsout a stream of hydrogen ions orprotons, which hit the moon’s surfaceat a speed of 1,00,000 kilometres persecond. The surface is made of rocksand dust roughly containing 40%oxygen. The high speed collisions freeup the oxygen, some of which joinsup with hydrogen. This oxygen-hydrogen pair can attract anotherhydrogen ion to form water.

Images from Chandrayaan showthat although the water is presentmostly at the poles, it is also spreadall over the surface.

Lava-Tube will become Dwel-ling Place

Scientists have discovered a deephole (lava tube) in the lunar surface.The tunnel goes at least 260 feet downand is believed to open into an under-ground tunnel more than 1200 feetwide. The discovery is powerfulevidence for long winding tunnelscarved by lava beneath the lunarsurface. Previous signs of such tunnelsonly existed as surface features calledrilles, which hinted at hollow lavatubes below.

The hole is leading into thesuspected lunar lava tube, located ina volcanic region called Marius Hillsin the western part of the Moon’snearside—the hemisphere permanen-tly facing the Earth.

There are also lava tubes on Earth.They form when molten rock flowingfrom a volcanic eruption cools andhardens, on top, while the lavaunderneath continues to flow. If thelava drains completely, a cavern isleft. Scientists have long suspectedthat such rock formations exist on themoon, but lacked evidence till now.

Moon explorers would needshelter from extreme fluctuations intemperature of up to 300 degreescentigrade, meteorite impacts anddangerous radiation. Since the Moonlacks an atmosphere, it is struck byunfiltered ultraviolet light from thesun.

Such a module is definitelyfeasible and it could shelter humansas well as research equipments. Suchlunar lava tubes are potentially im-portant locations for a further lunarbase, whether for local explorationand development, or as an outpost toserve exploration beyond the Moon.Scientists are convinced that humanswill settle in lava tubes in the longterm. If and when they do, lava tubescould provide safe lunar Stations.

Since no one has seen the sus-pected lunar lava tube at close rangeand many questions remain. Assum-ing it is indeed a lava tube, what doesit look like inside? Is there ice ? Is itcold. Lack of air to breathe on theMoon means that the lunar explorerswould first set up a habitat module–perhaps inflatable–with an artificialatmosphere in the lava tube. P.Darpan

Continued from Page 2149

FOR MAINS

Consistency is key to preparationin mains. I read limited number ofbooks and mainly stressed on BareActs. Owing to my exhaustive prepa-ration for preliminary exam I did notface any problem for paper-I, so I justrevised all important topics andalways prepared the basic frameworkof a topic in my mind. It is veryimportant to analyse previous tenyears’ papers very carefully both forpre and mains. Answers should depictyour conceptual clarity. For paper IIwriting skills matter a lot which

improve gradually through practice.Mains require a balanced preparationfor all components of both the papers.

FOR ESSAY

I prepared short notes on proba-ble topics. I also discussed sometopics with my friends. I wrote on‘Public Interest Litigation’ as I hadstudied it as a subject during my finalyear and had good understanding ofthe topic. Before writing an essay Imeditated for five minutes and notedkey points with pencil. I started witha quotation and progressed systema-tically giving my balanced views onvarious aspects of the topic. Sincethere is a word limit it should beadhered to.

FOR INTERVIEW

For interview I went throughinterviews of previous toppers andalso discussed technical aspects ofinterviews with some experiencedseniors who were previously selected.I did not give any mock interviews asI have had experience of public speak-ing due to participation in variousdebates and discussions. I tried to beoriginal in approach and be very clearin my views. It is very essential toprepare a list of expected questionsand discussing them with yourfriends may also be helpful.

My interview took place onFebruary 2, 2010 at High Court,Jabalpur. The board was very cordialand encouraging. Questions wereasked from Code of Civil Procedureand Constitution of India, recentjudgement of the Supreme Court onPIL, my biodata etc. One interestingquestion was why do you want tobecome a judge only and not an IASofficer. I was fully satisfied by myinterview.

Time Management

Yes, there was paucity of timebut I tackled this problem by dividingmy time between law subjects and GSequally. I adopted flexible approachand optimally utilized the availabletime at all stages of this examinationin the best possible manner.

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2162 “Listen to your heart above all other voices.”

Copenhagen Conference

Environmental Environmental ArticleArticle

—Dr. Shrawan Kumar Singh

Representatives of 192 countriesof the world assembled at Bella centrein Copenhagen (Denmark) under thebanner of UN Climate Change Confer-ence between December 7-18, 2009 tofind out an amicable and acceptableframework for the reduction andcontrol of emissions of greenhousegases, especially the CO2, which arecausing serious impact on the sus-tainability of ecology and environ-ment. The conference included thefollowing—● 15th Conference of the Parties

(CoP) the United Nations Frame-work Convention on ClimateChange.

● 5th meeting of the Parties (CoP/MoP-5) to the Kyoto Protocol.It was an attempt to further

move towards Bali Road Map, so asto reach for an agreed framework forclimate change mitigation beyond2012.

Earlier in March 2009 a ScientificConference on Climate Change,Global Risks, Challenges and Deci-sions was also held at Bella centre.

Connie Hedegaard was Presi-dent of the conference until December16, 2009, handing over the chair toDanish Prime Minister Lars LokkeRasmussen.

The conference ended without anmeaningful agreement. The Copen-hagen Accord was drafted by the US,China, India, Brazil and South Africais neither unanimous nor binding anddoes not contain any legally bindingcommitments for reducing CO2emissions. Many disagreed and dis-appointed countries, however, signedthe agreement (By January 4, 2010,138 countries have signed).

The Outcome of the Copen-hagen Summit

In any reasonable reckoning, theoutcome of the Copenhagen climatesummit falls far short of what thenations of the world, particularly theindustrialised countries, absolutelyneed to do to combat global warming.The Copenhagen Accord, the productof personal negotiations between

President Obama and the politicalleaders of China, India, Brazil andSouth Africa, marked the end-run ofa concerted U.S. strategy to corner themajor developing economies in theclimate negotiations. The terms sug-gest that the BASIC Four have suc-cessfully resisted, for now, the corestrategy of the developed nations toset aside the Kyoto Protocol in itsentirety and to alter the architectureof the United Nations FrameworkConvension on Climate Change(UNFCCC). The unscripted follow-through to the last-minute submis-sion of a draft accord in the summitplenary allowed a few determinednations to ensure that the Accord hasless than full formal recognition. Itremains an accord between interestedparties that is ‘taken note of’ under theUNFCCC process and ‘operationallycommits’ only those that declare theiradherence. However, the developingcountries have made some significantconcessions in exchange. The Accordpostpones any global quantitativecommitment to climate mitigation,particularly any commitment todrastic emissions reduction by thedeveloped nations. It pays dispropor-tionate attention to the responsibi-lities of developing countries. The cryof many small developing countries,led by tiny Tuvalu, that the promiseof $ 100 billion in annual climatefinance by 2020 amounts to askingthem to trade their future ‘for thirtypieces of silver today,’ is a call toconscience that must not be ignored.

From the ranks of the developedcountries, there was no attempt tostand up to American high-hand-edness, typified by Mr. Obama’s take-it-or-leave-it speech wherein hemangled the well-known UNFCCCprinciple of ‘common but differentiatedresponsibilities’ into a new formulationof ‘common but differentiated responses’.The later lament of the EuropeanUnion that the Copenhagen Accordmissed out an ambitious emissionreduction targets need not be takenseriously. The political challenge

before the BASIC Four, especiallyIndia and China, is to redefine thetask of drastic emissions reductionglobally, led by the developednations, in a manner that refuses tocounterpose the global public good tothe development imperative.

The maximum that can be saidabout the outcome of the inter-national climate conference is thatnegotiations will go on. This isbecause the trade-off between long-term benefit (better climate) andshort-term costs (lower consumptionlevels) are as yet unclear. No countrywants to make a sacrifice, defined inwhatever manner, without knowingwhat the others are going to do. Thisis especially true of the big emitters.In the end, the small ones don’t reallymatter because what they do or don’tisn’t going to make a qualitativedifference to anything, most of all theclimate. That left US, China, India,Brazil and a couple of other bigemitters to do a deal among them-selves, which is what happened. Theothers, such as the G-77, are angry aswell they might be. Since no legallybinding cuts have been agreed to,everything depends on voluntarycuts in emissions. The positives, how-ever, are not to be scoffed at. Somemoney, $ 100 billion to start with, hasbeen promised by the developedcountries for helping the import ofclean technologies by developingcountries.

When the dust settles down onthe Copenhagen Accord, the summitwill be best remembered for theemergence of the BASIC groupingconsisting of Brazil, South Africa, Indiaand China as a powerful negotiating bloc.By breaking ranks with the G-77countries in the climate change nego-tiations, India and the members ofBASIC have signaled a new role in anevolving world order. And many seethe evolution as necessary given theunwieldy nature of G-77 as a group-ing. Today countries like India,China, Brazil and South Africa aremaking a transition from developing

PD/June/2010/2163 “Always be a first-rate version of yourself, instead of a second-rate version of somebody else.”

to the developed. They are in bothcamps and they are working out acompromise. Finally, they (BASIC)had to change their position.

The Copenhagen Accord ham-mered out suggests that the PrimeMinister accepted in broad terms theradical shift in India’s position. TheKyoto Protocol has not been ‘junked’but it has certainly been diluted insubstantial measure, and may be wellon the way to being junked at thenext annual environment talkathon,in Mexico City. India took on what itcalled unilateral emission cuts, has

Positions at Copenhagen

United States Japan China IndiaEuropean Union

Grouping of 27European States

African Union

Grouping of52 African

States

Gulf States

Bahrain,Kuwait,Oman,

Qatar, SaudiArabia, UAE

Against Kyoto-style treaty impos-ing internationallegal obligations.

Insists China,India, South Africaand Brazil mustcommit to slowgrowth of emis-sions.

Climate bill,which wouldbring cuts of 4 percent from 1990levels by 2020, isbogged down inSenate.

Emission Facts

The world’ssecond-biggestGHG producer(15% of globalemissions, 6,087mt. of CO2 equi-valent). Emissionsper head : Fifth inthe world (20t ofCO2 equivalent).

GDP (2008) : $14·2trillion

Amount of GHGemitted per $1 mof GDP : 441t.

Kyoto : Signed,but never ratified.

Will cut emis-sions to 25%below 1990levels by 2020 ifother countriesshow similarambition.

This amounts toa cut of 30% in10 years and isopposed byindustry.

Emission Facts

The world’sseventh-biggestGHG producer(3·3% of globalemissions)

Emissions perhead : 15th inthe world (10tof CO2 equi-valent)

GDP (2008) :$4·9 trillion

Amount ofGHG emittedper $ 1 m ofGDP : 301 t

Kyoto : Signed,has to getemissions for2008-2012 at 6%level.

Wants deve-loped countriesto reduce emis-sions to 40%below 1990level by 2020.

They shouldpay 1% of theirGDP/year tohelp othercountriesadapt.

Promises toemit ‘notably’less CO2 perunit of GDP by2020.

Emission Facts

The world’sbiggest GHGproducer(20·7% of globalemissions).

Emissions perhead : 30th inthe world.

GDP (2008) :$4·3 trillion.

Kyoto : Signedas a developingcountry so notobliged to cutemissions.

Says developedcountries havehistoricalresponsibilityand are to beblamed forclimate change.

Wants deep cutsin rich countryemissions, firmfunding pledgesand technologytransfer.

Says its percapita emissionwill neverexceed that ofthe developedcountries.

Emission Facts

The world’ssixth biggestGHG producer(5% of globalemissions)Emissions perhead : 66th inthe world.

GDP (2008) : $1·2trillion

Kyoto :Signed asa developingcountry, so notobliged to cutemissions.

Aspires to play‘leading role’ at Cop-enhagen.

Will cut emissions by20% from 1990 levelsby 2020, or 30% ifother big emitterstake tough action.

Wants rich nations tomake 80–95% cut by2050.

Wants poorer nationsto slow emissiongrowth.

Says they face costsof $150 b per year by2020, of which EUwill pay $7–22 bfrom public finances.

Emission Facts

The world’s third-biggest GHG pro-ducer (11·8% ofglobal emissions,4,641 mt. CO2 equi-valent).

Emissions per head :17th in the world (Itof CO2 equivalent).

GDP (2008) : US$18·3 trillion.

Amount of GHGemitted per US $1million of GDP : 315 t

Kyoto : Signed, hasto get average emis-sions for 2008–12 at8% below 1990 level.

Wants richcountrieslegally boundto cut emis-sions to 40%below 1990levels by 2020.

Wants richcountries topay 0·5% ofGDP to helpdevelopingcountriestackle climatechange.

EmissionFacts

The AUaccounts for8·1% of globalemissions.

Emissions perhead : 4t ofCO2equivalent.

GDP (2008) :$34 billion.

Kyoto : Signedas developingcountries, notobliged to cutemissions.

OPEC andSaudi Arabiaseekingfinancial aidfor oil pro-ducers if newagreementrequires cutsof fossil fuels.

EmissionFacts

Gulf statesaccount for2·3% ofglobal emis-sions.

Kyoto :

Signed asdevelopingcountries, notobl iged tocut emis-sions.

now agreed to international super-vision of these cuts left many G-77members deeply unhappy, broughtthe US into the tent so to speak andgot no guarantees of help withfinances and technology. And itwould seem to be beyond disputethat India has yielded more groundthan the US. The second fact is that,in an age where global problems requireglobal solutions, it is the outliers thathave determined the agenda foraction. The more ‘cooperative’ playersin the middle (like the Europeannations) become bystanders alone

with those who are powerless, likethe African nations and the Vanuatusof the world. What can be done or notdone is determined by those who adoptextreme positions—like the US andChina. This augurs poorly for futureworld cooperation; it will encouragecountries to go for hard positions.The third point worthnoting is thatIndia has indeed divorced itself fromthe G-77 when it matters and is muchmore a G-20 country and recognizedas such. This reflects the emergingreality. But what about the divisionswithin the G-20 ?

PD/June/2010/2164 “You were not born a winner, and you were not born a loser. You are what you make yourself be.”

Next, let’s acknowledge the manydisappointments. Let’s begin withTuvalu and Maldives. The Alliance ofSmall Island States’ head has empha-sised how member countries areliving on the front lines of climatechange. To emphasise why it wantsthe world’s policymakers to committo holding the rise in global tempe-ratures at 1·5 degrees Celsius insteadof the 2 degrees commitment cur-rently supported by the major econo-mies and the Copenhagen Accord.But such a commitment would mean,according to the International EnergyAgency, vastly deeper carbon dioxidecuts and up to $10·5 trillion extra inenergy-related investment by 2030.Such largesse has simply not been onthe table at Copenhagen. To sum-marise Copenhagen, the Germanchancellor probably put it best whenshe said, ‘There is light and there isshadow’.

The following are the broadcontours of the accord reached by theUnited States, China, India, Brazil,South Africa and several othercountries at the U.N. climate talks—

along with current elements in placeearlier—

Emissions—The deal does notcommit any nation to emission cutsbeyond a general acknowledgmentthat global temperatures should beheld along the lines agreed to byleading nations in July. There are nooverall emissions targets for richcountries.

The already agreed-upon emis-sion cuts fall far short of actionneeded to avoid potentially danger-ous effects of climate change. Thesecuts are to be made by 2020 :

● U.S., a 17 per cent reduction from2005 levels (or 3-4 per cent from1990 levels).

● China, a cut of 40 to 45 per centbelow ‘business as usual’, that is,judged against 2005 figures forenergy used versus economicoutput.

● India 20 to 25 per cent cut from2005 levels.

● European Union, 20 per cent cutfrom 1990, and possibly 30 percent.

● Japan, 25 per cent cut from 1990.

Verification● Countries are to list actions taken

to cut global warming pollutionby specific amounts.

● Method is agreed upon for veri-fying reductions.

● Developed nations alreadycovered by the 1997 Kyoto Pro-tocol (the U.S. is not included)will have their emissions cutsmonitored and will face possiblesanctions if they fail to meetthem.

Funding● Wealthy nations will raise $ 100

billion a year by 2020 to helppoorer nations cope with theeffects of climate change, such asdroughts and floods. This iscontingent on a broader agree-ment, including some kind ofoversight to verify China’s emis-sions of greenhouse gases.

● Short-term funding of roughly$ 30 billion over three yearsbeginning in 2010 to help deve-loping countries adapt to climatechange and shift to clean energy.

Climate Change Milestones

Year Description

1750 Before Industrial Revolution, atmosphere holds 280 parts per million of heat-trapping carbon dioxide (CO2).

1824 French physicist Joseph Fourier uses greenhouse analogy to describe importance of atmosphere in trapping heat andinfluencing Earth’s temperature.

1859 Irish physicist John Tyndall identifies water vapour and carbon dioxide as heat-trapping gases.

1896 Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius concludes that CO2 emissions from industrial-age coal burning will enhancegreenhouse effect. First suggestion that human activity produces greenhouse gases.

1898 Swedish scientist Svante Ahrrenius calculates that CO2 from coal and oil burning will warm the planet.

1938 British engineer Guy Callendar first suggests that fossil fuel burning is responsible for observed warming of world’sclimate.

1955 U.S. scientist Charles Keeling finds atmospheric CO2 has risen to 315 parts per million.

1958 American scientist Charles Keeling makes first direct measurement of atmospheric CO2 at Maunal Loa, Hawaii.

1965 US advisory panel warns that greenhouse effect is a matter of ‘real concern’.

1971 First international conference on climate change held in Sweden.

1975 US scientist Wallace Broecker introduces term ‘global warming’ into public domain in title of scientific paper.

1979 First World Climate Conference urges governments ‘to foresee and prevent potential man-made changes in climate’.

1986 Atmospheric CO2 reaches 350 ppm.

1987 Montreal Protocol signed, restricting chemicals that deplete ozone layer. Although not established with climate change inmind, it has major impact on greenhouse gas emissions.

1988 UN sets up intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to collate and analyse evidence on global warming.NASA scientist James Hansen tells U.S. Congress global warming ‘Is already happening now’.U.N. creates the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a clearinghouse for climate science.November : First meeting of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

PD/June/2010/2165 “To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world.”

1990 First IPCC report states that human activities are significantly adding to concentrations of greenhouse gases anddocuments global 0·5 degree Celsius increase in temperature over past 100 years.April : New Delhi conference of selected developing countries pins responsibility on rich countries.IPCC issues its First Assessment Report, noting Earth is warming.August : Fourth session of IPCC in Sweden. Estimates that global temperature will rise by 3 degrees Celsius by the end of21st century.November : Second world climate conference, Geneva; 137 countries agree to negotiate a climate treaty.

1991 Debris from eruption of Mount Pinatubo volcano in Philippines shields Earth from solar energy, causing globaltemperature to fall for two years before rising again.June : India submits non-paper on per capita equity at the second meeting of Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee(INC), Geneva.

1992 UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro creates Framework Convention on Climate Change. Developed countries agree to cutemissions to 1990 levels. Climate treaty sets voluntary goals to lower CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions.

February : INC-5 in New York, rich countries propose weak obligations for emission stabilization.May : UNFCCC adopted in New York.

1994 March : UNFCCC comes into force.

1995 February : INC-III, New York, Negotiations break down.IPCC’s Second Assessment Report says the ‘balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on globalclimate.’March : First CoP in Berlin. India breaks deadlock by presenting the Green Paper : Rich nations should cut theiremissions by 20% by 2000.

1997 Kyoto Protocol sets binding targets for industrialized nations to reduce emissions by 5 per cent against 1990 levels overperiod 2008–2012.June : Resolution passed in the US senate that the country will not ratify any treaty unless it includes commitments fromdeveloping nations.October : Regional workshop at Rio de Janeiro proposes a clean development fund.Climate treaty parties approve Kyoto Protocol ordering emission cuts by industrial nations; approach rejected in advanceby U.S. Senate.December : Kyoto Protocol adopted at CoP-3. All developed countries agree to reduce emissions.

1998 Strong El Nino conditions c ombine with global warming to produce warmest year on record.March : Kyoto Protocol opens for signature in New York.Warmest year globally since record-keeping began in mid-19th century.

1999 May : Clean Development Mechanism proposed.

2001 President George W. Bush removes US from Kyoto process.Third IPCC report. Countries, excluding the US, develop mechanisms to work towards Kyoto targets. Cites ‘new andstronger evidence’ that mankind is altering climate.

2002 Larsen B ice Shelf, over 3,000 sq. km in size, breaks off Antarctic peninsula.

2003 Europe’s worst heat wave in 500 years kills an estimated 30,000, accelerating divergence between European and USpublic opinion.

2004 Russia ratifies Kyoto Protocol, bringing it into force in February 2005.

2005 Kyoto Protocol comes into force but without the US.

2006 China overtakes US as world’s biggest CO2 emitter, but US remains well ahead on per capita basis.

2007 Fourth IPCC report released, stating that global warming is human-induced and the cost of inaction is huge. Reportshows global temperatures rose 0·74 degrees C (1·3 degrees F) from 1906 to 2005. Bali Action Plan is adopted, whichpaves the way to Copenhagen in 2009.IPCC states that warming of climate is unequivocal and places blame firmly on human activity.October : IPCC former US Vice-President Al Gore share Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to spread awareness of climatechange.Arctic sea ice shrinks to lowest extent on record.In Bali, annual U.N. climate conference agrees on two-year timetable for successor agreement to Kyoto.

2008 Climate negotiations continue in Poland, but without any consensus. The US continues to evade.May : US lists polar bear as endangered species due to rapid melting of its Arctic sea-ice habitat.November US President elect Barack Obama vows to engage vigorously in talks on climate change.

2009 New evidence shows Antarctica is warming rapidly, leaving Wilkins Ice Shelf, largest of its kind, on brink of breakingaway. Atmospheric CO2 hits a record 390 ppm.

October : International Energy Agency says global economic crisis has led to fall of carbon emissions by 3 per cent in2009, giving world leaders unexpected opportunity to take decisive action on global warming.December 7 :192 governments convene for UN summit in Copenhagen to negotiate new climate change treaty.

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2166 “Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.”

Indian Polity andConstitution

★ Who said “What is called Direc-tive Principles is merely anothername for the instrument ofinstructions” ?

—Dr. B. R. Ambedkar★ The Directive Principles of State

Policy are also rights of anindividual but are :

—Non-Justifiable in nature

★ Article 48 (A) laying down theprovisions to protect andimprove the environment and tosafeguard forests and wild lifewas added by :

—The 42nd ConstitutionalAmendment Act 1976

★ Which article of the Constitutionsays that Directive Principles ofState Policy are fundamental inthe governance of the countryand it shall be the duty of state toapply these principles in makinglaws ?

—Article 37★ The Judiciary was separated

from the Executive in the publicservice by :—The Criminal Procedure Code

(1973)

★ The National Commission forScheduled Castes and ScheduledTribes was established in 1990 :

—By the 65th ConstitutionalAmendment Act

★ The President of India to beelected to his/her office mustsecure a fixed quota of votes. Thequota is based on the formula :

—Total no. of valid votes polled1 + 1 = (2) + 1

★ A Person to be eligible forelection as President should havecompleted the age of :

—35 years

★ The pardoning power of thePresident includes :

—Pardon, Commutation,Remission,Respite and Reprieve

★ The President of India can onlyratify (that is, cannot reject orreturn) :

—The Constitutional Amend-ment Bill

Indian NationalMovement

★ In 1905, the Servants of IndiaSociety was established by :

—Gopal Krishna Gokhale★ Mahatma Gandhi went to South

Africa in 1893 in connection withthe trial of a Merchant :

—Abdulla Seth★ Who said, “I am with you whole

heartedly and in terms of culturealso I am one of you” ?

—Annie Besant★ In a series of articles published in

1893 called ‘New Lamp for Old’who severely criticised theloyalty of the Congressmentowards the Britishers ?

—Aurobindo Ghosh★ Who said, “The long right is

going to end now. No power inthe world can now push it backbecause the most powerfulGoddess has arisen” ?

—Swami Vivekanand★ Who became the Lieutenant of

Governor of Bengal in 1903 ?—Andrew Frazer

★ The British Officers which thetwo Chapekar brothers killedwere : —Rand and Lt. Ayrst

★ Ganesh Savarkar and AnantKanhare were associated with :

—Nasik Conspiracy★ Barindra Kumar Ghose and

Bhupendranath Dutta started thepaper : —Yugantar in 1906

★ The country which was the maincentre of Gadar Movement was :

—America

History and Cultureof India

★ The medieval historian whopresented a biographical sketch

of twenty-five slaves of Iltutmishwho he calls Shamsi slaves is :

—Minhaj-us-Siraj

★ The term Chihilganis in history isused to refer to :

—The Iltutmish’s forty slaves

★ The earliest system of writings(inscriptions) is found in :

—The Harappa seals

★ Kharoshthi script evolved on theVarnamala system of the Indianlanguage is written :

—From right to left

★ The Asokan inscription are callededicts because they are in :

—The form of King’s order or desire

★ The branch of knowledge whichstudies coins is called :

—Numismatics

★ Yajurveda is collection of :

—Sacrificial formulae

★ Which Hindu religious books arecalled apaurusheya (not createdby man) and nitya (existing in alleternity) : —Vedas

★ The battle of ten kings is men-tioned in : —Rig Veda

★ The battle of ten kings as men-tioned in Rig Veda fought againstSudas (Bharata king of Tritsusfamily) was fought on the bankof :

—Parushani (Ravi) river

Economic Affairs ofIndia

★ The tax or duty levied on importswhich can be levied either onphysical units e.g., per tonne(specific) or on value (advalorem) is : —Tariff

★ The Government proposals forthe levy of new taxes, alterationsin the present tax structure are inthe form of :

—Finance Bill

★ J. J. Irani Committee was associ-ated with :

—Company Law Reforms

PD/June/2010/2167 “Better to do something imperfectly than to do nothing flawlessly.”

★ National Safety Council to checkcasualties in industrial units toreduce the incidence of dangersand to promote the awarenessfor safety among the labourerswas constituted in :

—1966★ MODVAT (Modified Value

Added Tax) is the amended formof VAT which was recommen-ded by :

—M. L. K. Jha Committee in 1976★ The Government Securities on

which no interest is paid and theGovernment only pays the FaceValue of the bond on its maturityare called :

—Zero Coupon Bonds★ The document ‘Planning Com-

mission’s India Vision 2020’ hasbeen proposed by :

—A Committee headed by ShyamPrasad Gupta

★ The World’s seventh largest cityin terms of billionaire populationis :

—Mumbai★ Swarn Jayanti Shahri Rozgar

Yojana (SJSRY) was introducedon :

—December 1, 1997★ Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar

Yojana (SGSY) aims at :—Establishing a large number of

micro-enterprises in rural areasof the country

Geography(India and the World)

★ A uniform milky layer or veil ofhigh sheet cloud above 20000 feetthrough which the sun oftenshines with a distinct HALO is :

—Cirrostratus cloud★ The raindrops which have frozen

and then partially melted is :—Sleet

★ The interacting complex of soils,plants and animals which inresponse to climatic and otherenvironmental conditions formsa varied covering over much ofthe earth is :

—Biotic Complex★ The Cogentrix Power Plant was

planned to be located in :—Karnataka

★ Which place is known as theQueen of Arabian Sea ?

—Kochi

★ Which part of India receives rainwhen the summer monsoonrecedes ?

—Tamil Nadu Coast

★ The oldest mountain ranges inIndia are :

—Aravalli Hills

★ Almatti Dam is being construc-ted between which pair of states ?

—Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka

★ The only land-locked country inSouth-East Asia is :

—Laos

Science & Technology★ Central Rice Research Institute is

located in :—Cuttack (Orissa)

★ The substance used to bringdown body temperature in highfever is known as :

—Antipyrotics

★ Which disease is caused throughthe wound or injury or surfacesof unsterilised surgical instru-ments ?

—Tetanus

★ Reflex Actions are controlled by :

—The Spinal Cord

★ Food of the developing foetus issupplied by :

—Placenta★ The botanical name of Teak

(wood) is :—Tectona Grandis

★ The process by which sun raysget converted into chemicalenergy is called :

—Bioconversion★ The first Indian to be elected

President to InternationalCouncil of Science is :

—Goverdhan Mehta★ CAT stands for :

—Computerized Axial Tomo-graphy

★ The main constituent of skin is :

—Collogen

★ One who attends to the diseaseof the eye is : —Oculist

Agriculture★ The spice clove is obtained from

the :—flower buds

★ Ginger is a stem and not a rootbecause :

—It has nodes and internodes★ Name the plant that bears seeds

but not fruits ?—Eucalyptus tree

★ The number of Krishi VigyanKendras maintained by IndianCouncil of Agriculture Researchis : —281

★ Cash Crops in India include :

—Cotton and Sugarcane

★ Agriculture and allied sectorscontributed nearly 17·1 per centof Gross Domestic Product (GDPof India) during :

—2008-09

★ Central Institute of Horticultureis being established at :

—Medziphema (Nagaland)

★ In order to regulate the trade,price quality and distribution offertilizers in the country thegovernment ensures the qualityof fertilizers through :

—Fertilizer (Control) Order (FCO)(issued under EssentialCommodities Act 1955)

★ The full form of ARIS is :

—Agricultural ResourcesInformation System

★ The number of acknowledgedindigenous breeds of cattle Indiapossesses is : —27

Sports and Games★ The winner of the Basil D’

Oliveira Trophy (Cricket) thisyear is :

—South Africa★ Which two players were signed

for the biggest price in the playerauction of IPL-III ?

—Shane Bond and Kieron Pollard

★ Currently who is World’s num-ber 1 Woman Badminton player ?

—Yihan Wang (China)

★ Who has been chosen LaureusWorld Sportswoman of the Year2010 ?

—Serena Williams

PD/June/2010/2168 “Too many people overvalue what they are not and undervalue what they are.”

★ Meenal Thakur is a famousplayer of :

—Snooker/Billiards★ Jenson Button-the famous for-

mula one racer is the citizen of:—United Kingdom

★ In Hero Honda FIH World CupDelhi 2010 the man of the finalaward was given to :

—Luke Doerner (Australia)★ In Hero Honda FIH World Cup

2010 who was adjudged as thebest goalkeeper of the tourna-ment ? —Guus Vogels

Miscellany★ The recipient of the 42nd Jnan-

Peeth Award is :—Satyavrat Shastri

★ Naina Devi peak forms a part of :

—Himalayan range located inKumaon region

★ Which part of the Indian Consti-tution declares the Ideals of Wel-fare State ?

—Directive Principles of StatePolicy

★ A stick partly dipped in waterappears broken due to :

—Refraction★ Miss Earth 2009 title was con-

ferred on :—Larissa Ramos

★ In which year was Mandal Com-mission report implemented ?

—in 1990★ Who said—“The philosophers

must be the kings” ? —Plato★ Kaveri is the longest river of :

—Tamil Nadu★ The largest producer of Chillies

in the world is : —India

★ The Shiva Temple at Thanjavurwas built by Rajaraja the Greatwho was ?

—A Chola Ruler★ The masterpieces of Mauryan

Art are :—The Ashoka Pillars

★ The Supreme Court of India wasset up by :

—Regulating Act 1773★ The Oil and Natural Gas Com-

mission was set up in :—1956

★ How many members are nomi-nated to the State LegislativeCouncil by the Governor ?

—One-sixth

★ The need for a separate parlia-mentary committee on publicundertakings was first visualisedby :

—Krishna Menon Committee

★ The first Lokpall Bill was intro-duced in the Parliament in :

—May 1968

★ The Constitution says that thestate council of ministers holdsoffice during the pleasure of theGovernor. The words during thepleasure of the Governor inreality means :

—Pleasure of the LegislativeAssembly

★ Which the ConstitutionalAmendment Act provided forthe appointment of the sameperson as Governor for two ormore states ?—7th Constitution Amendment

Act 1956★ Money Bill can be introduced in

the state legislature only on therecommendation of :

—Governor

★ BVRAAM which India recentlyflight tested is :

—Beyond Visual Range Air to AirMissile

★ ISRO’s most powerful rocketmotor (recently tested) is :

—S-200

★ The Attorney-General of India isappointed by the President ofIndia under : —Article 76

★ SAARC International Universityis being established at :

—New Delhi★ The Current National Security

Advisor to the Prime Minister ofIndia is :

—Shiv Shankar Menon

★ The first Indian Woman to reachthe South Pole is :

—Reena Kaushal

★ The third Battle of Panipat wasfought between Ahmed ShahAbdali and Maratha forces :

—In January 1761

★ Which Mughal emperorhonoured Rana Jai Singh ofAmer with the title of Mirza RajaJai Singh Sawai ?

—Bahadur Shah I

★ The Sikh Khalsa was formed byGuru Gobind Singh :

—In 1699

★ Bal Gangadhar Tilak publishedtwo newspapers : the Maratha(English) and Kesari (Marathi) :

—In 1881★ Golden Hand Shake Scheme is

related with :

—Voluntary Retirement

★ What is the pH level of blood ofa normal person ? —7·35 –7·45

P.Darpan

Compiled by : Dr. N. K. Singh

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HINDIEDITION

PD/June/2010/2169 “Never bend your head. Always hold it high. Look the world straight in the face.”

Official Name : Zhonghua Renmin GongheGuo (People’s Republic ofChina)

Capital : Beijing

Currency : The currency is calledRenminbi (People’s cur-rency) the unit of currency isYuan (CNY)

Population : 1,24,26,12,226 (as per fifthnational census 2000)

Female Population : 48·47% (60,2336257)

Population Density : 130 per square km

Population Growth : 9·89% (that is 11,17,89,233)(Between 1990-2000)

Urban Population : 45,87,70,983(36·9% of the population)

Population for 2010 as

per UN Projection : 1,351·51 million

Administrative Divisions : There are 22 provinces, five

autonomous regions andfour government controlledmunicipalities

China’s Autonomous

Regions : China’s autonomous regionsinclude Guangxi Zhuang,Inner Mongolia, NingxiaHui Tibet and XinijiangUighur

Map of China

Chinese PresidentHu Jintao

Chinese Prime MinisterWen Jiabao

National Anthem : March of the volunteers,words by Tien Han

Birth Rate : 12·40 per 1,000 population asper 2005 data

Death Rate : 6·51 per 1000 population asper 2005 data

Ethnic Groups : There are 56 ethnic groupsin China inluding Han,Uighur, Tujia, Yi Miao,Manchu, Zhuang, Tibetan

Largest Cities : Shanghai, Beijing, Guang-zhou, Tianjin, Wuhan,Shenzhen, Chongquing,Shenyang Chengdu, Foshan,Xian, Nanjing, Haerbin,Hangzhou, Lanzhou,Urumqui and Changzhou

Area of China : 95,72,900 square kilometre

Current Prime Minister : Wen Jiabao (since March2003)

Current President : Hu Jintao (since March 2003)Central Bank : The People’s Bank of ChinaSupreme Legislative Body : National People’s Congress

Highest Military Organ : Central Military Commis-sion

Brief History

Chinese state emerged on Huang Ho (that is YellowRiver) Basin before 4000 BC. It was the Xia dynasty whichruled in the Huang Ho basin four thousand years backand which was replaced by the Shang dynasty. Shangstate come into conflict with Zhou state whose rulersreplaced Shang dynasty around 1000 BC. In 500 BC acourt official Kongfuzi (Confucuis) outlined his vision ofsociety which remained the principal Chinese beliefsystem until the mid-20th century.

The Zhou expanded the Chinese state south beyondthe Chang Jiang. In 221 BC the ruler of the warring state

PD/June/2010/2170 “The way you treat yourself sets the standard for others.”

of Qin became the first emperor of China under whoserule the work on the Great Wall of China begain. By 206BC the Chinese state had divided into three but underHan dynasty (202 BC-AD 200) it was reunited. The otherimportant dynasties which ruled over China included Jin(265-316) and Sui (589-612) dynasties, Tang Dynasty, theSong dynasty. So the rule of various dynasties over Chinain brief chronological order can be mentioned as such : XiaDynasty (about 2070 BC-1600 BC), Shang Dynasty (about1600 BC–1046 BC), Zhou Dynasty (about 1046 BC–221 BC)Qin Dynasty (221 BC–206 BC), Han Dynasty (202 BC–220AD), Three Kingdoms—Wei, Shu, Wu (220 AD–280 AD)Jin Dynasty (265 AD–420 AD), Sixteen Kingdoms (304AD– 439 AD), Northern and Southern Dynasties (386 AD–589 AD), Sui Dynasty (581 AD–618 AD), Tang Dynasty(618 AD–907 AD) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms(907 AD–979 AD), Song dynasty (960 AD–127 AD), LiaoDynasty (916 AD–1125 AD), Western Xia Dynasty (1038AD–1227 AD), Jin Dynasty (1115 AD–1234 AD), YuanDynasty (1271 AD–1368 AD), Ming Dynasty (1368 AD–1644 AD), Qing Dynasty (1644 AD–1911 AD). It isimportant to note that People’s Republic of China cameinto being on October 1, 1949. It was revolutionary MaoZedong who declared People’s Republic of China inBeijing after the civil war which lasted until 1949. Chinainvaded Tibet in 1950 which had been independent inpractice since 1916. The Tibetan religious leader DalaiLama was forced to flee to India. It was Mao who set inmotion Cultural Revolution in China in 1964 afterpublishing ‘Thoughts’ in ‘the Little Red Book’ in 1964.Students were organized into groups of Red Guardsto attack the party hierarchy. After Mao’s death in 1976the Gang of Four led by Mao’s widow Chang Chingattempted to seize power. The demand for politicalchange reached its climax in April 1989 when demon-strators who occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing wereforcefully evicted by the millitary. In this operation 1,500people were killed. Since 1989 the leadership has beenconcentrating on economic development. Britishers retur-ned Hong Kong to China in 1997 while Macau wasreturned to China in 1999 by the Portuguese.

Constitution and Government

The National People’s Congress which is unicameralis the highest organ of state power. There are 2,985members of the Congress who are elected to serve fiveyear terms by municipal, regional and provincial people’sCongress. The Congress elects a standing Committeesupervising the State Council (which is the SupremeExecutive Organ and comprises the Prime Minister,Deputy Prime Minister and Councillors). The UnicameralNational People’s Congress also elects the President andVice-President for a five year term. The Congress usuallymeets for one session a year. When not in session, thebusiness is carried on by the Standing Committee. Itmay be added here that on September 21, 1949 theChinese People’s Political Consultative Conference whichmet in Beijing adopted a Common Programme of 60articles and the Organic Law of ‘Central People Govern-ment’ which became the basis of the Constitution adoptedon September 20, 1954 by the 1st National People’s

Congress—the supreme legislative body of China. Threemore Constitutions have been promulgated under com-munist rule in 1975, 1978 and 1982 (currently in force).The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conferencecontinued to exist after 1954 as an advisory body.

Geography and Location

China is bounded in the North by Russia andMongolia East by North Korea, the Yellow Sea and EastChina Sea. On the southeast coast, Chinese enclavesMacao and Hong Kong exist. China is bounded in thesouth by Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, India, Bhutan andNepal while on the west it is bounded by India, Pakistan,Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyztan and Kazakshtan.

Climate

Most of China has a temperate climate. Most rainfalloccurs during the summer from May to September thoughamounts decrease inland. The temperate climate extendedfar inland. Many parts of China experience extremes ofclimate especially in winter.

Energy and Mineral Resources

As per 2006 data, there are 158 varieties of provenmineral deposits in China thus making it the third richestin the world in total reserves. Recoverable deposits of coaltotalled 3,334·8 billion tonnes mainly distributed in NorthChina. The iron ore reserve base was 46 billion tonnes in2005. Tin ore is plentiful in Yunan. China is also majorproducer of Wolfram (tungsten ore). As for electricity,installed generating capacity in 2005 was 510 m, kW. In2005 electricity output was 24,74,700 Gwh a 12·8 increaseover 2004. Consumption of electricity per capita was 1,684kWh in 2004. Three Gorges dam project was launched onthe Yangtz river aiming to generate abundant hydro-electricity. On-shore oil reserves are found mainly in thenortheast (particularly the Daquing and Liaohe fields)and northwest. Oil production was 180·8 m tonnes in2005. China is second largest consumer of oil after theUSA. The largest natural gas reserves are located in thewestern and north central regions. Production was 50·0billion cubic metres in 2005 with a proven reserves of2,350 billion cubic metres.

