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PRASHASAN(The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration)

November, 2010, 116th Issue

Government of Nepal

Ministry of General Administration

Administrative Reform and Internal Management DivisionSingha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone: 4200187, 4200367, 4200368, 4200369, Fax No.: +977-1-4200187

Web: www.moga.gov.np, E-mail: [email protected]

Editorial Board

Mr. Balananda Paudyal, Secretary - Chairman

Mr. Binod KC, Joint Secretary - Member

Mr. Kiranraj Sharma, Under Secretary - Member

Mr. DhirKumar Shrestha, Assistant Secretary - Member

Mr. JagadishaChandra Shiwakoti, Section Ofcer - Member

Mr. Bhabani Pd. Shrestha, Section Ofcer - Member Secretary

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Job Stress Management Hair Datt Pandey........................................!(*

Appreciative inquiry: A crucial issue Dr. Niranjan Prasad Upadhyay ...............@!@

Formulation and Implementation Mahadev Panth ...........................................@@)

How to make a good use of foreign Ishwar kumar giri .......................................@&$

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PRASHASAN

The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration2

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nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ;+zf]wg k|:tfj cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . tkfO{+xsf] ck]Iffadf]lhd tLj|ultdf geP klg pko'St ;a}ljifodf s]xL g s]xL sfd ePsf]hfgsf/L d}n]kfPsf]5'. ut jif{3f]if0ff ul/Psf ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot;DaGwL ljifox sd{rf/L cfjf;sf]Joj:yf, pgLxsf]cfg}j[lQljsf;sf]cj;/, lghfdtL /fi6;]jssf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf kxF'r / :jf:Yo pkrf/sf]plrt k|aGw ug{]h:tf w]/}g}dxjk"0f{cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;Daf]wg u/L o; k];fnfO{cfslif{t,dof{lbt / pRr dgf]ano'St agfpg]p2]Zoaf6 clek|]l/t lyP . tL 3f]if0ffxnfO{tbf?stfsf ;fycufl8 a9fO{ lghfdtL /fi6;]jssf]dgf]an pRr /fVg ;lqmotfk"j{s nfUg ;DalGwt lgsfosf]dWofgfsif{0f ub{5' / yk ;]jf ;'ljwff/f ;';lHht ug{cfgf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd k|of; hf/L /fVg]ljZjf; lbnfpg rfxG5'.

;/sf/n]ut jif{3f]if0ff u/]sf]cf}ifwL pkrf/ ladf;DaGwL cWoog sfo{;DkGg u/]sf]5 . ;f]cWoogsf]lgrf]8sf cfwf/df cfufdL cf=j=b]lv cf}ifwL pkrf/ ladf Joj:yf nfu"ug]{;f]rfO ;/sf/n]agfPsf]5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{kf];fsjfkt tf]lsPsf]/sd pknAw u/fO{;/sf/n]tf]s]sf]kf];fsclgjfo{kdf nufP/ sfof{nodf cfpg]Joj:yf ug{]b[li6sf]0f klg o; ;/sf/n]/fv]sf]5 . kf];fssf]Psktfn]]lghfdtL sd{rf/Ldf ;fd"lxstf / PsfTdstfsf]efjgf ljsf; x'g]tyf ;]jfnfO{kf/bzL{/ pQ/bfoL agfpg d2t ldNg]5 eGg]a'emfO of];/sf/sf]]5 . rfn"jif{df ;a}lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]sNof0fsf/L sfddf vr{ug{]u/L ?= Ps ;o of]ubfg u/]sf]eGg]hfgsf/L d}n]kfPF. pSt sfo{sf];/fxgf ub{};f]/sdnfO{:yfoL sf]if agfO{lglZrt sfo{df vr{ug{]u/L dfkb08 tof/ u/]df ;/sf/n]

klg To; sf]ifdf yk of]ubfg lbg ;Sg]5 . sd{rf/Ln]u/]sf sfdsf]plrt / j:t'k/s d"Nof\sg x'gg;Sbf Psftkm{sfd ug]{nfO{k|f]T;flxt ug{g;lsPsf]/ gug]{nfO{bl08t klg gul/Psf]cj:yf 5 .plrt k'/:sf/ / b08sf]cefjdf lghfdtL ;]jfn]ck]lIft :t/sf]sfo{;Dkfbg u/]g eGg]u'gf;fnfO{Wofgdf /fv]/ ;/sf/n]rfn"jif{b]lv g}sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]ifdfkm{t glthfd'vL sfo{;Dkfbgk|0ffnLdf hfg rfxg]sd{rf/L tyf sfof{nonfO{sfo{;Dkfbg glthfsf cfwf/df k|f]T;fxgsf]Joj:yfnfu"ug]{;f]r klg ;/sf/n]agfPsf]5 . o; jif{lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]cflwsfl/s 6]8 o'lgogsf]r'gfj u/fpg]tkm{;DalGwt dGqfnon]tof/L ul//x]sf]5 .

ut jif{ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf / oL dfly pNn]lvt sfo{qmdxsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]lghfdtL ;]jf yk cfsif{s x'g uO{ k|lt:kwL{ x'g]5 / Ifdtfjfg\ o'jfk':tf o;tkm{ cfslif{t eO{

lghfdtL ;]jf cem :t/Lo x'g]5 eGg]ljZjf; o; ;/sf/n]lnPsf]5 . /fhgLlts ;\qmd0f / cl:y/tfsf]df/ ;a}lt/ k/]sf]5 . o:tf]cj:yfdf :yfoL ;/sf/ elgg]lghfdtL ;]jfsf /fi6;]jsn]OdfGbf/L / nugzLntfsf ;fy sfg'gadf]lhd ljgfkIfkft / d'nflxhfcfcfgf]st{Jo lg8/ eO{;Dkfbg u/]/ hgtfdf cfzf / e/f];f l;h{gf u/L hgtfsf]ljZjf; cfh{gug{k|oTgzLn x'g cfu|x ub{5'. sfdrf]/ k|j[lQ / lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg]tyf kx'Fr gePsfxnfO{zf;gu/L tyf kx'Fr x'g]af6 cfkm"zfl;t x'g dg k/fpg] k|j[lQxnfO{ lgld6\ofGg gkf/];Dd lghfdtL;]jfsf];fv j[l4 x'Fb}g .

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b]z ;\3Lotftkm{ hfFb} 5 . To;sf nflu klg ;+r/gf, k|lqmof / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{lghfdtL ;]jfsf]pRr ;+oGqn]/fhgLlts g]t[Tj;Fu lg/Gt/ ;+jfb / ;dGjodf /xL sfd ug{ca l9nf]ug'{x'Fb}g .

dNffO{ yfxf 5 cefj / hf]lvdo'St jftfj/0fdf a;]/ ;Lldt ;|f]taf6 hgtfsf pn{+bf

cfsf\Iff k"/f ug{sfo{:yn -Front line_ df sfd ug]{sd{rf/LxnfO{slt ufx|f]5 . cem} klg;/sf/n]j:t'k/s eP/ /fd|f]/ g/fd|f]sd{rf/L ku{]Ng ;Sg]k|0ffnLsf]ljsf; ug{;s]sf]5}g . To:tf]k|0ffnLsf]ljsf;sf nflu /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{j:t'k/s vfsf k|:t't ug'{tyf /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{lg0f{osf nflu 3r3Rofpg'/ lg0f{o eO;s]kl5 OdfGbf/Lk"j{s nfu"ug'{tkfO{+xsf]klg st{Jo xf]. lghfdtL ;]jfdf PsPs cAan bhf{sf Ifdtfjfg\/ Jofj;flos JolStx 5g\ . pgLxPSnfPSn} /fd|f 5g\ t/ pgLxsf] sfo{;Dkfbg eg] ck]lIft :t/sf] 5}g eGg] u'gf;f] ;'lgG5 .e|i6frf/nfO{lgd{"n gkf/L ;'zf;gsf]sNkgf ug{;lsFb}g . of]s'g If]qdf dfq ;Lldt 5 eg]/ eGgg;lsg]eO;s]sf]5 . To;}n]e|i6frf/ lj?4 lgd{dtfk"j{s n8\g tkfO{+x cu|;/ x'g'xf];\ . tkfO{+lghfdtL /fi6;]jsn]k|0f u/]df o; d'n'saf6 e|i6frf/sf h/f kv]6f sf6\g ;lsG5 eGg]d]/f]ljZjf;