Industry and Agriculture

Agriculture accounted for 15·4% of Gross DomesticProduct in the year 2002. China is the world’s leadingproducer of a number of agriculture crops, including rice,sweet potatoes, wheat, potatoes, watermelons, ground-nuts and honey. China is also the world’s leadingproducer of eggs and meat. It ranks third in the timberproduction in the world. As for fisheries, China’s annualcatch is the largest in the world and accounts 18% ofworld’s total catch. Industry accounted for 52·9% of GrossDomestic Product of China in 2004. Modern industrialdevelopment began with the manufacture of cottontextiles. China, now, is the world’s leading cement, steeland pig iron manufacturer producing 47% of world’s

Continued on Page 2198

PD/June/2010/2171 “You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection.”

Present Status and Future Scope of FoodProcessing Industries : Highlights

Annual Report 2008-09Annual Report 2008-09

Undoubtedly in India, at presentthe food processing sector employsabout 13 million people directly andabout 35 million people indirectly,contributing about 14% of manufac-turing GDP (Gross Domestic Pro-duct) with a share of around of Rs.2,80,000 crore. Of this, the unorga-nised sector accounts for more than70% of production in terms of volumeand 50% in terms of value. However,currently (2009-10), the contributionof agriculture to total GDP isdecreased upto 16·3%, but, it stillengages about 70% of the Indianpopulation. The annual average rateof growth of agricultural GDP hasalso declined, compared to 70%contribution of agriculture to India’sGDP at the time of independence aswell as it accounted for 85% of totalemployment.

India’s agricultural productionbase is strong, but annual wastage ofagricultural produce is massivebetween 18–21% in cereals/pulses/oilseeds and about 35% in processingand storage of fruits and vegetables.The processing level is very low i.e.,around 2·2% for fruits, and vegetablescompared with other countries likethe USA (65%), Philippines (78%) andChina (23%) and 26% for marine,6% for poultry and 20% for buffalomeat as against 60-70% in developedcountries. Therefore, in future keep-ing in view the increasing demandof processed food/fruits/vegetables,there is a dire need of the time tofocus attention on these points, so asto provide the growing demands onsustainable basis of ever-fast increas-ing human population @ 1·9%annually.

Based on the Annual Report,2008-09 of the Ministry of FoodProcessing Industries (Government ofIndia–GOI), following achievementshave been made. These can be pin-pointed in a nutshell as given below :

Major Achievements andFuture Strategies

Organisational Set-up / Infrastruc-ture and Functional Activities of theMinistry of Food Processing Indus-tries

● The Ministry of Food ProcessingIndustries (MFPI–GOI) was set-up in July 1988 to develop foodprocessing sector in the country.Subsequently this Ministry wasconverted into a Department andbrought under Ministry of Agri-culture Vide Notification No.DOC. CD–442/99 dated October15, 1999 and (thereafter) on Sept.6, 2001, it was again notified asthe Ministry of Food ProcessingIndustries Vide Cabinet Secre-tariats Note No. 1/22/1/2001–Cab (1).

● Secretary (1) is the Uppermostrank in the Ministry–FPI ,followed by 1-Joint Secretary(AK), 1–Joint Secretary (GS), 1–Joint Secretary (KRR); 1–Addi-tional Secretary and FinanceAdviser. Under these JS–JointSecretary, other positions are :Deputy Secretary, Directors,Deputy Directors etc.

● Under functions of the Ministryare : Policy Support and initia-tives, development activities andregulatory functions.

● Objectives—Better utilizationand value addition of agricul-tural produce, development ofmodern technology, Researchand Development (R&D) in foodprocessing, to promote valueadded exports etc. The subjectsallocated to the Ministry are :Food and Vegetable processing,industries, foodgrain millingindustry; processing of agricul-tural products–milk based pro-ducts, poultry / egg / meat pro-ducts, Beer, Alcoholic drinks,technical assistant etc.

● Headquarters and Website—Hq. New Delhi, Website : http :mofpi.nic.in.

Present Scenario of Food ProcessingSector● Agriculture and Allied Sectors

has its contribution in India’stotal GDP (Gross DomesticProducts) as 16·3% and it engagesabout 70% the population, pre-sently (2008-09). Undoubtedly,the annual average rate of growthof agriculture and allied sectorhas also declined, which wasobserved 4·7% during 2007-08and (1·6%) in 2008-09. Agri-culture and Allied Sectors con-tribution in total GDP hasremained as in last decade (i.e.,1999-2000 to 2009-10) :

Agriculture and AlliedSector’s Contribution in

Total GDP (%)1999-2000 25·82000-2001 24·62001-2002 24·32002-2003 22·82003-2004 21·62004-2005 20·72005-2006 19·72006-2007 18·52007-2008 17·62008-2009 16·82009-2010 16·3

● India’s rank in world production(annually)—

India’s Rank in the WorldAnnual Production

● Milk production (I rank) – 105million tonne

● Fruits and Vegetables (II rank) – 150million tonne

● Livestock Population (I rank) – 485million

● Foodgrains production (III rank) –above 230 million tonne

● Fish production (III rank) – 7 milliontonne

● Poultry (no’s) – 489 million● Egg production – 45,200 million

(no.)

PD/June/2010/2172 “Nothing profits more than self-esteem, grounded on what is just and right.”

● Certainly, India’s agricultureproduction is strong, but wastageof agricultural produce is mas-sive between 18–25%. Processinglevel is very low i.e. around 2·2%of fruits and vegetables, com-pared to other countries likethe USA– 65%; Philippines– 78%and China –23%; 26% in marine,6% for poultry and 20% forbuffalo meat, as against 60–70%in developed countries.

● The share of India’s export inprocessed food in global trade isonly 1·5% at present and 35% ofmilk and 26% of marine productswith regard to processed pro-ducts.

● In India, the wastage of fruitsand vegetables is about 35%,costing value of Rs. 50 thousandcrore annually, which is due tolack of processing and storage offruits and vegetables.

● At present, in food processingsector, nearly 13 million peopledirectly and about 35 millionpeople indirectly are associated,getting employment. In 2004-05,food processing sector contri-buted about 14% of manufac-turing of GDP. Of this, 75% ofproduction in terms of volumeand 50% in terms of value isunder unorganised sector’saccount.

Constraints in Food ProcessingSector

There are several constraints infood processing sector like : (i) Non-availability of adequate quality con-trol and testing infrastructure; (ii)Inefficient supply chain, (iii) Shortageof processing varieties of farm pro-duce; (iv) Seasonal wise raw material;(v) High inventory carrying cost; (vi)More packing cost and transportationcharges; (vii) Cultural preference offresh food as well as poor knowledgeof ITK (Indigenous / Inherited Tech-nical Knowledge).

Adopt-ITK (Indigenous / InheritedTechnical Knowledge) for Food-grains Storage—A Low Cost Tech-nology

The agricultural products / food-grains like–cereals, pulses and oil-seeds are generally lost during culti-

vation of crops / storage, about 25%,that has to be saved. The followingpoints are to be considered forfoodgrains storage.

● Moisture (%) in seeds of food-grains should be optimum like;10–12% in cereals (wheat, rice);9–10% in pulses and 8–9% inoilseeds and cucurbits’ seeds like-pumpkin / bottle gourd / spongegourd / bitter gourd / musk-melon / whitegourd etc.

● ITK in (i) Cereals (wheat/gain)storage

(i) Use of Neem leaves @ 5–6kg/q seed, (ii) Lime powder@ 250–300 g/q seed, (iii)Heeng/Asafoetida @ 5–6g/q seed (iv) 100 spikes of 2match box / q grain, (v)Maize cob ash (withoutgrains) @ 250–300 g/q etc.

(ii) Pulses/Dal—(a) Coating ofmustard oil on dal (urd/gram) and (b) use of Heeng/Asafoetida @ 5–6 g/q dal.

(iii) Oilseeds—Use of commonsalt—15–20 pieces/50 kg oil-seeds on ITK in food-grains/oilseeds/pulses, Dr.O. P. Rajput, Ex–Agrono-mist. ICAR Project, Agra(U.P.) contribution is primeand at National level, 3publications have beendocumented by the ICAR.

Schemes for Strengthening of Insti-tutions

This scheme focuses on to streng-then and developmental activities ofnew and existing Institutions relatedto food processing industries in thecountry, covering the following com-ponents.

● Setting-up of National Meat andPoultry Processing Board (w.e.f.20th Jan., 2009)—This Board willhelp to oversee the growth andfurther promotion of meat andpoultry sector in the country, soas to focus intervention in thissector, through laying downpolicies for health developmentof the sector and to evolvestandards of hygiene and qualityas well as to support R&D(Research and Development) andorganise capacity buildingefforts.

● ‘Safe Food Town’ Component—It is being implemented in thecities like Jaipur, Ludhiana,Agra, Ranchi, Nagpur etc. Thisscheme of upgradation of qualityof street food is approved byMinistry of Food ProcessingIndustries (GOI) for 11th FiveYear Plan, covering 50 cities forSafe Food Town and 25 cities forFood Street for developing capa-cities building activities amongstthe street food vendors and for-mation of micro-finance linkage.

● NIFTEM (National Institute ofFood Technology, Enterpreneur-ship and Management)—w.e.f.October 7, 2009.

This NIFTEM was founded onOctober 7, 2009 at Kundli, Sone-pat (Haryana) under CompaniesAct, 1956 in Section 25 on 100acres land. This will work in foodprocessing technology sector.

● Indian Grape ProcessingBoard—Set-up in 2009 under theMinistry of Food ProcessingIndustries. However, the processfor registration of the Board isunder way at Pune (Maha-rashtra).

● Fish Processing DevelopmentCouncil—It was constituted formaking policies, programmesand plan of action towards pro-motion and sustainable develop-ment of fish processing industry.The major objective of this coun-cil is to review and evaluatestatus of fish processing indus-tries, potential and constraintsand suggestions to improve indeveloping strategies–as vision.

11th Plan Initiatives

In Food Processing Industries(GOI–Ministry of FPI) schemes,several new initiatives have to betaken. These are : (i) Scheme on Tech-nology Upgradation / Modernisation/ Establishment of Food ProcessingIndustries, (ii) Schemes for HRD(Human Resource Development) and(iii) Scheme for strengthening ofInstitutions, including NIFTEM andIICPT.

On these schemes under theMinistry of FPI, a outlay of Rs. 4031crore for the 11th Plan period hasbeen approved, as against Rs. 650crore of 10th Plan.

PD/June/2010/2173 “Put all excuses aside and remember this : You are capable.”

Infrastructure Development in FoodProcessing Sector

Infact, inadequate infrastructureis the major factor in the way ofagro/food processing in the country.The ministry of Food ProcessingIndustry had implemented thescheme during 10th Plan for develop-ment of infrastructure like—FoodParks, Packaging Centre, Integratedcold-chain Facility, Value AddedCentre, Irradiation Facilities andSetting-up / Modernisation ofAbattoir.

Other Activities

● Fruits and Vegetable ProcessingUnits—The assistance wasreleased to fruits and vegetablesprocessing units w.e.f. 2006-07 to2008-09 as—

Year Assistance Released(Lakh Rs.)

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2557·42

1910·00

1584·00

Total 5719·82

● National Horiticulture Mission(NHM)—w.e.f. May 5, 2005 Infact our country is the longestproducer of Coconut, Cashew,Ginger, Black Chilli, Turmeric(Haldi) and Supari, while infruits and vegetables ranksSecond. Obviously, India ranksFirst in the world for cashew(Kajoo) producer and exportercountry. Therefore, this NHMwas established. The target ofhorticultural production is fixed300 million tonne on 40 lakhhectare land.

● Besides these, Dairy Processing,Meat Processing, Grain proces-sing (Oil / Pulse Milling Sector)and Alcoholic Beverages are alsounder operation in this field.

● Development of ‘NE’ Region (socalled 7 sister’s of India)—Asper the Government Policy, aminimum of 10% of the PlanOutlay is to be utilized for theProjects in the NE states /Region i.e. so called as 7 sister’sof India (Arunachal Pradesh,Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,Nagaland, Tripura and Assamand including Sikkim State). A

Technology Mission for Integra-ted Development of Horticulturein NE Region, as well as in J&K,Himachal Pradesh and Uttara-khand on fruits and vegetables,spices, plantation crops, medi-cinal and aromatic plants,flowers, orchards etc. has beeninitiated and this TechnologyMission has 4 Mini-Mission i.e.Mini Mission–I, II, III and IV forthis during 2008-09, a financialassistance of Rs. 20·18 crore wasapproved.

● Process in Official Language‘Hindi’

➟ Under Official Language Rule,1976 under Rule 10(8), theMinistry is giving attention toadopt Hindi language for officialuse. For this, the Hindi prizedistribution function was held atNew Delhi on 2 Jan., 2009.

➟ Hindi Workshop (3 days) wasorganized in Feb., May and Nov.,2008, respectively. The HindiFortnight from Sept. 15-26, 2008was also organised to promoteand popularise the use of Hindiamong officers & employees ofthe Ministry of FPI.

● Gender Budget Cell—It wascreated to tackle gender im-balance, promote gender qualityand development.

Summary

Based on the above achievementsmade and new initiatives taken bythe Ministry of Food ProcessingIndustries (GOI) during the year2008-09, it can very well be concluded/ summarized in a nutshell that : (i)w.e.f. re-establishment of the Ministryof Food Processing Industries (GOI–as Separate Ministry of FPI from 6Sept., 2001 vide notification No.1/22/1/2001 Cab(1), the Ministry isplaying a vital role in the fields offruits/vegetables processing and afterestablishment of Indian Grape Proces-sing Board—in grape cultivation /Fish Processing DevelopmentCouncil. Fish meat processing etc. (ii)India’ rank in the World productionof milk–I rank, fruits and vegetables-II; livestock population-I; fish andfoodgrains production-III etc. is of

great honour, that has to be retainedin future and (iii) As new initiativesduring 11th Plan (2007-12) thisMinistry has several schemes with anoutlay of Rs. 4031 crore, this woulddefinitely promote the infrastructureof food processing industries.

Objective Questions

1. The Ministry of Food ProcessingIndustries–earlier set-up in July,1988, which was converted into aDepartment under Ministry ofAgriculture (GOI), but again ithas been modified as a Ministryof Food Processing Industries(separate) on 6th September inthe year—(A) 1990 (B) 1995(C) 2001 (D) 2002

2. The contribution of Agricultureand Allied Sectors in India’s totalGDP (Gross Domestic Product)remained during 2009-10 to theextent of—(A) 16·3%(B) 22%(C) 25%(D) None of these

3. India’s rank in the World forfruits and vegetables productionis ……… currently.(A) First (B) Second(C) Third (D) Fifth

4. NIFTEM (National Institute ofFood Technology, Enterpreneur-ship and Management) under theMinistry of Food ProcessingIndustries (GOI) was foundedon Oct. 7, 2009 and located atHq—(A) Kundli, Sonepat (Haryana)(B) Pune (Maha.)(C) Bangalore (Karnataka)(D) Kolkata (W.B.)

5. National Horticulture Mission(NHM) was established toincrease Horticultural crops pro-duction in the year……on May 5.(A) 2005 (B) 2006(C) 2007 (D) 2008

Answers

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2174 “Respect yourself if you would have others respect you.”

Financial Terminology—Gautam Majumdar

Collection of financial words/phrases in common use with theirmeanings.

Adjustable rate mortgage—Atype of mortgage where the interestrate adjusts relative to a specifiedbench mark rate. The interest rate isreset periodically linked to thechanges in the bench mark rate afteran initial period of fixed rate. It iscomparable to a mortgage with float-ing rate of interest.

Amortisation—The mechanismfor paying off debt in regular instal-ments over a period of time which isreflected in a payment schedule pro-vided by the lender. Amortisationalso means deducting certain capital-ized expenditures over a specifiedperiod of time which is indicated in abalance sheet.

Arbitrage—The simultaneousbuying and selling of a security attwo different prices in two differentmarkets, resulting in profits withoutrisk. Advantage is taken of the differ-ence in prices in two different mar-kets for making profits.

Asset Reconstruction Company(ARC)—A centralized agency forresolving bad loans created from thebanking system due to systematiccrisis. It is an answer to the issue ofnon performing assets of banks/financial institutions by sale of thebad loans by banks for cleaning theirbalance sheet. These companies afteracquiring the bad loans arrange forrecovery or adopt suitable alterna-tives for revival of the sick company.ARCIL is the first company to com-mence business in India in this sector.

Bancassurance—The sale ofinsurance products through a bank.While this service helps the bank toearn fees from the insurance com-panies, it helps the investor in gettingthe guidance of his banker to decidethe purchase of insurance products.

Bellwether—A particular shareor bond which is closely tracked as itis presumed to be an indicator of themarket trends. This stock is generally

of a prominent company in its respec-tive sector.

Biometric ATM—These ATMshave been designed to reduce thepossibilities of fraud which are on therise because of loss of cards and PINs.By using stolen cards and PINs cashcan be easily withdrawn from ATMs.However with biometric ATM it isnot possible as the PIN for bio ATMsis the fingerprints of the card holderor his retina scan. This cannot beduplicated and are thus safe fromtheft. Because of the higher cost bioATMs are less used though they arewell suited to the requirements of therural people.

Bullion market—A marketwhere metals like gold, silver plat-inum and palladium in the form ofingots or bars are traded.

Capital market—The market inwhich corporate equity and longerterm debt securities (those maturingin more than one year) are issued andtraded.

Commercial paper—Short termunsecured promissory note issued byan organization. The maturity of com-mercial paper is typically less than270 days; the most common maturityrange is 30 to 50 days or less. It is acommon source of raising debt by anorganization.

Contingent liability—A liabilitywhich is established on the occur-rence of a certain incident or event. Inaccounting terms contingent liabilitiesare reported in the foot notes to abalance sheet with complete details tojudge the extent of the liability if itdoes arise.

Counterfeit currency—Currencywhich is obtained by fraudulentmeans and is therefore not the permis-sible legal tender for any transactions.Printing of illegal currency which istherefore counterfeit is a major threatto any economy.

Day trading—Buying and sellingor sale and purchase of a securitywithin one day’s trading. Day traderslook to make profits, even if small, on

a large number of transactions in aday.

Deep discount bond—A bondissued at a lower interest rate whichsells at a price below the face value.Such bonds are issued for longtenures of 10 years and more. Theinterest paid on these bonds is thedifference between the face value andthe issue price or the sale price.

Derivative—A financial instru-ment whose value depends upon thecharacteristics and value of an under-lying commodity, currency or securityto which it is linked.

Employee Stock Option Plan(ESOP)—A fairly common form ofemployee compensation adopted byprogressive companies. Employeesare given equity shares of theiremployer company, purchase ofwhich is funded by the companythrough a loan.

Escrow account—An accountcontrolled by an intermediary whoprotects the interests of both buyerand seller in a particular transactiontill fulfilment of certain conditions oruntil the conclusion of the transaction.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)—

A fund that tracks an index but canbe traded like a stock. These fundsgroup together the securities belong-ing to a particular index and nevertrack actively managed mutual fundportfolio. Investors in ETFs can dopractically anything as they do with anormal stock including short selling.These funds are traded on stockexchanges and hence can be boughtand sold at will.

Fiat money—Money that haslittle or no real value as a commodity.It does not incur cost to produce, itbeing some kind of tokens or piece ofpaper and is not exchangeable for anyproduct.

Floating interest rates—Aninterest rate that moves according tothe changes in the prime or base rateto which it is linked. The interest ratemoves up or down in relation to therate of the controlling index. Floating

PD/June/2010/2175 “Self pity is our worst enemy and if we yield to it, we can never do anything wise in the world.”

rates are being offered in home loansas they are of longer time durations.

Free look period—A period offifteen days allowed by insurancecompanies to the policy buyer to con-firm acceptance or rejection of hisdecision to buy an insurance policy. Ifthe customer decides to change hisdecision to buy, the insurance policycan be returned. This is a customerfriendly initiative introduced by theinsurance regulator.

Garnishee order—The order of acourt to a bank/financial institutionattaching the balance in the depositaccounts of an individual who is thedebtor in the legal case and prohibit-ing withdrawal of the funds from theaccounts in question.

General reserves—It is a reservecreated by transferring certainamount of undistributed profits forarranging expansion, acquisitions,paying liabilities and dividends, meet-ing exigencies etc. It is shown in thebalance sheet of an organization.

Hidden load—Many chargeswhich are not explicitly mentionedwhile investing or taking a loan. Theinvestor often pays without realizingthe levy of such charges.

Hard currency—A currency gen-erally traded and exchanged through-out the world such as the euro, dollar,and pound sterling. It means a cur-rency of a stable country with soundfiscal and monetary policies.

Identity theft—Involves some-one else using another individual’spersonal details to create fraudulentaccounts to indulge in illegal activityfor personal gains. Identity theft is amajor cause of concern to stop finan-cial frauds.

Intellectual property—Owner-ship of intangibles like patents, copy-rights, trademarks which gives theright to possess, use or dispose ofproducts created by human creativityand intelligence. Protection of intel-lectual property rights is a majoractivity globally.

Joint mortgage—A mortgageexecuted jointly by two or morepersons.

Junk bonds—Bonds which havea low credit rating and are issued bycompanies with a relatively poortrack record of earnings. They tend to

finance high risk activities and cor-porate restructuring.

K commerce—Exchange ofknowledge, forwarded on the under-standing that in knowledge basedeconomies, knowledge capital is thetrue currency.

Laundered money—Money thathas been transferred through manydifferent accounts in an effort toconceal its illegal original source.Acts generating the money in the firstinstance are invariably linked tocriminal activities and laundering isthe process of converting this illegalmoney to a legitimate source. Strictchecks and controls are being adoptedto stop activity of laundering money.KYC norms for opening of accountsare therefore being enforced to controlthis illegal activity.

Mark to market—An accountingprocedure to determine the valuationof an asset at current market price,which may be either higher or lowerthan the purchase price or book valueof the same asset.

Management fee—Fees paid tomanagers of mutual fund companiesfor using their investment advisoryservices.

Narrow banking—A system ofbanking in which funds of banks areinvested in risk free assets like gov-ernment securities. These assets are ofsimilar maturity periods as that of theliabilities of the banks and thereforedo not create any asset liability mis-match.

Nostro account—A banking termto describe an account one bank holdswithin another bank i n a foreigncountry. The account is maintainedfor inter bank transactions and is inthe currency of the foreign country.

Online banking—A banking sys-tem permitting account holders totransact banking business from theirhomes/offices via the internet. Manytraditional banks are offering onlinebanking facility as it provides conve-nience to the customer and costs tothe bank are less compared to bankingservices from the counter. All routinetransactions are possible on theinternet.

Participatory notes—A tool usedby foreign investors to invest inIndian securities. Investors purchasethe participatory notes from broker-

ages in India for making their invest-ments in Indian markets. The identityof the participatory note holder is notknown to the market regulators andhence the investment through suchinstruments is a major issue.

Payment gateway—The inter-mediary service essential in any com-mercial transaction on the internet. Itfacilitates the payment transactionbetween the internet customer andthe merchant establishment. It is theinfrastructure that permits acceptanceof credit card and other forms ofelectronic payment. Online buyinghas been made possible through thisthird party service.

Quarterly rests—A method ofcalculating interest amount on loansor deposits on compounding basisevery quarter. By this method theinterest amount annually would beless than the amount calculated onmonthly compounding basis.

Quasi equity—Funds which areother than the paid up capital andretained earnings from profits,deployed in a business as permanentcapital.

Red herring prospectus—Mostcommonly associated with IPOs ofcompanies it is a registration state-ment which has to be filed with themarker regulator before public issueof shares can be made. It derives itsname from the warning printed in redon the statement that information inthe document is still being reviewedby the market and is subject tochange.

Risk weighted assets—A bank’sassets are weighted according to thecredit risk. Some assets such as deben-tures are assigned a higher risk thanothers, such as cash. This sort of assetclassification is used for determiningthe capital requirement for a bank.The central bank RBI specifies theratio to be maintained and is closelyregulated as per international norms.

Seed capital—The initial capitalto start a business. It often comes fromthe promoter’s own sources. Theamount is relatively small as thebusiness is still in the idea or concep-tual stage. Seed capital is usuallymeant for covering initial operatingexpenses till a business can startgenerating regular revenue to attractinvestments.

Continued on page 2188

PD/June/2010/2176 Self-respect is the fruit of discipline : the sense of dignity grows with the ability to say no to oneself.”

International OrganisationInternational OrganisationInternational OrganisationProfileProfile

COLLECTIVE SECURITY TREATYORGANISATION (CSTO)

Established onMay 15, 1992

HeadquartersMoscow (Russia)

Member StatesArmenia, Belarus Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia,

Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

Type of Organisation

Collective Security Treaty Organisation is the type oforganisation the member states of which maintain their

CSTO logo

security on collective basis. In case ofa threat to security, territorial inte-grity and sovereignty of one orseveral member states or a threat tointernational peace and securitymember states will immediatelyput into action the mechanism ofjoint consultations with the aim tocoordinate their positions and take measures to eliminatethe threat that has emerged. The essence of the treaty, itsprinciples and forms of cooperation as well as declaredpositions predetermined a real possibility for the Treaty tobecome an integral part of common and comprehensivesystem of collective security for Europe and Asia.

Brief History

The Collective Security Treaty (CST) was signed onMay 15, 1992 for a five year term with the possibility offurther prolongation. The Republic of Armenia, theRepublic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, theKyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation and theRepublic of Tajikistan became parties to the CST. TheTreaty was registered by the UN Secretariat on November1, 1995. At the session of the Council of Collective Securityon April 2, 1999 in Moscow the Protocol of prolongationof the Collective Security Treaty was signed. It wasratified by all member states. According to the Protocolthe Treaty is automatically renewed every five years. OnOctober 7, 2002 the Charter of the Collective SecurityTreaty Organisation and the Agreement on legal status ofthe CSTO were signed by Heads of all Member States inKishinev. These documents came into force on September

18, 2003. On December 2, 2004 the General Assembly ofthe United Nations adopted the Resolution to grant theobserver status to the Collective Security Treaty Organisa-tion in the General Assembly of the United Nations.

Purposes of CSTO

The purposes of the Collective Security TreatyOrganisation are to strengthen peace and international and

CSTO Secretary-General Nikolai

Bordyuzha

regional security and stability and toensure collective protection of indepen-dence, territorial integrity and sovere-ignty of member states, in the attainmentof which member states shall give toppriority to political means. According tothe CSTO content, it primarily is a factorof the military political deterrence.Member states regard no states as theirenemy and call for mutually beneficialcooperation with all states. The CSTO is open to accessionby any state that shares its goals and principles

Aims and Tasks of CSTO

The main task of the Collective Security TreatyOrganisation is coordination and deepening of militarypolitical cooperation, formation of multilateral structuresand mechanism of cooperation to provide nationalsecurity to member states on collective basis, to providehelp, including military one to the member state whichbecame a victim of aggression. It was of principalimportance for the organisation to include in the CSTOCharter a provision that one of the main aims anddirections of activity of the Organisation is coordinationand joint efforts to struggle against international terrorismand other untraditional threats to security. At the sametime the charter reaffirms the commitment of memberstates to harmonize and coordinate their foreign policypositions on international and regional security issues.

CSTO Important Decisions and DeclarationsDocuments

In 1994, after the Central Security Treaty came intoforce, a set of important legal acts was adopted, whichpromoted further military—political integration in allspheres of its competence. Among the first documentsadopted in 1995 were ‘Declaration of member states of theCST’, the concept of Collective Security of member statesof the CST and the document about basic directions ofdeepening military cooperation. The same year the plan

Continued on Page 2178

PD/June/2010/2177 “Self-respect permeates every aspect of your life.”

Current Objective QuestionsCurrent Objective Questions

Trade and IndustryTrade and IndustryTrade and IndustryTrade and IndustryTrade and Industry1. As on April 24, 2010 Cash

Reserve Ratio (CRR) stands at—(A) 5·0% (B) 5·5%(C) 6% (D) 6·5%

2. In its Annual Policy Statement2010-11, announced on April 20,2010 which of the following key-rate has not been changed byRBI ?(A) Bank Rate(B) Repo Rate(C) Reverse Repo Rate(D) Cash Reserve Ratio

3. IMF in its World Economic Out-put Report 2010 has projectedIndia’s growth rate for 2010 and2011 at—(A) 8·0% and 8·5% respectively(B) 8·5% and 8·75% respectively(C) 8·75% and 9% respectively(D) 8·5% and 9% respectively

4. As on December 31, 2009, amongthe nationalised public sectorbanks, which bank possesses thehighest non-performing assets(NPAs) ?(A) Bank of India(B) Punjab National Bank(C) Canara Bank(D) Indian Overseas Bank

5. For National Manufacturing andInvestment Zones (NMIZ),Special Economic Zone (SEZ)and EOUs (Exports-OrientedUnits), which of the followingstatement is true ?(A) NMIZs and EOUs will belocated within SEZs(B) SEZs and EOUs will belocated within NMIZs(C) NMIZs are independent ofSEZs and EOUs(D) NMIZs and SEZs will becompetitors in nature.

6. According to the WastelandAtlas of India 2005 (Publishedby Deptt. of Land Resources,Ministry of Rural Development),what percentage of country’ssurvey area is found to be waste-land ?(A) 12·5% (B) 14·5%(C) 16·5% (D) 17·5%

7. Nuclear Power Corporation'sfirst indigenous 700 MW Pres-surised Heavy Water Reactor atKakrapar Atomic Power Projectin Gujarat is expected to becommissioned in—(A) 2012 (B) 2013(C) 2014 (D) 2015

8. RCF Kapurthala made country’sfirst air conditioned double-decker coach has been rolled outfor oscillation trial has the capa-city to get seated—(A) 102 passengers(B) 118 passengers(C) 128 passengers(D) 132 passengers

9. After getting Rashtriya IspatNigam Ltd. (RINL) in theNavratna PSU Club, the numberof Navratna public sectorenterprises goes to—(A) 18 (B) 19(C) 20 (D) 21

10. As per schedule of the Census2011 exercise, the exercise workwill be completed by—(A) Feb. 28, 2011(B) March 1, 2011(C) March 15, 2011(D) March 31, 2011

11. For which city, UP Power Cor-poration Ltd. has transferredelectricity distribution to privatecompany Torrent Power Ltd. ?(A) Noida (B) Agra(C) Lucknow (D) Kanpur

12. What percentage of governmentprocurement has been recom-mended by MSME Task Force toget reserved for MSME manu-factured items ?(A) 15% (B) 17%(C) 20% (D) 22%

13. For which amount on-line ser-vice tax payment has been mademandatory ?(A) above Rs. 7·5 lakh(B) above Rs. 10 lakh(C) above Rs. 12·5 lakh(D) above Rs. 15 lakh

14. Most banks are offering teaserrates on home loans. What doesit mean ?

(A) The rates keep fluctuatingduring the period of loan withhigh uncertainty

(B) The initial rate is offered at arate lower than the prevailingmarket rate for a few months andthen gradually keeps increasing

(C) The initial rate is higher thanthe current market rate with offerof lower rates at a later date

(D) Home loan borrowers ofshorter duration are given pre-ferential rates.

15. Deposits of customers in banksare insured upto Rs. 1 lakh.Which organization is respon-sible for payment of claims, ifany ?(A) RBI (B) Government(C) DICGC (D) ECGC

16. Inflation is measured in India onthe basis of which index ?(A) Consumer price index(B) Wholesale price index(D) Retail price index(D) Market forces

17. High fiscal deficit is cause forconcern for any economy. Whatdoes it denote ?(A) It is a measure of theborrowings of an economy(B) It is total expenditure lesstotal receipts excluding borrow-ings(C) It reflects the decrease in taxcollections for the year(D) It means the lack of liquidityand earnings for the economy

18. The profits from sale of a houseproperty which is earned by anowner is taxed by the govern-ment. What is this form of taxknown as ?

(A) Capital gains tax(B) Income from property tax(C) Wealth tax(D) Sales tax

PD/June/2010/2178 “Do not wish to be anything but what you are, and try to be that perfectly.”

19. Who decides on the value andvolume of bank notes to beprinted and on what basis ?(A) Finance ministry(B) Planning Commission(C) RBI(D) Stock exchange

20. ULIPS which are subject of acontinuing controversy is knownas a financial product. What areits special features ?(A) It is an market linked invest-ment product(B) It is an investment withgrowth product(C) It is a market linked invest-ment product with insurance(D) It is a product of Unit Trustof India

21. If the assessment year is 2009-10for income tax purposes which isthe financial year to which itrelates ?(A) 2009-10 (B) 2010-11(C) 2008-09 (D) None of these

22. What is the role of banking cor-respondents in the current finan-cial inclusion programme of RBI ?(A) To act as special reporters ofRBI to check the quality of bank-ing services(B) To act as agents of RBI topromote banking in the villagesin India(C) To act as agents of banks toprovide banking services inunbanked areas(D) To act as agents of RBI toprovide banking facilities inrural areas

23. Apart from ATMs credit cardholders can get cash upto aspecified limit from POS or pointof sales terminals. What are thesePOS terminals ?(A) These are locations wherecredit cards are used(B) These are merchant esta-blishments where credit cardscan be used for payment(C) These are locations whereMaster card can be used(D) These are locations whereonly Visa cards can be used

24. There are many security featureswhich are regularly beingexplained and stressed to checkagainst forged currency notes.One of them is Intaglio printing.What is it ?

(A) It is specialized printing ofRs 1,000 and Rs 500 denomina-tion currency notes(B) It is raised printing on thecurrency notes of RBI seal,Ashoka Pillar emblem etc.(C) It is printing on specialprinting press of RBI(D) It is printing through specialinks of the security features oncurrency notes

25. ESOPs or Employees StockOption Plans are a progressiveway of compensating employees.What does it suggest ?(A) It is part of salary structureof exceptional employees in BPOcompanies(B) Part of the salary is given inthe form of shares of the bluechip companies(C) It is a compensation toattract talent by making themshareholders in the company(D) It is a salary package exist-ing in IT companies

Answers

P.Darpan

Continued from Page 2176

of realization of the concept of col-lective security and basic directions ofdeepening military cooperation wasadopted. These documents wereaimed to establish regional system ofcollective security. The plan of thesecond stage of collective securitysystem formation groupings adoptedin 1999 had already determined thecreation of coalition (regional troops(forces) in Eastern Europe, Caucusesand Central Asia. Memorandum ofimprovement of CST effectivenessand adaptation to the new geo-political situation adopted by theCouncil of Collective Security in 2000became a qualitatively new stage ofCST development. By its implemen-tation the Treaty was aimed to deflectnew challenges and threats to regionaland international security. At thesame regulation of adaptation andimplementation of collective security,

the Model of Regional CollectiveSecurity System, the basic statementsof the coalition strategy were adoptedwith the aim to establish the legalbasis for CSTO activity in the sphereof security of its member states oncollective basis. The agreement on thestatus of units of forces and weaponsof the collective security system, theProtocol on forming and functioningof forces and weapons of the collec-tive security of CST member satesadopted in 2000-01, were of principleimportance, the agreement on basicprinciples of military and technicalsignal in 2000 became an importantstep to promote military and tech-nical cooperation.

Evolution of CSTO as Inter-national Security Organisa-tion

By 2002 the Collective SecurityTreaty, as a result of gradual deve-lopment in the framework of theintegration processes became defactoregional structure of internationalcooperation corresponding to thespirit of Chapter 8 of the UN Charter.As a successor of the CST the CSTObecame the Eurasian Organisationnot only in the geographical, but alsoin political and legal sense by meansof universal principles and practicalpurposes as well as direct participa-tion of its member states in the Euro-pean and Asian security structures,primarily in OSCE and ShanghaiCooperation Organisation. The deci-sion adopted by the heads of themember states in May 2002 totransform the CS (Armenia, Belarus,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Russia,Tajikistan, were its participants) intoan international regional organisationwas caused by the need of adaptationof the treaty to the dynamics ofregional and international securityand counteraction against new threatsand challenges. Transformed into theOrganisation, Cooperation in theframework of the CST remained onthe basis of the principles proclaimedin the Treaty. In very significantrecent developments CSTO signed apact with United Nations Organisa-tion with UN Security-General BanKi-Moon signing the document inMoscow on March 18, 2010. Theagreement amounts to a recognitionof the CSTO as a full fledged Inter-national Security Organisation. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2179 “Someone’s opinion of you does not have to become your reality.”

Multiple Choice QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions

Current QuestionnaireCurrent QuestionnaireCurrent QuestionnaireCurrent QuestionnaireCurrent Questionnaire1. JRC which recently came into

news stands for—(A) Joint River Commission(B) Joint Resources Committee(C) Joint River Committee(D) None of the above

2. ‘Vishwast’ is—(A) Aircraft carrier(B) Anti-tank missile(C) Offshore Patrol Vessel(D) None of the above

3. Recently which of the followingbills was adopted by Parliament ?(A) The Ancient Monumentsand Archaeological Sites andRemains Act 1958(B) Anti-Hijacking Act 1982(C) Foreign Educational Institu-tions Bill 2010(D) None of the above

4. The 98th Indian Science Cong-ress will be held in—(A) Bhopal (B) Chennai(C) Bangalore (D) Mumbai

5. India on March 21, 2010 carriedout vertical launch of—(A) Prithvi (B) Agni(C) BrahMos (D) Akash

6. ISRO recently flight-tested itsheaviest sounding rocket—(A) ATV-DO1(B) ABV-DO2(C) Astra(D) None of the above

7. Recently Women’s ReservationBill was passed by—(A) Rajya Sabha(B) Lok Sabha(C) Both of the above(D) None of the above

8. The Prime Minister of which ofthe following countries recentlyin March 2010 visited India ?(A) Germany (B) Russia(C) China (D) Japan

9. Recently Supreme Court upheldfour per cent reservation inAndhra Pradesh for—

(A) Backward Christians(B) Backward Hindus(C) Backward Muslims(D) None of the above

10. In the last week of March, threeimportant missiles were laun-ched successfully. Which of thefollowing was not among them ?(A) Dhanush (B) Prithvi-II(C) Agni-I (D) Akash

11. Bold Kurukshetra is a recentlyheld joint military exercise bet-ween India and—(A) U.S.A. (B) Singapore(C) Japan (D) Australia

12. Reprocessing agreement wasrecently finalised between Indiaand—(A) U.S.A. (B) Russia(C) Japan (D) Australia

13. The President of which of thefollowing countries recentlysigned into law the $ 17·5 billionHiring Incentive to RestoreEmployment Act (the Hire Act) ?(A) U.S.A. President(B) Japanese President(C) Australian President(D) British Queen

14. Girija Prasad Koirala whorecently passed away was theformer Prime Minister of—(A) Bhutan(B) Nepal(C) Myanmar(D) Sri Lanka

15. Which of the following twocountries recently signed a megagas-pipeline deal ?(A) Iran-Pakistan(B) Iran-Iraq(C) Japan-America(D) India-Iran

16. Which of the following organi-sations was recently recognizedby United Nations Organisation ?(A) CSTO(B) NATO

(C) Arab League(D) None of the above

17. Which of the countries recentlypassed the Historic HealthcareBill ?(A) Russia(B) Germany(C) U.S.A.(D) None of the above

18. START which recently came intonews stands for—(A) Strategic Arms ReductionTreaty(B) Scheduled Arms ReductionTreaty(C) Strategic Alternative Refuel-ling Treaty(D) None of the above

19. Recently 16 European countriesthat use Euro agreed on afinancial safety net for—(A) Greece (B) Poland(C) Germany (D) Albania

20. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India andChina) recently adopted MoscowDeclaration regarding—(A) Agriculture(B) Regional Security(C) Terrorism(D) Cultural Cooperation

21. HIPC which recently came intonews stands for—(A) Heavily Indebted PoorConsumption(B) Heavily Indebted PoorCountries(C) Heavily Indebted PolarCountries(D) None of the above

22. The woman judge who wasrecently elevated as a SupremeCourt Judge is—(A) Reena Kaushal(B) Asma Zehra(C) Gyan Sudha Mishra(D) None of the above

23. Who has been conferred with theprestigious Abel Prize ?

PD/June/2010/2180 “Sooner or later, those who win are those who think they can.”

(A) John Torrence(B) Jeff Bridge(C) Mark Boal(D) None of the above

24. Who was honoured with BestActor award in a Leading Role(Male) under 55th FilmfareAwards ?(A) Amitabh Bachchan(B) Amir Khan(C) Shah Rukh Khan(D) Ajay Devgan

25. The movie which swept the 82ndOscar Awards is—(A) The Blind Side(B) Crazy Heart(C) The Hurt Locker(D) Avatar

26. The Saraswati Samman 2009winner is—(A) Amar Kant(B) Surjit Patar(C) Both (A) and (B)(D) None of the above

27. Amar Kant’s novel ‘InhinHathiyaron Se’ has been selectedfor—(A) Saraswati Samman 2009(B) Vyas Samman 2009(C) Gollapudi Srinivas Award2009(D) None of the above

28. Who among the following hasbeen chosen for Pritzker Prize2010 ?(A) Ryue Nishizawa(B) Kazuyo Sejima(C) Both (A) and (B)(D) None of the above

29. As per the recently conductedsurvey the second most spokenlanguage in India is—(A) Bengali (B) Marathi(C) English (D) Telugu

30. The highest number of Diabeticpatients live in—(A) India (B) Russia(C) China (D) Japan

31. Katie Spotz recently came intonews to cross—(A) Pacific Ocean(B) Atlantic Ocean(C) Indian Ocean(D) None of the above

32. The historic town Curico whichwas recently flattened by earth-quake is situated in—

(A) Chile (B) Argentina(C) Guyana (D) Peru

33. The book—‘A Tale of TwoRevolts–India 1857 and theAmerican Civil Ware’ has beenwritten by—

(A) Shrabani Basu(B) R. C. Bhargava(C) Bruce Comings(D) Rajmohan Gandhi

34. National Technology Day isobserved on—(A) May 12 (B) May 11(C) May 14 (D) May 15

35. At present the reverse repo rateas raised by RBI in its AnnualPolicy Review is—(A) 5·0% (B) 5·75%(C) 3·5% (D) 25%

36. The richest person of the worldas per Forbes’ list is—

(A) Carlos Slim

(B) William Gates-III

(C) Warren Buffett

(D) Mukesh Ambani

37. The richest Indian as per Forbes’list is—(A) Anil Ambani(B) Azim Premji(C) Mukesh Ambani(D) Kushal Pal Singh

38. How many Indians have foundplace in Forbes’ Asia Pacific’sPhilanthropists list ?(A) Five (B) Six(C) Eight (D) Four

39. Which of the following Indianshas recently been inducted intoICC Hall of Fame ?

(A) Sachin Tendulkar

(B) M. S. Dhoni

(C) Anil Kumble

(D) Kapil Dev

40. The Chappell-Hadlee Trophy hasbeen retained by—

(A) New Zealand

(B) Australia

(C) England

(D) West Indies

41. Which Indian has recently beenranked number five Badmintonwoman player of the world ?

(A) Chetan Anand

(B) Saina Nehwal

(C) P. Kashyap

(D) Arvind Bhat

Answers with Hints

Continued on Page 2194

PD/June/2010/2181

Commerce

MADHYA PRADESH P.S.C. STATE SERVICE (Pre.) EXAM., 2008

(Held on 11-1-2009)

Solved Paper

1. In double entry system of Book-keeping transaction means—

(A) Transfer of goods and ser-vices from one person to another

(B) Transfer of goods and ser-vices within the firm(C) Producing and selling goods

(D) None of the above

2. Goods taken for personal usewill be posted in the credit of—(A) Drawings Account(B) Sales Account(C) Purchases Account(D) Cash Account

3. Which of the following equationsis correct ?

(A) Assets = Liabilities+ Owner’s Equity

(B) Assets = Owner’s Equity

(C) Assets + Liabilities= Owner’s Equity

(D) Assets = Liabilities– Owner’s Equity

4. Carriage charges paid on pur-chase of a new machine isdebited to—

(A) Carriage Inward A/c

(B) Cash A/c

(C) Pland & Machinery A/c

(D) Profit & Loss A/c

5. Depreciation on fixed assets is—(A) Source of fund(B) Use of fund(C) No flow of fund(D) All of these

6. All adjustment entries in FinalA/c are written at two places—(A) Trading A/c and BalanceSheet(B) Profit & Loss A/c andBalance Sheet(C) Trading A/c, Profit & LossA/c and Balance Sheet(D) Trading and Profit & LossA/c and Balance sheet

7. A and B are partners sharingprofit & loss in 2 : 5 ratio. Theyadmit C into partnership for a1/4 share. C brings in goodwillin cash which is shared by A andB. New profit sharing ratio of A,B, C will be—(A) 15 : 6 : 7 (B) 6 : 7 : 15(C) 6 : 15 : 7 (D) 7 : 6 : 15

8. A, B and C are partners sharingprofit & loss in 2 : 2 : 1 ratio. Cdies on 31.3.2008. Profit for theyear 2007-08 (ending 31st March,2008) is Rs. 64,000. The share of Cin those profits is—

(A) Rs. 9,600 (B) Rs. 8,200

(C) Rs. 12,800 (D) Rs. 5,800

9. If a partner introduces additionalcapital over and above hisnormal share or gives loans tothe firm he is entitled to getinterest per annum at the rateof—(A) 9% (B) 6%

(C) 12% (D) Bank rate

10. Trading on equity means—

(A) when company has issuedonly the equity capital

(B) when company has issuedonly debenture capital

(C) when company has issuedequity capital and debenturecapital both

(D) when company is plough-ing-back its profits

11. Watered Capital of the companymeans—

(A) Undercapitalisation(B) Overcapitalisation(C) That part of capital which isnot presented through assets(D) Unissued capital

12. Capital Gearing aims at—

(A) Establishing right type ofadjustment among differenttypes of securities

(B) Fair capitalisation(C) Trading on equity(D) All of the above

13. Opportunity cost is used in—(A) Ascertainment of cost ofproduction(B) Cost control(C) Managerial decision-making(D) Fixing sale price

14. The cost informations of a manu-facturing unit are as under—

Rs.

Cost of Material 20,000

Cost of Labour 10,000

Direct Expenses 5,000

Factory Overheads 15,000

Administration Overheads 10,000

Sales and Distribution Expenses 3,000

Cost of production in this casewill be—

(A) Rs. 35,000

(B) Rs. 50,000

(C) Rs. 60,000

(D) Rs. 63,000

15. In which of the following itemsdoes the profit of financial set ofbooks decrease as compared tocost books ?

(A) Rent of the factory building

(B) Selling overheads

(C) Payment of pension to theformer employees of the orga-nisation

(D) Salary paid to the worksmanager

16. Auditor submits his report to—

(A) Chief Executive Officer ofcompany

(B) Creditors of the company

(C) Shareholders of the com-pany

(D) Company Registrar

PD/June/2010/2182

17. Management Audit means—

(A) Audit by management

(B) Audit of ManagementAccount Book(C) Audit of Policies and Per-formance of Management(D) All of the above

18. Stock taking is not the liability ofauditor. In which of the follow-ing cases was this decided ?(A) Kingston Cotton Mill Co.Ltd.(B) The Westminster RoadConstruction and EngineeringCo. Limited(C) London and General Bank(D) None of the above

19. In a formal organisation—(A) Unity of command isfollowed(B) Division of labour is pos-sible(C) Organisation charts areframed and used(D) All of the above

20. The difference between mana-gement and administration wasgiven by—(A) Mayo(B) Oliver Sheldon(C) Fayol(D) F. W. Taylor

21. Span of Management/Controlmeans—(A) Number of subordinates ina department(B) Number of subordinatesworking under a supervisor(C) Numbe of employees in adepartment(D) Number of superiors in adepartment

22. Clauses of the Articles of Asso-ciation can be altered—

(A) By ordinary resolution in anOrdinary General Meeting

(B) By special resolution in theGeneral Meeting

(C) By ordinary resolution in anExtraordinary General Meeting

(D) By special resolution in anExtraordinary General Meeting

23. Who among the following, hasno right to speak in the AnnualGener Meeting ?

(A) Director (B) Auditor(C) Proxy (D) All of these

24. Minutes should be signed by—(A) Chairperson of the meeting(B) Company Secretary(C) Chairperson and Secretaryboth(D) All members present in themeeting

25. A saree manufacturer marks 20%higher price on his sarees. Heallows 10% discount to thecustomer and earns a profit ofRs. 56. The cost of the saree is—(A) Rs. 700 (B) Rs. 600(C) Rs. 800 (D) Rs. 1,000

26. A bag contains 5-rupee, 2-rupee,1-rupee and 50-paise coins. Thesecoins are in the ratio of 4 : 3 : 2 : 1.If the total coins amount to Rs.285, find out the number of eachtype of coins.

(A) 20 of 50 paise, 20 of Re. 1, 20of Rs. 2 and 43 of Rs. 5

(B) 40 of Rs. 5, 30 of RS. 2, 20 ofRe. 1 and 10 of 50 paise

(C) Both (A) and (B)

(D) None of the above

27. In how many years will Rs.5,00,000 become Rs. 5,62,432 at arate of 4% compound interest ?(A) 3·5 years (B) 4 years(C) 3 years (D) 5 years

28. If trade credits are Rs. 10,000,outstanding expenses are 10% ofcreditor, current ratio being 2 : 1,Stock is Rs. 7,000, then theamount of other current assetwill be—(A) Rs. 10,000 (B) Rs. 18,000(C) Rs. 15,000 (D) Rs. 8,000

29. When a right to purchasesecurities is given, it is knownas—(A) Call option(B) Put option(C) Call and put option(D) All of these

30. The important credit ratingagencies working in India are—(A) CRISIL(B) ICRA(C) CARE(D) All of these

31. Which of the following is notincluded in Financial State-ments ?

(A) Profit and Loss A/c alsoknown as Income Statement

(B) Balance Sheet (Statement ofAffairs)

(C) Cash Flow Statement

(D) Directors’ Report

32. Which of the accounting con-cepts does not concern revenuerecognition ?(A) Matching concept(B) Realisation concept(C) Separate entity concept(D) Conservatism concept

33. As per Indian Companies Act,1956 the Balance Sheet of a Com-pany shall be drawn in—(A) Horizontal order only(B) Vertical order only(C) Either horizontal or vertical(D) Horizontal and vertical both

34. The trade discount allowed at thetime of sale is recorded in—

(A) Sales Book

(B) Journal Proper

(C) In discount column of CashBook

(D) Not recorded in the Book ofAccount

35. Which of the following is an itemof capital expenditure ?

(A) Insurance Premium paid forplant and machinery

(B) Sales Tax paid in connectionwith purchase of office equip-ments

(C) Interest on loan taken forpurchasing office furniture

(D) Monthly rent instalmentpaid for the machine taken onhire-purchase system

36. Fixed assets received as a giftwill be credited to—

(A) Donor’s A/c

(B) Capital Reserve A/c

(C) Capital A/c

(D) Profit & Loss A/c

37. On the death of a partner theamount of joint life insurancepolicy should be credited to theCapital A/c of—

PD/June/2010/2183

(A) All partners (includingdeceased one) in their profitsharing ratio

(B) Remaining partners in theirold profit sharing ratio

(C) Remaining partners equally

(D) All partners (includingdeceased) in their capital ratio

38. In the absence of any otheragreement, the interest on thecapital of partners—

(A) Is not paid

(B) Is paid at bank rate if profitis available

(C) @ 6% profit or no profit

(D) @ 6% only if profit available

39. A partner of a firm has goneinsolvent. The loss so causedaccording to Indian PartnershipAct will be shared by solventpartners—

(A) Equally

(B) Profit Sharing Ratio

(C) Capital Ratio

(D) Agreement Basis

40. The following balances appearedin the books of a company on 31March 2008—

Rs.1. Capital Redem-

ption Reserve1,50,000

2. Share PremiumA/c

50,000

3. General Reserve 20,000

4. Debit Balance ofP&L A/c

20,000

Company wants to issue bonusshares. The amount availablewould be—(A) Rs. 2,00,000(B) Rs. 2,20,000(C) Rs. 2,40,000(D) Rs. 1,50,000

41. The following information isavailable about a company—

Stock turnover 10Average collectionperiod

20 days

The ratio of cash tocredit sale

0·8

Closing stock Rs. 9,000

Assume that a year is of 360 days.The amount of trade debtors is—

(A) Rs. 2,480 (B) Rs. 2,778

(C) Rs. 2,760 (D) Rs. 2,800

42. A company has a capital of Rs.10,00,000. Its turnover is 3 times.Margin on sale is 6%. The Returnon Investment will be—(A) 20% (B) 15%(C) 18% (D) 23%

43. If production increases, the fixedcost per unit—(A) Remains constant(B) Increases(C) May increase, may decrease(Anything may happen)

(D) Decreases

44. The cost records of an organi-sation are as under—

1. Raw materials used Rs. 80,000

2. Wages 50% of Raw Material

3. Direct Expenses 10% of RawMaterial

4. Works overhead 40% ofLabour Cost

5. Office overhead 50% of Worksoverhead

Unit produced 4,000The cost per unit would be—(A) Rs. 40 (B) Rs. 38(C) Rs. 42 (D) Rs. 50

45. Which of the following is not theobjective of preparing Recon-ciliation Statement of Cost andFinancial Account ?

(A) To ascertain causes of dif-ferences of profits

(B) To ascertain accuracy of costaccounts

(C) To ascertain completion ofcost accounts

(D) To ascertain accuracy andcompletion of Financial Books

46. The first auditors of the companyare appointed—(A) By the Government

(B) By the Board of Directors

(C) In the Statutory Meeting

(D) By the Shareholder havinglargest amount of capitalinvested in the company

47. ‘An auditor is a watch dog, notthe bloodhound.’ This wascommented by an honourableJudge in the case of—

(A) Kingston Cotton Mill Co.

(B) Imperial Tobacco Co.

(C) Mohri Bibi Vs. Dharmo DasGhosh

(D) Keshav Bharti Vs. Govt. ofIndia

48. If an auditor is not satisfied hewill give—

(A) Clean Report

(B) Qualified Report

(C) Partial Report(D) Interim Report

49. The Delegation of Authoritymeans—(A) Delegation of Powers(B) Delegation of Responsibility(C) Delegation of powers andresponsibility both(D) None of the above

50. Strategy formulation is a partof—(A) Planning(B) Directing(C) Control(D) Communication

51. In testing the difference betweentwo means, the null hypothesisis—(A) There is no significant dif-ference between two means(B) There is significant dif-ference between two means(C) Both means are independent(D) Both means are interde-pendent

52. The responsibility of the Com-pany Secretary is—(A) Statutory only(B) Contractual only(C) Only civil(D) Statutory and Contractualboth

53. A Company Secretary is notauthorised for—(A) Directing, supervising andcontrolling the departmentalactivities(B) Borrowing in the name ofcompany(C) Filing representation onbehalf of the company(D) Signing the documents thatneed certification from the com-pany

PD/June/2010/2184

54. The appointment of CompanySecretary is made by—(A) Government of India(B) Board of Directors(C) Shareholders(D) Institute of CompanySecretaries of India

55. Due to reduction of interest ratefrom 8% to 7·5% by bank, oneman got Rs. 600 less as comparedto early annual receipts. Theamount deposited in the bankis—(A) Rs. 1,00,000(B) Rs. 1,50,000(C) Rs. 1,20,000(D) Rs. 2,00,000

56. A, B and C are partners in abusiness. A invested Rs. 10,000for 5 months, B invested Rs.20,000 for 3 months and Cinvested Rs. 25,000 for 4 months.In the end business resulted in aprofit of Rs. 6,300. The share ofpartners will be as under—

(A) A Rs. 2,000, B Rs. 1,300, CRs. 3,000

(B) A Rs. 1,500, B Rs. 1,800, CRs. 3,000

(C) A Rs. 3,000, B Rs. 1,500, CRs. 1,800

(D) A Rs. 1,800, B Rs. 1,500, CRs. 3,000

57. Net working capital means—

(A) Total of all current assets

(B) Total of all liquid assets

(C) Excess of current assets overcurrent liabilities

(D) Cash at bank + cash in hand

58. Which of the following is not E-commerce ?(A) E-marketing(B) E-banking(C) E-governance(D) All of these

59. The functions of SEBI includes—

(A) Registration of marketplayers

(B) Regulation of primary andsecondary markets

(C) Protection of investors(D) All of the above

60. Which of the following state-ments is true ?

(A) Mutinational Corporationscome into existence as a result ofinternational Politics

(B) The volume of business ofMultinational Corporation inIndia has widened after accept-ing the new economic policyencompassing liberalisation,globalisation and privatisation

(C) There are number of Multi-national Corporations originatedand registered in India andmaking business outside thecountry

(D) All of the above

61. Accounting is—(A) An Art(B) A Science(C) A Profession(D) All of these

62. The Institute of CharteredAccountants of India was esta-blished in the year—(A) 1947 (B) 1949(C) 1951 (D) 1956

63. Accounting Standard Boardissuing Accounting Standards inIndia belongs to—

(A) Ministry of Finance

(B) Company Law Board

(C) The Institute of CharteredAccountants of India

(D) None of the above

64. Which of the following Account-ing Standards relates toaccounting for fixed assets ?

(A) AS 3 (B) AS 10(C) AS 14 (D) AS 16

65. Which of the following state-ments is true ?

(A) Accounting and Book-keeping are synonymous

(B) Book-keeping and Account-ing are complementary to eachother

(C) Accounting starts fromwhere Book-keeping ends

(D) Both (B) and (C)

66. The Generally Accepted Account-ing Principles (GAAP) aim at—

(A) Uniformity in accountingpractices

(B) Uniform accounting prac-tices in all enterprises

(C) Acceptance of globalisation,liberalisation and privatisation inthe field of accounting(D) All of the above

67. Revenue is realised—(A) when sales order is received(B) when goods are sold(C) when cash is received(D) when goods are received bythe purchaser

68. Personal Account relates to—(A) Persons(B) All artificial and naturalpersons(C) Representative PersonalAccounts(D) All of the above

69. The cost of erection of an oldmachine will be posted in thecredit side of—

(A) Cash Account

(B) Machinery Account

(C) Repairs and RenewalAccount

(D) None of the above

70. Outstanding Wages is—(A) Nominal Account(B) Real Account(C) Personal Account(D) Current Account

71. Adjustment Entry for rent recei-ved in advance would be—(A) Cash A/c Dr.

To Rent Received in Advance A/c

(B) Cash A/c Dr.To Rent A/c

(C) Rent A/c Dr.To Rent Received Advance A/c

(D) Advance Rent A/c Dr.To Rent A/c

72. Accounting treatment of aCapital Expenditure as RevenueExpenditure creates—(A) General Reserve(B) Revenue Reserve(C) Capital Reserve(D) Secret Reserve

73. Partnership comes into existencethrough—

(A) Introduction(B) Promotion

PD/June/2010/2185

(C) Contract(D) Situation

74. Partnership Deed is always—(A) Written(B) Oral(C) Written or Oral(D) Written and Oral

75. The number of partners in apartnership firm is—(A) Uncertain(B) Unlimited(C) Decided by partners(D) Limited

76. In the absence of partnershipagreement the profit is shared bythe partners—(A) equally(B) on the basis of capitalinvested(C) on the basis of decision ofthe court(D) on the basis of time spent

77. At the time of admission of anew partner the capital broughtby him is shared among existingpartners—(A) equally(B) on the basis of capital of theolder partners(C) on the basis of sacrifice done(D) untrue statement

78. Because of Retirement/Death ofa partner—(A) Partnership is dissolved(B) Partnership firm is dis-solved(C) Partnership and partnershipfirm both are dissolved(D) None of the above

79. The minimum amount called onapplication for issue of shares is……… of face value.(A) 5% (B) 25%(C) 30% (D) 40%

80. Shares can be issued—(A) At par(B) At discount(C) At premium(D) All of the above

81. After re-issue of forfeited sharesthe balance of forfeited shareaccount is transferred to—(A) General Reserve(B) Profit & Loss A/c

(C) Capital Reserve(D) None of these

82. The debentureholders of a com-pany are company’s—(A) Owners(B) Creditors(C) Customers(D) All of these

83. Which of the following is not acurrent asset ?(A) Land and Building(B) Debtors(C) Stock(D) Cash at bank

84. The analysis of publishedaccounts benefits—

(A) Shareholders

(B) Debentureholders

(C) Employees

(D) All of these

85. The object of cost accounting is—

(A) Ascertainment of Cost

(B) Valuation of Stock

(C) Cost Control

(D) All of these

86. Which of the following does notconstitute part of costing ?

(A) Prime cost

(B) Factory cost

(C) Opportunity cost

(D) Office and Administrationcost

87. Direct costs are those which varydirectly with—(A) Sales(B) Profit(C) Production(D) Time

88. Which of the following is not anindirect expense ?

(A) Factory Overhead(B) Direct Labour(C) Office Overhead(D) Advertisement

89. Which of the following appearsin Cost Accounts and not inProfit and Loss Account ?

(A) Raw Materials

(B) Rent of hosue of the ownerof business(C) Works overhead

(D) Selling and distributionexpenses

90. Tender Price means—(A) Quotation Price(B) Probable Sale Price(C) Price informed to the custo-mer(D) All of the above

91. The audit of a Joint Stock PublicCompany is done—(A) compulsorily(B) voluntarily(C) at the direction of Govern-ment(D) on demand of shareholders

92. The audit aims at—

(A) Examination of correctnessof books of accounts(B) Examination of truthfulnessof books of accounts(C) Examination of the authenti-city of books of account(D) All of the above

93. Current audit is also known as—(A) Internal Audit(B) Periodic Audit(C) Continuous Audit(D) Interim Audit

94. Vouching relates to—(A) Cash receipts(B) Cash payments(C) Credit transactions(D) All of these

95. The status of the auditor in acompany is that of—(A) an employee(B) a trustee(C) an independent professio-nal(D) all of these

96. To submit the audit report is—(A) Right of Auditor(B) Liability of Auditor(C) Duty of Auditor(D) All of these

97. F. W. Taylor is known as a fatherof—(A) Scientific Management

(B) Management by Objectives

(C) Human Relation basedManagement

(D) Management by Motivation

PD/June/2010/2186

98. The person who propoundedtheory X and theory Y in Mana-gement, is—(A) Abraham Maslow(B) Henry Fayol(C) Elton Mayo(D) Douglas McGregor

99. Management Planning processbegins with—(A) Policies(B) Programme(C) Goals and objectives(D) Procedure

100. Decision-making is—(A) A mental process(B) An intellectual process(C) A universal functional pro-cess(D) All of the above

101. Which of the following is a non-verbal communication ?(A) Body language(B) Letter(C) Speech(D) Poem

102. Which of the following is not apart of managerial process ?(A) Planning(B) Accounting(C) Coordination(D) Directing

103. A company secretary has to be—(A) Firm or body corporate(B) Registered with Securities& Exchange Board of India (SEBI)(C) Person with desired pro-fessional degree(D) Part of any Secretarialagency

104. Annual General Meeting can becalled by—(A) Managing Director(B) Shareholders(C) Board of Directors(D) Company Secretary

105. A share certificate is required tobe signed by—(A) Company Secretary(B) Two Directors

(C) Two directors and Com-pany Secretary

(D) All directors and CompanySecretary

106. A Company Secretary shouldhave sound knowledge of—(A) Company Law(B) Tax Laws(C) Labour Laws(D) All of these

107. The duties of Company Secretaryregarding company meetings arerestricted upto—(A) Before company meeting(B) During company meeting(C) After company meeting(D) In all the above situations

108. Transmission of shares takesplace in the following case—(A) Sale of shares(B) Theft of shares(C) Operation of any law(D) All of these

109. Statistics is the—(A) Science of Counting(B) Science of Averages(C) Arithmetic of humanwelfare(D) All of the above

110. The average of the nos. 2, 4, 6, 8,10, 12, 14 and 16 is—(A) 9 (B) 10·2(C) 8·6 (D) 11

111. In a symmetrical distribution therelationship of averages is—(A) Mean < Median < Mode(B) Mean > Median > Mode(C) Mean = Median = Mode(D) Could be anything

112. Which of the following state-ments does not hold true in thecase of ratio ?

(A) Ratio dentoes the relationbetween the same two quantities

(B) Ratio has a definite unit

(C) Ratio remains unchangedon multiplying or dividing bothqualities by a number

(D) Ratios can be expressed infraction also

113. In how many years will Rs. 9,000become Rs. 10,890 at the rate of6% simple interest ?

(A) 3 years(B) 3 years 6 months(C) 4 years(D) 2 years

114. A sum of money placed at acompound interest doubles itselfin 5 years. In how many yearswill this amount become 16times ?(A) In 15 years(B) In 40 years(C) In 16 years(D) In 20 years

115. Entrepreneurship is—(A) An Art(B) A Science(C) A Profession(D) All of these

116. On Stock Exchange the followingare transacted—(A) Only securities(B) Only commodities(C) Listed securities only(D) Commercial papers

117. Multi-national Corporations—(A) support the cause ofSwadeshi(B) develop Swadeshi Move-ment(C) oppose Swadeshi Concept(D) benefit Swadeshi Cause

118. Which of the following is notrelated with Business Environ-ment ?(A) International EconomicEnvironment(B) ISO 14000(C) Political Circumstances(D) Economic Policies of theGovernment

119. Which of the following terms isE-commerce ?(A) B2B(B) B2C(C) C2C

(D) All of these

120. The application of computers inbusiness has enhanced—

(A) Productivity of workers

(B) Profitability of organisation

(C) The promptness in disposalof work

(D) All of the above

Answers with Hints

PD/June/2010/2188

P.Darpan

Continued from page 2175

Sovereign wealth funds—Fundswhich manage and invest the nationalsavings of countries in assets forbenefiting the economy. These fundsare rapidly moving to the forefront ofinternational finance. Countries likeSingapore and Norway are pioneersin managing such funds.

Tax haven—A country wherecompanies or individuals may legallytake advantage of lower taxation

levels. Mauritius is a prime exampleof a tax haven.

Treasury bills—It is a short termdebt security issued by a governmentat a value that is lower than its parvalue. The difference represents theinterest on the security.

Underwriter—A firm, usually aninvestment bank that guarantees theminimum estimated proceeds to thecompany from sale of securities there-by taking responsibility of owner-ship. In the initial public offeringsIPOs of companies selling sharesthere is always an underwriterguaranteeing the issue.

Unsecured loan—When loan isgiven without taking any security(assets) from the borrower it is con-sidered as unsecured. The lenderdoes not have any security to encashin case the borrower fails to returnthe loan amount. Bank personal loansand credit card outstandings are per-fect examples of unsecured loans.

Venture capital—An investmentin a new business that is consideredto have excellent growth prospectsbut does not have adequate means offinance. It is typically the kind offinancing sought by start up compa-nies with proper business planswanting to grow fast. Micro financecompanies in India are presently thefocus and interest of many venturecapitalists.

Vertical merger—Merger of avendor and a customer as distinctfrom a merger of two firms havingthe same product line.

Wealth management—A type offinancial services that combines per-sonal investments, tax planningstrategies, estate planning and legalcounsel. It is designed to provide abroad range of services within onecompany.

Year on year yoy—Compared tothe same time period in the previousyear. It is used to indicate the changesin a particular index during the sameperiod spread over two years.

Yield to Maturity (YTM)—Yieldthat would be realized on a fixedincome security or bond if the securitywas held until the maturity date. Itwould be greater than the currentyield if the security is selling at adiscount and less than the currentyield if the security is selling at apremium. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2189

Agriculture

UTTAR PRADESH LECTURERS EXAM., 2009

(Held on 24-1-2010)

(Based on Memory)

Solved Paper

61. Jalpriya is a variety of—(A) Maize (B) Jowar(C) Paddy (D) Barley

62. Sugarcane + Potato is an inter-cropping system of—(A) Autumn season(B) Zaid season(C) Spring season(D) Rainy season

63. Seed-rate of potato per hectareis—(A) 25 quintal/hectare(B) 10 quintal/hectare(C) 15 quintal/hectare(D) 40 quintal/hectare

64. Deficiency symptoms of calciumon plants first appear at—(A) Lower leaves(B) Middle leaves(C) Terminal leaves (D) All leaves

65. Which weedicide is used to killbroad leaf weeds in wheat ?(A) 2, 4 - D.S.S. (WPSS)(B) 2, 4, 5 - T(C) 2, 4 - DB(D) None of these

66. Maya is the variety of—(A) Potato (B) Gram(C) Pea (D) Mustard

67. The weed that causes Asthmais—(A) Hirankhuri(B) Bathua(C) Parthenium(D) Krishna Neel

68. Which crop requires maximumamount of nitrogen ?(A) Potato (B) Wheat(C) Barley (D) Sugarcane

69. First dwarf variety of paddydeveloped in India is—

(A) Jaya (B) Saket-4(C) Govind (D) Narendra-97

10. Sprinkler irrigation is suitable,where the soil has—

(A) Clayey texture

(B) Loamy texture

(C) Undulating topography

(D) All of these

11. Endosulphan is also known as—(A) Lindane (B) Thiodan(C) Aldrin (D) B.H.C.

12. Which of the following issystemic poison ?

(A) Metasystox(B) Phosphomidan(C) Phorate(D) All of these

13. DDVP is known as—

(A) Nuvan (B) Malathion

(C) Thiodan (D) Sulfex

14. Seed treatment with Vitavex isthe main controlling method of—(A) Loose smut(B) Rust(C) Downy mildew(D) All of these

15. Covered smut of barley is adisease of—(A) Externally seed-borne(B) Internally seed-borne(C) Air-borne(D) None of these

16. Which of the following cakes isnot edible ?(A) Castor cake(B) Mustard cake(C) Sesame cake(D) Groundnut cake

17. In India, about 142 millionhectare land is under—(A) Cultivation(B) Waste land(C) Forest(D) Eroded land

18. The headquarters of IndianMeteorological Department wasestablished in 1875 at—

(A) New Delhi

(B) Hyderabad

(C) Pune

(D) Calcutta

19. Moisture condensed in smalldrops upon cool surface iscalled—(A) Hail (B) Dew(C) Snow (D) Fog

20. How many agro-climatic zones(ACZ) are found in India ?(A) 16 (B) 18(C) 15 (D) 20

21. Tilt angle of a disc plough isgenerally—(A) 10° (B) 15°

(C) 20° (D) 45°

22. Pudding is done to—(A) Reduce percolation of water(B) Pulverise and levelling soil(C) Kill weeds(D) All of the above

23. The Community DevelopmentProgramme (CDP) was started inIndia on—

(A) 2nd October, 1950

(B) 2nd October, 1952(C) 2nd October, 1951(D) None of these

24. The main unit of Integrated RuralDevelopment Programme is—(A) Family (B) Village(C) Block (D) District

25. Element of Communication is—(A) Message (B) Feedback(C) Channel (D) All of these

26. The first Kshetriya Gramin Bank(KGB) was opened in India is—

(A) 1972 (B) 1980(C) 1975 (D) 1969

PD/June/2010/2190

27. The main function of NABARDis—(A) Farmers' loaning(B) Agricultural research(C) Refinancing to agriculturalfinancing institutions(D) Development of agriculture

28. Rent theory of profit was givenby—(A) Hawley (B) C.P. Blacker(C) Tanssig (D) F.A. Walker

29. In L.D.R., the profit will be maxi-mum when—(A) MC = MP (B) MC > MP(C) MP = TP (D) MP > TP

30. The period of 11th Five Year Planis—(A) 2000-2005 (B) 2002-2007(C) 2007-2012 (D) 2008-2012

31. Acid rain contains mainly—(A) PO4 (B) NO2

(C) NO3 (D) CH4

32. Cell Organelle found only inplants are—(A) Mitochondria(B) Golgi complex(C) Ribosomes(D) Plastids

33. Proteins are synthesized in—(A) Centrosomes(B) Ribosomes(C) Mitochondria(D) Golgi bodies

34. Milk fever is caused due to thedeficiency of—(A) P (B) Ca(C) Mg (D) K

35. Milk sugar is a type of—(A) Glucose (B) Sucrose(C) Lactose (D) Fructose

36. Muriate of Potash is—(A) K2SO4 (B) KCl(C) K2HPO4 (D) KNO3

37. Azotobacter fixes atmosphericnitrogen in the soil by—(A) Symbiotically(B) Non-symbiotically(C) Both (A) and (B)(D) None of these

38. The chemical formula of ironpyrites is—(A) FeSO4 (B) FeS(C) FeS2 (D) Fe2(SO4)3

39. Rock phosphates are used in—(A) Saline soil(B) Sodic soil(C) Acidic soil(D) Neutral soil

40. Intervenous chlorosis is causeddue to the deficiency of—(A) N (B) Mg(C) S (D) Fe

41. Kinnow is the hybrid varietyof—(A) Citrus (B) Orange(C) Mandarin (D) Lemon

42. The permanent preservative,which is used for preservation offruit and vegetables, is—

(A) Sodium chloride

(B) Potassium metabisulphate

(C) Potassium sulphate

(D) Sugar

43. Whip tail disease of caulifloweris caused by deficiency of—(A) Nitrogen(B) Boron(C) Molybdenum(D) Zinc

44. The word ‘Agriculture’ is derivedfrom—(A) Greek (B) Latin(C) Arabic (D) French

45. Motha (Grass nut) belongs to thefamily of—(A) Cruciferae(B) Tiliaceae(C) Cyperaceae(D) Graminaceae

46. Which of the followings are shortday crops ?

(A) Maize, Lobia, Bajra

(B) Wheat, Mustard, Gram

(C) Moong, Soybean, Bajra

(D) Wheat, Soybean, Bajra

47. What is the sequence of C4plants ?

(A) Sudangrass – Sugarcane –Paddy – Bajra

(B) Sugarcane – Maize – Sudangrass – Bajra

(C) Sugarcane – Cotton – Paddy– Maize

(D) Cotton – Maize – Bajra –Sugarcane

48. Match List-I (crops) with List-II(water requirement) and selectyour answer from the code givenbelow—

List-I

(a) Jowar (b) Soybean(c) Cotton (d) Groundnut

List–II

1. 140 mm – 300 mm2. 350 mm – 450 mm3. 200 mm – 300 mm4. 300 mm – 350 mmCodes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 3 1 2 4(B) 4 2 3 1(C) 1 4 2 3(D) 3 1 4 2

49. In which state, are there biggestarea, highest production andnumber of Sugar Mills in relationto Sugarcane ?(A) Maharashtra(B) Bihar(C) Uttar Pradesh(D) Andhra Pradesh

50. Which is not prepared by potato ?(A) Acetic Acid(B) Paper(C) Wine(D) Fanina

51. Uttar Pradesh is occupying whichplace in India, for Guava pro-duction ?(A) Second (B) First(C) Third (D) Fifth

52. Which of the following is TPSvariety of Potato ?(A) JH 222 (B) Chipsona-II

(C) Anand (D) HPS-1/113

53. What is VAM ?(A) Virus (B) Bacteria(C) Algae (D) Fungi

54. What is the main function of zincin the plants ?

(A) Synthesis of nitrogen(B) Synthesis of phosphorus(C) Required for synthesis ofTryptophos(D) To increase activity of theboron

55. What is the area in floriculture(in 000 hectare) in India ?

PD/June/2010/2191

(A) 40 – 50(B) 60 – 80(C) 100 – 120(D) None of these

56. Which of the following factorsdoes not affect the nitrification ?(A) Air(B) Seed(C) Temperature(D) Moisture

57. Which is the correct sequence ofsoil erosion ?(A) Rill – Sheet – Gulley(B) Gulley – Sheet – Rill(C) Sheet – Rill – Gulley(D) Sheet – Gulley – Rill

58. Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) shouldnot be mixed with—(A) D.A.P.(B) Compost fertilizer(C) Ammonium Chloride(D) Urea

59. Insecticides are specific inhibitorsof—(A) Excretory system(B) Digestive system(C) Nervous system(D) Blood Circulatory system

60. The credit for the success ofKrishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK)goes to—(A) Dr. R. S. Paroda(B) Dr. Chandrika Prasad(C) Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta(D) Dr. Mangla Rai

61. Cauliflower belongs to thefamily—(A) Cruciferae(B) poacae(C) Malvaceae(D) Leguminaceae

62. Which type of soil is best forknolkhol ?(A) Loam(B) Clayey loam(C) Silty clayey loam(D) Clay

63. Which of the following soil typeis most suitable for garlic culti-vation ?(A) Loamy sand(B) Sandy loam(C) Loam(D) Clay

64. Average planting distance (R × P)of guava is—

(A) 5 m × 5 m (B) 6 m × 6 m

(C) 8 m × 8 m (D) 10 m × 10 m

65. Which of the following soil typehas the highest field capacity ?(A) Loam(B) Silty loam(C) Clayey loam(D) Clay

66. The trade name of phorate is—(A) Temic (B) Thiodan(C) Phortox (D) Metasystox

67. The sprayers are cleaned beforeuse by—

(A) 1% chlorine water

(B) 1% hydrochloric acid

(C) 1% ammonia water

(D) 1% bromine water

68. The cyanogas pump is a /an—(A) Duster (B) Fumigator(C) Sprayer (D) Emulsifier

69. The main reason of Irish Faminein Potato was—

(A) Late Blight disease

(B) Bacterial Blight disease

(C) Blast disease

(D) Ear Cockle disease

70. The instrument, which is usedfor sowing of seed withfertilizer together at a time, is—

(A) Seed drill

(B) Dibbler

(C) Seed sowing behind plough

(D) Ferti-cum Seed drill

71. Seed treatment is done to con-trol—(A) Soil-borne disease(B) Air-borne disease(C) Seed-borne disease(D) None of these

72. Salt tolerant crop is—(A) Cowpea (B) Field pea(C) Garlic (D) Longmelon

73. Which of the following is not adairy breed of cattle ?(A) Sahiwal (B) Sindhi(C) Nagore (D) All these

74. Stored grains can be saved frominsect damage, if the grainmoisture content is—

(A) < 10%(B) > 10%(C) 10%(D) None of these

75. Which of the following pesticideshas been banned in India ?(A) Rogor(B) DDT(C) Metasystox(D) Dimecron

76. Pulses fit well in croppingsystem as they are—(A) Short duration crops(B) Disease resistant crops(C) Long duration crops(D) Moisture stress resistantcrops

77. Wheat is a—(A) Cash crop(B) Cereal crop(C) Covered crop(D) None of these

78. Autumn sugarcane is planted inmonth of—(A) February-March(B) July(C) October(D) December

79. Seed-rate for timely sown wheatis—(A) 75 kg/ha (B) 100 kg/ha(C) 125 kg/ha (D) 150 kg/ha

80. Most critical stage in wheat forirrigation is—(A) C.R.I. (B) Flowering(C) Milk (D) Dough

81. Name of most popular variety ofwheat in Uttar Pradesh is—(A) PBW – 343(B) U.P. – 2338(C) K – 7903(D) K – 9107

82. KPG – 59 (Udai) is a variety of—(A) Field pea(B) Vegetable pea(C) Lentil(D) Gram

83. In plain, Rajma is cultivatedduring—(A) Kharif(B) Rabi(C) Zaid(D) None of these

PD/June/2010/2192

84. Which crop is recommended forZaid season cultivation in UttarPradesh ?(A) Vegetable pea(B) Groundnut(C) Barley(D) Lentil