5 . ;/sf/n] lbzflgb]{z;Dd ub{5 . afFsL sfd t /fi6;]jsn] g} ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .;/sf/ / lghfdtL k|zf;gaLrsf]of]cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGwsf];xL kl/rfngaf6 dfq}hgtfsf ck]Iffxk"/f ug{;lsG5 . ;\qmd0fsfnaf6 u'lh|/x]sf]xfd|f]d'n'sdf ;/sf/ / lghfdtL k|zf;gn]cfcfgf];Ldf / ;an kIfsf]klxrfg u/L ;dGjofTds kdf sfd ug{;s]dfq d'n'snfO{;xL lbzf lbg;lsG5 . obfsbf k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts/0f ePsf]eGg]:j/x xfdL ;'G5f}F. ha ;Qf aflx/ x'G5f}F, tak|zf;gnfO{t6:y /fVg'k5{eGg]af]w ul/G5 . k|zf;gnfO{bnLo /fhgLltaf6 d'St /fVg /fhgLlt1nfO{g}lts bafa lbg'k5{. lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt agfpg]vfFrf]klg Tolts}/x]sf]5 . sDKo'6/ ;~hfnsf]

Jofks k|of]u / ljt/0faf6 l56f]5l/tf], u'0f:t/Lo / kf/bzL{;]jf k|bfg ug{;lsG5 . To;}n]x/]sdGqfnon]sDtLdf cfcfgf]dGqfnosf txsf Oueg]{G;sf]Pp6f eP klg Kofs]h sfo{qmd o;}jif{Nofpg d cfu|x ub{5'.

cGTodf, cfh ;Ddflgt x'g]k"j{d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrjxnufot ;Dk"0f{k"j{/fi6;]js sd{rf/Lxtyf lghfdtL k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t x'g] /fi6;]js sd{rf/LxnfO{awfO{ 1fkg ug{rfxG5' . ;fy}lghfdtL ;]jf kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL / ;bfrf/o'St x'g ;sf];\. hgtfk|lt ;+j]bgzLn eO{OdfGbfl/tf/ pQ/bfloTjsf ;fy ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cem ;Ifd agf];\ . oxL sfdgfsf ;fy labfx'G5'.

wGojfb .

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lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; @)^& sf cj;/df dfggLo ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLk|efs/ k|wfgf\u -/jLGb|>]i7_ n]lbg'ePsf]jStJo

;efsf ;efkltHo",

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo",;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLzHo",;DdfggLo ;efd'vHo", .dfggLo dGqLHo"x, /fHodGqLHo"x,;'/Iff lgsfosf k|d'vHo"xg]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjHo"x tyf pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{sd{rf/L ldqx .

;j{k|yd cfhsf] o; lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;sf cj;/df cfof]lht ;df/f]xdfk{mt ;fdfGok|zf;g dGqfnosf tk{maf6 ;Dk"0f{lghfdtL sd{rf/L ldqxdf xflb{s awfO{Pj+z'esfdgf JoStug{rfxG5'. ;fy}hgtfsf];]jfdf nflu/xFbf ;xfbt k|fKt ug'{x'g];Dk"0f{sd{rf/L ;lxbxk|lt xflb{s>4f~hnL ck{0f ug{rfxG5'.

b]zsf s'gfsfKrfdf cgluGtL b'Mv si6 e]mn]/ cfk\mgf]Hofgsf]k/jfx gu/L kl/jf/af6 6f9f/x]/ b'Mvsf ;fy sfd ul//xg'ePsf sd{rf/L ldqxnufot ;Dk"0f{sd{rf/L ldqxdf cfufdL lbgdfcem pT;fxsf ;fy hgtf / /fi6sf];]jfdf nflu/xg]k|]/0ff cfhsf]lbgn]k|bfg u/f];\eGg]z'esfdgfklg JoSt ub{5'.

ut jif{ cfhs} lbgdf ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"af6 sd{rf/L ldqxnfO{ hg;]jfdf cempT;fx ldnf];\eGgfsf nflu bz a'Fb]yk ;'ljwfsf]3f]if0ff ePsf]lyof]. To;cg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lc:ktfnsf];~rfng eO;s]sf]5 / ToxfFsd{rf/L ldqxnfO{%) ;x'lnotsf]Joj:yf ePsf]5 .

s8f /f]u nfu]df sd{rf/Lsf klt jf kTgLn];d]t ?= % nfv;Dd kfpg]Joj:yf ePsf]5 .wgs'6f / lbkfondf sd{rf/Lsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu cfjf;Lo ljBfnosf]:yfkgfsf]sfd k"/f ePsf]5 .o;}jifb]lv lghfdtL k'/:sf/sf];\Vof bf]Aa/ ul/Psf]5 . sd{rf/Lsf 5f]/f5f]/LdWo]af6 $#^ hgfnfO{8fS6/ / OlGhlgo/ cWoogsf]5fqj[lQ lbg]h:tf]P]ltxfl;s sfd klg ;'? ePsf]5 .k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ;d:ofsf kdf /x]sf]@$3! af6 a9'jf ePsf sd{rf/L ldqxsf];f]xL kbdfJoj:yfkg ug]{tyf jl/i7tfsf cfwf/df a9'jf x'g]u/L P]g ;+zf]wg k|:tfj cy{dGqfno / sfg'gdGqfnodf k7fOPsf]5 .

cfufdL lbgdf klg ;'ljwf yKb}k|f]T;flxt ug{sf nflu :jf:Yo ladf, n'ufeQf, sNof0fsf]ifcflbsf]k|:tfj ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon]u/]sf]5 . ;fy}sfdsf cfwf/df sd{rf/L ldqxn]ykljz]ifeQf k|fKt x'g]u/L sd{rf/L k|f]T;fxg sf]ifsf]Joj:yfsf nflu klg o; dGqfnon]k|:tfj u/]sf]5 . ;fy} 6]8 o'lgogsf]r'gfj klg o;} jif{ xf];\eGg] dGqfnosf] k|of; /xg]5, h;n] ubf{ 6]8o'lgogxsf];sf/fTds of]ubfg cem la:tf/ x'g]ck]Iff /x]sf]5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ ;xL /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 . cu'jfO ub}{ k|zf;gdfcgfjZos /fhgLlts x:tIf]k Go"gLs/0f ug]{tk{m ;a}sf];xof]u cfjZos /x]sf]5 . ;fy}k|zf;gdf/x]sf b'a{n / cfnf]Ro kIfx ;Rofpg klg ;a}sd{rf/L ldqxsf];xof]u / ;lqmotf cfjZos 5 .

cGTodf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf;Fu} hgck]Iffcg';f/ k|zf;gdf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf nflu tof/L/ ldlxg]t tLj|/ Jojl:yt 9n]cufl8 a9fcf}FeGg]cfu|x;lxt k'gM z'esfdgf JoSt ug{rfxG5'.wGojfb .

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lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; @)^& sf cj;/df g]kfn ;/sf/sfd'Vo ;lrj dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]n]lbg'ePsf]dGtJo

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo",

dfggLo pkk|wfgdGqLHo"Pj+dfggLo dGqLHo"x,g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjx Pj+ljlzi6 >]0fLsf kbflwsf/Lx,k"j{d'Vo ;lrj ;lrjHo"x Pj+;d:t cfb/0fLo cu|hx,sd{rf/L 6]]8 o'lgogsf cWoIf Pj+cGo kbflwsf/Lx,kqsf/ ldqx, k];fut Pj+Jofj;flos ;\3 ;\u7gsf kbflwsf/Lx,cGo ;d:t /fi6;]js ldqx Pj+pkl:yt dlxnf tyf ;Hhgj[Gb,

g]kfnsf]lghfdtL ;]jfn]cfhs}lbgdf rf}jGg jif{k"/f u/L krkGgf}Fjif{df k|j]z u/]sf]5 .o; kfjg cj;/df xfdLx ;a}lzi6 / gd|Jojxf/, ;]jfu|fxLsf]clwsf/ eGg]d"n gf/fsf ;fylghfdtL ;]jf lbj; dgfpg pT;fx, pd+u / pNnf;sf ;fy oxfFe]nf ePsf 5f}F. cfhsf]of]lbgnfO{xfdL ;Dk"0f{lghfdtL sd{rf/Lxn]cfd hg;d'bfodf k'ofPsf];]jfsf]k|efjsfl/tfsf];dLIff ug]{,ljutsf sdLsdhf]/Lxaf6 kf7 l;Sb}cfufdL lbgxdf ;du|lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{c a9L ;Ifd,pQ/bfoL, hgd'vL / PSsfO;f}FztfAbLsf r'gf}tLxnfO{;fdgf ug{;Sg];+oGqsf kdf ljsf; ug{k|0f ug]{cj;/sf kdf u|x0f ug'{pko'St x'g]5 eGg]7fg]sf]5'. o; cj;/df d ;d:t lghfdtLsd{rf/Lxdf xflb{s z'esfdgf / awfO{k|s6 ug{rfxG5'.

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{cem a9L ;]jfd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg];Gbe{df ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLaf6ev{/}JoSt ePsf pb\uf/xn]xfdL ;a}nfO{dfu{bz{g ug]{5g\. lgZro g}s'g}klg ;/sf/sf];kmntfjf c;kmntf cfdhgtfsf]k|ToIf ;Dks{df /xL ;]jf k|bfg ug]{lghfdtL sd{rf/Lxsf]sfdk|ltsf]lgi7f / nug, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lotf tyf ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/af6 g} dfkg x'G5 .

:yfoL ;/sf/sf kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfn]hgdfg;df cfkm\gf]5ljnfO{cfkm}pHofnf]agfpg/ cfdhgtfdf o;k|ltsf]ljZjf; / e/f];fnfO{cem}vFlbnf]agfpg yk lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{9+uaf6 cl3a9\g cfjZos ePsf]5 . cfhsf]of] lbg lghfdtL ;]jfn] ljljw ;Lldttfxsf]afjh'b ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfdxsf];dLIff ug]{/ efjL lbgdf to ug'{kg]{dfu{klxNofpg]cj;/ klg xf]eGg]dnfO{nfUb5 . cg]sg;d:of, hl6ntf / ;Lldttfxsf]afjh'b klg o;n]/fli6o hLjgsf ljljw If]qdf dxjk"0f{sfo{x;Dkfbg u/]sf]5 / :yfoL ;/sf/ x'g'sf];fy{stfnfO{l;4 u/]sf]5 . cfjZos ;"rgf, tYof / k|fljlws;xof]udfkm{t gLlt lgdf{0fsf]sfddf /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{;3fp k'ofpg], /fhgLlts txdf x'g]u/]sfgLltut lg0f{oxnfO{sfof{Gjogsf]txdf n}hfg]/ hg:t/af6 k|fKt ;"rgf / k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df

gLltut kl/dfh{g ug]{sfo{df lghfdtL ;]jfn]k|:t't u/]sf]ljz]if1tf s;}af6 l5k]sf]5}g . Tof]eGbfdxjk"0f{s'/f cfd hgtfnfO{l56f]5l/tf]/ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{pgLxdf ;'zf;gsf]cg'e"lt lbnfpg], k|rlnt gLlt, lgod / sfg'gsf]kfngf Pj+sfof{Gjogsf]dfWodf/f ljlwsf]zf;gsf]cjwf/0ffnfO{Jojxf/df ptfg]{/ /fHosf :yflkt ;+oGqxk|lt hg;fwf/0fsf ljZj;gLotf clej[l4ug]{lbzfdf klg lghfdtL ;]jfn]cfkm\gf]ckl/xfo{tf l;4 u/]sf]5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, lghLs/0f,;xsf/Ls/0fnufotsf gjLgtd cjwf/0ffxn]ljutdf ;/sf/n]lgjf{x u/]sf sfdsf/afxLdf ;+s'rgNofPsf]h:tf]cg'ej ul/P klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf]e"ldsf / cf}lrTo ;fF3'l/Psf]5}g, k/Gt'lgofds,;]jfk|bfos / gful/s :jtGqtf / clwsf/Lsf]/Ifssf kdf o;sf]bfloTj c a9L km/flsnf]ePsf]

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5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]ljsNk clxn]xfdL;Fu ePsf]eGbf cem}+a9L r':t, b'?:t, ;Ifd / hgpQ/bfoLlghfdtL ;]jfdfq} x'g ;Sb5 eGg] oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ xfdLn]cfkm"nfO{ cem a9L Odfgbf/,st{Jolgi7 / bfloTjk|lt k|lta4 ;d"xsf kdf k|:t't ug'{k/]sf]5 . clgZro / ;\qmd0faf6 u'lh|/x]sf]xfd|f]h:tf]d'n'ssf];Gbe{df t :yfgLo txdf /fHosf]pkl:ylt hgfpg]e/kbf]{/ k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsfkdf ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf g}:yflkt x'g k'u]sf]5 . lgZro g};]jfdf k|efjsfl/tf, u'0f:t/Lotf/ ldtJolotf h:tf Joj:yfksLo sf}znsf kIfxnfO{eg]ljutsf]t'ngfdf cem a9L k|v/tfsf ;fyc+uLsf/ ug'{kg]{cfjZostf cem}68\sf/f]b]vf k/]sf]5 . o;/L ;dosf]s;Ldf v/f]plqPsf]/ cfdhgtfsf]ljZjf; cfh{g ug{;Ifd g]kfnsf]lghfdtL;]jf ;j{yf r'gf}tLd'St Pj+;d:of/lxt eg]5}g . kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts kl/j]z / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf]kmn:jk cfdhgtfsf cfsf\Iff / ck]Iffx r'lnPsf 5g\/ ltgLxnfO{oyf]lrt tj/af6 ;Daf]wgug'{kg]{r'gf}tL xfdL lghfdtL sd{rf/Lxdfly g}cfOk/]sf]5 . sd{rf/LtGqnfO{cfkm\gf]:jfy{/ lxtsfnflu pkof]u ug]{dgf]j[lQ xfjL x'Fb}uO/x]sf]/ hfgfhfg jf cGhfgd}eP klg To;sf];+jfxs aGg]k|j[lQ lghfdtL ;]jfleq 5 ls eGg]cfz+sf klg a]nfavt plAhg]u/]sf 5g\. o;n]/fhgLltk|ltlg/k]If t/ sfdk|lt k|lta4 /xg'kg]{sd{rf/LtGqsf];j{:jLs[t dfGotfdf vnn k'Ug];Defjgf b]lvPsf]