85. The most efficient use of potas-sium is achieved by—(A) Broadcasting at the sowingtime(B) Top dressing after onemonth of sowing(C) Basal placement at the sow-ing time(D) Foliar spray

86. The term ‘Extension’ was firstused in—(A) U.K. (B) U.S.A.(C) India (D) France

87. The first K.V.K. (Krishi VigyanKendra) in India was establishedin—(A) Bombay(B) Port Blair(C) Pondicherry(D) Madras

88. ATMA is related to—(A) NARP(B) NAARM(C) NREP(D) None of these

89. Albert Mayer is the name asso-ciated with—(A) Nilokheri DevelopmentProject(B) Firka Development Project(C) Etawah Pilot Project(D) Shriniketan Project

90. Co-operative Credit Societies Actwas passed in India in—(A) 1902 (B) 1904(C) 1906 (D) 1912

91. Maximum photosynthesis takesplace in—(A) Blue light(B) Red light(C) Violet light(D) Green light

92. Farm Planning means—(A) Farm Budgetting(B) Cropping pattern(C) Type of enterprises(D) None of these

93. The first product of photo-synthesis in C3 plant is—

(A) Pyruvic acid(B) Phospho-glyceric acid(C) Oxalo-acetic acid(D) Succinic acid

94. Bending of plants towards lightis called—(A) Phototropism(B) Vernalisation(C) Photo-respiration(D) None of these

95. Germination is inhibited by—(A) Red light (B) Blue light(C) U.V. light (D) I.R. light

96. The best method of milking is—(A) Knuckling method(B) Fisting method(C) Stripping method(D) None of these

97. Line breeding is a type of—(A) Inbreeding(B) Outbreeding(C) Natural breeding(D) None of these

98. Match List-I with List-II andselect answer from the codesgiven below—

List-I(a) White Revolution(b) Grey Revolution(c) Blue Revolution(d) Green Revolution

List-II1. Fertilizer production2. Fish production3. Cereal production4. Milk productionCodes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 4 1 2 3(B) 1 2 3 4(C) 2 4 3 1(D) 1 3 4 2

99. ‘Tharparkar’ breed of cow is—(A) Milch breed(B) Working breed(C) Dual purpose breed(D) None of these

100. Cow and buffalo belong to thefamily—(A) Bovidae (B) Suidae(C) Equidae (D) Cammelidae

101. What is the contribution ofAnimal Husbandry Sector in theagricultural growth ?

(A) 10% (B) 12% – 15%(C) 7% – 9% (D) 5%

102. How many labourers arerequired to run a 30 cows milchherd ?(A) 8 (B) 6(C) 4 (D) 10

103. What is the availability of perday per capita milk in Indiapresently (2008-09) ?(A) 229 gram(B) 239 gram(C) 219 gram(D) 252 gram

104. Which place is occupied by Indiain egg production ?(A) First (B) Second(C) Third (D) Fourth

105. How much calories (cal) may beobtained from 100 gram chickenegg ?(A) 175 cal (B) 180 cal(C) 160 cal (D) 130 cal

106. Main function of biofertilizer is—

(A) To increase chemical process

(B) To increase physiologicalprocess

(C) To increase biologicalprocess

(D) To increase photosynthesisprocess

107. How much tomato average pro-duction (q.) may be yield fromone hectare ?(A) 100 (B) 105-150(C) 250 (D) 160-275

108. Which type of soil is found nearthe canal banks ?(A) Acidic and alkaline(B) Acidic(C) Alkaline(D) None of these

109. Which one is not biofertilizer ?(A) Multiflex(B) PSB(C) Vermicompost(D) NADEP

110. In which form is nitrogen absor-bed by paddy under waterlog-ged condition ?

PD/June/2010/2193

(A) NH4 ion (B) Nitrate ion(C) NO2 ion (D) N2

111. Which one of the following donot relate to groundnut ?(A) Brazil(B) 2n = 40(C) Pink disease(D) Tikka disease

112. Which of the following is pro-duced highest in India ?(A) Mango (B) Banana(C) Papaya (D) Grapes

113. The optimum temperature forthe Banana crop is—

(A) 30°C (B) 23°C

(C) 21·5°C (D) 26·5°C

114. Which one of the followingvarieties has been selected todevelop Narendra Aonla-6variety ?(A) Chakaiya(B) Hathijhool(C) Banarasi(D) Narendra Aonla-6

115. Red soil is poor in which of thefollowing nutrients ?

(A) Phosphorus and Sulphur(B) Phosphorus and Nitrogen(C) Nitrogen and Zinc(D) Nitrogen and Potassium

116. A farming system in whichairable crops are grown in alleysformed by trees or shrubs, toestablish soil fertility and toenhance soil productivity, isknown as—

(A) Relay cropping(B) Multiple cropping(C) Alley cropping(D) Mixed cropping

117. The cropping intensity ofGroundnut + Arhar – Sugarcaneis—(A) 200% (B) 300%(C) 150% (D) 250%

118. The scented variety of paddyis—

(A) Jaya (B) Bala(C) Type-3 (D) Type-1

119. From which language is the word‘Agronomy’ taken ?(A) Latin (B) Greek(C) French (D) German

120. Tarameera is belonged to whichfamily ?(A) Cruciferae(B) Linaceae(C) Compositae(D) Graminae

121. The size of clay particles are—(A) 1·0 mm(B) 0·2 – 0·02 mm(C) < 0·02 mm(D) < 0·002 mm

122. When one plant has both maleand female flowers separately, iscalled—(A) Monophrodits(B) Monoecious(C) Hermaphrodite(D) Apomixis

123. Aamrapali is the cross of—(A) Neelam × Dashaheri(B) Dashaheri × Langra(C) Langra × Dashaheri(D) Dashaheri × Neelam

124. Seed-plot technique is adoptedin—(A) Onion (B) Potato(C) Sugarcane (D) Tomato

125. The origin of litchi is—(A) India (B) Philippines(C) China (D) Burma

Answers with Hints

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It was in this background thatIran wanted to draw the attention ofInternational community to largerissue of nuclear disarmament andright to peaceful use of nuclear energythrough this conference. Whileasserting the right of peaceful use ofnuclear energy, Iran called the US,the World’s only nuclear scofflaw, forits advocating arm control whileholding huge nuclear arsenal. Theconference called for an independentInternational group to be set up toplan and oversee nuclear disarma-ment and prevent proliferation asthe present international nuclearmechanisms are discriminatory.

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2195

Geography

UGC-NET/JRF EXAMINATION, 2007(Held in Dec. 2007)

Paper-II

(Based on Memory)

Solved Paper

Note—This paper contains fiftyobjective-type questions, each ques-tion carrying two marks. Attempt allof them.

61. Which one of the followingforces is responsible for synclineformation ?

(A) Crustal faulting

(B) Crustal rifting

(C) Crustal compression

(D) Crustal sinking

62. Pediplains and inselbergs arefeatures of the old stage of whichcycle of erosion ?(A) Glacial (B) Karst(C) Arid (D) Marine

63. Which of the following termsdoes not indicate similar pro-cesses ?(A) Diastrophism(B) Folding(C) Exfoliation(D) Warping

64. In which of the following thedirection of flow of streams iscontrolled by rock structure ?(A) Consequent(B) Subsequent(C) Insequent(D) Obsequent

65. Match List-I with List-II andmark the correct answer in thecodes given below—

List-I

(a) Wind erosion(b) Ground water depletion(c) Glacial Deposition(d) River erosion

List-II

1. Drumlins2. Stalagmites3. Barkhans4. Peneplains

Codes :(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) 3 2 1 4(B) 2 1 4 3(C) 2 4 3 1(D) 4 2 3 1

66. What is recorded with the helpof a hydrograph ?(A) Wind velocity(B) Vapour retention(C) Relative humidity(D) Water discharge

07. The increase in the chlorofluro-carbon in the atmosphere isassociated with—(A) Ozone depletion(B) Sea level rise(C) Aquatic life depletion(D) Intense sonic pollution

68. What is the point of origin of anearthquake called ?(A) Quake centre(B) Epicentre(C) Seismic focus(D) Tectonic point

69. Surface inversion of temperatureis a phenomenon related to—(A) Increase in temperature withincrease in elevation(B) Decrease in temperaturewith increasing elevation(C) Decrease in temperaturewith decreasing elevation(D) Increase in temperaturewith decreasing elevation

10. Who had used the concept ofevapo transpiration in climateclassification ?(A) Thornthwaite(B) Koppen(C) Kendrew(D) Austin Miller

11. Eustatic changes in the sea levelsare caused by—

(A) Ice ages(B) Epirogenic movements(C) Orogenic movements(D) Isostatic changes

12. Which of the following is a coralisland ?(A) Tasmania(B) Lakshadweep(C) Maldives(D) Rameswaram

13. In which of the following Statesthe Chipco movement wasstarted ?(A) Madhya Pradesh(B) Jharkhand(C) Uttaranchal(D) Rajasthan

14. Which one of the following isTaiga biome ?(A) Sub-Arctic biome(B) Sub-Saharan biome(C) Savanna grass(D) None of the above

15. Match List–I with List–II andselect the correct answer fromthe codes given below—

List–I(a) Coral Reef(b) Shoal(c) Abyssal Plain(d) Continental Slope

List–II1. Organic ocean deposit2. Deep, relatively flat surface

of the ocean floor3. Steep descent from the shelf

break4. Detatched elevation with

shallow depthsCodes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 2 3 1 4(B) 1 4 2 3(C) 3 2 4 1(D) 4 1 3 2

PD/June/2010/2196

16. Given below are two statements,one labelled as Assertion (A) andthe other lebelled as Reason (R).Select your answer from thecodes given below—Assertion (A) : Ritter did notstate the relationship betweenhistory and geography as clearlyas Humboldt.Reason (R) : Immanual Kantunderstood the relationshipbetween history and geographymuch more clearly than Ritter.Codes :(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct

and (R) explains (A)(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct,

but (R) does not explain (A)(C) (A) is correct, but (R) is false(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true

17. The book ‘COSMOS’ ofAlexander Von Humboldt wasbased on his travel to one of thefollowing continents—(A) Asia(B) North America(C) Europe(D) South America

18. Given below are two statements,one labelled as Assertion (A) andthe other labelled as Reason (R).Select your answer from thecodes given below—

Assertion (A) : Humboldt had noimmediate followers in academiccircle in Germany, since he neveroccupied any academic position.

Reason (R) : The real followers ofHumboldt scientific travellers.

Codes :(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct

and (R) explains (A)

(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct,but (R) does not explain (A)

(C) (A) is correct, but (R) is false

(D) (A) is false, but (R) is correct

19. “Nature does not drive manalong a particular road, but itoffers a number of opportunitiesfrom among which man is free toselect”. This statement implies—(A) Deterministic approach(B) Possibilistic approach(C) Deterministic and possibi-listic both approach(D) Probabilistic approach

20. Match the following List–I withList–II and select the correctanswer from the codes givenbelow—

List-I(Name of Geographers)

(a) Alexander Von Humboldt(b) Ellen Churchil Semple(c) Peter Haggett(d) Jean Brunhes

List-II(Name of Country)

1. France 2. U.K.3. U.S.A. 4. Germany

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 4 2 3 1(B) 1 2 3 4(C) 4 3 2 1(D) 2 3 1 4

21. Urban environmental degrada-tion is caused by variousfactors—

1. Suspended Particular Matter(SPM)

2. Polluted Water

3. Carbondioxide

4. Vehicular emission

Choose the correct answer—

(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct(B) 2 and 4 are correct(C) 2 and 3 are correct(D) 1 and 4 are correct

22. An increase in urban populationtakes place at a rate much fasterthan rural populations because—(A) Urban population has highbirth rate(B) Rural population has highdeath rate(C) Large number of peoplemigrate to urban centres(D) Urban centres offer betterscope for employment

23. The most important criterion forclassification of towns is—(A) Population(B) Site(C) Shape(D) Functions

24. A high and gradually decliningfertility of over 30 per thousandand a sharply reduced mortality

rate of over 15 per thousand ischaracteristic of demographictransition of—(A) First stage(B) Second stage(C) Third stage(D) Last stage

25. When the population density ofan area is obtained throughdivision of the total populationby the total agricultural area it istermed—(A) Arithmetic density(B) Agricultural density(C) Economic density(D) Physiological density

26. North Atlantic Oceanic route isthe World's most importantroute because—(A) There is Labrodor cold-water current(B) There are developed nationson both sides(C) There is U.S.A. on the westcoast(D) It is a safe navigation route

27. Which one of the following is notrelated to Plantation Agricul-ture ?(A) Tea cultivation(B) Coffee cultivation(C) Rubber latex production(D) Soyabean cultivation

28. Given below are two statements,one labelled as Assertion (A) andthe other lebelled as Reason (R).Select your answer from thecodes given below—

Assertion (A) : Weber's theoryhinges on transportation costsbut ignores the fact that freightrates may not always increase indirect proportion to the distance.

Reason (R) : The freight rates,however, may not be similar forraw material and finished goods.

Codes :

(A) Both (A) and (R) are correctand (R) explains (A)

(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct,but (R) does not explain (A)

(C) (A) is correct, but (R) iswrong

(D) (A) is wrong, but (R) iscorrect

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29. Which one of the following is alarge scale map ?(A) 1 : 2,50,000(B) 1 : 10,00,000(C) 1 : 25,000(D) 1 : 50,000

30. The best-suited soil for cottoncultivation is—(A) Lateritic soil(B) Regur soil(C) Sandy soil(D) Loamy soil

31. Given below are two statements,one labelled as Assertion (A) andthe other labelled as Reason (R).Select your answer from thecodes given below—Assertion (A) : Virgin soils newlycleared off forests account forhighest yield of coffee.Reason (R) : Coffee is a soilexhaustive crop.Codes :(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct

and (R) explains (A)(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct,

but (R) does not explain (A)(C) (A) is right, but (R) is wrong(D) (A) is wrong, but (R) is right

32. Cultural landscape shows—(A) Human impact on environ-ment(B) Dominance of nature(C) Impact of ecological factors(D) Association of fauna andflora

33. Which one of the followingdistricts is dominated by tribalpopulation ?(A) Kanyakumari(B) Bastar(C) Rohtak(D) Karnal

34. The primitive people who live inKalahari desert are known as—(A) Pigmies (B) Bantus(C) Bushman (D) Todas

35. Which one of the following hasno caste in the scheduled cate-gory ?(A) Nagaland(B) Manipur(C) Dadra and Nagar Haveli(D) Pondicherry

36. Which of the Indian states hasthe maximum number of com-mon borders with other IndianStates ?(A) West Bengal(B) Madhya Pradesh(C) Chhattisgarh(D) Karnataka

37. Which one of the followingattributes is not a measure ofHuman Development ?(A) Literacy(B) Life expectancy(C) Per capita income(D) Consumer expenditure

38. Given below are two statements,one labelled as Assertion (A) andthe other labelled as Reason (R).Select your answer from thecodes given below—Assertion (A) : The levels ofurbanization in the Advancedcountries followed an elongated‘S’ shaped curve.Reason (R) : The levels of urbani-zation in India has followedalmost a straight line.Codes :(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct

and (R) explains (A)(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct,

but (R) does not explain (A)(C) (A) is correct, but (R) is

wrong(D) (A) is wrong, but (R) is

correct

39. Which of the following is themost suitable term to define ametropolitan region ?(A) Formal(B) Functional(C) Economic(D) Generic

40. Who among the following sug-gested the triad of mutual rela-tionship among “Place, work andfolk” ?(A) Le play(B) Clarence Stein(C) Le Corbusier(D) Ebenezer Howard

41. Factors that contribute to mini-misation of regional imbalancesin development are many. Whichone of the following is the mostrelevant ?

(A) Increasing accessibility

(B) Strengthening forward andbackward linkages of regionaleconomies

(C) Investment in less develo-ped regions

(D) Planning the developmentof metropolitan centres

42. Which one of the following statesis the leading one in terms oftotal fish catch ?(A) Kerala(B) Tamilnadu(C) West Bengal(D) Gujarat

43. Which river out of the followingis older than the Himalayas ?(A) Sutlej (B) Ganga(C) Beas (D) Ravi

44. Which one of the following statesexperienced heavy snowfallduring February, 2005 ?(A) Assam (B) J & K(C) Mizoram (D) Sikkim

45. Which one of the following iscorrect ?

(A) Arithmetic mean is anumerical value

(B) Arithmetic mean is notaffected by the variability in thedata set

(C) Arithmetic mean is always apositive number

(D) Arithmetic mean is notuseful for any further statisticalanalysis of the data

46. Which of the following is theappropriate method for study ofdispersion ?(A) Mean(B) Median(C) Mode(D) Standard deviation

47. Isochrone Map shows lines con-necting—

(A) Equal travel time

(B) Equal transport costs

(C) Equal travel distance

(D) Areas with similar acces-sibility

48. Dasymetric map is an improvedversion of choropleth map as iteffectively shows the following—

PD/June/2010/2198

(A) The homogeneity and rapidchange

(B) The differences and uni-queness

(C) The gradual areal changes

(D) The random distribution

Human geography has usedabsolute, relative and relational con-cepts of space. In the absolute con-ception, space is considered a distinctphysical, empirical and real entity. Inthe relative conception space is arelation between events and thusrelated to time and process. In therelational conception space is notviewed in term of its geometry, but interms of how spatial relations arecarved out through human practice,that is through spatial organization.

49. Morphological studies adoptwhich concept of space ?(A) Absolute(B) Relational(C) Relative(D) Both (A) and (C)

50. Spatial organization is primarilybased on—(A) Spatial geometry(B) Spatial process(C) Spatial relations(D) Spatial-Social dialectic

Answers with Explanations

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Continued from Page 2170

cement, 36% of crude steel and 47%of pig iron. The leading companies ofChina by market capitalization inApril 2009 were Petro China, ChinaMobile (Hong Kong) and Industrialand Commercial Bank of China. InNovember 2007 Petro China becamethe world’s largest company for aperiod of five months after its floata-tion on the Shanghai stock market.

Tourist Places

Important tourist places in Chinainclude the Great Wall of China,Zhoukodian, the Peking Man site,Imperial Palaces of the Ming andQing Dynasties in Beijing andShenyang, Taishan Mountain, MagaoCaves, Mount Huangshan, Huang-long Scenic Reserve, Chengde Moun-tain Resort, Potala Palace Lhasa Qufutemple, cemetry and mansion ofconfucius, Mount Emei ScenicReserve, South China Karst, FuijianTulou and Mount SanquingshanNational Park. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2199

General Knowledge

COMBINED DEFENCE SERVICES EXAM., 2010

(Held on 14-2-2010)

Solved Paper

1. A boy throws four stones ofsame shape, size and weightwith equal speed at differentinitial angles with the horizontalline. If the angles are 15°, 30°, 45°

and 60°, at which angle the stonewill cover the maximum distancehorizontally ?

(A) 15° (B) 30°

(C) 45° (D) 60°

2. The cleaning of dirty clothes bysoaps and detergents is due to atype of molecules called surfac-tants, which are present in soapsand detergents. The surfactantmolecules remove the dirt by—

(A) making the cloth slippery(B) producing some gases bet-ween the dirt and the cloth(C) dissolving the dirt(D) forming some aggregates ofthemselves and take away thedirt in the core of the aggregates

3. The most familiar form of radiantenergy in sunlight that causestanning and sunburning ofhuman skin, is called—(A) ultraviolet radiation(B) visible radiation(C) infrared radiation(D) microwave radiation

4. The polymeric fibre used as asubstitute for wool in makingsynthetic blankets, sweaters, etc.,is—(A) Nylon (B) Teflon(C) Orlon (D) Bakelite

5. Which one of the following plantsis used for green manuring inIndia ?(A) Wheat (B) Sunhemp(C) Cotton (D) Rice

6. Which among the following arethe major reasons behind pre-ferring Eucalyptus tree in theplanned forestation process ?

1. Plantation grows very fast.2. Plantation makes the soil

more fertile.3. Wood from Eucalyptus tree is

easily converted into pulp forpaper industry.

Select the correct answer usingthe codes given below—Codes :(A) 1 and 2 only(B) 1 and 3 only(C) 2 and 3 only(D) 1, 2 and 3

7. Match List-I with List-II andselect the correct answer usingthe codes given below the Lists—

List-I(Alloy)

(a) Solder (b) Brass(c) Bronze (d) Steel

List-II(Constituent)

1. Iron and Carbon2. Copper and Zinc3. Copper and Tin4. Lead and TinCodes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 1 2 3 4(B) 4 2 3 1(C) 1 3 2 4(D) 4 3 2 1

8. Consider the following state-ments—1. Iodine is necessary for the

thyroid gland to make adre-naline.

2. Iodine deficiency leads togoiter in human beings.

3. Iodine is secreted by pancreasand helps in regulatingcholesterol level.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1, 2 and 3(B) 1 and 2 only

(C) 1 and 3 only(D) 2 only

9. Consider the following state-ments—1. A person with myopia can

see distant objects distinctlybut cannot see nearby objectsclearly.

2. A person with hypermetropiacannot see distant objectsclearly.

3. A person with presbyopiacan see nearby objects with-out corrective glasses.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are not correct ?(A) 1, 2 and 3(B) 1 and 2 only(C) 2 and 3 only(D) 3 only

10. Match List-I with List-II andselect the correct answer usingthe codes given below the lists—

List-I(Item)

(a) CFL lamp(b) Automobile battery(c) Polymer(d) Diesel engine

List-II(Toxic substance)

1. Nitrogen oxides2. Phthalates3. Lead4. MercuryCodes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 4 2 3 1(B) 4 3 2 1(C) 1 2 3 4(D) 1 3 2 4

11. Some statements about thebenefits of organic farming aregiven below. Indicate whetherthey are true or false using thecodes given below the state-ments—

PD/June/2010/2200

(a) It reduces CO2 emission.(b) It does not lead to toxic

effect.(c) It improves the water-

retention capacity of the soil.Codes :

(a) (b) (c)(A) False True False(B) True False False(C) False True True(D) True True True

12. Which one of the followingchemicals is commonly used byfarmers to destroy weeds ?(A) DDT(B) Malathion(C) Methyl bromide(D) 2, 4-D

13. Consider the following state-ments—1. Clear sky appears blue due to

poor scattering of blue wave-length of visible light.

2. Red part of light shows morescattering than blue light inthe atmosphere.

3. In the absence of atmosphere,there would be no scatteringof light and sky will lookblack.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only(C) 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3

14. Which one among the followingplants cannot be multiplied bycuttings ?(A) Rose(B) Bryophyllum(C) Banana(D) Marigold

15. Hair of a shaving brush clingtogether when the brush isremoved from water due to—(A) viscosity(B) surface tension(C) friction(D) elasticity

16. An underwater meeting heldrecently has drawn attentionworld over. The meeting washeld by—(A) some Somali pirates to makea new strategy for capturingships for ransom

(B) some environmentalscientists for promoting aware-ness for saving water(C) some environmentalactivists for promoting aware-ness against air pollution(D) the Cabinet of a country tohighlight the threat of rising sealevel for the country

17. Which Asian team will be out ofthe next FIFA Football WorldCup for the first time after a gapof 20 years ?(A) Saudi Arabia(B) South Korea(C) Japan(D) Iran

18. Which one of the following is nota football tournament ?(A) I-League(B) Irani Trophy(C) Bardoloi Trophy(D) Durand Cup

19. Consider the following para-graph and identify the personreferred to therein with the helpof the codes given below—After training under UstadAbdul Rehman Khan of PatialaGharana, he turned to UstadGhulam Mustafa Khan.‘Memories come Alive’ is hisautobiography. He was awardedDada Saheb Phalke Award.Codes :(A) S. D. Burman(B) Bhupen Hazarika(C) Manna Dey(D) Bhimsen Joshi

20. Which one of the following is thecentral theme of the ChipkoMovement, started by SunderlalBahuguna in 1973 ?(A) Conservation of river water(B) Protection of birds(C) Protection of cheetahs(D) Conservation of forests

21. Which one of the following is thesolitary aircraft carrier of theIndian Navy that turns 50 in 2009and has the distinction of beingthe oldest floating airfield inservice ?(A) INS Viraat(B) INS Trishul(C) INS Godavari(D) INS Vikramaditya

22. In the year 2009, Japan launchedits first satellite to monitor green-house gases. What is the name ofthe satellite ?(A) Tadami (B) Yasushi(C) Kyoto (D) Ibuki

23. Which one of the following pairswith respect to computer is notcorrectly matched ?

(A) 1 megabyte : (1024) × (1024)bytes(B) Compiler : A program whichtranslates a high-level languageprogram into machine language(C) Liveware : The users work-ing on the system(D) Plotter : An electronic deviceused to convert digital electronicsignals to communication chan-nel electronic signals and viceversa

24. Who among the following werejointly awarded the Rajiv GandhiKhel Ratna Award for the year2008 ?(A) M. C. Marykom, VijenderSingh, Sushil Kumar(B) M. C. Marykom, VijenderSingh, Saina Nehwal(C) Vijender Singh, SushilKumar, R. S. Rathore(D) M. C. Marykom, SushilKumar, R. S. Rathore

25. If the earth did not have anatmosphere, temperature extre-mes between day and nightwould—(A) increase(B) decrease(C) stay the same(D) fluctuate rapidly

26. Which one of the following state-ments on biosphere reserves isnot correct ?(A) In 1973, UNESCO launcheda worldwide programme on manand biosphere(B) Biosphere reserves promoteresearch on ecological conserva-tion(C) Nanda Devi BiosphereReserve is located in MadhyaPradesh(D) Biosphere reserves aremultipurpose protected areas topreserve the genetic diversity inecosystems

PD/June/2010/2201

27. Which one of the following state-ments is not correct regardingthe Himalayas ?(A) Himalayas have nappe andrecumbent folds(B) Himalayas rose up from theTethys Sea(C) Himalayas contain threemountain ranges—Siwaliks,Great Himalayas and KunlunRanges(D) The orogeny took place inthe Tertiary Era

28. Which one of the following is notassociated with monsoon climatein India ?(A) El Nino temporary warmcurrents(B) South-equatorial warmcurrents of Indian Ocean(C) Western disturbances(D) Cyclones of Bay of Bengal

29. On the above map of India, theshaded districts are those inwhich a particular tribal group

constitutes more than 50% of thetribal population. What is thatparticular tribal group ?(A) Gonds (B) Bhil(C) Nagas (D) Santhals

30. Which one of the followingplaces is not located on the bankof river Ganga ?(A) Uttarkashi (B) Kanpur(C) Fatehpur (D) Bhagalpur

31. Prominent Indian social activistDeep Joshi was awarded theprestigious Ramon MagsaysayAward for the year 2009 for his—(A) philanthropic work in theform of the Lok Biradari Prakalpamongst the Madia Gonds inGadehiroli district of Maha-

rashtra and the neighboringStates of Andhra Pradesh andMadhya Pradesh(B) extensive work in applyingwireless technologies to developremote areas of the Himalayas(C) vision and leadership inbringing professionalism to theNGO movement in India(D) dedicated service for cancerpatients and intensive research inthe prevention and cure of thedisease

32. Which one of the following state-ments about Gangubai Hangal,who died in July 2009, is notcorrect ?(A) She was a Hindustaniclassical singer of Kirana Gharana(B) She was awarded BharatRatna in 2002(C) She was a campaigner toincrease awareness for organdonation(D) She had the rare honour ofbeing felicitated by nine PrimeMinisters and five Presidents ofIndia

33. Which one of the following state-ments about WADA (WorldAnti-Doping Agency) code is notcorrect ?(A) The code is the core docu-ment that provides the frame-work for harmonized anti-dopingpolicies, rules and regulationswithin sport organizations andamong public authorities(B) The code entered into forcefrom January 1, 2004(C) Under the code, the use ofany prohibited substance by anathlete for medical reasons is notpossible(D) Under the code, a sanctioncould be applied in cases wherethere is evidence that an anti-doping rule violation hasoccurred, but where there is nopositive doping-control test

34. Consider the following state-ments about lawn tennis court—

1. Hard courts are faster thanclay courts but not a fast asgrass courts.

2. The French Open is playedon a hard court, but the USOpen is played on a claycourt.

3. An approximate north/southorientation of the court isdesirable during eveningplay.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1 and 2 only(B) 3 only(C) 1 and 3 only(D) 1, 2 and 3

35. If a limestone piece is dipped inwater, a bubble evolves. Thebubbling is due to—(A) Hydrogen(B) Oxygen(C) Water vapour(D) Carbon dioxide

36. Which one among the followingRajdhani trains covers thelongest distance ?(A) 2433 Chennai Central(B) 2431 Trivandrum Central(C) 2435 Dibrugarh Town(D) 2429 Bangalore City Junction

37. On which one of the followinggrounds, in August 2009, Scottishauthorities released to returnhome Abdel Basset al-Megrahi, aformer Libyan agent, Jailed forlife for the bombing of Pan AmFlight 103 on December 1988 thatkilled 270 people, most of whomwere US nationals ?(A) UN requested the Scottishauthorities to release him(B) He was dying of cancer(C) Charges against him couldnot be established in the ScottishCourt of Law(D) US granted pardon to him

38. Consider the following para-graph—He was seriously injured in policelathi charge in Lahore duringdemonstrations against SimonCommission for which hesubsequently died in November1928. Later on the British officer,who was responsible for the lathicharge on him, was shot dead byBhagat Singh and Rajguru.The revolutionary referred to inthe above paragraph is—(A) Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant(B) Lala Lajpat Rai(C) Mangal Singh(D) Motilal Nehru

PD/June/2010/2202

39. Which one of the followingcan be provided under RTI Act,2005 ?

(A) Information leading toincitement of an offense

(B) Information leading to dis-closure that may constitutecontempt of court

(C) Conditional disclosure relat-ing to information on intellectualproperty

(D) Information relating toCabinet Papers recording deli-berations of Council of Ministers

40. In the month of October 2009, theIndian Air Force in Mumbaiairport forced a flight of NorthAmerican Airlines Boeing 767 toland. Which of the followingstatements in this respect is/arecorrect ?

1. It was forced to land, becausethe Indian Air Force wasreported that there was abomb planted in the plane.

2. The plane was travelling toBangkok, Thailand from Fuji-riah, United Arab Emirates.

3. The plane was carrying UStroops.

Select the correct answer usingthe code given below—

Codes :(A) 2 and 3 only(B) 1 and 3 only(C) 2 only(D) 1, 2 and 3

41. Consider the following state-ments about Tata Steel—1. It is Asia’s first privately

owned integrated iron andsteel plant.

2. It is the first company outsideJapan to get the DemingApplication Prize in 2008 forexcellence in total qualitymanagement.

3. Immediately after the enact-ment of Provident Fund Lawin India, Tata Steel intro-duced provident fund for itsemployees.

4. It is the first company in theworld to get Social Accoun-tability 8000 certificationfrom Social AccountabilityInternational, USA.

Which of the statements givenabove are correct ?(A) 1 and 2 only(B) 2 and 3 only(C) 1, 2 and 3(D) 1 and 4

42. Consider the following state-ments about the Queen’s BatonRelay—1. The helix shape of the Baton

for the 2010 CommonwealthGames, created out ofaluminium, is coated with agraded and layered soilpattern in black, yellow andred to represent the diversityof Commonwealth nations.

2. This Relay traditionallybegins with a commencementceremony at BuckinghamPalace, London, duringwhich, the Queen entruststhe Baton containing hermessage to the athletes to thefirst honorary relay runner.

3. The Relay for the 1998 Gamesin Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiawas the first to travel to othernations of the Common-wealth.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?

(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 2 and 3 only

(C) 2 only (D) 1 and 3 only

43. Which one of the followingcrops’ production has beenexceeding target since 2004-2005in India, but its growers havebeen committing suicide in largenumbers in many parts of thecountry every year ?(A) Pulse (B) Cotton(C) Oilseeds (D) Wheat

44. Consider the following state-ments—

1. The DRDO developed twovariants of Prithvi Missile.

2. Prithvi II is equipped withfeatures of maneuverabilityto deceive the enemy defencesystem.

3. Induction of Prithvi Missileenhances the capability of theIndian Army to attack mul-tiple targets simultaneously.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?

(A) 2 and 3 only(B) 2 only(C) 1 and 3 only(D) 1, 2 and 3

45. High Altitude Warfare School ofthe Indian Army is located at—(A) Gulmarg (B) Siachin(C) Leh (D) Manali

46. Consider the following state-ments with regard to StatutoryLiquidity Ratio (SLR)—1. To meet SLR, commercial

banks can use cash only.2. SLR is maintained by the

banks with themselves.3. SLR restricts the banks’ lever-

age in pumping more moneyinto the economy.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1, 2 and 3(B) 1 and 3 only(C) 2 and 3 only(D) 2 only

47. Which of the following state-ments regarding the Funda-mental Duties contained in theConstitution of India are correct ?1. Fundamental Duties can be

enforced through writ juris-diction.

2. Fundamental Duties haveformed a part of the Consti-tution since its adoption.

3. Fundamental Duties becamea part of the Constitution inaccordance with the recom-mendations of the SwaranSingh Committee.

4. Fundamental Duties areapplicable only to the citizensof India.

Select the correct answer usingthe code given below—Codes :(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 4(C) 2 and 3 (D) 3 and 4

48. When Lord Mountbatten becamethe first Governor-General ofIndia, who among the followingbecame the Governor-Generalfor Pakistan ?(A) Lord Mountbatten(B) M. A. Jinnah(C) Liaquat Ali Khan(D) Shaukat Ali

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49. ‘Diarchy’ was first introduced inIndia under—(A) Morley-Minto Reforms(B) Montford Reforms(C) Simon Commission Plan(D) Government of India Act,1935

50. The major thrust of JawaharRozgar Yojna (JRY) is on—(A) removal of poverty amongthe Scheduled Castes in ruralareas(B) creating additional wageemployment opportunities inrural areas(C) creating employment oppor-tunities in urban areas(D) providing training to ruralyouth for self-employment

51. Which of the following was/were the main feature(s) of theGovernment of India Act, 1919 ?

1. Introduction of separateelectorates for Muslims

2. Devolution of legislativeauthority by the Centre to theProvinces

3. Expansion and reconstitutionof Central and ProvincialLegislatures

Select the correct answer usingthe code given below—

Codes :(A) 2 only (B) 1 and 3(C) 3 only (D) 2 and 3

52. For which one of the followingjudgments of the Supreme Courtof India, the KesavanandaBharati Vs. State of India case isconsidered a landmark ?(A) The religion cannot bemobilised for political ends(B) Abolishing untouchabilityfrom the country(C) The basic structures of theConstitution, as defined in thePreamble, cannot be changed(D) Right to life and libertycannot be suspended under anycircumstance

53. Who among the following IndianPrime Ministers resigned beforefacing a vote of no-confidence inthe Lok Sabha ?(A) Chandra Shekhar(B) Morarji Desai

(C) Chaudhary Charan Singh(D) V. P. Singh

54. Which one of the followingstatements related to the BostonTea Party of 16th December, 1773during the American War ofIndependence is correct ?(A) The revolutionaries steal-thily entered into the ships andthrew all the chests of tea into thewater(B) The revolutionaries hosted aTea Party in the honour ofCharles Townshend, the BritishChancellor of the Exchequer inorder to place their grievancesbefore him(C) It marked a celebrationwhen Lord North, the successorof Townshend, repealed some ofthe duties imposed by Town-shend(D) It was a protest against theQuebec Act

55. Consider the following state-ments—1. The total elective membership

of the Lok Sabha is distri-buted among the States onthe basis of the populationand the area of the State.

2. The 84th Amendment Act ofthe Constitution of India liftedthe freeze on the delimitationof constituencies imposed bythe 42nd Amendment.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1 only(B) 2 only(C) Both 1 and 2(D) Neither 1 nor 2

56. Which one of the following isHuman Right as well as aFundamental Right under theConstitution of India ?(A) Right to information(B) Right to education(C) Right to work(D) Right to housing

57. Which one of the following Com-missions/Committees wasappointed by the British Govern-ment to investigate into themassacre in Jalianwalla Bagh ?(A) Welby Commission(B) Hunter Committee

(C) Simon Commission(D) Butter Committee

58. Consider the following state-ments and identify the personreferred to therein with the helpof the codes given below—

During his stay in England, heendeavored to educate the Britishpeople about their responsibi-lities as rulers of India. He deli-vered speeches and publishedarticles to support his oppositionto the unjust and oppressiveregime of the British Raj. In 1867,he helped to establish the EastIndia Association of which hebecame the Honorary Secretary.Codes :(A) Pherozeshah Mehta(B) Mary Carpenter(C) Dadabhai Naoroji(D) Ananda Mohan Bose

59. Which two of the following playsdid Kalidasa write before writingAbhigyanashakuntalam ?1. Vikramorvashiyam2. Malavikagnimitram3. Swapnavasavadattam4. Kadambari

Select the correct answer usingthe codes given below—

Codes :(A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3(C) 1 and 4 (D) 3 and 4

60. “Use of white marble, long legsand slender frames, humanbeings as central characters andprominence of kings, princessand palaces” were the charac-teristic features of which one ofthe following ancient art forms ofIndia ?(A) Amaravati School of Art(B) Gandhara School of Art(C) Mathura School of Art(D) Pahari School of Art

61. Consider the following para-graph and identify the personreferred to therein using thecodes given below—

She joined the diplomatic corpsin 1949 and became the firstwoman diplomat of India. Shewas the Ambassador to Hungary,Ghana and the Netherlands.