5 . ljsf;sf ultljlwxn]jfl~5t k|ltkmn lbg g;s]sf], k|fKt k|ltkmnsf];d]t Gofof]lrt ljt/0fx'g g;s]sf], kmntM ;dfhdf juL{o lje]b a9\b}uO/x]sf], u/LaL, jftfj/0f ljgfz h:tf ;d:ofxlsgf/f nfUg g;s]sf], lzIff, :jf:Yo, lkpg] kfgL, ;/;kmfO, vfB cfk"lt{ h:tf cfd hgtfsfcfwf/e"t cfjZostfxsf If]qdf xfd|f]pknlAwsf]:t/ cToGt}Go"g /x]sf]cj:yf ljBdfg 5 / oL;a}c;kmntfxsf]ckh; lghfdtL ;]jfn]g}Joxf]g'{kl//x]sf]5 . o;afx]s xfd|f] lghfdtL ;]jf cfkm\g} cfGtl/s hl6ntf Pj+ ;d:ofxaf6 klg u|:t5 . cg'zf;gsf]sdL, cfkm"nfO{cem}klg hgtfsf];]jseGbf zf;s 7fGg]dgf]j[lQ JolStut nfe/ :jfy{sf nflu ;+/If0f vf]Hg]k|j[lQ, j[lQ ljsf;sf ;Defjgfxdf sdL, k|f]T;fxg / pTk]|/0ffsf]cefj,Go"gtd Pj+dfgjf]lrt hLjg ofkgdf klg sl7gfO h:tf ;d:ofxn]lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{cfkm"leq}

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cjwf/0ffnfO{Jojxf/d}nfu"u/]/ b]vfpg'h?/L eO;s]sf]5 . cfkm\gf ladlt jf c;Gt'li6xnfO{zfnLgtfk"j{s k|:t't ug]{/ tf]lsPsf]lhDd]jf/L cg'zfl;t 9+un]jxg ug]{pGgt ;+:s[ltsf]vfFrf]5 .;fj{hlgs k|zf;g Pj+Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf gjLgtd ;f]r, dfGotf / kl/jt{gxsf af/]dfhfgsf/ x'Fb}efjL lbgsf r'gf}tLxsf];fdgf ug{;Ifd t'Nofpg]u/L ;fy{s kfGt/0f jf~5gLo 5 .;"rgf / k|ljlwsf If]qdf ePsf]ljsf;nfO{hgtfsf];]jfdf pRrtd 9+un]pkof]u ug{;lsg]u/Lcfkm"nfO{k|ljlwd}qL agfpg l9nf]eO;s]sf]5 . j[lQ ljsf; lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;Gbe{df ;DejtM ;a}eGbf a9L rrf{ul/Psf]ljifo eP klgo;af6 sd{rf/Lxsf]dgf]an Pj+pTk]|/0ff / cGttf]uTjf pgLxsf]pTkfbsTj clej[l4df ;3fp

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ljs]Gb|Ls/0f -Decentralization_ ;dsfnLg zf;g k4ltsf] Ps ckl/xfo{ tj xf] . t;y{ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{o;n]/fHosf]zf;g Joj:yf / :jk rfx]PsfTds xf];\jf ;\3fTds zf;sLok|lqmofsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf / l;4fGtsf kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] zf;sLoclwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L dflyNnf];/sf/L lgsfoaf6 hgtfsf]glhssf lgsfodf afF8kmfF8 ug]{kIfdfjsfnt ub{5 . ljZjdf hgtfk|lt c;n ;'zf;gsf]k|Tofe"lt ug]{p2]Zoaf6 g}/fHosf]pTklQ ePsf]kfOG5 . d"ntM :jzf;gaf6 g};'zf;gsf]rfxgf cleJoSt x'g ;S5 . zf;gsf]s]Gb|df hgtf x'g]/ ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt /xg]dfGotfsf k5fl8 ;'zf;gsf]cjwf/0ff k|ltlalDat x'G5 . ;'zf;g/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]cjwf/0ffn];/sf/n]cfkm"nfO{k|fKt ;a}clwsf/sf]k|of]u Psnf}6L kdf ub}{g eGg]dfGotf /fv]sf]x'G5 . /fHon]zf;sLo ;+oGqleq ;dfgfGt/ kdf -Horizontal_ cfkm\gf ljleGg

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k|0ffnLleq ljs]Gb|Ls/0f zf;g Joj:yfsf]pQd k|of]u / cEof; aGb}uPsf]5 . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ ljleGg ljfg\xn] cfcfkm\g} 9+un] kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . Pn=l8=XjfO6sf cg';f/ Decentralization embraces the Process of conferring authority, legislative,executive and judicial, to the lower branches of the government. It is a converse of

centralization, cyf{t\ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn];/sf/sf]tNnf txdf ljwflosL, Goflos / sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|bQug]{k|lqmofnfO{;d]6\5 . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f s]Gb|Ls/0fsf]pN6f]xf].

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hgtf;Fusf];lGgs6tfsf]l;4fGt -Principle of subsidiarity_ sf cfwf/df x/]s gful/s cfkm}dfPp6f ;fj{ef}d PsfO xf]. gful/ssf cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf]k|Tofe"lt ub}{gful/sn]ug{;Sg]sfd p;n]g}ug]{/ afFsL sfddfq gful/ssf];aeGbf glhssf];/sf/n]ug]{eGg]dfGotfnfO{ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf:jLsf/ ul/Psf]x'G5 . ljs]lGb|t zf;g k4lt PsfTds jf ;\3fTds b'j};+j}wflgs Joj:yfdf cTofjZos zf;sLok4lt xf]. zf;gdf ;l/s x'g], :jfldTj lng]/ ;xeflutf hgfpg];zQm dfWod ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf]. of]:yfgLo nf]stGqsf]clgjfo{;t{klg xf]. To;}n]/fHo ;~rfngsf /fhgLlts, cfly{s / k|zf;lgsljifoxnfO{;/sf/sf ljleGg txaf6 k|of]u ug]{Joj:yf ul/Psf]x'G5 . /fHo ;~rfng k|lqmof ;/n,;xeflutfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfO{;]jfk|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;/sf/sf]txcg';f/ sfo{lhDd]jf/LlglZrt u/L ljQLo Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . ;/sf/n] ug]{sfddf klxnf]sfo{If]q :yfgLo ;/sf/sf],To;kl5 /fHo / s]Gb|;/sf/sf]x'g]u/L bottom up model df /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ug{;s]df dfqg]kfnsf]k'g;+{/rgf ;kmn x'g]b]lvG5 . o;/L sfo{afF8kmfF8 u/L tf]lsPsf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{u/fpgcfjZos kg]{ ljQLo ;|f]t Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;/sf/sf txxaLrsf] ljQLo Joj:yf ug'{ g} ljQLoljs]Gb|Ls/0f eGg]a'lemG5 .

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! s]Gb|Lo ah]6sf]dxjk"0f{ lx:;f :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k7fpg] / o;/L /sd k7fpFbf lglZrtdfkb08sf cfwf/df k7fpg].

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#= ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fox :yfgLo lgsfodf btf{ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg]/ o:tf Joj;foxn]Go"gtd z'Ns :yfgLo lgsfonfO{a'emfpg]Joj:yf ug'{k5{.$= :yfgLo lgsfoxn]C0f lng ;Sg]k|fjwfgnfO{Jojxf/df nfu"u/L :yfgLo lgsfodf nufgL

ug]{a}\ssf]:yfkgf ug'{k5{.%= :yfgLo lgsfoxsf]cfly{s sfdsf ;Gbe{df kf6L{x, ;/f]sf/ tyf hg;d'bfoxaf6 cg'udg

x'g]Joj:yf ug'{k5{.^= cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtf b]vfpg]nfO{sf/afxL ug]{;+oGqsf]ljsf; ul/g'k5{.&= :yfgLo lgsfox vf; u/L uflj;xsf]cfsf/df kl/jt{g u/L cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf b[li6n]

ldtJooL tyf pko'St agfpg'k5{. clxn]sf];+/rgfcg';f/sf]uflj;xdf Jojl:yt cfly{s

k|zf;gsf nflu ;f]xLcg';f/sf]hgzlSt Joj:yf ug'{cfly{s kn]dxFuf]kg]{ePsf]n]k'g;{+/rgful/g'k5{.*= :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] cfly{s sfdnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg / hgcfsf\Iffcg'ksf of]hgfx

kl/rfng ug{;xeflutfd"ns ah]6 k|0ffnL nfu"ug'{k5{.(= :yfgLo lgsfoxsf]n]vf9fFrf ;/n / ;"rgfd"ns agfpg cfjZostfcg';f/ kl/jt{g ug'{k5{.!)= cfly{s sf/f]af/;DaGwL lgoldt / Jojl:yt ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf]ljsf; ug'{k5{. hgtfnfO{cfly{s

lgoGq0f / cg'udgsf]sfddf ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{.!!= cfly{s ljj/0fx lgoldt kdf tof/ ug]{tyf To;pk/sf]n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{lgoldt, Jojl:yt

/ :t/o'St agfpg]sfd ug'{k5{.

!@= :yfgLo lgsfodf n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{n]vfk/LIfsxnfO{ljz]if Ifdtfo'St agfpg'k5{.!#= ;/sf/sf txxaLr sfdsf]afF8kmfF8 eO{tf]lsPsf sfo{sf]lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf lgldQ k'Ug]vr{ Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . sfo{df bf]xf]/f]kgf /xg'x'Fb}g . ;]jfsf txxaLr z[\vnfa4 cGt/;DaGw eg]sfod /fVg'kb{5 .

!$= /fHosf sfo{x PsLs/0f eO{lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ubf{;do;fk]If sfo{Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kb{5 .!%= ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ u/fpg s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ ;xof]uL x'g'kb{5 . lgodsfg'g / ljQLo

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf ;t{x s]Gb|n]klg kfngf ug'{cfjZos x'G5 .!^= sfo{lhDd]jf/L / :yfgLo ;DefJotfcg'k /fh:j clwsf/ lbg'kb{5 .!&= ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf vr{ Joj:yf;lxtsf] lhDd]jf/L, /fh:j clwsf/, ljQLo x:tfGt/0f,

:yfgLo C0f Joj:yf / hgzlStnfO{;du|kdf x]l/g'kb{5 .!*= ;x/L / u|fdL0f If]qnfO{Pp6}k4lt geO{km/skm/s tj/n]pko'St k4lt cjnDag ug'{kb{5 .!(= sfo{lhDd]jf/L / ljQLo ;|f]tsf]cfa4tf x'g'sf ;fy}:yfgLo /fh:jnfO{;]jfdf cfa4 ug'{kb{5 .@)= /fh:j cfwf/ ;s];Dd km/flsnf]x'g'kb{5 .@!= ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf];+nUgtf / ;xof]uL x'g]jftfj/0f ljsf; ul/g'kb{5 .@@= :yfgLo ;/sf/lgsfosf];+:yfut Ifdtf / hgzlSt ljsf;nfO{ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .@#= cg'udg d"Nofg k4lt ;an x'g'kb{5 .@$= :yfgLo /fh:j ;DefJotf pkof]udf Wofg lbg'h?/L x'G5 .

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@%= s]Gb|Lo /fh:j / ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] kIfaf6 dgg u/L ;'wf/nfO{ k"0f{tflbg'kb{5 .

@^= ;/sf/sf txxn]ug]{sfd, vr{, cfjZostf, ;]jfsf]dfkb08, /fh:jsf];DefJotf, ;"qdfcfwfl/t cg'bfg / ljQLo ;Gt'ng h:tf ljifoxsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf cfwf/df ;du|

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{lqmofzLn agfpg'kb{5 .pk;+xf/ ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]cfTdf xf]. o;cGtu{t ljQLo lg0f{o ug]{clwsf/ / Joj:yfksLolhDd]jf/L :yfgLo tx Pj+;/sf/sf cGo txnfO{lbg]Joj:yf ul/Psf]x'G5 . ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]k|of]udf ;/sf/sf txxaLr vertical/horizontal;Gt'ng ckl/xfo{x'G5 . o;sf]s'zntfdf /fHoJoj:yfsf];Gt'ng / k|ltkmn lge{/ /xG5 . g]kfndf ljutsf k|of;cEof;df ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]kf6f];a}eGbf sdhf]/ /x]sf]b]lvG5 . xfn la:tf/};'wf/ x'g nfu]sf]eP tfklg s]Gb|Lo ah]6 k|0ffnLdfo;sf]dxjnfO{Tolt Wofg lbg ;lsPsf]b]lvFb}+g . vr{Joj:yf;lxtsf lhDd]jf/L (ExpenditureAssignment) /fh:j clwsf/ (Revenue Assignment), ljQLo x:tfGt/0f (Fiscal Transfer)

/ :yfgLo C0f Joj:yf (Local Borrowing) nfO{ ;du| ah]6df z[\vnfa4 9+un] pkof]u ug{;lsPsf]5}g . sfo{lhDd]jf/Lsf]bf]xf]/f]kgf, ;]jfsf]dfkb08 gx'g', /fh:j ;DefJotf, clwsf/ / vr{cfjZostfaLr tfbfTDo gx'g', s]Gb|Lo /fh:j / :yfgLo /fh:jaLr ;dGjo gx'g', vr{cfjZostfk|If]k0f u/L /fh:j clwsf/n]gk'u]sf](scal gap)cfwf/df ljQLo x:tfGt/0f x'g'kg]{df tby{jfbL Pj+k/Dk/fut x'g', ;"qa4 tyf j}1flgs cfwf/df x:tfGt/0f gul/g', :yfgLo C0fsf];+:yfut Joj:yf/ sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f x'g g;Sg'h:tf ;d:ofx xfd|f]ljs]lGb|t ljQ Joj:yfdf 5g\.

ljQLo clwsf/Ljgf s'g}klg sfd ug{u/fpg ;Dej 5}g . To;}n]/fh:j clwsf/ / ljQLox:tfGt/0fsf];'lglZrttf :yfgLo ;/sf/ Pj+;/sf/sf txxsf]lgaf{w ;~rfngsf]s;L xf]. o;}n]ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{k|efjsf/L agfpg s]sfd sxfFs;n]ug]{< slt ljQLo ;|f]t cfjZos k5{/ sxfFaf6