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Codes :(A) C. B. Muthamma(B) Nirupama Rao(C) Chokila Iyar(D) Meira Kumar

62. Consider the following featuresof a border district of India andidentify the district using thecodes given below—Situated at the height of 10000feet, which is enchanted withscenic beauty, the district issurrounded by two nations in thenorth and south-west. RiverNyamjang-chu runs through it.Potato, maize and millet are themain crops of the district. Besidesmonasteries, tourist attractions ofthe district and its surroundingplaces include Sella Pass, P. Tso.Lake, War Memorial, JaswantGarh, etc. Losar is one of theprominent festivals of the district.Codes :(A) Lohit (B) Tawang(C) Kangra (D) West Sikkim

63. ‘AVAHAN’—the Indian segmentof Bill and Melinda GatesFoundation (BMGF) is engagedin the prevention of—(A) Dengue(B) Polio(C) HIV/AIDS(D) Filariasis

64. Consider the following para-graph and identify the personreferred to in it—A Nobel Laureate in Literature,she is a member of Romania’sethnic German minority whowas prosecuted for her criticaldepictions of life ‘behind the IronCurtain’. She made her debut in1982 with a collection of shortstories entitled ‘Niederungen’,which depicted the harsh life in asmall, German-speaking villagein Romania. This book wascensored by the CommunistGovernment.(A) Doris Lessing(B) Gunter Grass(C) Herta Mueller(D) Imre Kertesz

65. Which of the following pairs arecorrectly matched ?

1. CarlosGhosn

: Nissan MotorCompany

2. Bill Green : Accenture

3. Carol Bartz : Yahoo

4. Andy Bond : VodafoneSelect the correct answer usingthe code given below—Code :(A) 1 and 4 (B) 1 and 3 only(C) 2 and 4 (D) 1, 2 and 3

66. Which one of the following PublicSector banks’ emblem figures adog and the words ‘faithful,friendly’ in it ?(A) Punjab National Bank(B) Syndicate Bank(C) Oriental Bank of Commerce(D) State Bank of India

67. Which one of the following coun-tries’ Central Bank has procured200 metric tons of gold from theIMF in October 2009 ?(A) China (B) Sri Lanka(C) Singapore (D) India

68. Match List-I with List-II andselect the correct answer usingthe code given below the lists—

List-I(Name of warhead)

(a) Teja (b) Arjun(c) Dhanus (d) Astra

List-II(Type)

1. Air-to-air missile2. Ship-based missile3. Main battle tank4. Light combat aircraft

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 4 3 2 1(B) 1 2 3 4(C) 4 2 3 1(D) 1 3 2 4

69. Piramal Life Science is a/an—

(A) Life insurance company

(B) Durg research company

(C) SEZ (Special Econmic Zone)

(D) PSU dealing with healthcareamenities

70. Launched recently by the CentralBoard of Excise and Customs,‘ACES’ is a—

(A) New centralized, web-basedsoftware application of the Board(B) Service desk division of theBoard for collection of servicetaxes(C) New division of the Boardfor disseminating informationabout the direct tax sturcture inforce(D) New form of service taxreturn

71. Which one of the following Stateshas won the overall champion-ship title in the 63rd NationalAquatic Championship held inKerala in 2009 ?(A) Kerala (B) Karnataka(C) Assam (D) West Bengal

72. In the assembly polls that tookplace in three States in October2009, the Indian National Cong-ress got absolute majority in—(A) All the three States of Maha-rashtra, Haryana and ArunachalPradesh(B) Maharashtra and ArunachalPradesh only(C) Haryana and Maharashtraonly(D) Arunachal Pradesh only

73. Which one of the following is notan issue straining Indo-Chinarelations ?(A) Construction of a damacross the river Brahmaputra inTibet(B) Visit of Dalai Lama toArunachal Pradesh(C) Stapling of Chinese visa forthe people of Jammu andKashmir

(D) Linking Kashmir valley withthe Indian Railways Network

74. Which one of the followingStates has seen a series of strongpublic protests against theArmed Forces Special PowersAct in force in that State ?(A) Nagaland(B) Manipur(C) Jammu and Kashmir(D) Jharkhand

75. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan hasbeen jointly awarded the 2009Nobel Prize in Chemistry for hiscontributions in—

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(A) Identifying the molecularruler in ribosomal assemblywhich ensures error-freesynthesis of protein in cells

(B) Synthesizing a group of life-saving antibiotics

(C) The work on green fluore-scent protein of jellyfish

(D) Successfully crystallizingthe large subunits of ribosome incells

76. Which is the correct arrangementof the following rivers fromnorth to south ?(A) Godavari, Penner, Kaveri,Periyar(B) Penner, Godavari, Periyar,Kaveri(C) Godavari, Kaveri, Penner,Periyar(D) Kaveri, Godavari, Periyar,Penner

77. The time at Cairo is 2 hoursahead of Greenwich. Hence, it islocated at—

(A) 30° W longitude

(B) 30° E longitude

(C) 28° E longitude

(D) 28° W longitude

78. Bolivar is the monetary unit of—(A) Venezuela (B) Brazil(C) Bolivia (D) Belarus

79. Match List-I with List-II andselect the correct answer usingthe codes given below the Lists

List-I(Sphere of the earth)

(a) Lithosphere(b) Hydrosphere(c) Atomosphere(d) Biosphere

List-II(Main constituent of the sphere)

1. Living objects2. Mixture of gases3. Water4. SoilCodes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 1 2 3 4(B) 4 2 3 1(C) 1 3 2 4(D) 4 3 2 1

80. Which of the following seas areenclosed ?1. Andaman Sea2. Aral Sea3. Sea of Azov4. Bering SeaSelect the correct answer usingthe code given below—Codes :(A) 1 and 2 (B) 3 and 4(C) 2 and 3 (D) 1 and 4

81. An earthquake epicentre is the—(A) Point where the seismo-graph is located(B) Point within the earth wherethe movement along the faultoccurs(C) Approximate centre of agroup of related earthquakes(D) Point on the surface directlyabove where the rupture alongthe fault zone occurs

82. The concept of sustainable deve-lopment relates to—(A) Consumption levels(B) Exhaustible resources(C) Social equity(D) Intergenerational equity

83. The jet streams are—(A) Wind systems with apronounced seasonal reverse at adirection(B) Winds blowing from thesubtropical high-pressure beltstowards the subpolar low-pressure belts(C) Narrow meandering bandsof swift winds which blow in themidlatitudes near the tropopauseand encircle the globe(D) Winds blowing from thesubpolar low-pressure beltstowards the subtropical high-pressure belts

84. If the movement of the earth’scrust or a major climatic changemakes an old stream young, it iscalled—(A) Consequent stream(B) Rejuvenation(C) Subsequent stream(D) Aggradation

85. Tsunamis are not caused by—(A) Hurricanes(B) Earthquakes

(C) Undersea landslides(D) Volcanic eruptions

86. Which of the following state-ments with regard to rainfall inIndia is/are correct ?1. Most of the rainfall in India is

due to the south-west mon-soon.

2. In South India, rainfalldecreases away from theEastern Ghats.

Select the correct answer usingthe codes given below—Codes :(A) 1 only(B) 2 only(C) Both 1 and 2(D) Neither 1 nor 2

87. Deltas are common in India forthe east-flowing river systems,whereas they are nearly absenton the west coast, because west-flowing rivers—(A) Are few(B) Have lesser water volumeand carry less run-off silt(C) Originate in dry areas(D) Originate largely in theWestern Ghats and have a shortdistnace to cover to the sea

88. Which one of the followingprojects of the NHPC (NationalHydroelectric Power Corpora-tion) has the largest powergenration capacity (installed) ?(A) Baira-Siul (B) Chamera-I(C) Loktak (D) Salal

89. Which one of the followingtrains/railways passes throughGermany, France, Austria, Hun-gary and Romania ?(A) Trans-Siberian(B) Cape-Cairo(C) Orient Express(D) Union and Central Pacific

90. Which one of the following doesnot have a heavy water plant ?(A) Narora (B) Sriharikota(C) Kakrapar (D) Kota

91. Who drafted the Constitution ofMuslim League, ‘The greenBook’ ?(A) Rahamat Ali(B) Muhammad Iqbal(C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah(D) Maulana Muhammad AliJauhar

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92. October 26, 1947 is an importantdate in the Indian History,because of—

(A) Maharaja Hari Singh’ssigning of Instrument ofAccession

(B) Ceasefire with Pakistan

(C) Merger of Sind

(D) Declaration of war overIndia by Pakistan

93. The Nehru-Liaquat Pact betweenIndia and Pakistan was signed in1950 to resolve the issue of—(A) The protection of minorities(B) The accession of PrincelyStates(C) The border disputes(D) The problem of refugees

94. Consider the following state-ments relating to the famousMuzaffarpur murders (1908)—

1. The bomb, which was hurledat the carriage of Mrs. Pringleand her daughter, wasactually intended for Mr.Kingsford, the District Judgeof Muzaffarpur.

2. The revolutionaries wantedto kill Mr. Kingsford, becausehe had inflicted severepunishments on Swadeshiactivists.

3. Khudiram and Prafulla Chakihad to pay the penalty fortheir action by death.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1 only(B) 2 only(C) 2 and 3 only(D) 1, 2 and 3

95. The ‘Dual Government’ recom-mended by Lord Clive providedthat the—(A) Criminal justice would beleft to the Nawabi officials, whilecivil and fiscal matters would becontrolled by the Company(B) Company will look afterfiscal matters and all the restwould be dealt by the Indianrulers(C) Indian rulers will deal withall the matters of administrationunder the supervision of a Com-pany official

(D) Indian rulers will be onlytitular heads and all the powersshall be diectly dealt by theCompany

96. After the death of Raja Ram-mohan Roy, the Brahmo Samajsplit into two sections; theBrahmo Samaj of India and theAdi Brahmo Samaj. Who werethe leaders of the two sectionsrespectively ?(A) Keshab Chandra Sen andDebendranath Tagore(B) Radhakanta Deb andDebendranath Tagore(C) Keshab Chandra Sen andRadhakanta Deb(D) Debendranath Tagore andRadhakanta Deb

97. Consider the following state-ments—UNESCO’s World Heritagemission is to—1. Take over the management,

maintenance and preserva-tion of World Heritage sites.

2. Encourage State parties to theConvention concerning theProtection of the WorldCultural and Natural Heri-tage to nominate sites withintheir national territory forinclusion on the WorldHeritage List.

3. Provide emergency assistancefor World Heritage sites inimmediate danger.

Which one the statements givenabove are correct ?(A) 1, 2 and 3(B) 1 and 3 only(C) 1 and 2 only(D) 2 and 3 only

98. Which one of the followingstatements regarding Harappancivilization is correct ?(A) The standard Harappanseals were made of clay(B) The inhabitants of Harappahad neither knowledge of coppernor bronze(C) The Harappan civilizationwas rural-based(D) The inhabitants of Harappagrew and used cotton

99. Under which of the followingconditions can citizenship beprovided in India ?

1. One should be born in India.2. Either of whose parents was

born in India.3. Who has been ordinary

resident of India for not lessthan five years.

Select the correct answer usingthe codes given below—Codes :(A) 1, 2 and 3(B) 1 and 2 only(C) 2 and 3 only(D) Either 1 or 2 or 3

100. Consider the following state-ments—1. The current global economic

crisis owes its genesis to thesubprime crisis in the UnitedStates.

2. The Indian economy isshowing a faster recoveryfrom the economic crisisthan its western counter-parts.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1 only(B) 2 only(C) Both 1 and 2(D) Neither 1 nor 2

101. Which one of the followinginscriptions mentions PulakesinII’s military success againstHarashvardhana ?(A) Allahabad Pillar Inscription(B) Aihole Inscription(C) Damodarpur CopperplateInscription(D) Bilsad Inscription

102. The Constitution (74th) Amend-ment Act mentions of the—(A) Composition of theNational Development Council(B) The Municipalities(C) Functions of the StateFinance Commission(D) Functions of the KaveriWater Authority

103. Which one of the followingInternational Human RightsInstruments has been signed byIndia but not yet ratified ?(A) Convention on the rights ofthe child(B) Convention on the elimina-tion of all forms of discrimina-tion against women

PD/June/2010/2207

(C) Convention on the politicalrights of women(D) Convention on thenationality of married women

104. Consider the following state-ments—1. The gross revenue from the

telecom sector in Indiaaccounts for 3% of the GDP(2009).

2. Centre for Development ofTelematics is better knownas C-DOT.

3. The switch from digital tech-nology to the analog systemrevolutionized telephony inIndia.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1 only (B) 2 only(C) 1 and 2 (D) 2 and 3

105. Consider the following state-ments about Concordat—1. It is an agreement between

the Roman Catholic Churchand the State.

2. The President of Brazil didnot sign a Concordat duringthe Pope Benedict XVI’s visitto Brazil in 2007.

3. Concordat of 2009 wassigned between the Holy Seeand Portugal.

Which of the statements givenabove is/are correct ?(A) 1, 2 and 3(B) 1 and 2 only(C) 2 only(D) 1 and 3 only

106. Bluetooth technology allows—(A) Wireless communication bet-ween equipments(B) Signal transmission onmobile phones only(C) Landline to mobile phonecommunication(D) Satellite television commu-nication

107. At high altitudes, pressurecooker is preferable for cooking,because the boiling point ofwater—(A) Reduces due to higheratmospheric pressure(B) Reduces due to loweratmospheric pressure

(C) Increases due to reducedgravitational force(D) Reduces due to increasedozone content in the atmosphere

108. The vitamin(s), which is/aregenerally excreted in urine,is/are—(A) Vitamin A(B) Vitamin B(C) Vitamin C(D) Vitamins D and K

109. Which one among the followingis a major source of sugar ?(A) Watermelon(B) Beetroot(C) Sugarcane(D) Date

110. Itching due to insect bite iscaused by—(A) Formic acid(B) Acetic acid(C) Lactic acid(D) Maleic acid

111. If excess fertilizer is applied to aplant without water, the plantwill—(A) Be stunted in growth(B) Develop modifications(C) Die due to plasmolysis(D) Remain unaffected

112. Tips of leaves in grasses andcommon garden plants showwater drop in early morninghours. This water accumulationis obtained from—(A) Atmosphere(B) Stomata(C) Vascular bundles(D) Hydathodes

113. Which one of the following is notbiodegradable ?(A) Woollen mat(B) Silver foil(C) Leather bag(D) Jute basket

114. Which among the followingelements is abundant on thelunar surface and holds thepotential to put an end to theenergy crisis of the earth ?(A) Helium-I(B) Helium-II(C) Helium-III(D) Helium-IV

115. The equipment SONAR is usedto determine the—(A) Depth of the seabed(B) Intensity of an earthquake(C) Cruising altitude of anaircraft(D) Speed of a moving object

116. A milkman puts banana leaf inmilk jar, because banana leaf—(A) Gives a fresh flavour to milk(B) Makes the milk acidic andresistant to yeast(C) Makes the milk basic andresistant to yeast(D) Increases the whiteness ofmilk

117. The coil in a heater is made of—(A) Nichrome(B) Tungsten(C) Copper(D) Iron

118. Match List-I with List-II andselect the correct answer usingthe codes given below theLists—

List-I

(a) Wine (b) Beer(c) Whisky (d) Rum

List-II

1. Barley2. Sugarcane juice3. Grapes4. MolassesCodes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)(A) 2 1 4 3(B) 3 4 1 2(C) 3 1 4 2(D) 2 4 1 3

119. Which one of the followingplants is popularly grown alongthe road for absorbing vehicularpollutants ?(A) Nerium(B) Neem(C) Bougainvillea(D) Calotropis

120. Which one of the following iscommonly used as a flavouringagent during the preparation ofnoodles ?(A) Saffron (B) Cinnamon(C) Olive oil (D) Ajinomoto

Continued on Page 2223

PD/June/2010/2208

General Studies

UTTAR PRADESH P.C.S. (Mains) EXAM., 2008

(Held on 16-12-2009)

Paper-II

Solved Paper

1. CENVAT is related with—

(A) Custom Duties

(B) Value Added Tax

(C) Union Excise Duties

(D) Central Sales Tax

2. Due to rusting, the weight ofiron—(A) Increases(B) Decreases(C) Remains the same(D) Uncertain

3. Land Development Banks formpart of—(A) Commercial Banks(B) IDBI(C) FCI(D) Cooperative Credit Structure

4. Gujarat is one of the mainproducers of which one of thefollowing crops ?(A) Wheat (B) Sugarcane(C) Bajra (D) Coconut

5. The substance used for artificialrain is—

(A) Silver Bromide(B) Ammonium Nitrate(C) Silver Iodide(D) All the above

6. The proportion of labour in GNP(Gross National Product) be-comes low due to the followingreason—

(A) Price lag behind wages

(B) Profit lags behind prices

(C) Prices lag behind profit

(D) Wages lag behind prices

7. Two variables x and y are relatedby the relation 2x + 3y – 5 = 0,and the median of x is 2. Thenthe median of y is—

(A) 13 (B) 2

3(C) 1 (D) 2

8. Sum of the absolute deviations isminimum when deviations aretaken from—(A) Arithmetic Mean(B) Median(C) Geometric Mean(D) Mode

9. An aeroplane flies around asquare of sides 100 km each. Itcovers the first side at a speed of100 km/hr, the second side at aspeed of 200 km/hr, the third at300 km/hr, and the fourth at 400km/hr. The average speed willbe (km/hr)—(A) 181 (B) 189(C) 192 (D) 201

10. Let A, G, H denote respectivelythe arithmetic mean, geometricmean, and the harmonic mean,then which one of the followingis true ?(A) AH = G2

(B) AH = G2

(C) A + H = G2

(D) A + G = H

11. A bag contains 8 black and 5white balls. Two balls are drawn.The probability that both of themare white is—

(A) 513 (B) 5

24

(C) 539 (D) 5

18

12. Four samples of sizes 50, 100, 150and 200 have mean height res-pectively as 40·4, 45·2, 48·4 and50·0 cms. Their combined meanheight is (cm)—(A) 47·6 (B) 46·7(C) 49·4 (D) 49·7

13. A fair coin is tossed a number oftimes. If head appears on all thefive tosses, what is the probabi-lity that a tail appears on thesixth toss ?

(A) ( )12

6(B) 1

2

(C) 25 (D) 1

4

14. A child has a block in the shapeof a cube with letters written onthe faces as

A, B, C, D, E, A

The cube is thrown once. Theprobability of getting A is—

(A) 13 (B) 1

6

(C) 15 (D) 2

3

15. If P(A) = 38 , P(B) = 12 and

P(A ∩ B) = 14 , then P(A ∪ B) is—

(A) 47 (B) 5

8

(C) 59 (D) 3

7

16. Let A, H, G denote respectivelythe arithmetic, harmonic and geo-metric mean of positive numbers,then which one of the followingis true ?(A) A > G > H(B) A > G < H(C) A < H < G(D) None of the above

17. An unbiased coin is tossed threetimes. The probability of gettingtwo heads and one tail is—

(A) 38 (B) 3

7

(C) 18 (D) 5

8

18. The price of a commodity whichwas Rs. 250 three years ago isRs. 2,000 now. The annual rate ofincrease in the price is—(A) 100%(B) 200%

(C) 266 23%

(D) None of the above

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19. Three dice are thrown. The pro-bability of getting the “sum onthe dice is greater than 14” is—

(A) 554 (B) 11

54

(C) 1754 (D) 28

54

20. A fair coin is tossed three times.The probability of getting threeheads is—

(A) 38 (B) 1

7

(C) 14 (D) 1

8

21. If the total number of students is3000, then the number of studentsin section A and B together is—

20%

12%

8%

22%

25%

13%

A

B

C

D

E

F

(A) 840 (B) 960(C) 720 (D) 880

22. The arithmetic mean of 15 num-bers is 41·4. Then the sum ofthese numbers is—(A) 414 (B) 420(C) 620 (D) 621

23. A bag contains 5 red marbles andsome white marbles. If theprobability of drawing a whitemarble is double that of redmarble, the number of whitemarbles in the bag is—(A) 10 (B) 5(C) 20 (D) 15

24. Sum of the absolute deviationsfrom arithmetic mean—(A) is always zero(B) is always positive(C) is always negative(D) All the above

25. Sum of square deviations will beminimum, when deviations aretaken from—(A) Median (B) A. M.(C) G. M. (D) Mode

26. A batsman makes a score of 84runs in the 21st innings and thenincreases his average by 2 runs.His average after 21st inningsis—(A) 44 (B) 34(C) 24 (D) 54

27. Four years ago the average age ofa family of four members was 18years. During this period a newbaby was born. If at present theaverage age of the family is thesame as it was four years ago,then the present age of the babyis (yrs.)(A) 1 (B) 2(C) 3 (D) 4

28. Ram and Shyam appeared forcertain test. The probability that

Ram is selected is 15 and that

Shyam is selected is 17. The pro-

bability that at least one of themis selected, is—

(A) 1235 (B) 1

5

(C) 1135 (D) 16

35

29. Following data show the popu-lation (in lakh) of two places Aand B in a year in specified agegroups—

Below 20 20-39 40-59 above 60

Place A 8 12 16 4Place B 16 64 56 24

For representing the data by pie-chart to compare the two popu-lation, the ratio of radius of piecharts for A and B will be—(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2(C) 1 : 3 (D) 1 : 4

30. The number of monthly sale ofcars at a shop for the last sixmonths are to be shown through(i) bars, (ii) circles, (iii) squares,(iv) 3-dimensional pictures ofcar :Choose the correct way of prepa-ring the diagram from the follo-wing—

(A) Bar should be of equal widthand height should be propor-tional to the number of cars soldin that month.

(B) The radius of the circle andside of the square should beproportional to the number ofcars sold in that month.

(C) Both (A) and (B)

(D) Neither (A) nor (B)

31. A man buys petrol from threefilling stations where the prices

are 20, 25 and 33 13 Rs./litre res-

pectively. If he buys petrol worthRs. 100 from each station, theaverage price of petrol (Rs./litre)will be—(A) 24 (B) 25

(C) 26 14 (D) 28

32. In a certain factory there are fiveworkers A, B, C, D and E. A cancomplete a work in 4 minutes, Bin 5 minutes, C in 6 minutes, D in10 minutes and E in 12 minutes.The average number of units ofwork completed per worker perminute will be—(A) 0·16 (B) 0·172(C) 0·80 (D) 0·87

33. The median of 3, x, 10 and 4 is 5.The value of x is—(A) 6 (B) 7

(C) 8 (D) 8 12

34. The area of a frequency polygonis equal to—

(A) The area of the histogram

(B) The area between the cumu-lative frequency polygon (Morethan) and the x-axis.

(C) The area bounded by thecumulative frequency polygon(Less than), axis of x and ordi-nate corresponding to the upperlimit of the last class.(D) None of the above

35. The diagram below shows thenumber of valid votes obtainedby four students who contestedfor the general secretary of aunion. The total number of validvotes polled was 1440. By howmany votes the winner defeatedthe nearest candidate ?

60°80°

100° 120°

C A

MR

(A) 40 (B) 80(C) 220 (D) 120

36. The arithmetic mean of firsteleven natural numbers is—(A) 5·0 (B) 5·5(C) 6·0 (D) 6·2

PD/June/2010/2210

37. Wetland day is observed on—

(A) 2nd February

(B) 2nd April

(C) 2nd May

(D) 2nd March

38. Biochip contains—

(A) RNA

(B) DNA

(C) RNA and DNA

(D) RNA, DNA and Protein

39. The Sunrays can penetrate theclear ocean water to a maximumdepth of—(A) 200 metres (B) 400 metres(C) 600 metres (D) 800 metres

40. Solecshaw is a—

(A) Computer Programme(B) Moon Buggy(C) Soft sole of a footwear(D) Solar rickshaw

41. The least distance of distinctvision is (cms.)—(A) 25 (B) 5(C) 75 (D) 100

42. The base of Consumer PriceIndex for industrial workers hasbeen shifted from 1982 to—(A) 2002 (B) 2001(C) 2000 (D) 1998

43. Red light is used as danger signalbecause it—

(A) is scattered least

(B) is comfortable for eyes

(C) produces least chemical re-action(D) absorbed least in air

44. A myopic eye can be correctedby using a—(A) Convex lens(B) Concave lens(C) Cylindrical lens(D) Plane Convex lens

45. A sudden drop in atmosphericpressure indicates—(A) Storm(B) Rain(C) Clean weather(D) Cold wave

46. The basis of determining dear-ness allowance to Governmentemployees in India is—

(A) National Income(B) Consumer Price Index(C) Standard of Living(D) Per Capita Income

47. Sound above what level (deci-bels) are considered hazardousnoise pollution ?(A) 30 dB (B) 100 dB(C) 80 dB (D) 120 dB

48. Which one of the following pairsis not correctly matched ?

(A) Goiporia Committee—Banking Service Improvement

(B) Nanjundappa Committee—Railway fare

(C) Rangrajan Committee—Balance of Payments

(D) Rekhi Committee—Simplification of Export &

Import

49. Plasma membrane is built upof—(A) Protein(B) Lipid(C) Carbohydrate(D) Both (A) and (B)

50. In AIDS virus, there is—

(A) DNA + Protein

(B) RNA + DNA

(C) RNA + Protein

(D) DNA only

51. If interest payments are sub-tracted from gross fiscal deficit,the remainder will be—

(A) Gross primary deficit

(B) Budgetary deficit

(C) Monetized deficit

(D) Revenue deficit

52. Which of the following is a com-mon adulterant of mustard oil-seeds ?(A) Prickly seeds(B) Poppy seeds(C) Cumin seeds(D) None of the above

53. Which of the following disease iscaused by protozoa ?

(A) Malaria(B) Cholera(C) Jaundice(D) None of the above

54. Which of the following vitaminis effective in blood clotting ?(A) Vitamin K (B) Vitamin A(C) Vitamin B (D) Vitamin C

55. Who was the author of the book“Indian Economy : A GandhianBlue Print” ?(A) Ch. Charan Singh(B) Shri Jai Prakash Narain(C) Dr. Manmohan Singh(D) Acharya Vinoba Bhave

56. Which of the following is/are apetro plant ?(A) Jatropha(B) Pongamia(C) Aak(D) All the above

57. Mushroom used in curry is—(A) Fungus(B) Alga(C) Green vegetable(D) Flesh of animal

58. National Food Subsidy Missionin India has become effectivewith effect from—(A) Rabi Season 2007-08(B) Kharif Season 2007-08(C) Rabi Season 2005-06(D) Kharif Season 2006-07

59. MRI is a diagnostic tool, whichmeans—(A) Magnetic Resonance Index(B) Magnetic Resolution Infor-mation(C) Magnetic Resonance Imag-ing(D) All the above

60. Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTS)were prepared by—(A) Fuller (B) Iijiman(C) Faraday (D) Raman

61. Itai-Itai disease is caused bychronic poisoning of—(A) Mercury (B) Nickel(C) Cadmium (D) Lead

62. The bear commonly performingon streets is—(A) Sloth bear(B) Sun bear(C) Brown bear(D) Cat bear

63. The pulse in the human wristbeats—

PD/June/2010/2211

(A) Faster than the heart(B) Slower than the heart(C) At the same rate as the heart(D) Independently of the heart

64. Which of the following disease iscaused by the excessive use ofalcoholic beverage ?(A) Appendicitis(B) Viral hepatitis(C) Gall stones(D) Liver cirrhosis

65. Which of the following parasitesis responsible for 65% of thecases of malaria in India ?(A) P. malariae(B) P. vivax(C) P. falciparum(D) P. ovale

66. The strongest muscle in humanbody is found in—(A) Jaws (B) Thighs(C) Neck (D) Hands

67. Which of the following mineralsis necessary to control heart beat ?(A) Sodium (B) Potassium(C) Iron (D) Sulphur

68. Hydrophobia is caused by—(A) Bacteria (B) Fungus(C) Virus (D) Protozoan

69. As per the recommendations ofthe Twelfth Finance Commission,the revenue deficit of the Centreand States by the year 2009-10should be—(A) zero % (B) 1 %(C) 2 % (D) 3 %

70. Which among the following isthe largest trading GovernmentCompany of India ?

(A) Food Corporation of India

(B) Mineral and Metal TradingCorporation

(C) Khadi & Village IndustriesCorporation

(D) Trade Fair Authority ofIndia

71. The interest rate at which theReserve Bank of India lends toCommercial banks in the short-term to maintain liquidity isknown as—(A) Interest rate(B) Repo rate

(C) Bank rate(D) Reverse repo rate

72. Which one of the followingbanks give Long term loans toagriculture ?

(A) State Cooperative Bank

(B) Commercial Bank

(C) Primary Credit Society

(D) Land Development Bank

73. In calculation of index of whole-sale prices which one of thefollowing sectors is assignedmaximum weightage ?(A) Food articles(B) Non-food articles(C) Fuel, power, light and lubri-cants(D) Manufactured products

74. During Tenth Five Year Plan,growth rate was highest in—(A) Pulses and oilseeds(B) Fruits and vegetables(C) Cereals(D) Other crops

75. Inclusive growth would nece-ssitate—(A) Development of infrastruc-tural facilities

(B) Revival of agriculture

(C) Increased availability ofsocial services such as educationand health(D) All the above

76. In India, M3 includes—

(A) Time deposits with banks(B) Demand deposits with banks(C) Currency with the public(D) All the above

77. Poverty in India has been definedin terms of—

(A) Standard of living of thepeople

(B) Income of the family

(C) Calorie intake

(D) Number of members in afamily

78. As compared to revenue deficit,fiscal deficit will always remain—

(A) Higher

(B) Lower(C) Same(D) All the above

79. Mid-day Scheme was launchedin 1995 to promote—(A) Adult literacy(B) Universalization of primaryeducation(C) Secondary education(D) None of the above

80. Under Gadgil-Mukerjee formula,the higher weightage is given to—(A) Performance(B) Per Capita Income(C) Population(D) Special problems

81. Fiscal responsibility and BudgetManagement Act was enacted inIndia in the year—(A) 2007 (B) 2005(C) 2002 (D) 2003

82. The last term of the series1, 4, 7, ……,

is 55. The number of terms in theseries are—(A) 11 (B) 19(C) 21 (D) 22

83. If x = y – y10 where y is a positive

integer which increases in value,then x—(A) First increases in value thendecreases(B) Decreases in value(C) Increases in value(D) First decreases then increa-ses in value

84. The next number in the series21, 12, 11, ……

is—(A) 11 (B) 12(C) 21 (D) 13

85. One fourth of the sum of primenumbers, greater than 4 but lessthan 16, is the square of—(A) 3 (B) 4(C) 5 (D) 7

86. The number 729 is the squareof—(A) 22 (B) 25(C) 27 (D) 29

87. If 316 of a water tank is filled in 15

minutes, the rest of the tank willbe filled in—(A) 61 minute (B) 65 minute(C) 79 minute (D) 81 minute

PD/June/2010/2212

88. Select the odd-one out in thefollowing—

(A) Frying (B) Drying

(C) Sweeping (D) Crying

89. Two numbers x and y are in theratio 5 : 7 and their sum is 36.Then x is—(A) 12 (B) 15(C) 18 (D) 19

90. The angles of a triangle are in theratio 1 : 2 : 3, then the smallestangle is—

(A) 21° (B) 28°

(C) 30° (D) 42°

91. The sum of all two-digit numbersis—(A) 3999 (B) 4070(C) 4900 (D) 4905

92. The radius of a circle is increasedby 200%, then its area will in-crease by—(A) 800% (B) 400%(C) 200% (D) 900%

93. Complete the number series fromthe alternatives given below—

165, 195, 255, 285, 345, ?

(A) 375 (B) 390(C) 420 (D) 435

94. The next number in the follow-ing series :

35, 32, 34, 31, 33, ……

is—(A) 30 (B) 32(C) 31 (D) 35

95. The value of x in the followingseries23 , 47 , 7

13 , 1121 , x is—

(A) 1731 (B) 15

28

(C) 1324 (D) 16

31

96. A man walks along a rectanglewhose perimeter is 6 km. If thearea of the rectangle is 2 sq km.,then the difference between thelength and the breadth is (km)—

(A) 12 (B) 2

(C) 1 (D) 112

97. Which of the following figureshas the longest perimeter ?

(A) A square of side 10 cm.(B) A rectangle of sides 12 and9 cm.(C) A circle of radius 7 cm.(D) A rhombus of sides 9 cm.

98. The ratio of volumes of twospheres, whose radii are in theratio 1 : 2, is—(A) 1 : 2 (B) 1 : 8(C) 1 : 4 (D) 2 : 7

99. In the given figure, AC = AB= BC = 2r.

A

B

C

D

E

2rr

r

A circle of radius r with centre Ais drawn. Then the area of theshaded portion is—

(A) ( )√⎯ 3 – π6 r2

(B) √⎯ 3 r2

(C)5π6 r2

(D) ( )√⎯ 3 + π6 r2

100. Let the nth term of a series isTn = an + b

Then the series is—(A) an A. P.(B) a G. P.(C) a H. P.(D) None of the above

101. If a GP has common ratio – 12 and

the first term is ‘a’, then the 5thterm is—(A) – 16a (B) 8a

(C) – 18 a (D) a16

102. The sum of the seriesa, ar, ar2, ……, arn – 1

is—

(A) a rn + 1

r – 1 (B) a rn + 1

r + 1

(C) a rn – 1

r – 1 (D) a rn – 1

r + 1

103. As Genuine is to Authentic, so ismirage to—(A) Image(B) Illusion(C) Transpiration(D) Reflection

104. Which one of the following is nottrue for the sets ?(A) A ∩ φ = φ(B) A ∩ A = A(C) A ∩ B = B ∩ A(D) (A ∩ B) ∩ C ≠ A ∩ (B ∩ C)

105. Out of 100 students in a class, 60take tea, 40 take coffee and 25take both. The number of stu-dents not taking either tea orcoffee is—(A) 28 (B) 25(C) 30 (D) 32

106. In nP4 : nP5 = 1 : 3, then n is equalto—(A) 5 (B) 7(C) 9 (D) 11

107. The Constituent Assembly set-upa Drafting Committee under theChairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambed-kar on—(A) 13th December, 1946(B) 22nd January, 1947(C) 3rd June, 1947(D) 29th August, 1947

108. Which one of the following is notan All India Service ?(A) Indian Forest Service(B) Indian Police Service(C) Indian Economic Service(D) Indian AdministrativesService

109. The Indian Constitution can beamended under the provisionsof—(A) Article 368 (B) Article 360(C) Article 356 (D) Article 352

110. Which of the following Commit-tee recommended for according aconstitutional Position to Pan-chayati Raj ?(A) L. M. Singhvi Committee(B) Balwant Rai Mehta Commit-tee(C) Rao Committee(D) Ashok Mehta Committee

111. Salaries of the Judges of theSupreme Court are determinedby—(A) Pay Commission appointedby the President(B) Law Commission(C) Parliament(D) Council of Ministers

PD/June/2010/2213

112. The President can be impeachedon the grounds of violating theConstitution by—(A) The Chief Justice of India(B) The Vice-President of India(C) The Speaker of the LokSabha(D) The two Houses of Parlia-ment

113. The first female Speaker of LokSabha is—(A) Vijay Laxmi Pandit(B) Sucheta Kripalani(C) Tarkeshwari Sinha(D) Meira Kumar

114. The Speaker of the Lok Sabhaaddresses his letter of resignationto the—(A) Prime Minister of India(B) President of India(C) Deputy Speaker of LokSabha(D) Vice-President of India

115. In the Federation under the Actof 1935 residuary powers weregiven to the—(A) Federal Legislature(B) Provincial Legislature(C) Governor General(D) Provincial Governor

116. Which one of the following can-not be suspended or restrictedeven during national emer-gency ?

(A) Right to reside and settle inany part of the country

(B) Right to life and personalliberty Right

(C) Right to move freely thro-ughout the territory of India

(D) Right to carry on any pro-fession or business

117. Which one of the followingliberty is not embodied in thePreamble to the Constitution ofIndia ?(A) Liberty of Thought(B) Liberty of Expression(C) Liberty of Belief(D) Economic Liberty

118. The Indian Legislature was madebi-cameral for the first time by—

(A) Indian Council Act of 1892(B) Indian Council Act of 1909

(C) The Government of IndiaAct of 1919(D) Government of India Act of1935

119. Who was the Chairman of theProvincial Constitution Commit-tee of the Constituent Assembly ?(A) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar(B) Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru(C) Dr. Rajendra Prasad(D) Sardar Patel

120. Public Interest Litigation hasbeen introduced by—(A) A Parliamentary Act(B) A Constitutional Amend-ment(C) Judicial Initiative(D) None of the above

121. Which of the following is anextra constitutional body ?(A) Union Public Service Com-mission(B) Finance Commission(C) Planning Commission(D) Election Commission

122. Which one of the following writsexamines the functioning ofsubordinate courts ?(A) Quo Warranto(B) Mandamus(C) Certiorari(D) Habeas Corpus

123. Which of the following is correct ?

(A) Social equality is not gua-ranteed in our Constitution

(B) Social equality already exis-ted in our country

(C) Social equality is guaranteedin our Constitution

(D) None of the above

124. Who conducts the State Assem-bly Elections ?(A) Chief Justice of High Court(B) State Election Commission(C) Election Commission ofIndia(D) Governor of the State

125. The Attorney General of India isa legal advisor to—

(A) The President of India(B) The Prime Minister(C) Lok Sabha(D) Government of India

126. The power to carve out a newState is vested in—

(A) The Parliament

(B) The President

(C) The Council of Ministers

(D) States’ Reorganisation Com-mission

127. Finance Commission is constitu-ted after every—(A) 3 years (B) 2 years(C) 5 years (D) 4 years

128. The Golden Jubilee of IndianParliament was celebrated on—

(A) 1-1-1997 (B) 15-8-1997

(C) 26-1-2002 (D) 13-5-2002

129. Which of the following courts inIndia is/are known as the court(s)of Records ?

(A) The High Courts only

(B) The Supreme Court only

(C) The High Courts and theSupreme Court

(D) The District Courts

130. Which of the following officialdocuments is related with India ?(A) Green Paper(B) White Paper(C) Yellow Book(D) Blue Book

131. The decision to hold PanchayatElections under the Constitu-tional Provisions is taken by—

(A) Central Government

(B) State Government

(C) The Election Commission ofIndia

(D) The State Election Commis-sion

132. The power of the President toissue ordinance is a relic of—

(A) G.O.I. Act of 1919

(B) G.O.I. Act of 1935

(C) G.O.I. Act of 1909

(D) Indian Independence Act,1947

133. Who is called the Guardian ofPublic Purse ?(A) President(B) Comptroller and AuditorGeneral(C) Parliament(D) Council of Ministers

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134. All the executive powers inIndian Constitution are vestedwith—(A) Prime Minister(B) Council of Ministers(C) President(D) Parliament

135. The Speaker of the Lok Sabhacan be removed by—(A) A resolution of the LokSabha passed by a majority of theMembers of the House(B) Two third majority of themembers of the House(C) Order of the President(D) Simple majority of theParliament

136. Which one of the following Con-stitutional Amendments intro-duced the anti-defection provi-sion in the Constitution for thefirst time ?(A) 54th Amendment(B) 53rd Amendment(C) 52nd Amendment(D) 51st Amendment

137. Which of the following is not acomponent of Bharat Nirman ?(A) Agro-based industries(B) Rural electrification(C) Rural housing(D) Rural telephony

138. Which of the following is themost important component ofthe liabilities of commercial banksin India ?(A) Demand deposits(B) Time deposits(C) Inter-bank liabilities(D) Other borrowings

139. At which temperature density ofwater is maximum ?

(A) 4°C (B) 0°C

(C) – 4°C (D) – 8°C

140. In the Eleventh Five Year Planhighest allocation has been madefor—

(A) Energy section(B) Physical infrastructure(C) Agriculture and irrigation(D) Education

141. Which one of the following is notan apex institution ?

(A) State Bank of India(B) NABARD(C) SIDBI(D) State Cooperative Bank

142. Among the colours mentionedbelow the eye is most sensitive tocolours between—(A) Red and green(B) Orange and yellow(C) Green and blue(D) Yellow and green

143. Which of the following is used totake 3-dimensional pictures ?(A) Photography(B) Holography(C) Radiography(D) None of the above

144. National Rural Employment Gua-rantee Act (NREGA) does not—(A) Promote inclusive growth(B) Guarantee 100 days employ-ment in a year to every adultmember of a rural household(C) Enhances livelihood securityto rural households(D) Guarantee wage employ-ment

145. The largest increase of employ-ment opportunities during theEleventh Five Year Plan has beenexpected in—(A) Agriculture(B) Construction(C) Manufacturing(D) Transport and communica-tion

146. A pyrometer is used to mea-sure—(A) Atmospheric pressure(B) Humidity(C) High temperature(D) Density

147. The colour of a star indicatesits—(A) Weight(B) Size(C) Temperature(D) Distance

148. The most popular measure ofinflation in India is—(A) General price rise(B) Wholesale price index(C) Consumer price index(D) Consumer price index forindustrial workers

149. The theme of the ApproachPaper of the Eleventh Five YearPlan has been—(A) Indicative Planning(B) Growth with Social Justice(C) Towards faster and moreInclusive growth(D) Planning for prosperity

150. Which one of the following is nota function of Reserve Bank ofIndia ?(A) Credit control(B) As apex body of ScheduledCommercial Banks(C) Formulation of monetarypolicy(D) Credit creation

Answers with Hints

PD/June/2010/2218

Computer Knowledge

ALLAHABAD BANK PROBATIONARY OFFICERS EXAM., 2010

(Held on 21-2-2010)

(Based on Memory)

Solved Paper

1. A………typically connects per-sonal computers within a verylimited geographical area,usually within a single building.(A) LAN (B) BAN(C) TAN (D) NAN(E) None of these

2. Computers manipulate data inmany ways, and this manipula-tion is called—(A) utilizing(B) batching(C) upgrading(D) processing(E) None of these