;|f]t h'6fOG5 eGg]lglZrt Joj:yf ul/g'ckl/xfo{x'G5 . o;}u/L hgzlSt Joj:yf, gk'u ;|f]tsf]j}slNks Joj:yf / C0f Joj:yfnfO{;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . xfnsf]:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%n]:yfgLo lgsfonfO{lbPsf clwsf/ / ljQLo ;|f]tsf]cj:yf lgofNbf kfOg];|f]tljgfsf]lhDd]jf/L(unfunded mandates), sd ;|f]t (under funded mandates) / ;]jfsf]clglZrttf x'g]h:tf]l:ylt x'g'x'Fb}g . To;}n] ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]k|efjsfl/tf Pj+/fHosf]k'g;{+/rgf u/L ;/sf/sftxxaLr clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 / ljQLo ;Gt'ng x'g'h?/L 5 . o;}adf]lhd s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo :t/sf]ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ x'g'kb{5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|LBird Richard M. and Vaillancourt Froncois, Fiscal Decentralization in Developing

countries, An Overview and perspective, International Centre for Tax Studies

Davoudi Harnid and Zau Heng -fu, Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth, A

cross -country study, Policy Research Department, The World Bank, N10 -075

Economic and Political Weekly, A sameeksha Trust Publication, January 31 -February 5,

2004 Vol xxxix No. 5

Fiscal Decentralization, public spending and economic growth in China Journal of Public

Economics 67 (1998).

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Litvack Jennie and Seddon Jessicao, Decentralization Brief Notes, (World Bank

Institute)

Lister Stephen and Betley Mary, June, 1999, Approaches to Decentralization in Developing

Countries

Rangarajan C. and Srivastava D.K., Fiscal Transfers in Canada

Rao M. Govinda, Sept. 2005, Transition to Market and Normative, Framework of Fiscal

Federalism, Working paper 36, (National Institute of Public Finance New Delhi)

Rangarajan, Srivastava D.K. Fiscal Transfers in Australia, Review and Relevance to

India

Shah Anwar, 1997, Fiscal Federal and Macro Economic Governance for better or for

worse, (World Bank)

Shah Anwar, W.B. 1997, Fostering Responsive and Accountable Governance Lessons

from Decentralization

Vergara Victor, 1999, Linking Local Integrity to Decentralization, An overview to making

Local Government Credible and Effective

9'+u]n, fl/sfgfy, Uj+u t]h]Zj/afa', /]UdL k|B'Dgk|;fb / kf]v|]n cZj:yfdf -;+sns_, g]kfndfljs]Gb|Ls/0f;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs k|of;x, @)^) .

, cfly{s ;e]{If0fx, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno . , vr{Joj:yf;lxt lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg];DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, clk|n @))$, :yfgLo lgsfo

ljQLo cfof]usf];lrjfno, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;Nnfx ;xof]u PsfO -8f;'8flg8f_ . , ufpFljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)$*, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . , lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j k|If]k0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|lzIf0f

k'l:tsf, :yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo cfof]usf];lrjfno, @)^! . , g]kfn P]g ;+u|x v08 @ -s_, @)%!, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yfdGqfno, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)$*, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . , gu/kflnsf P]g, @)$*, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . , g]kfn ;/sf/sf]sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^#, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . , k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf]k|ltj]bg . , /fh:j -ljleGg c_, sf7df8f}F, /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|. , ljs]Gb|Ls/0f P]g, @)#(, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f -sfo{Joj:yf_ lgodfjnL, @)$!, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLoJoj:yf dGqfno, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . ,:yfgLo k|hftGq -ljleGg c_, sf7df8f}F, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;\3 . , :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

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g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;+zf]wg ePkl5 jt{dfg g]kfnsf];'?jftsf ;fy ;'?ePsf] /fhgLlts ;+/rgf cyf{t\PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf kl/jt{g x'g]ePsf]5 . cGoyf gePdfd'n'sn]l9nf]rfF8f];\3fTds zf;g Joj:yf sfod x'g];+ljwfg kfpg]5 . To:tf];+ljwfg nfu"ePkl5xfn;Dd b]lvPsf / elgPsf cg]s vfnsf lje]bx x6\nfg\, gx6nfg\;don]atfpg]5 t/ ;\3fTdszf;g Joj:yfnfO{cf}krfl/s kdf :yfkgf ul/g];+ljwfg nfu" x'gf;fy @)!# ;fndf cfw'lgsk|zf;gsf]hu a;]b]lv sfod xF'b}cfPsf]lghfdtL ;]jfsf]:jkdf klg kl/jt{g cfpg]5 . gofFzf;gJoj:yfcg';f/ To;df klg kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{x'G5 .

;\3Lotfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf]:jk / 9fFrf sf ljifodf ;+ljwfg ;ef, /fHosf]zf;sLo :jklgwf{/0f ;ldlt -o;kl5 ;ldltdfq_ n]cfgf]cjwf/0ffkq;lxt k|f/lDes d:of}bf k|ltj]bg @)^^ df3

& ut];+ljwfg ;ef;dIf k|:t't ul/;s]sf]5 . To; k|ltj]bgdfly ;+ljwfg ;efdf 5nkmn eO{;efn]d'n'ssf]gofFFzf;sLo :jknufot ;'zf;g / ;/sf/L ;]jf u7g;DaGwL ljifo lgSof]{n ug{afFsLg}5 . oBlk ;ldltsf]k|ltj]bgn];\3LotfcGtu{t :yfkgf x'g'kg]{;fj{hlgs ;]jfcGtu{t lghfdtL;]jfnfO{;dfj]z u/]sf]5 . o;sf ;fy};fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]:jk s]s:tf]x'g]xf];f]sf];\s]t k|bfgul/;s]sf]5 .

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;/sf/L ;]jf u7g / ;~rfng;DaGwL ljifodf cg]s ljifox, pbfx/0fsf nflu ;/sf/sf]e"ldsf,sd{rf/Lsf]sfo{d"Nof\sg tl/sf pknlAwd"ns x'g'kg]{, ;/sf/sf]sfo{z}nL kl/0ffdd'vL x'g'kg]{, rgfvf]gful/s ;dfhsf]cfjZostf cflbsf]ljj]rgf ub}{/fi6sf]ljsf;df k|zf;gsf]e"ldsfsf af/]df wf/0ff/fVb}o;f]eGGf k'u]sf]5, /fi6 ljsf;sf nflu d'n'snfO{s;/L lgb]{lzt ug]{eGg]s'/f ;/sf/dflge{/ ub{5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf];Ifdtf / bIftfn]d'n'snfO{;xL uGtJotkm{8f]ofpg]/ ;/sf/n]th{'df ug]{gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn]klg ;xL k lng]x'Fbf ;/sf/n]th'{df u/]sf gLlt, lg0f{o tyf

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sfo{qmddf cfjZos ;xof]u k'ofO{To;sf]sfof{Gjog ug]{d'Vo lhDd]jf/L k|zf;gdf /x]sf]x'G5 .To;}n]/fi6sf]ljsf; / ;d'Ggltsf nflu k|zf;g ;Ifd, ;an, bIf, hgd'vL / pknlAwd"ns x'g'kg]{cfjZostfb]lvG5 . k|zf;gnfO{;/sf/sf]P]gf jf k|ltlaDa elgP tfklg k|zf;g xfFSg];+oGq eg];/sf/ g}x'g]ePsf]n];/sf/sf]gLlt tyf sfo{qmdcg'k g}k|zf;g ;~rflnt ePsf]x'g'kb{5 -k[i7 !)%_