3. An e-mail address typicallyconsists of a user ID followed bythe ……… sign and the name ofthe e-mail server that managesthe user’s electronic post officebox.(A) @ (B) #(C) & (D) *(E) None of these

4. Software applies……, also calledalgorithms, to process data.(A) arithmetic(B) procedures(C) objects(D) rules(E) None of these

5. A file extension is separated fromthe main file name with a(n)……, but no spaces.(A) question mark(B) exclamation mark(C) underscore(D) period(E) None of these

6. An ad hoc query is a—

(A) pre-planned question

(B) pre-scheduled question

(C) spur-of-the-momentquestion

(D) question that will not returnany results(E) None of these

7. A Web ……… consists of one ormore Web pages located on aWeb server.(A) hub (B) site(C) story (D) template(E) None of these

8. A computer ……… is a set ofprogram instructions that canattach itself to a file, reproduceitself, and spread to other files.(A) worm(B) virus(C) trojan horse(D) phishing scam(E) None of these

9. The desktop contains smallgraphics called—(A) windows (B) logos(C) icons (D) pictures(E) None of these

10. C, BASIC, COBOL, and Java areexamples of ……… languages.(A) low-level(B) computer(C) system programming(D) high-level(E) None of these

11. A(n)………camera is a peripheraldevice used to capture stillimages in a digital format thatcan be easily transferred into acomputer and manipulated usinggraphics software.(A) digital (B) analog(C) classic (D) film(E) None of these

12. ……makes it possible for shop-pers to make purchases usingtheir computers.(A) E-world (B) E-commerce(C) E-spend (D) E-business(E) None of these

13. Networks are monitored bysecurity personnel and super-vised by ………who set(s) upaccounts and passwords forauthorized network users.(A) IT managers(B) the government(C) network administrators(D) password administrators(E) None of these

14. Application software is designedto accomplish—(A) real-world tasks(B) computer-centric tasks(C) gaming tasks(D) operating system tasks(E) None of these

15. A telephone number, a birthdate, and a customer name areall examples of—(A) a record (B) data(C) a file (D) a database(E) None of these

16. The human-readable version of aprogram is called—(A) source code(B) program code(C) human code(D) system code(E) None of these

17. A ……… computer (also referredto as a laptop), is a small,lightweight personal computerthat incorporates the screen, thekeyboard, storage, and proces-sing components into a singleportable unit.(A) notebook (B) journal(C) diary (D) briefcase(E) None of these

18. ……… is the result produced bya computer.(A) Data (B) Memory(C) Output (D) Input(E) None of these

PD/June/2010/2219

19. Programs such as InternetExplorer that serve as navigablewindows into the Web arecalled—(A) Hypertext(B) Networks(C) Internet(D) Web browsers(E) None of these

20. A ……… is a device that not onlyprovides surge protection, butalso furnishes your computerwith battery backup powerduring a power outage.(A) surge strip(B) USB(C) UPS(D) battery strip(E) None of these

21. When you save to ………, yourdata will remain intact evenwhen the computer is turned off.(A) RAM(B) motherboard(C) secondary storage device(D) primary storage device(E) None of these

22. The motherboard is the—(A) circuit board that housesperipheral devices(B) same as the CPU chip(C) the first chip that is accessedwhen the computer is turned on(D) circuit board that contains aCPU and other chips(E) None of these

23. A computer-intensive problemruns on a—(A) server(B) main frame(C) supercomputer(D) super PC(E) None of these

24. A(n)……converts and executesone statement at a time.(A) compiler(B) interpreter(C) converter(D) instructions(E) None of these

25. The term ……… designatesequipment that might be addedto a computer system to enhanceits functionality.

(A) digital device(B) system add-on(C) disk pack(D) peripheral device(E) None of these

26. Approximately how many bytesmake one megabyte ?(A) One thousand(B) Ten thousand(C) One hundred(D) One million(E) None of these

27. What is MP3 ?(A) A mouse(B) A Printer(C) A Sound format(D) A Scanner(E) None of these

28. All the deleted files go to—(A) Recycle Bin(B) Task Bar(C) Tool Bar(D) My Computer(E) None of these

29. ……… this is the act of copyingor downloading a program froma network and making multiplecopies of it.(A) Network piracy(B) Plagiarism(C) Software piracy(D) Site-license piracy(E) None of these

30. A directory within a directory iscalled—(A) Mini Directory(B) Junior Directory(C) Part Directory(D) Sub Directory(E) None of these

31. Which is the best definition of asoftware package ?(A) An add-on for your com-puter such as additional memory(B) A set of computer programsused for a certain function suchas word processing(C) A protection you can buyfor a computer(D) The box, manual and licenseagreement that accompanycommercial software(E) None of these

32. In MICR, C stands for ……….(A) Code(B) Colour(C) Computer(D) Character(E) None of these

33. Fax machines and imagingsystems are examples of—(A) bar-code readers(B) imaging systems(C) scanning devices(D) pen-based systems(E) None of these

34. When writing a document, youcan use the ……… feature to findan appropriate word or analternative word if you findyourself stuck for the right word.(A) dictionary(B) word finder(C) encyclopedia(D) thesaurus(E) None of these

35. Which key is used in combina-tion with another key to performa specific task ?(A) Function (B) Control(C) Arrow (D) Space bar(E) None of these

36. A disk’s content that is recordedat the time of manufacture andthat cannot be changed or erasedby the user is—(A) read-only(B) memory-only(C) run-only(D) write-only(E) None of these

37. In an information system, alpha-numeric data normally takes theform of—(A) Sentences and paragraphs(B) Numbers and alphabeticalcharacters(C) Graphic shapes and figures(D) Human voice and othersounds(E) None of these

38. A Website’s main page is calledits—(A) home page(B) browser page(C) search place(D) bookmark(E) None of these

PD/June/2010/2220

39. When installing ………, the usermust copy and usually decom-press program files from a CD-ROM or other medium to thehard disk.(A) programming software(B) system hardware(C) applications hardware(D) applications software(E) None of these

40. A collection of interrelated filesin a computer is a—(A) file manager(B) field(C) record(D) database(E) None of these

41. A ……… computer is a large andexpensive computer capable ofsimultaneously processing datafor hundreds or thousands ofusers.(A) server (B) mainframe(C) desktop (D) tablet(E) None of these

42. The trend in computer systemsis toward the use of graphicaluser interfaces (GUIs). In theseoperating systems, a trackball isdescribed as—

(A) a roller ball which movesthe cursor

(B) a pen-shaped device whichallows data to be enteredthrough the CRT screen

(C) a figure which resembles afamiliar office device

(D) an outdated input device

(E) None of these

43. Various applications and docu-ments are represented on theWindows desktop by—(A) Symbols (B) Labels(C) Graphs (D) Icons(E) None of these

44. What is usually used for dis-playing information at publicplaces ?(A) Monitors(B) Overhead Projections(C) Monitors and OverheadProjections(D) Touch Screen Kiosks(E) None of these

45. The real business and competi-tive value of information techno-logy lies in—(A) The software applicationsthat are used by many com-panies(B) The capabilities of the soft-ware and value of the informa-tion a business acquires and uses(C) The infrastructure of hard-ware, networks, and other ITfacilities that are commonly usedby many companies(D) The capabilities of thehardware and the speed at whichit processes information(E) None of these

46. Companies use which of thefollowing vendors to provideaccess to software and servicesrather than purchasing theapplications and maintaining theapplications themselves ?(A) Open source vendors(B) Alliances(C) Application service provi-ders(D) All of the above(E) None of these

47. Which one of the followingwould be considered as a waythat a computer virus can enter acomputer system ?(A) Opening an applicationpreviously installed on thecomputer(B) Borrowed copies of software(C) Viewing a website withoutcausing any additional tran-sactions(D) Running antivirus programs(E) None of these

48. Collecting personal informationand effectively posing as anotherindividual is known as the crimeof—(A) spooling (B) dentity theft(C) spoofing (D) hacking(E) None of these

49. The first step in the transactionprocessing cycle is—(A) database operations(B) audit(C) data entry(D) user inquiry(E) None of these

50. In the information systems con-cept, the output functioninvolves—

(A) Capturing and assemblingelements that enter the system tobe processed

(B) Transformation processesthat convert input into output

(C) Transferring elements thathave been produced by atransformation process to theirultimate destination

(D) Monitoring and evaluatingfeedback to determine whether asystem is moving toward theachievement of its goal

(E) None of these

Answers

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2221

General Awareness

NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. (A.O.) EXAM., 2009

(Held on 25-10-2009)

(Based on Memory)

Solved Paper

1. Which of the following is not thename of an Insurance Schemelaunched by the Government ofIndia ?(A) Janashree Bima Yojana(B) Krishi Shramik SamajikSuraksha Yojana

(C) Shiksha Sahyog Yojana(D) Varsha Bima Yojana(E) National Saving SchemeProgramme

2. Which of the following insurancecompanies writes its punchline in the advertisements—“Insurance is the subject matterof solicitation” ?

(A) GIC(B) LIC(C) ING Vysya Life InsuranceCo.(D) Tata AIG Life Insurance Co.(E) None of these

3. How much Foreign InstitutionalInvestment is allowed ininsurance sector at present ?(A) 20% (B) 46%(C) 59% (D) 63%(E) None of these

4. How many public sector com-panies in India are in InsuranceBusiness ?(A) Only one (B) Two(C) Three (D) Four(E) More than ten

5. Which of the following was theparent company of New IndiaAssurance ?(A) LIC(B) GIC(C) Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd.(D) United India Insurance(E) None of these

6. Which of the following organiza-tions of the workers of unorga-nized sector has adopted aninsurance scheme for all its wor-

kers and has become a modelorganization for the workers ofthe unorganized sector ?(A) SERC (B) SEWA(C) VSNL (D) SEBI(E) MTNL

7. Which of the following projectsof the ISRO was recently insuredby the New India AssuranceCompany ?(A) MATSAT–II(B) Aryabhatt(C) PSLV(D) Chandrayaan(E) INSAT–2E

8. Which of the following industrialgroups of India is Not in anytype of Insurance Business inIndia ?(A) Tatas(B) Birlas(C) Jaipurias(D) Mahindras(E) All are in Insurance Busi-ness

9. Which of the following words/terms is closely associated withthe insurance business ?(A) Archives(B) Donation(C) Actuary(D) Quest(E) All are associated withinsurance

10. Which of the following is theabbreviated name of the agency/organization which is the regula-tor of insurance business inIndia ?(A) NHB (B) IRDA(C) IBA (D) IDFC(E) ICRISAT

11. Insurance services are normallynot provided for which of thefollowing ?(A) Health(B) Life

(C) Jobs(D) House & Property(E) It is available for all

12. The New India Assurance Com-pany was established in 1919by—(A) Dorab Tata(B) G. D. Birla(C) Jamunalal Bajaj(D) Kamlapat Singhania(E) None of these

13. Which of the following is largestNon Life Insurance Company inIndia ?(A) ICICI Lombard GeneralInsurance Company Ltd.(B) United India InsuranceCompany Ltd.(C) General Insurance CompanyLtd.(D) New India Assurance Com-pany Ltd.(E) None of these

14. Ramesh Pokhriyal has taken overas the new—(A) Chief Minister of Chhattis-garh(B) Chief Minister of Uttara-khand(C) Governor of Haryana(D) Governor of Uttarakhand(E) Governor of Chhattisgarh

15. As per the announcement madeby the Govt. of India, which ofthe following organizations isset up by it for a very specificpurpose of providing a personalidentity card to all its citizens ?(A) National Remote SensingAgency(B) Unique IdentificationAuthority of India (UIA)(C) National Spot Exchange(D) Trade Development Autho-rity(E) People’s Union for CivilLiberties

PD/June/2010/2222

16. Which of the following InsuranceCompanies was launched withNABARD as one of its promo-ter’s with 30% stake in it ?(A) General Insurance Corpora-tion Ltd.(B) National Insurance Com-pany Ltd.(C) Agriculture Insurance Com-pany Ltd.(D) SBI Life Insurance CompanyLtd.(E) None of these

17. Who amongst the following isnew Foreign Secretary of India ?(A) Nirupama Rao(B) Goolam E. Vahanvati(C) Brindeshwar Pathak(D) Naveen Chawla(E) None of these

18. Which of the following correctlydescribes what the ‘Bancass-urance’ is ?1. It is an arrangement where-

by the branches of a banksell/distribute insuranceproducts of an insurancecompany.

2. It is a new product devel-oped/launched by the banksin which the risks of thehigh value customers arecovered for any losses totheir property and/or livesthrough an insurance cover.

3. It is a new product launchedby some banks by whichthey are providing insurancecover to exporters/ impor-ters for the losses, if any dueto high fluctuations in theexchange rates of dollarsand other major currencies.

(A) Only 1(B) Only 2(C) Only 3(D) All 1, 2 and 3(E) None of these

19. Which of the following is theabbreviated name of the orga-nizations which provides creditguarantee to exporters ?(A) FICCI (B) NABARD(C) SIDBI (D) ECGC(E) SEBI

20. The Railway Budget 2009-10 waspresented in the Lok Sabha (inJuly 2009) by—

(A) Lalu Prasad Yadav(B) Kapil Sibal(C) P. Chidambaram(D) Mamata Banerjee(E) Pranab Mukherjee

21. ‘Satyam’ the well known com-pany which has been in the newsin recent past, is now knownwith its new name as—(A) Mahindra Satyam(B) Birla Satyam(C) Reliance Satyam(D) Tata Satyam(E) None of these

22. The Economic Survey which waspresented in the Lok Sabha inJuly 2009, was the survey for theyear/period of—(A) 2007–08(B) 2008–09(C) 2009–10(D) Tenth five year plan(E) None of these

23. The Government of India hasrecently decided to allow about2,200 items to come to Indianmarkets with a tag of ‘Duty FreeItems.’ These items are importedfrom—(A) China (B) Singapore(C) Sri Lanka (D) Nepal(E) Pakistan

24. Who amongst the following isnot one of the IIFA Awardwinners of 2009 ? (Under any oneof the categories).(A) Priyanka Chopra(B) Asin(C) Farhan Akhtar(D) Karishma Kapoor(E) Hrithik Roshan

25. Saina Nehwal is a famous—(A) Badminton player(B) Table Tennis Player(C) Lawn Tennis Player(D) Hockey Player(E) Chess Player

26. ‘No Tobacco Day‘ is observedevery year on—(A) 1st May (B) 1st June(C) 31st May (D) 30th June(E) None of these

27. India has recently appointed anew Attorney General. AttorneyGenerals are advisers to theGovernment of India in—

(A) Defence related matters(B) Diplomatic matters(C) Legal matters(D) Financial matters(E) None of these

28. The presidential election inwhich of the following countries,held in June 2009, created a con-troversy as one of the candidateswho was declared defeatedrefused to accept the results ofthe same ?(A) Iran (B) Pakistan(C) Nepal (D) Sri Lanka(E) USA

29. Which of the following awards isgiven for excellence in the fieldof Literature ?(A) N. Borlaug Award(B) Kalinga Prize(C) Kishor Kumar Award(D) Saraswati Samman(E) Dronacharya Award

30. The parliamentarian elections ofwhich of the following organiz-ations were held in June 2009 ?(A) European Union (EU)(B) Oil & Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC)(C) Shanghai Corporation(D) South Asian Association forRegional Cooperation (SAARC)(E) None of these

31. The 79th Amendment to theIndian Constitution done in 1999was associated with the—(A) reservation of seats in theParliament and State Assembliesfor SC/ST candidates(B) creation of three new statesChhattisgarh, Uttarakhand andJharkhand(C) land reforms in many states(D) giving more powers toPanchayats(E) None of these

32. Which of the following books iswritten by Arundhati Roy ?(A) The Last Hero(B) Stolen Harvest(C) A Himalayan Love Story(D) Freedom From Fear(E) God of Small Things

33. Which of the following schemeswas launched recently to makeIndian cities free from slums ?

PD/June/2010/2223

(A) Bharat Nirman(B) Indira Vikash Yojana(C) Indira Awas Yojana(D) Rajiv Awas Yojana(E) None of these

34. Admiral Gorshkov Aircraftcarrier Refit Project is a dealbetween India and—(A) China (B) South Korea(C) Russia (D) Iran(E) None of these

35. The sex ratio in India is higher inwhich of the following states ?(Females (1058) are more thanper thousand males)—(A) Maharashtra(B) Kerala(C) Manipur(D) Assam(E) Karnataka

36. Which of the following countriesin Not a member of ASEAN ?(A) Myanmar (B) Singapore(C) China (D) Vietnam(E) Malaysia

37. Tipaimukh Dam which was innews recently is located in whichof the following states ?(A) Nagaland(B) Meghalaya(C) Arunachal Pradesh(D) Manipur(E) Assam

38. Which of the following stateshas highest Literacy Rate incountry ?(A) Gujarat(B) Maharashtra(C) Delhi(D) Andhra Pradesh(E) Kerala

39. Which of the following cups/trophies is closely associated withthe game of Hockey ?(A) Mardeka Cup(B) Wimbledon Trophy(C) Ranji Trophy(D) Durand Cup(E) Agha Khan Cup

40. Which of the following diseasesis caused by a virus ?(A) Plague(B) Cholera(C) Whooping cough(D) Tetanus(E) Chicken pox

Answer with Hints

P.Darpan

Continued from Page 2207

Answers with Hints

P.Darpan

Continued from Page 2217

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2224

Reasoning

IDBI BANK EXECUTIVE EXAM., 2009

(Held on 13-12-2009)

(Based on Memory)

Solved Paper

1. If ‘M’ denotes ‘+’, ‘N’ denotes ‘÷’,‘R’ denotes ‘–’ and Q denotes ‘×’then—15 M 12 Q 5 R 40 N 8 = ?(A) 70 (B) 130(C) 45 (D) 60(E) None of these

2. How many meaningful Englishwords can be formed using thethird, fifth, ninth and eleventhletters of the word ‘COMMAND-MENT’ using each letter onlyonce ?(A) None (B) One(C) Two (D) Three(E) More than three

3. Seema correctly remembers thatshe took leave after 21st Octoberand before 27th October. Hercolleague Rita took leave on 23rdOctober but Seema was presenton that day. If 24th October wasa public holiday and 26th Octoberwas Sunday, on which day inOctober did Seema take leave ?(A) 22nd October(B) 25th October(C) 22nd or 25th October(D) Data Inadequate(E) None of these

Directions—(Q. 4 and 5) Thefollowing questions are based on thefive three letter words given below—

PUN SAD CRY FOE STYIf each of the words is rearranged

in alphabetical order then—4. If it is possible to make only one

meaningful English word usingeach letter only once, from thefirst letters of each of the fivewords after the letters of eachword are rearranged in alphabe-tical order, the last letter of thatword is your answer. If morethan one word can be formed, ‘X’is the answer and if no suchword can be formed then ‘W’ isthe answer.

(A) E (B) N(C) X (D) W(E) S

5. How many words will remainunchanged even after their rearr-angement in alphabetical order ?

(A) None (B) One(C) Two (D) Three

(E) More than three

6. How many pairs of letters arethere in the word ‘VERIFIED’each of which has as many lettersbetween them in the word as inthe English alphabet ?

(A) None (B) One(C) Two (D) Three(E) More than three'

7. The fare paying capacity ofpeople who travel on routesconnecting to small towns is verylow. Most successful airlineswhich operate in such regionshave a large number of seats.Which of the following can beinferred from the above informa-tion ?

(A) Regional airlines are quiteprofitable.(B) People from cities are increa-singly travelling to small towns.(C) Regional airlines have tocharge low fares in order to beprofitable.(D) The number of people trave-lling from small towns to cities ismassive.(E) None of these

8. If ‘A × D’ means ‘A is the sister ofD’, ‘A + D’ means ‘D is the dau-ghter of A’ and ‘A ÷ D’ means ‘Ais the mother of D’, then howwill N is the aunt of M bedenoted ?

(A) M + L × N (B) M ÷ L + N

(C) L × N ÷ M (D) N × L ÷ M

(E) None of these

9. M earns more than X and lessthan T. V earns more than M andT. R earns more than only X.Who earns the least among thefive of them ?

(A) X(B) V(C) M(D) Cannot be determined(E) None of these

10. The Court has stayed proceed-ings against the stockbroker. Hecan now return to the country.Which of the following can beassumed from the given infor-mation ?

(A) The stockbroker is innocent.(B) The police cannot arrest thestockbroker.(C) The judge has been bribed.(D) Complaints filed against thestockbroker have been with-drawn.(E) None of these

Directions— (Q. 11–15) Readthe following passage carefully andanswer the questions given below it.

A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H aresitting around a circular table, facingthe centre. A sits third to the left of Cand second to the right of E. B sitssecond to the right of D who is not animmediate neighbour of E. H sitssecond to the left of F. G is not animmediate neighbour of D.

11. Which of the following pairs hasonly one person sitting-betweenthem, if the counting is done inclockwise direction ?

(A) F, G (B) H, G(C) H, C (D) H, B(E) None of these

12. Who sits third to the right of E ?

(A) D (B) G(C) F (D) B

(E) None of these

PD/June/2010/2225

13. What is the position of G withrespect to A’s position ?

(A) Immediately to the right

(B) Second to the left

(C) Third to the right

(D) Third to the left

(E) Fourth to the right

14. Who sits between E and A ?

(A) F (B) D

(C) G (D) B

(E) None of these

15. Starting from A’s position, if allthe eight are arranged in alpha-betical order in clockwise direc-tion, the seating position of howmany members (excluding A)would remain unchanged ?

(A) None (B) One

(C) Two (D) Three

(E) Four

Directions—(Q. 16–23) In each ofthe questions below are given fourstatements followed by four conclu-sions numbered I, II, III and IV. Youhave to take the given statements tobe true even if they seem to be atvariance with commonly known facts.Read all the conclusions and thendecide which of the given conclusionslogically follows from the givenstatements disregarding commonlyknown facts.

16. Statements :

Some stoves are ovens.

All ovens are cylinders.

Some engines are stoves.

Some metals are cylinders.

Conclusions :

I. Some ovens are metals

II. Some cylinders are stoves

III. Some ovens are engines

IV. No engine is a cylinder

(A) None follows(B) Only II and IV follow(C) Only II and III follow(D) Only III follows(E) Only II follows

17. Statements :Some cars are buses.Some buses are trains.All airplanes are trains.All trucks are buses.

Conclusions :I. Some airplanes are trucks.II. Some cars are trains.III. Some trucks are airplanes.IV. No truck is train.

(A) None follows(B) Only II and IV follow(C) Only III and IV follow(D) Only I and III follow(E) None of these

18. Statements :Some tools are hammers.All tools are trees.Some trees are flowers.No hammer is flower.Conclusions :I. All hammers are tools.II. No tool is flower.III. Some hammers are trees.IV. Some flowers are tools.

(A) None follows

(B) Only I and either II or IVfollow(C) Only II and IV follow

(D) Only III follows

(E) None of these

19. Statements :Some bags are pockets.Some pockets are trousers.All skirts are pockets.Some belts are bags.

Conclusions :

I. Some trousers are belts.II. Some skirts are bags.III. No trouser is belt.IV. Some skirts are trousers.

(A) All follow

(B) Only II and IV follows

(C) Only III follows

(D) Only either I or III follows

(E) None of these

20. Statements :Some cats are tigers.All lions are cats.Some horses are lions.All horses are animals.

Conclusions :

I. Some lions are tigers.II. No horse is tiger.III. Some horses are cats.IV. Some horses are tigers.

(A) None follows(B) Only III follows(C) Only II and IV follow(D) Only III and either II or IVfollow(E) None of these

21. Statements :Some clocks are radios.No radio is laptop.Some fridges are clocks.Some clocks are laptops.Conclusions :I. Some fridges are laptops.II. No radio is fridge.III. Laptops are either fridges or

clocks.IV. No laptop is fridge.

(A) Only II follows(B) Only IV follows(C) Only either I or IV follows(D) Only III follows(E) None of these

22. Statements :Some notes are coins.Some papers are plastics.All coins are papers.No note is cardboard.Conclusions :I. Some notes are papers.II. Some coins are plastics.III. No paper is cardboard.IV. No note is plastic.

(A) Only I follows(B) Only I and II follow(C) Only I and III follow(D) All follow(E) None of these

23. Statements :All stools are desks.No desk is shelf.All shelves are cupboards.Some cupboards are mirrors.Conclusions :I. No mirror is shelf.II. No stool is shelf.III. No cupboard is desk.IV. No mirror is desk.

(A) None follows(B) Only II and III follow(C) Only II follows(D) Only II, III and IV follow(E) None of these

PD/June/2010/2226

Directions— (Q. 24–28) Studythe following arrangement carefullyand answer the questions givenbelow—

M ? 2 D B 7 A 4 ★ 9 6 $ T + N 5 @V E W # U 8 F © 3

24. How many such prime numbersare there in the given arrange-ment each of which is immedi-ately followed by a symbol andpreceded by a consonant ?(A) None (B) One(C) Two (D) Three(E) More than three

25. If the places of the symbols areinterchanged with those of thenumbers immediately followingthem in the given arrangementthen which of the following willbe the eleventh from the rightend ?(A) V (B) @(C) 5 (D) N(E) None of these

26. Which of the following is theseventh letter to the left of # ?(A) A (B) N(C) T (D) B(E) None of these

27. What should come in place of thequestion mark (?) in thefollowing series based on theabove arrangement ?

2 7 B 4 6 9 T 5 N ?(A) @ W E (B) 5 E V(C) V U # (D) V # W(E) None of these

28. If the symbols and numbers aredropped from the given arrange-ment and then the letters arerearranged in alphabetical orderwhich of the following will bethe sixth from the left end ?(A) M (B) F(C) N (D) E(E) None of these

Directions—(Q. 29–33) Below ineach question are given two state-ments (I) and (II). These statementsmay be either independent causes ormay be effects of independent causesor a common cause. One of thesestatements may be the effect of theother statement. Read both the state-ments and then decide which of thefollowing answer choice correctly de-picts the relationship between thesetwo statements. Mark answer—

(A) If statement I is the causeand statement II is its effect.

(B) If statement II is the causeand statement I is its effect.

(C) if both statements I and IIare independent causes.

(D) if both statements I and IIare effects of independentcauses.

(E) if both statements I and IIare effects of some commoncauses.

29. I. There has been mass recruit-ment of IT professionals byIndian IT companies

II. Many developed countriesare increasingly outsourcingIT related functions to Indiaand China.

30. I. Many farmers have given upjute cultivation as it is nolonger economically viable.

II. The textile ministry has pro-posed a hike in the MinimumSupport Price of jute.

31. I. The government is consider-ing changes in the LandAcquisition Act.

II. Several large infrastructuredevelopment projects havebeen stalled due to unavail-ability of land.

32. I. The Government is consi-dering the possibility of invol-ving private sector companiesin highway construction pro-jects.

II. The implementation of manyhighway projects undertakenby government agencies isbehind schedule in variousstates.

33. I. The price of aircraft fuel hasrisen during the past fewmonths.

II. Many passenger airlines inIndia have been forced to cuttheir air fares by about 10 percent.

Directions— (Q. 34–40) In eachquestion below is given a group ofletters followed by four combinationsof digits/symbols lettered (A), (B),(C) and (D). You have to find outwhich of the combinations correctlyrepresents the group of letters basedon the coding system and mark theletter of that combination as your

answer. If none of the combinationscorrectly represents the group ofletters, mark (E) i.e., ‘None of these’as your answer.

Letter :

W R A P G B M U S E F T N D

Digit/Symbol Codes :

$ 8 ! 2 7 # 9 @ ? 5 β 4 ★ 6

Conditions :

I. If the middle letter is avowel, the codes for the firstand the fourth letters are tobe interchanged.

II. If the first two letters are con-sonants, the first letter is tobe coded, no code may begiven to the second letter andthe remaining three lettersare to be coded.

III. If the first letter is a voweland the last letter is a conso-nant both are to be coded asthe code for the consonant.

34. NEAST—

(A) ?5!★4 (B) ?5!4★

(C) 4★!5? (D) 45!?(E) None of these

35. DAEWP—

(A) 6!5$2 (B) $!562(C) 6!52$ (D) $265!(E) None of these

36. PEFTG—

(A) 25β42 (B) 2β4G

(C) 25β47 (D) 47β25

(E) None of these

37. SMGBE—

(A) ?975# (B) 97#5?

(C) ?97#5 (D) ?#79?

(E) None of these

38. UGREN—

(A) ★785@ (B) ★785★

(C) @785@ (D) @85★

(E) None of these

39. RBMFN—

(A) 8#9β4 (B) β★98#

(C) 89β★ (D) 8#9β★

(E) None of these

40. MUTWA—

(A) 9@$4! (B) 94$!(C) 94@!$ (D) 9@4$!(E) None of these

PD/June/2010/2227

Directions—(Q. 41–50) Study thefollowing information carefully andanswer the questions which follow—

A bank is disbursing educationalloans to meritorious students. Loanswill be made available to applicantswho possess the following criteria.The candidate must—

I. Be a citizen of IndiaII. Have secured admission to a

post graduate course (Mas-ters or P. G. Diploma) off-ered by an Indian or foreignuniversity in India.

III. Have secured 60 per centmarks in the entrance exa-mination for the course.

IV. Have security (property/LICpolicy) equivalent to theloan amount.

However if the applicant fulfilsthe above mentioned criteria except—

(1) At (II) above the case may bereferred to the Loan com-mittee.

(2) At (IV) above guarantee of athird party who has an acc-ount with the bank may beobtained.

Mark answer :(A) If the loan is to be sanc-

tioned.(B) If the loan is to be rejected.(C) If the loan is to be referred to

the loan committee.(D) If guarantee from an account

holder is needed.(E) If the data provided is inade-

quate to take a decision.

41. Shruti has secured admission toMNV University in Chennai for apost-graduate degree in manage-ment. She obtained 65 per cent inthe entrance test for the course.She has an Indian passport.

42. Milind has applied and securedadmission for a post-graduatedegree in advertising at MICUniversity Ahmedabad. He hasan LIC policy equivalent to theloan amount. He secured 70 percent in his graduation and is anIndian citizen.

43. Prakash has applied for a post-graduate course in IT and Ani-mation which wi l l commencefrom January in Kolkata. Hehas secured admission to thecourse having obtained 60 per

cent in the written entrance test.His uncle who has an accountwith the bank is willing tostand guarantor.

44. Anil is an Indian science gradu-ate who has secured admissionfor a Masters degree in Com-puter Science from a prestigiousIndian University. He stood firstin the entrance test with 82 percent marks. His family is willingto use their house, which isequivalent in value to the loanamount, as security. He will staywith his uncle in Dubai duringthe course.

45. Nikhil’s part time P.G. Diplomain Management will begin inDecember. He secured 65 percent in the All India entranceexam and has secured admissionto a college in Mumbai. He hasrequested a transfer for theduration of the course. He has anLIC policy equivalent to the loanamount. Nikhil holds an Indianpassport.

46. Maria secured 75% in theentrance exam to NVT CollegePune and has obtained admis-sion. An Indian national she hasthe necessary property to offer assecurity for the loan amount. Theduration of her undergraduatedegree course in ComputerApplications is 3 years.

47. Deepa obtained 70 per cent inher engineering entrance examfor her Masters and has securedadmission to the college of herchoice. She has an LIC policyequivalent in value to the loanamount. Her interview to obtaina visa for her course in the U.S. ison November 25. She is anIndian citizen.

48. Sudhir has applied for a post-graduate degree in Pharmacy atAll India Institute at New Delhi.He is an Indian citizen and hav-ing secured 60 per cent in hisentrance exam, he has beengranted admission. He does nothave any property to use assecurity. His father who has anaccount with the bank is willingto guarantee the loan.

49. Anandi has secured admissionfor a P.G. Diploma in Manage-ment at a University in Allahabad

with 72 per cent in the entranceexamination. She has an LICPolicy amounting to the loanamount. She is an Indian citizen.

50. Ravi has obtained admission tothe Indian Institute of Researchat Chandigarh for a Masters inMathematics offered only toIndian citizens. He secured 68per cent in the entrance test. Hedoes not have any securityagainst the loan. However hisemployer who has an accountwith the bank is willing toguarantee the loan.

Answers with Hints

PD/June/2010/2229

Quantitative Aptitude

INDIAN BANK PROBATIONARY OFFICERS EXAM., 2010

(Held on 17-1-2010)

(Based on Memory)

Solved Paper

Directions—(Q. 1–5) What willcome in place of question-mark (?) inthe following questions ?

1. 343 × 49216 × 16 × 81

= ?

(A) 75

67 (B) 75

68

(C) 76

67 (D) 74

68

(E) None of these

2. 23 × 15 – 60 + ? ÷ 31 = 292

(A) 218 (B) 186

(C) 217 (D) 201

(E) None of these

3. 15% of 578 + 22·5% of 644 = ?

(A) 231·4

(B) 233·6

(C) 231·8

(D) 231·6

(E) None of these

4. 52 × 14 – 6 × 7 + (4)? = 18

(A) 1 (B) 3

(C) 4 (D) 5

(E) None of these

5. 334 + 4

25 – 3

18 = ?

(A) 4 140 (B) 5 1

40

(C) 6 140 (D) 5 3

40

(E) None of these

6. What would be the compoundinterest accrued on an amount ofRs. 7,400 @ 13·5 p.c.p.a. at theend of two years ? (rounded offto two digits after decimal)

(A) Rs. 2,136·87

(B) Rs. 2,306·81

(C) Rs. 2,032·18

(D) Rs. 2,132·87(E) None of these

7. Sonu invested 10% more thanMona. Mona invested 10% lessthan Raghu. If the total sum oftheir investment is Rs. 5,780, howmuch amount did Raghu invest ?(A) Rs. 2,010

(B) Rs. 2,000

(C) Rs. 2,100

(D) Rs. 2,210

(E) None of these

8. The ratio of the ages of Tina andRakesh is 9 : 10 respectively. Tenyears ago the ratio of their ageswas 4 : 5 respectively. What isthe present age of Rakesh ?(A) 25 years(B) 20 years(C) 30 years(D) 24 years(E) None of these

9. The circumference of two circlesis 132 metre and 176 metrerespectively. What is the diffe-rence between the area of thelarger circle and the smallercircle ?

(A) 1048 sq. metre

(B) 1076 sq. metre

(C) 1078 sq. metre

(D) 1090 sq. metre

(E) None of these

10. In how many different ways canthe letters of the word ‘OFFICES’be arranged ?

(A) 2520(B) 5040(C) 1850(D) 1680(E) None of these

Directions—(Q. 11–15) In thefollowing number series only onenumber is wrong. Find out the wrongnumber.

11. 850, 600, 550, 500, 475, 462·5,456·25(A) 600 (B) 550(C) 500 (D) 462·5(E) None of these

12. 2, 10, 18, 54, 162, 486, 1458(A) 18 (B) 54(C) 162 (D) 10(E) None of these

13. 13, 25, 40, 57, 79, 103, 130(A) 25 (B) 40(C) 57 (D) 79(E) None of these

14. 8, 12, 24, 46, 72, 108, 152(A) 12 (B) 24(C) 46 (D) 72(E) None of these

15. 142, 119, 100, 83, 65, 59, 52(A) 65 (B) 100(C) 59 (D) 119(E) None of these

Directions—(Q. 16–20) In thefollowing questions two equationsnumbered I and II are given. Youhave to solve both the equations andgive answer. If—

(A) x > y(B) x ≥ y(C) x < y(D) x ≤ y(E) x = y

or the relationship cannot beestablished

16. I. x2 – 7x + 12 = 0

II. y2 + y – 12 = 0

17. I. 2x2 + 11x + 14 = 0

II. 4y2 + 12y + 9 = 0

18. I. x4 – 227 = 398

II. y2 + 321 = 34619. I. x2 – 4 = 0

II. y2 + 6y + 9 = 0

20. I. x2 = 729

II. y = 729

PD/June/2010/2230

Directions—(Q. 21–25) Study the table carefully to answer the questionsthat follow—

Percentage of Marks Obtained by Six Students in Six DifferentSubjects

Subject

Student Hindi English Science Mathematics Social Studies Sanskrit

(out of175)

(out of80)

(out of125)

(out of 100) (out of 120) (out of 35)

A 87 84 91 66 39 84B 58 68 87 74 57 79C 63 71 81 94 44 86D 48 57 70 79 68 44E 83 83 49 77 55 50F 74 68 42 63 61 58

21. What are the average marksobtained by all the students inScience ?(A) 87 (B) 86·5(C) 90 (D) 87·5(E) None of these

22. What are the average marksobtained by student F in Hindi,English and Science subjectstogether ?(A) 78 (B) 82·4(C) 78·8 (D) 84(E) None of these

23. If a minimum of 101 marks inScience subject are required foropting science stream in thenext academic year, how manystudents will not able to optscience stream due to insufficientmarks in Science subject ?(A) None (B) Two(C) Four (D) Five(E) Three

24. What are the total marks obtainedby D in Hindi, E in Social Studiesand C in Mathematics together ?(A) 258 (B) 244(C) 235 (D) 210(E) None of these

25. What is the respective ratio of themarks scored by E in Science andHindi ?(A) 35 : 83 (B) 61 : 75(C) 83 : 35 (D) 75 : 61(E) None of these

Directions—(Q. 26–30) Whatapproximate value should come inplace of the question mark (?) in thefollowing questions ? (You are notexpected to calculate the exact value.)26. 3942 ÷ 64 ÷ 3 = ?

(A) 29 (B) 32(C) 21 (D) 17(E) 11

27. 16·978 + 27·007 + 36·984 – 12·969 – 9·003 = ?

(A) 72 (B) 42(C) 60 (D) 51(E) 65

28. 18% of 609 + 27·5% of 450 = ?(A) 220 (B) 233(C) 267 (D) 248(E) 274

29. 2 310 × 4

67 × 7

12 = ?

(A) 68 (B) 72(C) 93 (D) 84(E) 101

30. 12·564 × 22·009 × 17·932 =?(A) 4901 (B) 4895(C) 4800 (D) 4959(E) 4350

Directions—(Q. 31–35) Study theinformation carefully to answer thequestions that follow—

On the occasion of an openingceremony of a Sports events, in astadium there are total of 600 playerswho are participating in four differentevents viz. Athletics, Table tennis,Kho-Kho and Lawn Tennis. The ratiobetween male to female players is11 : 4 respectively. 30% of the femaleplayers out of total female playersare participating in athletics. 10% offemale players out of total femaleplayers are participating in tabletennis. The remaining female playersare participating in kho-kho and lawntennis in the ratio of 1 : 3 respectively.The ratio of male players who areparticipating in athletics and otherevents together is 3 : 5 respectively.4% of those male players who are notparticipating in athletics are partici-pating in lawn tennis. Remaining

male players are participating in tabletennis and Kho-Kho in the ratio of5 : 3 respectively.31. What is the ratio between the

female players participating inlawn tennis to table tennis res-pectively ?(A) 9 : 5 (B) 4 : 7(C) 7 : 4 (D) 9 : 2(E) None of these

32. What is the difference betweenmale players participating in kho-kho and female players parti-cipating in lawn tennis ?(A) 27 (B) 31(C) 83 (D) 76(E) None of these

33. What is the ratio between themale players participating inLawn tennis and female playersparticipating in table tennis res-pectively ?(A) 11 : 72 (B) 11 : 38(C) 11 : 16 (D) 16 : 13(E) None of these

34. What is the total number offemale players who are partici-pating in athletics and Kho-Khotogether ?(A) 68 (B) 72(C) 58 (D) 67(E) None of these

35. What is the total number ofplayers (both males and femalestogether) participating in tabletennis and athletics together ?(A) 360 (B) 358(C) 374 (D) 396(E) None of these

Directions—(Q. 36–40) Study thefollowing table carefully to answerthe questions that follow—

Production of Sugar (in tonne)of Three Different States over

the yearsYear

State2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

P 4·3 4·9 5·6 5·8 6·7 7·4Q 3·1 3·7 4·4 5·1 6·0 6·2R 3·9 4·7 5·8 6·6 7·3 8·3

Total 11·3 13·3 15·8 17·5 20 21·9

36. What is the average productionof sugar of all the three states in2003 and 2004 together ?(A) 4·1 tonne (B) 4·7 tonne(C) 5·1 tonne (D) 4·8 tonne(E) None of these

PD/June/2010/2231

37. What is the ratio between totalproduction of sugar of all thethree states in year 2006 and 2007respectively ?(A) 7 : 9 (B) 6 : 7(C) 8 : 7 (D) 7 : 8(E) 11 : 12

38. What i s the average productionof sugar of State R for all theyears together ?(A) 6·24 tonne (B) 6·3 tonne(C) 7·1 tonne (D) 6·1 tonne(E) None of these

39. What is the difference betweenthe total production of sugar ofall the three states together in2008 and 2005 respectively ?(A) 6·9 tonne (B) 4·3 tonne(C) 6·1 tonne (D) 5·1 tonne(E) None of these

40. What is the approximate per-centage increase in production ofsugar in state Q from 2006 to2007 ?(A) 12 (B) 18(C) 24 (D) 10(E) 21

Directions—(Q. 41–45) Study thefollowing Pie-chart carefully toanswer these questions.

Total Expenditure : Rs. 60 Lac

8%

24%

15%

Purchase ofoverhead pro-

jectors for Ph.D.Classes

Medical facilityfor students 7%

Rese

arch

wor

k

Psychology

laboratory

Computer laboratory

Sports

Purchase of booksfor library 6%

Publication ofJournals

10%

18%

12%

Expenditure of funds by universityfor various purposes

41. What is the total sum of expen-diture on Research work, Pur-chase of overhead projectors forPh.D. Classes and Purchase ofbooks for Library together ?(A) Rs. 22·6 lac(B) Rs. 22·8 lac(C) Rs. 23·4 lac(D) Rs. 20·8 lac(E) None of these

42. What is the difference betweenthe expenditure made by univer-sity for Publication of Journalsand Psychology Laboratory ?(A) Rs. 4 lac(B) Rs. 3 lac(C) Rs. 4·2 lac(D) Rs. 3·8 lac(E) None of these

43. What is the respective ratio bet-ween the expenditure made byuniversity on research work andpurchase of books for library ?(A) 4 : 5 (B) 5 : 4(C) 8 : 3 (D) 8 : 5(E) None of these

44. If the expenditure on purchase ofoverhead projectors for Ph.D.Students is decreased by 7%,what will be the expenditure onthe same after the decrease ?(A) Rs. 1,33,920(B) Rs. 13,39,200(C) Rs. 1,02,000(D) Rs. 1,08,000(E) None of these

45. Which of the following is defi-nitely true ?(A) Ratio between expenditureof university for the purchase oflibrary books and expenditureon computer laboratory is 3 : 1respectively(B) Expenditure on medical faci-lities for students is Rs. 4·6 lac(C) Difference between theexpenditure on research workand medical facilities for studentis Rs. 60,000(D) All are true(E) None of these

Directions—(Q. 46–50) Study thefollowing graph carefully to answerthese questions.

No. of students in College A andCollege B over the years

College A College B

Years

No.

of s

tude

nts (

in th

ousa

nds)

0

2010

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

4030

6050

8090

70

46. Number of students of College Bin year 2008 is what per cent oftotal students of College B in allthe years together ? (Round off totwo digits after decimal)(A) 20·61 (B) 23·79(C) 21·79 (D) 17·29(E) None of these

47. What is the average number ofstudents in College A for all theyears together ?(A) 45,000 (B) 50,000(C) 52,000 (D) 48,000(E) None of these

48. What is the approximate per-centage rise in number of studentsof college B from 2005 to 2006 ?(A) 8 (B) 12(C) 4 (D) 15(E) 20

49. For which college(s) and inwhich year was the percent risein num-ber of students from theprevious year the highest ?(A) College A in year 2004 andCollege B in year 2005(B) Only College B in year 2004(C) College A in year 2004 andCollege B in year 2004(D) College A in year 2007 andCollege B in year 2004(E) None of these

50. What is the ratio between thetotal number of students ofCollege A in year 2004, 2006and 2007 together and the totalnumber of students of College Bin year 2003, 2004 and 2008respectively ?(A) 35 : 32 (B) 33 : 37(C) 34 : 31 (D) 32 : 35(E) None of these

Answers with Hints

PD/June/2010/2234

English Literature

HARYANA SCHOOL TEACHERS ELIGIBILITY TEST (For Lecturer), 2009

(Held on 25-7-2009)

(Based on Memory)

Solved Paper

1. I left the bag where I found it.The bold sentence is a—(A) Noun phrase(B) Noun clause(C) Adjective clause(D) Adverb clause

2. The real revolutionary transfor-mation in Indian history is that—

(A) The Indian women, onceenjoying a good status in theancient times were later ontreated badly

(B) Indian culture now sufferedfrom several evils like illiteracyamong women folk, child marri-age, widowhood and sati

(C) On Gandhiji’s call, the Indianwomen asserted themselves andmade a respectable place forthemselves in Independent India

(D) The Britishers freed Indiafrom slavery

3. The proverb ‘Rome was not builtin a day’ states that—

(A) Time, patience and hardwork are needed to completeimportant and difficult tasks

(B) It took years to build theboundary of Rome

(C) It is impossible to completedifficult tasks

(D) The people of Rome werevery hard working

4. As a young boy, Barin used tosteal because—

(A) It had become his habit

(B) It made him happy

(C) He had developed an incli-nation to rob people of the thingsthey liked

(D) He had become a regularthief

5. ‘Ecumenical’ means—

(A) Very cynical about religiousdoctrines

(B) Orthodox, sticking to one’sreligion(C) Secular, involving or unitingmembers of all religions(D) Considerate and helpfulperson

6. ‘And much it grieved my heartto think what man has made ofman.’ These lines are full of—(A) Warmth (B) Neglect(C) Irony (D) Passion

7. ‘Beat one’s brain’ means—(A) Start beating one’s head(B) Curse yourself(C) Think hard(D) Sit back and relax

Directions—(Q. 8–12) Read thefollowing extract carefully and answerthe questions that follow by choosingcorrect answer :

The second dimension is theintellectual. We live in a highly com-petitive age of science and techno-logy, and can no longer afford theluxury of mediocrity if we are toforge ahead. This rapidly changingnuclear age requires our youth to beintellectually far more alert andcompetent than their predecessors,and therefore every young man andwoman today studying in schools,colleges and universities must aim atacademic ability of the highest order.In a developing nation like ours,where large numbers are still unableto acquire even primary education,those undergoing higher educationconstitute a privileged elite. Theymust therefore, repay their debt tothe society by not wasting a singlemoment of academic life in futile ordisruptive pursuits, but strain everynerve to become able and efficient intheir respective fields of study, sothat they can serve India with greaterefficiency. In this context the futilityof students getting involved in partypolitics and intrigues is too obviousto need any reiteration.

8. The rich are ndebted to thesociety—

(A) Because it is their social andmoral responsibility to the society(B) Because they can afford higheducation(C) Because they have becomerich by exploiting the poor(D) Because they are born rich

9. Intellectuals amongst Youth areessential—

(A) For development of thenation

(B) Because we need intellec-tuals

(C) Intellectualism is in vogue

(D) Nations with intellectualsare respected

10. ‘The luxury of mediocrity’ means—

(A) Intellectualism(B) Advanced knowledge ofscience and technology(C) Secondary or insufficientknowledge(D) Sufficient knowledge

11. The futility of students gettinginvolved in politics needs noreiteration because—(A) It is well evident that theirpotential would be wasted thus(B) They strain every nerve tobecome good students(C) They need to divert theirenergy for defence purpose(D) They do not have time forpolitics

12. Not many go in for higher educa-tion because—

(A) It is the privilege of the richclass

(B) Only rich people are intellec-tuals

(C) Poor people are debarredfrom taking higher education

(D) Not all Indians can afford it

PD/June/2010/2235

13. ‘The righteous shall flourish asthe Palm tree’.The figure of speech in thissentence is—(A) Metaphor (B) Simile(C) Antithesis (D) Epigram

14. The narrator considered Mourad–(A) A good person(B) An unworthy descendent ofhis late uncle(C) A crazy fellow(D) A delightful and mysteriousdream

15. Strike the iron while it is hot.The bold sentence is a—(A) Noun phrase(B) Adverb clause(C) Adverb phrase(D) Noun clause

16. ‘Yes quaint and curious War is !You shoot a fellow down you’dtreatIf you met where any bar is,Or help to half a crown.These lines express the poets—(A) Helplessness(B) Shows the futility of life(C) Shows the hollowness of life(D) The irony and incongruity oflife

17. ‘The Tale of the Melon City’ is apoem by—(A) Vikram Seth(B) Sarojini Naidu(C) Rabindra Nath Tagore(D) T.S. Eliot

18. The Melon was made the king ofthe city because—(A) The deceased king decided it(B) The wisemen of the king’scourt decided this(C) The majority of the publicwanted it so(D) The idiot passing the citygate decided it

19. ‘Better fifty years of Europe, thana cycle of Cathay.’The figure of speech used in thissentence is—(A) Antithesis (B) Hyperbole(C) Simile (D) Metaphor

20. ‘The child is the father of man’.The figure of speech in thissentence is—

(A) Epigram (B) Antithesis(C) Metaphor (D) Simile

21. The mangoes of Hosahalli are—(A) Very delicious(B) Typical to their village

(C) Raw or ripe, very sour

(D) Big like watermelons

22. The police arrested and released‘Many Harnam Singh’ because—(A) They could not get hold ofthe real Harnam Singh(B) Many people were calledHarnam Singh(C) Many people came forwardto get themselves arrested in hisplace(D) There was no real freedomfighter called Harnam Singh

23. ‘Search his pockets and you willfind the watch.’(A) Simple sentence(B) Assertive sentence(C) Compound sentence(D) Complex sentence

24. John Gresham would be let off inthe court if Baldwin would, as awitness—

(A) Pretend to have forgotteneverything because of a poormemory

(B) Says that the Bank was goingat a loss

(C) Says that he and Greshamwere accomplice

(D) Says that Gresham is inno-cent

25. Choose the odd answer :Capital punishment should bedone away with because—(A) It is immoral and anti-Chris-tian(B) It aims at taking away thelife which God has given(C) It is inhuman(D) It relieves men of a sinful life

26. Before his return to India, theauthor hesitated to see Mrs.Clifford because—

(A) He had lied to Mrs. Clifford,that her son was alive and he hadseen him in the ring

(B) He knew Mrs. Clifford wasseriously ill and craving for herson

(C) Mrs. Clifford and Maggiewere in a miserable condition(D) He did not have time to visitthem

27. ‘He is so poor that he can’t buy ameal—(A) Complex sentence(B) Simple sentence(C) Interrogative sentence(D) Superlative sentence

28. ‘He is too weak to run fast.’(A) Negative sentence(B) Superlative sentence(C) Simple sentence(D) Complex sentence

29. Choose the odd answer :Shahid ignored the author’s reas-surances and insisted that heshould write about him because—

(A) Shahid had no other friends(B) Shahid wanted the author toremember him through his ownwritings(C) He wanted the world toknow about him after his death(D) He knew that the author willcertainly fulfil his wish

30. The complexities of the science oflinguistics can be studied betterin India because—(A) India is a land of multiplelanguages(B) Sanskrit is a complicatedlanguage(C) Indians of ancient Indiawere very literate(D) Indian languages transfor-med, modified and developedthrough the ages, alongwithhistory

31. The synonym of ‘Abate’ is—(A) Amplify(B) Subside(C) Aggravate(D) Add to augment

32. Mrs. Clifford was eager that theauthor should see the ringbecause—(A) It was her son’s ring(B) It was a magical ring givenby a yogi, in which one could seea distant person(C) She had previously seen herson in the ring(D) It was a precious ring

PD/June/2010/2236

33. During the narrator’s bad attackof influenza, and his stay in theroom all the time—(A) He in his loneliness startedtalking to the face(B) The face became more reali-stic and dominating(C) The face started mergingwith the other patches on thewall(D) It faded completely

34. Portia wins the case because—(A) Shylock is a jew and jewswere a hated community(B) Shylock’s daughter wants tomarry a Christian in service ofBassanio, Portia’s husband(C) Portia is a lady(D) Portia is intelligent and witty

35. ‘It is hotter than it should be’—(A) Exclamatory sentence(B) Demonstrative sentence(C) Compound sentence(D) Complex sentence

36. ‘Buffoonery’ means—(A) Fooling(B) Foolish behaviour(C) Stupidity(D) Fun

37. ‘The news was a dagger to hisheart.’The figure of speech in thissentence is—(A) Metaphor (B) Antithesis(C) Simile (D) Hyperbole

38. ‘The Address’ is not a storyabout—(A) Marconi Street, Number 46(B) Lost Silver Cutlery(C) The human dilemma of gett-ing back what one has lost(D) How people take advantageof others, and usurp their belong-ings

39. ‘Hard and fast’ means—(A) Very tight (B) Strict(C) Tough (D) Stone-like

40. The golden plate turned into leadbecause—(A) All men who had assembledthere were greedy people, want-ing the golden plate(B) It was the temple’s property(C) The people in the temple didnot belong to Benaras(D) They did not need it

41. The patches of dampness and dis-colouration resembling a humanface was peculiar because—(A) It was in the narrator’s room(B) The contours of the facenever changed(C) It soon merged with theother patches on the wall(D) It resembled the face of thenarrator’s best friend

42. The face on the wall disappearedbecause—(A) The dampness spreadaround it(B) The author scratched thecontours of the face, as it kepthaunting him(C) The wall were painted(D) The real owner of the facemet with an accident

43. ‘Here’s the smell of blood still;All the perfumes of Arabia willnot sweeten this little hand.’The figure of speech used in thissentence is—(A) Hyperbole (B) Antithesis(C) Metaphor (D) Simile

44. ‘The primrose path’ means—

(A) The path of pleasure

(B) The garden where primrosesbloom

(C) To praise

(D) To lead, to result in

45. Choose the incorrect answer :

The homecoming of Ranga was abig event because—

(A) Ranga was the first villagerto go to Bangalore for education

(B) He had come home afterlearning English

(C) People wanted to see if hewas the same person

(D) His hands, legs, eyes, infacthis features had changed

46. Albert Einstein was sadbecause—

(A) Mr. Braun had scolded him

(B) The school authorities hadgiven him a warning

(C) His father, though verypoor, still wanted his son to get adiploma

(D) His father was very poorand could not afford his fees

47. Choose the odd answer :The two Armenian boys belon-ged to the tribe which—(A) Was a branch of the Garo-ghlanian family(B) Were living in extremepoverty(C) Were once very wealthy(D) Did not believe in right andwrong

48. Choose the odd answer :In the ancient times, our ances-tors disowned the handicappedbecause—

(A) They lacked compassion andhumanity(B) They lacked sufficientresources to take care of theinvalid(C) Danger of being extermi-nated by flood, famine or enemywas always there(D) Superstitions and supersti-tious attitudes dominated society

49. A handicapped or disabledperson is happy because—

(A) In his ignorance he is notaware of what he misses, andlearns to be happy, as life is withhim

(B) Being deprived of somehuman privileges is happinessfor him

(C) Envy and regret are of nouse to him

(D) For him light and darknessare alike

50. “He is telented enough to com-pose his own songs.”(A) Superlative sentence(B) Imperative sentence(C) Complex sentence(D) Simple sentence

51. ‘The speech was too long a talkto hold the interest of the liste-ners.’(A) Complex sentence(B) Simiple sentence(C) Interrogative sentence(D) Comparative sentence

52. My deeds upon my head ! I cravethe law, The penalty and forfeitof my bond.s

(A) Shylock speaks these lines tothe Duke

PD/June/2010/2237

(B) Portia appeals to Shylock(C) Antonio pleads to the Duke(D) Shylock speaks these lines asan argument to Portia

53. ‘Complacently’ means—(A) Self-satisfied (B) Confident(C) Devoted (D) Devout

54. The poem ‘Once upon a Time’ isa poem by—(A) T.S. Eliot(B) Leigh Hunt(C) Gabriel Okara(D) W.B. Yeats

55. The antonym of ‘Banish’ is—(A) Deport (B) Accept(C) Expel (D) Exile

56. The Women in ancient Indiawere—(A) Ill-treated and uneducated(B) Confined in the interiors ofthe house(C) Were literate poets, adminis-trators and scholars(D) Hated education

57. Gandhiji decided to teach all thechildren together because—(A) He gave first place to theculture of the heart and believedthat moral training could begiven to all children together(B) They had all been broughtup in different conditions andenvironment(C) They belonged to differentreligions(D) Nation and culture of eachchild was different

58. ‘Words are like leaves.’The figure of speech used in thissentence is—(A) Metonymy(B) Antithesis(C) Personification(D) Simile

59. The synonym of ‘yield’ is—(A) Submit(B) Dumb(C) Aggravate(D) Reckless

60. ‘Revenge is a kind of wild justice.’The figure of speech in thissentence is—(A) Metaphor(B) Oxymoron

(C) Epigram(D) Personification

61. ‘Why man, if the river were dry,

I am able to fill it with tears.’

The figure of speech in thissentence is—(A) Epigram (B) Oxymoron(C) Antithesis (D) Hyperbole

62. Choose the odd answer :The accountant of the villageHosahalli—(A) Was a rigid and outdatedman(B) Was an enlightened manwho sent his son to Bangalore forstudies(C) Was courageous and literatefellow(D) Was a son called Ranga

63. ‘Calumnies’ means—(A) Statements(B) Slanderous statements(C) Callousness(D) Cadence

64. ‘He is strong enough to push thetrunk.’(A) Superlative sentence(B) Simple sentence(C) Complex sentence(D) Negative sentence

65. Gandhiji decided to teach thechildren in the Tolstoy farmbecause the prime factor domi-nating his mind was—

(A) He did not have much funds

(B) Qualified teachers were notavailable

(C) Teachers were not ready totravel long distances

(D) He did not believe in theexisting system of education andwanted to devise a new one byexperiment and experience

66. The main cause of Gandhiji’ssuccess as a teacher was—

(A) His simplicty and devotion

(B) His audacity

(C) Because he never disguisedhis ignorance and was alwayswilling to learn

(D) The handbooks he hadacquired during his voyage andin jail

67. ‘The camel is the ship of thedesert.’The figure of speech in thissentence is—(A) Euphemism (B) Metaphor(C) Hyperbole (D) Simile

68. ‘He had to sign or be executed.’(A) Complex sentence(B) Simple sentence(C) Imperative sentence(D) Compound sentence

Directions—(Q. 69–73) Read thefollowing extract carefully and ans-wer the questions that follow bychoosing correct answer :

I would like to address a fewwords in particular to our young menand women. If they are to be effectivein the service of the nation, it isessential that they must fit themselvesin every way for this task. Thebuilding up of a vast and pulsatingdemocratic nation is no mean under-taking, and a mere desire to be in theservice of the nation is not enough : itmust be accompanied by the ability todo so effectively.

There are several distinct dimen-sions in which our youth must equipthemselves. The first is the physical.Building a great democracy anddefending it from predatory aggres-sors requires a young generation thatis physically strong, with muscles ofiron and nerves of steel, and for thisit must equip itself by undertakingphysical training and developingphysical fitness to the maximumextent possible. Despite technologicaladvances and mechanisation, defenceis still to a large extent, a matter ofdogged physical endurance andcourage as our Officers and Jawanshave so magnificently proved on thebattle-field and they emerged victo-rious against superior and moresophisticated war equipment. In thiscontext the National Cadet Corps, thePhysical Fitness Scheme, and othersimilar organisations play valuablerole in building up the strength ofour youth, and these opportunitiesmust be fully availed of. Along withphysical fitness the qualities ofdiscipline and teamsmanship areessential, particularly for those plan-ning to join the proud ranks of ourdefence forces, because what isrequired is not only individualachievement but corporate progress.

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69. The mere desire to be in theservice of the nation is useless,unless—(A) Because building up a vastdemocratic nation is not an easytask(B) All forces of the youth aremobilized in the correct direction(C) Youth are highly educated(D) Mere desire without energyis inactive involvement anduseless

70. Physical fitness is very muchrequired because—(A) Illness would hamper pros-perity(B) More hospitals would berequired(C) It is needed to defend thenation from any threat or aggres-sion(D) Finance of the nation wouldbe drained for medical purposes

71. Technological advances andmechanisation are not in them-selves sufficient because—(A) Defence of the nation shouldbe strong(B) Defence is more important(C) Major youth potential wouldgo in defence

(D) Without power to defendthe nation, peace is not possibleand thus technological advancesimpossible

72. In the battle-fields our armieshave—(A) Never won due to lack ofphysical fitness(B) Sometimes won and some-times lost

(C) Proved their ability by win-ning over more sophisticatedarmies

(D) Shown lack of physical fit-ness

73. For those joining the defenceforces—

(A) Physical fitness is required

(B) Besides physical fitness,discipline and teamsmanship arerequired and very necessary

(C) Facilities of NCC are ofprime importance

(D) Just a willingness to joindefence forces is needed

74. ‘She is weaker than she shouldbe.’(A) Interrogative sentence(B) Imperative sentence(C) Simple sentence(D) Complex sentence

75. ‘The fault is in ourselves, not inthe stars’ means—(A) Do not blame stars for yourdestiny and deeds(B) Never leave everything tothe fate(C) Stars are stronger and decideeverything(D) Stars cannot decide our fate

76. The ‘Tale of the Melon City’ isnamed thus because—(A) It is the tale of a land wheremelons grew in abundance(B) A melon was crowned theKing of the city(C) The King of the city wasfond of melons(D) Melons are delicious and thepoet is fond of them

77. ‘Dubiously’ means—(A) Two-sided (B) Hesitantly(C) Confused (D) Cheating

78. Mr. Berrie, the jailor regardedhimself the emperor because—

(A) The prisoners in jail werelifetime convicts, and he was theonly person to whom they couldappeal

(B) He was the wholesole masterthere

(C) The convicts regarded himtheir God

(D) He was a Britisher

79. I wish that I shall get a medal—(A) Noun phrase(B) Noun clause(C) Adjective clause(D) Adverb clause

80. ‘The budding twigs spread outits fan.’ ‘Fan’ is a—(A) Metaphor(B) Simile(C) Hyperbole(D) Oxymoron

81. Spiritual training was given tothe children through—(A) Religious books(B) Religious scriptures

(C) Developing the spirit andenabling one to work towardsthe knowledge of God andtowards self-realization(D) Teaching them superstitions

82. ‘Variety is the spice of life.’The figure of speech used in thissentence is—(A) Oxymoron(B) Metaphor(C) Epigram(D) Personification

83. The antonym of ‘Benevolence’is—(A) Malevolence(B) Beneficence(C) Bounty(D) Charity

84. ‘Man proposes, God disposes’.The figure of speech in thissentence is—(A) Euphonism (B) Epigram(C) Hyperbole (D) Antithesis

85. ‘Give every man thy ear, but fewthy voice’.The figure of speech used in thissentence is—(A) Epigram(B) Antithesis(C) Apostrophe(D) Metaphor

86. Ranga did not want to getmarried in the village because—(A) He did not find any suitablematch in the village(B) He wanted to get married toa mature girl(C) He wanted to get married tothe girl, whom he was in lovewith(D) He thought that a manshould marry a girl whom headmires

87. Maggie was under the impres-sion that all Indians are vege-tarians because—(A) Only Britishers are non-vegetarians(B) She had heard that mostlyIndians do not eat meat andIndia is a land of yogis(C) The author himself lookedlike a yogi(D) Author had expressed hisdislike for non-vegetarian food

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88. Mr. Baldwin is persuaded by hisfamily to say, ‘he does notremember anything’, because—(A) He has forgotten everything(B) He will get a very hugeamount in return for saying this,from Mr. Gresham(C) Mr. Baldwin’s own son isalso named John(D) He needed to refresh hismemory for accuracy

89. While teaching the childrenGandhiji found that the childreneasily remembered—(A) Things that they learnt frombooks(B) What was taught to themindependently and verbally(C) Whatever was written on theblackboard(D) When they were scolded forstudies

90. The incident of beating theboy taught Gandhiji a betterway of correcting the studentsbecause—(A) He found that though theyoungsters thus punished forgotit, but they never showed anyimprovement(B) He learnt that studentsshould be dealt with firmly(C) Cases of misconduct becomeless frequent(D) Students cannot improvewithout corporal punishment

91. ‘The Assyrians came down like awolf on the fold.’The figure of speech in thissentence is—(A) Simile(B) Metaphor(C) Oxymoron(D) Epigram

92. Mourad defended his act ofstealing the horse by saying—(A) Someone had given it to him(B) It would not become steal-ing unless he offered to sell thehorse(C) He had borrowed it(D) It was his friend’s horse

93. ‘The Hour of Truth’ reflects the—(A) Political situation of thosedays(B) Psychology of present man(C) Social evils of the society(D) Ethical background

94. The study of mythology assumeda new character because—(A) Light has been thrown on itby ancient Vedic mythology ofIndia(B) It has become a fashion tostudy mythology(C) Even the fables of India arefull of mythology(D) Buddhism has been itsprincipal source

95. Choose the incorrect answer :Hosahalli is(A) A small village in Mysore(B) To Mysore what the filling isto Karigadabu(C) Its people are like a flock ofsheep(D) The Sahibs of England havepraised it in their writings

96. Brain Bhowmik, today a celebrity,was trying to avoid the glance ofhis fellow passenger because—(A) He appeared to be anunfriendly fellow(B) His glance was very piercing(C) He recognized that he wasthe same man whose clock hehad stolen years ago(D) They had met in bittercircumstances

97. Barin consoled himself with thethought that the man failed torecognize him because—(A) He had a bad memory(B) Barin’s physical appearancehad changed(C) He was like Animesh-da(D) He had forgiven Barin

98. ‘Genius is an infinite capacity fortaking pains’, means—

(A) Very intelligent person(B) Excellent capacity to memo-rize(C) Exceptional capacity is theresult of inexhaustable willing-ness to work and take greattrouble(D) Excellent understandingpower

99. ‘Turn a deaf ear’ means—(A) Ignore(B) Turn away from somebody(C) Refuse to listen to some-thing or somebody(D) Refuse to go with

100. The king became angry because—

(A) The arch was built too low(B) The arch was not built artisti-cally

(C) The arch was built at thewrong place

(D) The crowd disapproved ofthe arch

101. Mr. Braun became angry becauseEinstein—

(A) Refused to study in his class

(B) Replied that learning frombooks is not true education

(C) Insulted Mr. Braun

(D) Was a bad, mannerless boy

102. Mr. Box comes face to face withMr. Cox when—(A) Both were given a holiday(B) Mr. Box was at home, andMr. Cox also returned because hehad been given a holiday by hisemployer(C) It was a national holidayand both were at home(D) Mr. Cox came back earlybecause he wanted to meet Mr.Box

103. Give one word for : ‘A big roundopen dish for holding water orliquids’.(A) Bowl (B) Bin(C) Container (D) Basin

104. The narrator dominated by theface on the wall—(A) Left the room, as it becamehaunting(B) Began to search for a similarface(C) Had the walls painted(D) Left the city, altogether

105. The word ‘apologetically’ means–(A) Sorry(B) Confess of having beenwrong(C) Expressing or showingregret(D) An apology

106. ‘Not that I loved Caeser less, butthat I loved Rome more.’The figure of speech used in thissentence is—(A) Personification(B) Simile(C) Antithesis(D) Metaphor

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107. ‘Honesty is the best policy’means—(A) Honest men are rewarded(B) It is best and safe to behonest(C) Dishonest men are bad(D) Dishonest men do not haveany policy

108. ‘The Hour of Truth’ by PercivalWilde is from his volumeentitled—(A) Brothers(B) A Question of Morality andother Plays(C) First is Last(D) Little Shot

109. ‘That you are drunk aggravatesyour offence.’(A) Negative sentence(B) Compound sentence(C) Complex sentence(D) Simple sentence

110. When Einstein told his cousinabout his inability to memorise,Elsa advised him—(A) To learn by heart, as a parrotdoes by repeating again andagain(B) To take up tuition classes(C) Drop the examinations(D) Change the institution

111. The Indian women gained socialrecognition and respect insociety—(A) By participating in the free-dom struggle(B) By a suffragette movement(C) By feminism(D) By social discontent andrevolution

112. ‘Shall I falter in my vengeance’are the lines spoken when—(A) Mr. Box finds that Mrs.Bouncer has been misuing hisleniency(B) He suspects that she hadbeen using his things in hisabsence(C) He finds that even in hispresence, his bacon has beenremoved from fire and a chop isbeing roasted(D) He confronts Mr. Cox

113. The most recent threat to thevillage of Wangs was—

(A) The floods of the Yellowriver(B) The Japanese(C) The social unrest within thevillage(D) Dispute with neighbouringvillages

114. Mrs. Wang opened the water-gate, and let the water into thevillage because—

(A) The village was burning andthe water could extinguish it

(B) The crops could be watered,because the villagers had fled

(C) The Japanese army would beswept away by the floods

(D) The gate would break, dueto the increasing water pressure

115. The priest declared that thosewho think that they deserve thegold plate should assemble in thetemple and declare theirvirtues—

(A) So that they could count thevirtues of all people

(B) To choose the right owner ofthe Heaven’s gift

(C) It was s o instructed inwriting, on the plate

(D) The priests declared so as tocomplete the formalities andkeep the plate themselves

116. ‘The Address’ is not a storyabout—(A) Familiar things in strangesurroundings(B) Human predicament thatfollows war(C) Mrs. Dorling’s cunningness(D) Searching one’s lost home

117. Mrs. Dorling was—(A) The author’s aunt(B) Their neighbour(C) An old acquaintance of theauthor’s mother(D) Her mother’s friend

118. The narrator gave the example ofa Japanese student who likedraw fish because—

(A) He wanted to tell the peoplepresent that give the handi-capped children freedom todecide what they enjoy

(B) It’s very delicious and heliked it

(C) It is healthy to eat raw fish(D) It was his student’s favouritedish

119. Choose the incorrect answer :Enlgish was a priceless com-modity because—(A) People of Hosahalli did notknow English(B) There were no Englishteachers in Hosahalli(C) Native language was morepopular(D) People were not interestedin learning English

120. According to Talish and Mulla,the North-Eastern region of Indiawas—(A) A difficult land(B) A strange and terrible coun-try : ‘another world’(C) A hilly region(D) A monsoon-hit region

121. In the poem ‘Written In EarlySpring’ the poet is chiefly—

(A) Talking about happy nature

(B) Talking about the variousmelodious songs and sounds inthe grove

(C) Talking about the inherentlink between nature and soul

(D) Lamenting the fact thatthough human soul and natureare interlinked, yet, while naturehas retained it’s beauty, man hasspoilt his life

122. ‘Keep one’s chin up’ means—

(A) Keep your head up in allcircumstances(B) Remain adamant even whenyou are wrong(C) Make faces(D) Remain cheerful in difficultsituations

123. The synonym of ‘Abscond’ is—(A) Elope (B) Arrive(C) Emerge (D) Stay back

124. ‘Accoutrements’ means—(A) Remnants of accounts(B) Remaining facts(C) Other things that wereneeded for the activity(D) Accountable facts

125. ‘The Voice of Rain’ is a poemby—

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(A) Walt Whitman(B) William Wordsworth(C) Lord Tennyson(D) Coleridge

126. The poet calls the war quaint andcurious because—

(A) Individuals fight for theirleaders

(B) Nobody invites war

(C) Nobody likes war

(D) During war, you shootpeople, whom you do not knowor have any enmity with them.But they cannot be your friends,because you meet them inunfriendly circumstances

127. ‘Ask for’ does not mean—(A) Invite(B) Ask to speak to or see(C) Request(D) Enquire or demand

128. Fill in the blank :Giving …… training to the kidswas the most difficult task.(A) Medical (B) Acting(C) Cooking (D) Literary

129. ‘Bewildered’ means—(A) Puzzled (B) Confusion(C) Chaos (D) Perceived

130. ‘He makes no friends, who nevermade a foe’.The figure of speech used in thissentence is—(A) Oxymoron (B) Hyperbole(C) Epigram (D) Antithesis

131. ‘Make a clean breast of’ means—(A) Confession of a wrong doing(B) Clear the breast of a chicken(C) Clear facts(D) Never confess

132. ‘Rather an expensive comple-ment’ was an outburst by Johnwhen—

(A) Baldwin said that Greshamhad asked him to pretend, he hasa poor memory

(B) The papers wrote unfairthings about Baldwin

(C) The bank crashed, and thedepositors lost all their money

(D) Baldwin refused to acceptthe huge amount Mr. Greshamwas offering him

133. ‘To fall of one’s lot’ means—(A) To make a vigorous begin-ning(B) To happen to one(C) To break up(D) To go back to one’s group

134. ‘Indignantly’ means—(A) Aggressiveness(B) Showing hostility(C) Confused(D) Disobedient

135. The identity between Nature’sfair works and soul are—

(A) The inherent truth andbeauty in both(B) Nature’s products hadinfluenced man(C) Nature’s beauty overwhelmsmen and influences him(D) Both natural objects and soulwere created together

136. The author thought that they hadbeen forcibly dragged from thesteps of Heaven to Hell be-cause—(A) They were deprived of goodfood(B) They were subjected toextreme torture continuously(C) They were locked in dark-ness(D) They had to submit to theBritish

Directions— ( Q . 137–141) Readthe following extract carefully andanswer the question that follow bychoosing correct answer :

Our Freedom was won with greatstruggle and sacrifice after centuriesof servitude to foreign rule, and it isimportant that those of us who belongto the post-independence generationshould not fall into the error of takingour freedom for granted. The mainte-nance and strengthening of freedomis a task even more onerous than itsattainment.

In any nation the youth neces-sarily forms the vanguard in mostspheres of activity, and it is essentialthat at this critical juncture its powermust be mobilised further to streng-then our integrity and our capacity toresist aggression. What is required isan immense burst of idealism andenergy among our youth, who mustbe deeply committed to the task of

safeguarding this great nation of oursfounded on the twin ideals of secular-ism and democracy. In particular ouryoung men and women studying inschools, colleges and universities havea special responsibility, for while theyare no longer children they have yetnot got fully involved in the routineof adult life. They constitute animmense reservoir of strength whichif properly canalised, can prove to bea source of great power to the nation.Indeed it is these young Indians whowill soon be called upon to provideleadership in all walks of nationallife, and they must train themselvesto fulfil their future responsibilitieswith distinction.

137. The ‘twin ideas’ on whichour nation is based are—(A) Democracy and secularism(B) Struggle and sacrifice(C) Maintain and strengthendemocracy(D) Strength and integrity

138. ‘The consolidation of freedom’,means—(A) Loosing it(B) Servitude(C) Struggle and sacrifice(D) Maintaining and strengthen-ing it

139. Freedom should be consolidatedby today’s youth because—(A) Freedom is indispensable(B) Freedom was gained bypaying a huge price(C) It was gained after a lot ofstruggle and sacrifice(D) It was given to us as charity

140. Youth power should be mobi-lized for the good of the nationbecause—(A) Immense deposits of strengthand potential are in it(B) They are students(C) They are children needinggudiance(D) They are responsible

141. ‘Youth necessarily forms thevanguard’ means—(A) Shield(B) The front part(C) Main force, leader(D) Protection

142. No one would suspect that thelawyer had met with an ‘unnatu-ral death’ because—

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(A) The lawyer’s frustrationscould have led him to commitsuicide(B) He was on the verge of death(C) Lawyer was very sick andhis condition was critical(D) He had grown very thin andweak, and already appeared halfdead

143. Einstein did not try to learnbecause—(A) He did not believe in formaleducation(B) He was very intelligent(C) He did not have learningcapacity

(D) He was a complete duffer

144. ‘Bully for your Governor !’ arethe lines spoken by—

(A) Gresham (B) Martha(C) John (D) Evie

145. Ethnology is a—(A) Study of people(B) A study of relationship bet-ween living things and theirenvironment(C) A study of human races andtheir characteristics(D) The study of causation

146. The synonym of ‘Abhorrence’is—(A) Detestation(B) Adoration(C) Likeness(D) Fascination

147. The antonym of ‘Besiege’ is—(A) Attack (B) Defend(C) Beset (D) Confine

148. Choose the odd answer :Shahid knew that the authorwould make excuses such as—

(A) He was incapable of waitingany more(B) He was not a poet(C) Their friendship was quiterecent(D) There were others who knewhim much better and could writewith greater understanding

149. The gold plate was meant for—(A) The priests of the temple(B) A person who loved all best(C) The social workers(D) For charity

150. ‘Has his heart in the right place’means—(A) His heart is on the correctside(B) He is of a kindly and sym-pathetic disposition(C) He has fallen in love withthe right girl(D) He is very easily blackmailed

151. It was so hot that we couldn’t goout.The bold sentence is a—(A) Adverb phrase(B) Noun clause(C) Adjective clause(D) Adverb clause

152. The unruly boy modified hisbehaviour—(A) Because he was punished(B) Because he realizedGandhiji’s pain in being drivento this violent recourse(C) Because he realized that heshould be a good boy

(D) Because he found that all theother children were well behaved

153. Choose the odd answer :Agha Shahid Ali talked about hisdeath because—

(A) The author knew that Shahidwas going to die soon

(B) He wanted the author toknow that he was seriously illand going to die soon(C) Shahid had become quitefriendly with the author(D) He was suffering fromCancer

154. ‘Unless you do as I tell you, youwill regret.’(A) Affirmative sentence(B) Negative sentence(C) Complex sentence(D) Compound sentence

155. Whether we can start tomorrowseems uncertain.The bold sentence is a—(A) Adverb phrase(B) Adjective clause(C) Noun clause(D) Adverb clause

156. Never make a disabled personaware of his handicaps be-cause—

(A) You can also become dis-abled due to accident(B) All men have some handi-caps and miss some good thingsin life, but they do not know it(C) It will make him sad(D) They will become disappoin-ted and loose hope in life

157. Choose the incorrect answer—(A) Mourad was a member ofthe Garoghlanian tribe(B) Mourad was the son ofKhosrove(C) Mourad had a crazy streakin him(D) Mourad had stolen a horsejust for a ride

158. Choose the odd answer :All writers avoid writing aboutloss and bereavement because—(A) Things become real to themwhile writing(B) They are impractical(C) Authors are highly sensitive(D) Authors are very emotional

159. Archaeology is the study of—(A) The past(B) Stone tools(C) A fibula, a knife or a flint(D) Earlier civilizations throughtheir material remains

160. The poem ‘Once upon a Time’ isfull of—(A) Ridicule (B) Satire(C) Anguish (D) Tragedy

161. The girl Maggie was inquisitiveabout the author because—(A) He appeared to have afamiliar face(B) He was an Indian andIndians are peculiar(C) The author was an Indianand since her brother is also inIndia, she wanted to meet him(D) For the English, India is awild land

162. During freedom struggleGandhiji appealed to the womenof India to come forward and—(A) Neglect their homes and itssecurity(B) Participate in the FreedomMovement(C) Sacrifice physical comforts(D) Defy all social restrictionsand norms

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163. Mrs. Bouncer is taken aback,when cross-questioned by bothMr. Box and Mr. Cox because—(A) She is innocent(B) She is a fraud(C) She is cheating both Mr. Boxand Mr. Cox(D) She, in great need of moneyis doing this

164. Choose the odd answer :Ranga had become a source ofattraction because—(A) He had come home afterstudying in Bangalore(B) People were happy to see afellow villager back, who hadgone out to study(C) He had become ill-manneredand proud(D) He had not forgotten hisculture

165. The banker tried to dissuade theyoung lawyer by saying that—(A) He will have to give himtwo millions after fifteen years,in an impulsive bet(B) Voluntary imprisonment isheavier than enforced imprison-ment(C) He had placed the bet in afluke(D) The lawyer was young andimpulsive

166. Brain, not bothering about theresults, decided to return PulakChakraborty his clock because—(A) He had started liking him(B) Barin had become a true andhonest person(C) A sense of guilt encircledhim(D) He was now in a positionwhere he could buy several suchclocks

167. Mrs. Wang had lost her husbandin—(A) The fight with the Japanese(B) Drought(C) Floods(D) Accident

168. Choose the odd answer :The creepers of Hosahalli(A) Grow in village ponds(B) Also grow on land(C) Its flowers are extremelybeautiful

(D) Its leaves are big enough forserving the afternoon meal

169. ‘Laugh with their teeth’ means—(A) Grinning(B) Open-hearted laugh(C) Emotionaless laugh(D) Effortless laugh

170. Find out if the teacher is in hisoffice.(A) Adverb clause(B) Adjective phrase(C) Noun clause(D) Noun phrase

171. The antonym of ‘Blemish’ is—(A) Blot (B) Stain(C) Chaste (D) Stigma

172. ‘Astounded’ means—(A) Taken aback(B) Assured(C) Amazed(D) Surrouded

173. ‘The Man He Killed’ is a poemwhich describes—(A) How innoncent people arekilled in war(B) How humanity is destroyedin an urge of revenge(C) How men, who do not hateeach other and can be friends,kill each other in battlefield(D) The consequences ofenemity

174. She never complained thoughthe work was hard—The bold sentence is a—(A) Adjective phrase(B) Adjective clause(C) Adverb clause(D) Noun phrase

175. A hall for lectures, concerts etc. iscalled—(A) Auditorium (B) Cabin(C) Stadium (D) Gymnasium

176. Mrs. Wang feared the floodsbecause—(A) They brought with it miseryand destruction(B) They brought with it, theJapanese invaders(C) She had lost her husband inthe floods

(D) They damaged the dikewhich had to be repaired everyyear

177. Shahid’s finest works werecentred in and about Kashmirbecause—(A) He was a Kashmiri(B) Kashmir is a beautiful place(C) He wanted to return toKashmir(D) The political situation ofKashmir was steadily deteriorat-ing

178. ‘Hard work never hurts anybody’means—(A) Be hard-working and quitidleness(B) Hard work is painless(C) One’s hard-work will nothurt anybody else(D) Hard-working people do notcause injury to others

179. A leather or plastic case forcarrying paper, books, etc—(A) Briefcase (B) Folder(C) Suitcase (D) Bag

180. Choose the odd answer :The bet was a useless onebecause(A) It was made in a party(B) The lawyer will lose hisprecious years in jail, for the gold(C) The bankers’ caprice hadmade him do it(D) It will fail to convince thepeople whether capital punish-ment is better or worse than lifeimprisonment

181. Mrs. Dorling used to visit the theauthor’s mother—(A) Because she cared for them(B) Because she was hermother’s aunt(C) Because she belonged totheir native town(D) Because she was greedy andwanted all their possessions

182. Although Kashmir centredShahid’s works, he was not apolitical poet by inclinationbecause—(A) He was secular(B) He had left Kashmir yearsago(C) He believed that even if youare writing about you birthplace,then too you should respect yourart and form, otherwise stopwriting(D) He lived abroad, far awayfrom India and Kashmir

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183. ‘Conforming smiles’ means—(A) Genuine smiles(B) Mincing smiles(C) Customary or conventionalsmiles(D) Rigid Smiles

Directions—(Q. 184–188) Readthe following extract carefully andanswer the questions that follow bychoosing correct answer :

The third is the dimension ofpatriotism. I am concerned here not somuch with the routine meaning ofthis term as with that deeperpatriotism which transcends all petti-ness and exclusivism, and creates inour youth a deep urge for nationalunity and progress. This alone caneradicate corruption and nepotismfrom our land and galvanise ourwhole process of economic develop-ment, which is so crucial to thesuccess of our democracy. The youthof a nation is always the fountain-head of its idealism, and our youngmen and women must have a fullrealisation that it is up to them toprovide a new moral impetus to Indiaat this crucial juncture in her historyas a free nation. In this context Icannot resist the temptation to quotefrom a speech delivered over half-a-century ago by one of our greatnationalist leaders, Sri AurobindoGhosh, to students of the BengalNational College. He said :

“There are times in a nation’shistory when Providence, placesbefore it one work, one aim, to whicheverything else, however high andnoble in itself, has to be sacrificed.Such a time has now arrived for ourMotherland when nothing is dearerthan her service, when everythingelse is to be directed to that end. Ifyou will study, study for her sake;train yourselves, body and mind andsoul for her service. You will earnyour living that you may do serviceto her. Work that she may prosper.Suffer that she may rejoice.”

184. A new moral impetus to Indiacan be given—(A) By preaching morality insociety(B) By giving ethical and moralvalues to the youth, who is thefountain head of the nation(C) By making literacy popularin the nation

(D) By declaring India an IdealNation

185. In his speech Sri Aurobindospoke—

(A) Lines in order to remind theyouth to study more

(B) Telling the youth to becomeideal individuals

(C) Study and work for theservice of the nation

(D) To become nationalists

186. Patriotism is essential for thesuccess of a democracy be-cause—

(A) It would transcend pettinessand selfishness

(B) It would lead to unity of thenation

(C) It helps in consolidation andprogress of the nation at large

(D) It would eradicate corrup-tion

187. ‘Patriotism’ means—

(A) Feeling of goodwill for one’snation

(B) Loving one’s nation

(C) Loving one’s fellow citizens

(D) A deep desire for the unityand progress of one’s nation

188. The youth, according to SriAurobindo—

(A) Must be infused with thespirit of complete devotion totheir motherland

(B) Must be highly educated

(C) Must work first for his ownself

(D) Make a good earning afterhigh studies

189. The land had its impact on thecharacter of the people be-cause—

(A) Though a hilly and woodyregion, it was full of scenicbeauty and it made the peopletough but aesthetic

(B) The harsh life made thepeople harsh

(C) The people, being cut-offfrom the rest of the worldbecame isolated and self-centred

(D) They had become supersti-tious

190. ‘Panegyric’ means—(A) Verbal praises(B) A piece of written or spokenpraise(C) Slanderous words(D) Rumours

191. ‘He speaks more loudly than heshould—(A) Compound sentence(B) Passive voice(C) Simple sentence(D) Complex sentence

192. The two men had met in a—(A) Bar(B) Inn(C) Battle-field(D) While taking training in thearmy

193. ‘Commutation of our sentences’means—(A) Sentencing us(B) Cancelling the sentences(C) Trespassing order of thecourt(D) Making less severe

194. A bottle for carrying liquids—(A) Kettle (B) Flask(C) Can (D) Camphor

195. This was how the companymade profits. The bold sentenceis a—(A) Noun phrase(B) Adjective phrase(C) Adverb phrase(D) Noun clause

196. ‘Embarrassed’ means—(A) Ashamed/awkward(B) Shameful(C) Encompass(D) Flustered

197. Cox says that he has ‘had itmowed’ because—(A) He wanted a short haircut(B) The barber to whom he wentfor the haircut, had cut itextremely short(C) He liked very short hair(D) Short haircuts were infashion

198. “Richard fought like a lion.”

The figure of speech in thissentence is—(A) Hyperbole (B) Apostrophe(C) Simile (D) Metaphor

PD/June/2010/2245

199. ‘Lay down’ means—(A) Reserve(B) Decide(C) Surrender/fix(D) Impose

200. ‘Polemical’ means—(A) Around the pole(B) Revolving talks(C) Discussions(D) Verbal attacks/controversialdiscussions

Answers with Hints

P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2246

Changing Hues of Modern International Politics—Preeti Sharma

Essay Contest

Samuel P. Hunnington, arenowned political scientist, hadtermed the disintegration of theU.S.S.R. as the end of a civilization

Preeti Sharma

and the early 1990swere marked by theascendancy of theU.S.A. as the solesuperpower in theworld. This uni-polar era witnessedhey day of U.S.A.’sundisputed controloverall international affairs. But, soon,world witnessed a rise of multipolarworld where there were multitudesof nations equipped with WMDs andnuclear power and ‘balance of power’was replaced by the concept of‘balance of terror’, Such a scenarioresulted in shift from armamentfortification to economic imperialismbeing recognized as the integralcomponent of foreign policies ofnations. It is this paradigm ofeconomic control which has come torule international politics and fur-thermore, the recent global crisis hasimmensely enhanced ‘economicinterest’ as a major determinant offoreign affairs.

If one analyses the one-time BIGFIVE–U.K., U.S.A., France, China,Russia each one’s position in theinternational arena has been sub-jected to numerous upheavals. As faras the UK is concerned, in the recenttimes, it divulges a meek and sub-missive attitude towards U.S.A.diktats. It involved itself in the Iraqwar despite reluctance and its sup-port to the U.S.A. in levying sanctionsagainst Iran too exhibits its yieldingattitude towards the U.S.A. Asregards the self proclaimed ‘Protectorof democracy’ and a protagonist in‘war on terrorism’, the United Statesof America, it, especially after thesub-prime crisis which has resulted ina colossal public debt coupled withad nauseum expensive wars in Iraqand Afghanistan, has started to ropein countries which are the emergingeconomies. Its relations with deve-

loping nations like India and Chinaare in the prime focus of U. S. foreignpolicy. President Barack Obama’svisit to China where he verycautiously referred to China’s rela-tions with Tibet and Taiwan, soughtChina’s support for levying sanctionsagainst Iran, devaluing of China’sovervalued currency etc., show theeagerness of the U.S.A. to establishamiable relations with China. How-ever, Obama did not get a favourablereply from the rising dragon of Asia.

Similarly, in the case of India, theU.S.A. has gradually softened itsapproach and India has too showedits interest in bringing closenesstowards the U.S.A. Actually, after thecollapse of the U.S.S.R., India, toowas in search of a strong ally in theinternational arena. Though India’snuclear tests of 1998 infuriated thewestern world, but in the last decades,India’s relations with the U.S.A. haveimproved. U.S.A. has gleaned the factthat India is an emerging Asianpower and allying with it can deliversymbiotic gains for both of thecountries. The civil nuclear deal of2005, the recently concluded ‘Obama-Singh Knowledge Initiative of 21stcentury’ etc. are certain instances ofbrewing amity between both nations.

On the other hand, the U.S.A. hasbeen giving aid to Pakistan as well.The Kerry-Lugar Bill providing forUS $ 1·5 bn to Pakistan is one of therecent aid by the USA to Pakistan andalso US $ 2·3 bn as military assistance.Given the political unstability andevidences of diversion of Civil aidstowards defence equipments’ pro-curement, such a step of the U.S.A.clearly underlines that they wish tocontain India by indirect means,which is an obvious step in its pursuitof maintaining its hegemony in theworld arena.

Now, shifting the focus to China,which is known for a very vagueforeign policy which, in turn, is solely

guided by its national interests. Withthe dwindling of position of theU.S.A., China has gained a firmground in world politics. A strongeconomy with its own form of‘communism’ ideology, China hasbecome a very strong force in Asianpower politics. Its recent agreementwith Russia to trade in their nationalcurrencies is a big setback to thereputation of dollar in internationaltransactions. Its aid to India’s neigh-bours especially the hostile ones likePakistan and luring the lukewarmsupporters of India like Nepal andBangladesh is definitely alarming toour external affairs department.Recent act of ‘stapled visas’ to J&Kresidents is another such instance.China has also spread its influence inCentral Asia with gaining controlover oil-based economies of Kazakh-stan, Iran etc. Even the old rivalrybetween China and Japan has beensidelined in the present times givingway to economic deals. Thus, theChinese foreign policy is an everchanging mix of strategic andeconomic components.

As far as Russia is concerned, itsresurgence under the able leadershipof Vladimir Putin is undoubtedlypraiseworthy. At present, capitalisingon its resources like natural gas,Russia has been able to regain its loststature to a greater extent in theinternational sphere. The recent act ofwooing Russia by selling off theMistral warship to it by France inorder that it agrees to supportsanctions against Iran amply showsits significance in world politics.Russia has always been a reliable allyfor India and it was well depictedwhen Russia became the first countryto fully operationalise nuclear reactorafter civil nuclear deal of 2005between the U.S. and India. A numberof agreements ranging from energy,pharmaceuticals, intelligence sharing,combating terroris, IT services weresigned between India and Russia in2009.

Continued on Page 2256

PD/June/2010/2247

Economic Globalisation is a Threat toNational Sovereignty

Debate Contest

In Favour—Mohd. Zia Ullah

Globalization is one phenomenonwhich has had a huge impact in the

Mohd. Zia Ullah

lives of people. Ithas changed theway people use tothink and work. Itis indeed an uphilltask to single out afield which has notbeen affected byglobalization andeconomy is not an exception. We allhave witnessed how graduallyfinancial system has been integratedthroughout the world due to globa-lization but every coin has two sidesand one must not judge only thepositive impacts of this EconomicGlobalization. It is extremely neces-sary and vital to understand andevaluate the negative impacts of this‘uncontrolled and blind economicglobalization’.

Economic Globalization is aphenomenon which integrates theeconomic activities throughout theworld and makes the economicsystem interdependent irrespective ofthe barriers of countries, people andorganizations. On the other handsovereignty of any country refers to asimple fact that it has got a uniqueidentity in the sense that it is selfgoverned and nobody from outsidethat country can interfere with theinternal matters and influence itssubjects. In other words sovereigntyrepresents honour and respect of anynation.

Today sovereignty has become avery delicate issue and there are somany ways in which it might getaffected. In this era of EconomicGlobalization nations which are poorand having small economies in parti-cular face a huge threat to theirnational sovereignty.

Let us now understand how andwhy economic globalization is a

threat to National Sovereignty whichare as follows :

● In this era of Economic Globa-lization it is not the case that onlyfinancial systems has beenintegrated but infact in doing sopolitical, social and Economicinterests have also been engaged.Due to this fact countries todayare employing all type of strate-gies to gain an upperhand overthe others and since their interestsare now interlinked sovereigntiesof countries are most oftenly putto sword.

● Developed nations have ensuredthat any country which is not apart of this ‘Pseudo EconomicGlobalization’ are isolated andcompel such nations to finallyaccept their policies and systemin place. This is a great insult tothe sovereign status of anycountry and its people but thereis no other way that is left tothem. Policies and system in thecurrent economic globalizedorder are tailormade with a basicmotive to favour few selectedcountries which are developedand have big economies. Anintegrated system which does nottreat every country alike is unjustand merely an eyewash. Fewcountries continue to take undueadvantage of the lacunae in theglobalized economic system andkeep interfering and inflencingpolitical and economic matters ofother countries.

● Economic Globalization has ledto the integration of the financialsystem and in doing so everyonein this system is exposed to therisks and vulnerabilities. RecentSub-Prime Crisis in U.S. is aprime example that how econo-mic globalization can lead toglobal chaos. It has shown howthe wrong policies and system ofany particular country can affectlives of so many people in othercountries when they were neither

accountable nor were they res-ponsible for it. On the contraryUnited States kept dictating itsterms and directing nations whatto do and what not to do.

● The current world order is highlyinfluenced by the economicglobalization and in order tosecure their strategic interestscountries are constantly intrud-ing into the internal affairs ofother countries and try every bitto take all possible advantage. Inthis Pseudo Economic Globa-lized Order any country whichshows any resistance and speakin a different tone is made to facesevere political and economicpressure from the influencialcountries.

● Economic Globalization hasgiven rise to speculative marketsaround the globe and capital orshare markets now are verymuch interdependent and con-trolled. A rise or fall in onemarket normally affects the sharemarkets of other countries tooand profit making becomes ausual business. In no way canone justify as to how one can letthe external forces decide econo-mic fate of your country becauseeconomy is an important subjectof any country which affects livesof so many people and issues. Ifthis happens it is certainly athreat to National sovereignty.

● There are so many regional andinternational groups, alliancesand strategic organizations thatare working with a basic inten-tion to secure their personalinterests in the name of coopera-tion. They act as pressurizingagencies and regularly keepdictating their terms to othercountries to comply with what-ever they say. Economic affairsare an important component ofany country and there is nodenying the fact that there shouldbe cooperation but it should be

PD/June/2010/2248

reciprocatory and sovereignty ofeach other should be respectedthereby leading to a true andhealthy Economic Globalizedorder with no threat to nationalsovereignty.

● Cuba, Venezuela, Iraq, Iran,North Korea are prime examplesof how economic globalizationcould affect sovereignty of anynation. Due to different reasonsthese countries were isolated andsanctions were imposed by UncleSam (approved by U.N. SecurityCouncil). Economic and financialactivities of these nations were amajor component of restrictionsand sanctions imposed becauseno country can manage tooperate its economy and financialactivities in isolation in this era ofeconomic globalization. Powerfulnations constantly interfere in theinternal matters of various othercountries and in order to forcethem to comply whatever theysay, they use integrated economicsystem as a weapon because thiscan have a huge impact on theprospects of any country which isnot only unjust but a disrespectto sovereignty of any nation.

● Currencies like Dollar, Euro, Yen,Pounds are few currencies whichin order to stabilize their valueand position make use of thiseconomic globalization freely.Countries having these cur-rencies compel other smallcountries and economies to dealin their currencies in order toensure that their strategicinterests are secure. This temptssuch nations to intrude into thematters of other countries whichis certainly a big threat tosovereignty of any nation.

ConclusionOver the years we all have

witnessed the effects of economicglobalization which has beenexploited by developed and bigeconomies. This gives excuse to suchcountries to frame and implementbiased and restrictive policies andsystems which the others are made tofollow leaving no scope to existoutside the system created.

No country has got the authorityor right to order, direct, compel orinterfere and influence in the internal

matters and life of people in othercountries.

Economic Globalization is cer-tainly a big threat to nationalsovereignty of any country because itnot only integrates the financial andeconomic systems of various nationsbut also brings about an interdepen-dence of political, social and strategicinterests of various countries. Thishas given rise to a lot of powerstruggle among nations and in thecourse they not only breach eachother’s sovereignty but others too arenot spared and are made scapegoatsto fulfil their interests and aspira-tions.

Against

—Sourabh Jyoti Sharma

“Globalization is like gravity ofearth. Like it or hate it, but you can’tignore it” —Anonymous

Globalization is basically an eco-nomic concept. It is the primusmobile to integrate the world marketsirrespective of their level of develop-

Sourabh JyotiSharma

ment which has anall round impact.Therefore, it also isbound to impact onnational sovere-ignty of the modernNation - Statesacross the globe.Whether it is posi-tive or negative but it will definitelyhave a profound impact on theirnational sovereignty. Based on theirrespective perceptions on globaliza-tion, thinkers come to have differentsets of views on whether economicglobalization will pose a threat tonational sovereignty or not. Sovere-ignty is the bedrock of nation-statesand will continue to be the same,irrespective of forces like globaliza-tion. Globalization can transform thenotion of sovereignty, but as long asNation-State System (NSS) exists inthis world, national sovereignty of theNSS can’t be eroded as such. NSS canbe in ‘retreat’, there might be ‘hollow-ing out’ or ‘rolling back’ of nationalsovereignty, but it can’t be challengedtill NSS exists. Therefore, more thana threat, globalization should beviewed positively as an opportunityto reconstruct and reshape the tradi-tional notion of sovereignty.

Inspite of a ‘complex inter-dependent’ World and rise of non-state actors on world stage, Nation-States continue to be the majorplayers in international relations.Globalization or no globalization itwill continue to be the same, al beit,its earlier monopolistic predominantnature has declined. States are nowone of the major players but not theonly actors in world politics, thanksto the forces unleashed by the usher-ing of economic globalization trans-forming the world what MarshallMcLuhan said as ‘global village’.

National Sovereignty is thestate’s claim to be the ultimatepolitical authority, subject to nohigher power as regards the makingand enforcing of political decisions.However, with the coming ofglobalization the earlier notions ofsovereignty viz. absolute, indivisibleuncompromising nature have goneinto drastic changes. Today, due toeconomic globalization, sovereignactors may find themselves exercisingfreedom of decision within circum-stances that are highly constrained byrelations of unequal power. Thedoctrine of sovereignty developed aspart of the transformation of themedieval system in Europe into themodern state system, a process thatculminated in the Treaty of West-phalia in 1648.

Globalization is not a newconcept; only the intensity of worldwide processes of exchanges andinterconnectedness has led to rise ofthis debate i.e., whether economicglobalization packed with inter-national rule based regimes is a threatto the national sovereignty of Nation-States.

The crux of my stand is based onan easily understandable idea i.e.economic globalization has led to the‘transformation’ of state’s sovereigntythat should not necessarily mean an“erosion” or ‘threat’ to it. Faced withboth the challenges and opportunitiesof a globalizing world economy,national economies have mouldedthemselves suitably to face thisirreversible process. So does the ideaof national sovereignty. Therefore,the relation between economic globa-lization and national sovereignty isnot a one sided, antagonistic ormutually exclusive proposition but a

PD/June/2010/2249

two-way mutually reinforcing andreciprocative proposition. It is noteconomic globalization vs. nationalsovereignty. No doubt, economicglobalization has a profound impacton the exercise of national sovere-ignty and so does the immutablenotion of exercise of state’s supremeauthority (i.e., sovereignty) has aprofound impact or bound to have iton the operation of economic globa-lization. The debate, therefore, shouldbe how to create a conducive environ-ment under which both the notionscan have a balanced operation paral-lelly with poise. Because, sovereigntyis the unshakable foundation ofstate’s survival in a world of NSS, it isstate’s basic instinct. Mutual com-promises here and there, of course, itwill do but it will be fool hardy toexpect that any state will barter awayits survivability for the sake of anounce of economic globalization.Posing as ‘threat’ to state’s sovere-ignty, economic globalization willnever be allowed to operate. That’sfinal.

Global

Local

GL

OC

AL

*

National Sovereignty

Local Autonomy

Economic Globalisation

National

Diagram : Enmeshing of Global,National and Local Levels in a MutuallyImpacting Mode of Operation.

* GLOCAL ≡ Global + Local(got enmeshed)

The sovereign power, anauthority of national government—the entitlement of states to rulewithin their own territorial space—isbeing transformed but by no meanseroded. Locked into systems of globaland regional governance, states nowassert their sovereignty less in theform of a legal claim to supremepower than as a bargaining tool, inthe context of transnational systemsof rule-making, with other agenciesand social forces. Sovereignty isnow shared and divided among theagencies of public power at differentlevels from the local to the global. TheWestphalian conception of sovere-ignty as an indivisible, territoriallyexclusive form of public power isbeing displaced by a new sovere-

ignty regime, in which sovereignty isunderstood as the shared exercise ofpublic power and authority. In thisrespect, we are witnessing the emer-gence of a post-Westphalian worldorder.

Furthermore, far from globaliza-tion leading to ‘the end of the state’, itelicits a more activist state.

This is because, in a world ofglobal enmeshment, simply toachieve domestic objectives nationalgovernments are forced to engage inextensive multilateral collaborationand cooperation. Economic globali-zation has led to the emergence ofa disaggregated state in which itsconstituent agencies increasinglyinteract with their counterpartsabroad, international agencies, andNGOs in the management of commonand global affairs. The notion of statesovereignty has got decentralized. Itis being delegated by the state at thetop to its agencies at the bottom, bothat national and international level (i.e.foreign office, embassies etc.) This isbeing done by any state today,shunning its earlier overprotectivenotion of clutching sovereignty to itschest, so as not to get overwhelmedwith too many vital issues at thesame time which might turn itsfunctionality into a dysfunctionalone. Simply, in an era of cut-throatcompetition, no individual, no statecan hope to survive being incom-petent in a geo-economics (not geo-political) centered world order. Thus,the over-centralizing and inept notionof state sovereignty is got discardedfor a decentralized and efficientnotion of state sovereignty in anincreasingly GLOCALIZED world.This is more accurately described asdistorted global politics because it isafflicted by significant power asym-metrics.

Viewing thus, economic globali-zation is not a threat to state sovere-ignty but a God-sent opportunity–ablessing in disguise. Due to increas-ing interconnectedness of nationaleconomies across the globe, there aretoday more the convergence of each-other’s threats and opportunities thanthe wide divergence of the past. Forinstance, countries like Maldives ofAsia and Iceland of Europe face thesame threats (i.e., climate change etc.)and opportunities (i.e. open economy,

WTO monitored rule based inter-national trade regime etc.) Due toincreasing power asymmetry andshifting of economic operations fromWest to East, the North (DevelopedWorld) is compelled to have dialogueand cooperation with the South(Developing World) from its earliergun-boat diplomacy centered “whocares” attitude. From a distorted andunjust global politics, it is steadilybecoming a cosmopolitan and justglobal politics. To cite an illustrativeexample again, just look at how thesheer compelling persuasive power ofeconomic globalization has mademutual cooperation between thearch-rival powers like the USA andPeople’s Republic of China (PRC) bymaking the necessary compromisesin their respective national sovere-ignties. From earlier seclusion of deepdistrust it has led to an inclusion oftrust surplus; paving the way formuch needed international coopera-tion to combat global problems with aunited face.

We all must understand onesimple thing that economic globali-zation could never happen withoutthe backing and cooperation of thesovereign states of the world to reapmaximum benefits from it. Of course,the one who is placed in a bettercompetent position with strongnational economy will reap its bene-fits than the others. Asymmetry willalways be there. But still, states irres-pective of their state of developmentsare pushing for creation of WTO,ADB, WIPO etc. with their over-whelming support and participationin them. Why ? To reap benefits fromthem, individually and collectively.Now, this cannot be done withoutsharing and compromising a bit intheir respective state sovereignties.And we all can see that states, be theydeveloped or underdeveloped, aredoing it willingly. Because all of themknow that in order not to getmarginalized and isolated in a globa-lized world, they all must cooperate,even if that leads to ceding or sharingof their sovereignty at national andinternational level. Just because astate today cannot tackle all thechallenges of economic globalizationalone, it has willingly chosen todelegate some of its decision-makingpowers in the form of sovereignty tosome of its own agencies and if

PD/June/2010/2250

required even outsource it to someforeign competent authority. Thisprompted some sceptics to mispointthat the state is in a declining state.As we can see clearly now this is notthe case.

Today, to cope with this omni-potent and inevitable process ofeconomic globalization, sovereignstates in order to protect theirsovereignty are moving from earliernationalism to supranationalism viainstitution building as we can see inthe case of the European Union. Theyevolve a Common Foreign andDefence Policy, a common currency(Euro), a common legislative body(EU Parliament) etc. while envisagingfor an open intra-EU trade which ismuch more in volume today thanEU’s external trade with rest of theworld. The EU states keep theirnational sovereignty to themselvesand will never barter it for some loftyaltruism of supranationalism. Thissuggests that neither national sovere-ignty nor nationalism is in dicline. EUstates cooperate with each other viavarious institutional mechanisms ofEU because all of them can expect toget more from cooperation than fromconfrontation. It is the sheer logic ofmutual economic benefits that havedriven the erstwhile bitter rival statesto shed their self-defeating grudges inorder to forge peaceful unity on asingle platform that will serve themall equally. As we can see the EU Flaghas not replaced the National Flags ofsay, France, Germany, Sweden etc.But both of them are fluttering atequal level. Hence, the ‘economicspill over effect’ of EU (i.e., economicglobalization) is still to penetrate thepolitical fortress (i.e., nationalsovereignty).

To conclude, economic globaliza-tion has presented both threats andopportunities before the nationalgovernments, but not necessarily athreat to their hard-earned sovere-ignty. It can pose a threat to nationalsovereignty, only when nationalgovernments will fail to act in aconcerted cooperative way at variousworld forums. Again, this is not thecase, in fact, it is otherwise. NationalGovernments are increasingly co-operating with each other. They aredoing CBMs and other mutuallyconfidence and trust building exer-

cises. Because of economic globa-lization, war today is a distant andunviable dream. Increasing demo-cratization and the dragnets of inter-national enforcement organizationsviz. UN, WTO, WB/IMF etc. havemade it next to impossible. Finally,the moral of the story can be put onpaper thus—econnomic globalizationdid not pose a threat to state sovere-ignty in the past, nor is it posingthreat to state sovereignty at present.Only the unpredictable and unforese-eable future can be allowed to make afinal judgement on this debate toascertain whether we are with theright or wrong side of history. Atpresent, let’s have no delusion thatwe are batting for the right thing andon the right side of history for sure.

P.Darpan

Test Your Knowledge

Answers with Hints

P.Darpan

Topic : Changing Hues of ModernInternational Politics

Essay Competition

WinnersIst Prize Winner

IInd Prize Winner

IIIrd Prize Winner

Sweta ChandraLucknowUttar Pradesh–226 010

Concentric Quiz(Sports & Games Special)

Ist Prize Winner

Sachin PantS/o Sri G. B. PantC/o Pyarelal VermaPitravta PithoragarhUttarakhand–262 501

ManjeetS/o Shri Kidara DamewalV.P.O.–Kumbha,Teh.—HansiDistt.—HisarHaryana–125 033

Debate CompetitionTopic : Economic Globalisation is aThreat to National Sovereignty.

For the Topic

B. SubhaMagadi Road, BangaloreKarnataka–560 023

Answers

RESULTS

Mohd. Zia Ullah415/357, ShahganjAllahabadUttar Pradesh–211 003

IInd Prize Winner

Quiz Contest

IIIrd Prize Winner

Naveen Shekhar‘At Millennium Sweet Hut’Mahadeva, SiwanBihar–841 226

Winners

Preeti SharmaBareillyUttar Pradesh–243 003

Neha JindalD/o Kapur Chand JindalBathindaPunjab

PD/June/2010/2251

Against the Topic

Sourabh Jyoti SharmaH.N. 148, Dhakka Village(Near Mukherjee Nagar)Delhi–110 009

Sweta JalanGuwahatiAssam–781 001

Hints 5. The distance between the goal

posts in the hockey field is 3·66metre.

10. India’s oldest football tournamentis Durand Cup.

16. The first Indian woman to climbMt. Everest was Bachchendri Pal.

19. West Indies player Brian Larabroke the record of most runs ofGary Sobers by playing againstEngland.

Continued from Page 2151

For General Awareness section.Pratiyogita Darpan was obviously theprime help. Except this, reading of‘Times of India’ also kept meupdated.

FOR INTERVIEWMy interview took place on 15th

of Dec., 2008. It lasted for approxi-mately half-an-hour. There were fourgentlemen in the interview panel. Allof them were very cordial. The ques-tions they asked covered a largevariety. They started with questionsabout myself, my qualification andmy native place.

Then they came to banking, thenone by one, economics currentpolitics, my hobbies. Why did I wantto join bank etc.

On knowing that I am fond ofreading, one of the interviewers alsoasked me which was my favouritebook and also why was it myfavourite.

I kept in mind the tips given bymy interview tutor Mr. R.C. Sharma(Retd. GM, SBI). Revised basic bank-ing terminology and other importantdetails. I also had a glance ofimportant figures about the bankfrom its site that could be asked in theinterview. Lastly, I tried to be myselfbefore the interview panel.

Time Management

I attempted mock-tests and triedto find out how much time a particu-lar section requires to be solved. ThenI divided the examination time infour parts in a particular ratio forsolving four sections, and by andlarge, I adhered to that particularratio each time whether it be a mock-test or a real test.

One should not be obstinate orsenty while of your time and stillthere are doubts about its beingsolved, one should immediately skipit and target the easier ones or theones you are more confident about.Bank P.O. is an examination whereyou should not only solve as manyquestions as you can (with an intelli-gent consideration of accuracy also)but you should also know which kindof questions are not to be touched atall and which type of questions are tobe tried only if there is some sparetime. P.Darpan

PD/June/2010/2252

CONCENTRIC QUIZ(States of India Special)

TRIPURA

1. Which of the following states ofIndia is historically called theRice Bowl of India ?(A) Chhattisgarh(B) Andhra Pradesh(C) West Bengal(D) Uttar Pradesh

2. The first general election to theAssembly of which of thefollowing states was held inFebruary 1978 ?(A) Arunachal Pradesh(B) Assam(C) Goa(D) Himachal Pradesh

3. Assam became a British pro-tectorate in the year—(A) 1840 (B) 1725(C) 1826 (D) 1726

4. With which of the followingstates is the scheme/projectCHOICE associated ?(A) Bihar(B) West Bengal(C) Chhattisgarh(D) Orissa

5. Jesuit priest Francis Xavierarrived in Goa in—(A) 1544 (B) 1542(C) 1554 (D) 1564

6. Which of the following stateshas been adjudged number onestate in Primary Education andteacher student ratio ?(A) Haryana(B) Himachal Pradesh(C) Punjab(D) Tamil Nadu

7. In how many zones can Jammuand Kashmir be divided geo-graphically ?(A) Five Zones(B) Six Zones(C) Four Zones(D) Seven Zones

8. Which of the following is notlocated in Jharkhand ?

(A) Ichagarh Bird Sanctuary (B) Bhagwan Birsa ZoologicalGarden(C) Tatoloi Hot Water Stream(D) Karna Lake and Oasis

9. The scheme ‘FRIENDS’ is beingimplemented by the state of—(A) Tamil Nadu(B) Kerala(C) Andhra Pradesh(D) Karnataka

10. Coconut is the most importantcash crop of—

(A) Goa (B) Meghalaya

(C) Kerala (D) Assam

11. The religious festival ofNongkrem dance is annuallycelebrated in—(A) Arunachal Pradesh(B) Meghalaya(C) Sikkim(D) Manipur

12. The first well known rulers ofMaharashtra are—(A) Vakatakas(B) Chalukyas(C) Rashtrakutas(D) Satavahanas

13. Which Indian state is the onlyspot on Earth where the Brow-antlered deer is found ?(A) Meghalaya(B) Manipur(C) Tripura(D) Mizoram

14. By which of the followingConstitution Amendment Actswas the legislature for Tripuracreated ?(A) The Constitution TenthAmendment Act, 1961(B) The Constitution FourteenthAmendment Act, 1962

(C) The Constitution FifteenthAmendment Act, 1963(D) The Constitution SixteenthAmendment Act, 1963

15. Vantawng Falls is the highestwaterfall of—(A) Mizoram(B) Manipur(C) Arunachal Pradesh(D) Tripura

16. This Indian state lies betweenthe parallels of 98 degree and 96degree East Longitude and 26·2degree and 27·4 degree latitudenorth of the Equator ? Whichstate is this ?(A) Manipur(B) Meghalaya(C) Nagaland(D) Tripura

17. The most brilliant epoch in thehistory of Orissa began withwhich of the following ascend-ing to the throne ?

(A) Narasingha Dev

(B) Mahasivagupta Yajati II

(C) Akbar the Great

(D) Marathas

18. The mountain which isregarded as the guardian dutyof Sikkim is—(A) Mt. Everest(B) Tibetan Plateaux(C) Chumbe Valley(D) Khang Chendzonga

19. Which Indian state is knownas Dev Bhoomi (Land of theGods) ?(A) Uttarakhand(B) Uttar Pradesh(C) Sikkim(D) Tamil Nadu

20. At the time of Alexander’sinvasion a powerful kingdomcalled Gangaridai ruled over—

(A) Jammu & Kashmir

(B) Tamil Nadu

(C) West Bengal

(D) Andhra Pradesh

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■ The decision of the editor will be final and binding in all cases, and will not be a matter for consideration of anycourt and no correspondence will be entertained in this concern.

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Bima Nagar, Agra–282 002 (U.P.) is June 15, 2010.

ANSWER FORM

Q. No. A B C D Q. No. A B C D

1. 11.

2. 12.

3. 13.

4. 14.

5. 15.

6. 16.

7. 17.

8. 18.

9. 19.

10. 20.

(States of India Special)

I have read and understood the rules of ConcentricQuiz of Pratiyogita Darpan and agree to abide bythem.

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Edited, Printed and Published by Mahendra Jain for M/s Pratiyogita Darpan, 2/11A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, Agra-2 and Printed byhim at Pratiyogita Darpan Printing Unit, 5 & 6 Bye Pass Road, Agra.

23. Parliament passed SpecialEconomic Zones Act in—(A) 2006 (B) 2005(C) 2008 (D) 2004

24. Which of the following countriesis not the member of BENELUX ?(A) England(B) Belgium(C) Netherlands(D) Luxembourg

25. Which of the following is not thepart of World Bank Group ?(A) IMF(B) IBRD(C) IDA(D) MIGA

26. The Article related to Budget(annual) financial statement is—(A) Article 113(B) Article 114(C) Article 111(D) Article 112

27. Which of the following dances isnot a classical dance ?(A) Kathakali(B) Garba(C) Odissi(D) Bharatnatyam

28. Which organisation is headed byIndian Environmentalist R. K.Pachauri–a Nobel Laureate ?

(A) International EnvironmentPanel

(B) International Panel onClimate Change

(C) International PollutionControl Panel

(D) International Panel onGlobal Warming

29. The headquarters of UnitedNations Environment Program-me (UNEP) is located in—(A) Kenya(B) Washington(C) Moscow(D) Tokyo

30. Which is the biggest enterprise ofthe Government of India ?

(A) Postal and Telegraph(B) Railways(C) Banking(D) Shipping

31. 80% of the coal in India comesfrom—

(A) Jharia and Raniganj

(B) Kantapalli and Singareni

(C) Singrauli and Korba

(D) Neyveli

32. Which component of blood isconsidered as the guard cell ofour body ?(A) R.B.C.(B) Platelets(C) Plasma

(D) W.B.C.

33. Laureus World Team of the year2010 is—

(A) Brawn GP (Formula OneUnited Kingdom)

(B) Indian Cricket Team

(C) Australian Hockey Team

(D) None of the above

34. The most important function ofperspiration is to—

(A) get rid of the body wastes

(B) regulate body temperature

(C) regulate body wastes

(D) lubricate the skin

35. Which of the following terms isassociated with the biology ofsilkworms ?

(A) Apiculture(B) Sericulture(C) Sylviculture(D) Pisciculture

36. Balwant Rai Mehta Committeesuggested that the structure ofPanchayati Raj should consistof—

(A) The village, the block andthe district levels

(B) The mandal and the districtlevels

(C) The village, the district andthe state levels

(D) The village, the mandal, thedistrict and the state levels

37. During sleep Man’s bloodpressure—

(A) Increases(B) Decreases(C) Fluctuates(D) Remains constant

38. The headquarters of UNESCO issituated at—

(A) Rome(B) Geneva(C) Paris

(D) New York

39. During which census year didIndia register total literacy rateof 43·57% ?

(A) 1981-1991

(B) 1961-1971

(C) 1991-2001

(D) 1951-1961

40. The new Flag Code of India cameinto effect from—

(A) January 26, 2003

(B) January 26, 2004

(C) January 26, 2006

(D) January 26, 2002

[For Answer See Page 2250]

Continued from Page 2246

Moving towards France andJapan, one sees that they have beenmore of economic players and theirrole in strategic relations is ratherlimited atleast as of now.

In recent times, as terrorism hasbrought almost all the nations ofworld on the same ‘platform’, therehas been the rise of some sense ofintegration of foreign policies atleaston issue of terrorism. In this brain-storming quest of finding out asolution to this menace, there hasemerged the ideology of revival of‘sufism’ and now-a-days all thenations are trying to revive this liberaltradition of Islam to combat thefundamentalism of Islam. Also, cul-tural diplomacy is thriving be it inIndo-Iran, Indo-Russia, Indo-BhutanIndo-Nepal, Indo-Vietnam etc. rela-tions.

Thus, we can conclude that todayinternational politics has widened itshorizon to encompass geo-political,economic and cultural factors. The‘hues’ have become much morediverse and the world scenario exhi-bits a huge canvas with innumerablecolours. P.Darpan