;f] egfOnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;Ifd, ;an, bIf, hgd'vL / pknlAwd"nsx'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ cf}NofO{ ;\3Lotfcg'ksf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;ldltn] cl3 ;f/]sf]5 . To;;DaGwL cjwf/0ff v08 -$=!@_ sf !* Kof/fu|fkm -;'zf;g;DaGwL ljifoafx]s_ df k/]sfljifoxnfO{cWoog ubf{;\3Lo ;+ljwfgcg'k g]kfnsf];fj{hlgs k|zf;g b]xfocg';f/ x'g]5 M

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kf/fdf dfu{bz{s l;4fGtdf sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t / ;'/Iffsf]k|Tofe"lt;lxt /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Stk|zf;gsf]Uof/]G6L ug]{egL pNn]v ug{k'u]sf]5 .

xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejdf lghfdtL ;]jf /fhgLlts/0fsf] d'2f pl7/xg ;Sg] x'Fbf o; ljifosf];Daf]wgsf nflu ;ldltsf]k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn ubf{;+ljwfg ;efn]k|zf;gsf]:jk v08df lgikIftf/ t6:ytf ;dfj]zug]{ tkm{ ;f]Rg'kg]{ xf]nf cyf{t\ k|zf;gsf] :jk ;Ifd, ;an, bIf, hgd'vLpknlAwd"ns / bnut /fhgLlts kdf lgikIf / t6:y eGg]zAbx k|of]u u/L To;sf]/fi6sf]ljsf; / ;d'Ggltdf e"ldsf ;+ljwfgd}pNn]v u/L ef]lnsf]lghfdtL ;]jfnufot ;fj{hlgs ;]jfxnfO{bnut kdf ljeflht x'g]l:yltaf6 arfO{ltgnfO{;+:yfut kdf alnof]x'g]l:ylt k}bf ug'{kg]{cfjZostf w]/}n]dx;'; u/]sf 5g\.

~f_ ;]jf ;~rfng;DaGwL 5ftf P]g / ltgsf cfwf/df ;]jfut sfg'gxxfn;Ddsf]kl/kf6Ldf lghfdtL ;]jfsf];~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf]Joj:yf tTsfn k|rngdf

/x]sf];+ljwfgsf]k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;/sf/n]P]glgod agfP/ ug]{u/]sf]5 . x'gt ;ldltsf]k|ltj]bgsf]efu $ sf]!@ df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;~rfng P]g lgdf{0f x'g]/ To;cGtu{t;]jfsf]k|s[ltcg'k 5'f5'}sfg'gf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5, egL /flvPsf]5 . o;sf]dtna;/sf/L ;]jfcGtu{t ljleGg txdf /xg]ljleGg ;]jfsf];~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{;DalGwt txsf];/sf/n]P]g th'{df ug'{kg]{x'G5 . To;sf nflu dfu{bz{g ug]{sfd ;ldltn]cjwf/0ff / d:of}bf

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v08df u/]sf] eP ;DalGwt txsf] ;/sf/nfO{ P]g lgdf{0fdf ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] t/ o;;DaGwdf;ldltsf]cjwf/0ff / k|f/lDes d:of}bf v08df /fd|f]Wofg hfg ;s]sf]b]lvFb}g . :d/0f /xf];\ls o:tf]Joj:yf ef/t / a+unfb]zsf];+ljwfgdf kfOG5 .

6_ k];fut d"NodfGotf P+j cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug]{;/sf/L;fj{hlgs ;]jflghfdtL ;]jfnufotsf k];f klg cGo k];fx 8fS6/, kqsf/, lzIfs cflbh:t}Pp6f k];f

xf]. logsf];dfhk|lt bfloTj 5 . To;}n]Pp6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf kdf ltgsf Jojxf/ pbfx/0fLox'g'cfjZos 5 . csf]{zAbdf eGg]xf]eg];/sf/L sd{rf/Ln]ug'{kg]{sfdx bIftfk"j{s ;Dkfbg ug'{cfjZos 5 . ctM sd{rf/Lsf]JolStut u'0f pbfx/0fLo eP/ dfq k'Ub}g s]xL cfb{z / k];fut kdfklg d"No / dfGotfxdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 -9']n M @)%&_ . To:tf d"No / dfGotfxsf]ls6fg u/LlghfdtL ;]jfnufotsf ;]jfsf ;b:oxsf]k];fut d"NodfGotfsf kdf -To:tf d"NodfGotf s]x'g;Snfg\eGg]s'/f cg';"rL $ df lbOPsf 5g\To;df ;dfj]z ePsf s'/fx yk36 x'g ;Sb5g\_ :yflktu/fO{ltgsf]kfngf u/fpg]s'/f klg ;ldltn]cjwf/0ff v08df dfu{bz{g ug'{kg]{df, ;f]ePsf]b]lvFb}g .

7_ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf]cfr/0f gofFkdfxfn;Ddsf]lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodsf k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df ljrf/ ubf{sd{rf/Lxsn]kfngfug'{kg]{egL tf]lsPsf]cfr/0fdf ltgn]d"ntM of]klg ug{x'Gg, Tof]klg ug{x'Gg^eGg]/lxcfPsf]5 .&

o:tf]k|rngsf];6\6f lghfdtL sd{rf/Lnufotsf ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{hgtfsf ;]js x'g\eGg]s'/f:ki6 kdf emNsfpg]u/L ltgn]ug'{kg]{/ ug{gx'g]b'j}ljifox lghfdtL ;]jfnufot ;]jf;DaGwLsfg'gxdf ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 . o;tkm{ ;ldltn] eljiosf sfg'g lgdf{tfnfO{ cfkm\gf] cjwf/0ffv08dfkm{t dfu{bz{g ug'{kg]{lyof].

8_ ax'n ;/sf/L ;]jf cfof]u

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;DaGwdf eO/x]sf] k|fjwfgeGbf a]Un} kdf ;/sf/L ;]jf cfof]usf]gfdfs/0f u/L To:tf]cfof]u s]Gb|, k|b]z / k|b]zxsf];+o'St cfof]usf kdf /xg ;Sg]s'/f cjwf/0ff/ d:of}bf v08df pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . To;/L u7g x'g]cfof]uxn];a}k|sf/sf ;]jfsf]lgo'lStdfl;kmfl/; ul/g]wf/0ff ;ldltsf]/x]sf]b]lvG5 . To:tf cfof]uaf6 lgo'lStsf] l;kmfl/;sf cltl/SQsd{rf/L k|zf;g;DaGwL cGo s'/fxdf ;Nnfx lbg] k|fjwfg;d]t x'g] ck]Iff ul/G5 . of] k|:tfj;\3Lo ;+/rgfcg'k 5 .

^ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] kl/R5]b & df lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;b:oxsf]cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf 5 . o;kl/R5]bdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;b:oxn] kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0fsf] ;"rLdf clwsf+z -!! ljifo_ ug{ gx'g]eg]/ /flvPsf 5g . s]jn @ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt Jojxf/ -%$ v / %$ u_ ;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\. ug'{kg]{egL /flvPs-

fsf];+Vof % dfq 5 . Pp6fdfq 6]8 o'lgog clwsf/;Fu :fDalGwt 5 eg]Pp6fdf ;/sf/n]r]tfjgL lbg;Sg]s'/f /flvPsf]5 . ug{gx'g]egL /flvPsf sfdx x'g\M != /fhgLlts jf cjfG5gLo k|efj kfg{xF'b}g,@= /fhgLltdf efu lng x'Gg, #= ;/sf/sf]cfnf]rgf ug{x'Gg, $= ;/sf/L sfdsfh;DaGwL ;dfrf/ k|sfzug{x'Gg, %= bfg, pkxf/, rGbf, cflb k|fKt ug{x'Gg, ^= sDkgL :yfkgf / ;~rfng tyf Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{x'Gg, &= lgjf{rgdf efu lng x'Gg, *= k|bz{g / x8\tfn ug{x'Gg, (= x8\tfn, y'g5]s tyf 3]/fp ug{x'Gg,!)=k|ltlglwTj ug{x'Gg / !!= oftgf lbg x'Gg . ug'{kg]{egL /flvPsf k|fjwfg oL x'g\M !=;dosf]kfng u/Lsfof{nodf lgoldt xflh/ x'g'kb{5, @= cg'zf;g / cf1fkfng ug'{kb{5, #= kbcg';f/ cfr/0f kfng ug'{kg]{,$= ;Dklt ljj/0f k]z ug'{kb{5 / %= cfkm\gf];]jf / kbcg';f/ cfr/0f kfng ug'{kb{5 . ;]jfu|fxL;DaGwLljifox x'g\M != cGo cfr/0f / @= ;]jfu|fxLk|lt Jojxf/ . 6]8 o'lgog;DaGwL Joj:yf Ps / ;/sf/n]r]tfjgL lbg ;Sg]u/L /flvPsf]Ps .

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9_ ;+o'St ;]jf cfof]u;ldltn]k|b]zk|b]zsf nflu a]Unfa]Un}cfof]usf cltl/St ;+o'St cfof]usf]k|:tfj u/L To;nfO{

k|fb]lzs :t/sf];/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf ;fy}:yfgLo ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lsf]lgo'lStsf]l;kmfl/;sf]k|:tfj u/]sf]5 . o;k|sf/s]f ;'emfjnfO{cgko'St eGGf ldNb}g . o;k|sf/sf]k|:tfjsf ;fy};ldltn]

tf]lsPsf]sfdk|lt ;+o'St ;]jf cfof]u, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/xk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{s'/fsfaf/]df ;ldltn]cjwf/0ff v08df af]Ng'kg]{xf], ;f]ePsf]kfOFb}g . ;ldltsf]k|:tfj jf ;'emfjsf af/]df;+ljwfg ;efdf 5nkmn x'Fbf o;af/]df ljrf/ ul/g'kb{5 .

0f_ cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{gxd'n'ssf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]lvPsf ljs[ltx, o;nfO{ul/Psf]cToGt /fhgLlts/0f, o;sf

;b:oxdf b]vf k/]sf]a9\bf]cg'Q/bfoLkg / ;]jfu|fxLnfO{a]jf:tf ug]{/ ;b:oxsf aLr Pscsf{sf]v'f tfGg]a9\bf]k|j[lQnfO{eljiodf :yfkgf x'g]lghfdtL ;]jfnufot ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{;Ifd, ;an,bIf, hgd'vL / pknlAwd"ns Pj+k];fut kdf h'g;'s}/fhgLlts bnsf];/sf/ ag]klg ;Qfl;g;/sf/sf]alnof];xof]uL x'g'kg]{wf/0ff;lxt ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g l;4fGtsf kdf

blIf0f clk|msfsf];+ljwfgdf h:t}u/L P3f/cf]6f aF'bfx -cg';"rL @_ d:of}bf v08df k|:t't ePsf5g\. ltgLx pko'St b]lvG5g\. s;}s;}sf]b[li6sf]0fdf oL s'/fx /fHosf]bfloTj / gLltcGtu{t/xg'kg]{wf/0ff klg 5 t/ pNn]v ePsf s'/fx ljz'4 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvPsfn]ltgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g pNn]v x'g] ;+ljwfgsf] kl/R5]bdf /flvFbf ltgsf] dxj x/fpg] 5}g .

t_ kfGt/0f / ;dfof]hg lghfdtL ;]jfnufot ;/sf/L ;]jfx z"Gotfsf]l:yltdf 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf nueu &%,)))sd{rf/Lx sfo{/t 5g\eg];Dk"0f{;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf emG8}% nfv kbx 5g\. ctM ;\3Lo g]kfndfsfod x'g]lghfdtL ;]jfnufot cGo ;]jfxdf xfn sfo{/txnfO{ljleGg txdf sfod x'g];]jfdfkfGt/0f / ;dfof]hg ul/g'kg]{x'G5 t/ xfn ePsf sd{rf/Lxk|lt :yfgLo / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf]b[li6sf]0fnfO{;lDFembf -cg';"rL %_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf]ljleGg txsf ;/sf/dfkfGt/0f / ;dfof]hg ;\3Lo g]kfnsf gLlt lgdf{tfxsf cufl8 Pp6f 7"nf]xfFs / r'gf}tL x'g]:ki6 5 . o;sf nflu ;ldltn]cfgf]cjwf/0ff v08df cfof]u u7g ul/g'kg]{s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]5 .oBlk cfof]usf af/]df ;ldltsf];f]rfOdf :ki6tfsf]cefj 5 . ctM ;ldltsf]k|:tjdfly ;+ljwfg;efn]ljrf/ ubf{b'O6f ljsNkxtkm{Wofg lbg'/fd|f]x'G5 M -s_ klxnf]M gofFF;+ljwfg nfu"x'g'eGbfcufj}ljBdfg ;/sf/n]k"j{tof/L ug]{cyf{t\ljleGg txdf sfod x'g];/sf/sf nflu -sfod x'g]k|b]zx / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]txsf]clwstd / Go"gtd ;\Vofsf]cg'dfg / ltgsf nflu lgwf{l/tsfo{If]qsf af/]df ;DalGwt ;ldltsf]k|ltj]bgnfO{cfwf/ agfO{_ cfjZos kg{;Sg];\u7g, b/aGbL/ sd{rf/L ;\Vof lgwf{/0f xfn sfod /x]sf]k|zf;g k'g;+{/rgf cfof]u*af6 u/fpg]/ To;nfO{gofFF

& lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f];+zf]wg @)^$_ n]eg]3'dfp/f]kf/fn]lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;]jfu|fxLk|lt dof{lbteP/ k|:t't x'g'kg]{s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]5 . o;sf ;fy}k|To]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]cfkm\gf];]jf / kbcg's"nsf]cfr/0f kfngf ug'{kg]{5 egL pNn]v u/]sf]b]lvG5 -bkmf %%_ . gofFs'/fsf kdf P]gsf]bkmf %$ sf]-v_df pNn]v ePcg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]cfkm\gf]sfo{sfn tyf kbcg';f/ cfOkg]{lhDd]jf/LnfO{dof{bfk"j{sjxg u/L lgikIf, :jR5 tyf l56f]5l/tf]kdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{5 . s'g}klg ;/sf/L ;DklQsf]k|of]ujf pkof]u 3/fo;L sfo{sf nflu ug{x'b}g, / ;/sf/L /fh:jaf6 tna, eQf vfg]u/L lgo'Qm ePsf]s'g}klg ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{sfof{nosf]sfdafx]s cfkm\gf]3/fo;L sfddf nufpg'x'b}g . oL /fDf|f k|fjwfg x'g\/ lognfO{eljiodf lgdf{0f x'g];DalGwt sfg'gdf lg/Gt/tf lbg'/fd|f]x'g]5 .

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;+ljwfg nfu"eO{;\3Lo Joj:yf sfod x'gf;fy To; a]nf sfod s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n]k|fGtLok|fb]lzs;/sf/sf];xof]udf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]. -v_ bf];|f]M gofFF;+ljwfgn]k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]txsf]l+s6fg u/]kl5 ltgnfO{cfjZos kg]{k|zf;sLo ;\u7g, b/aGbL / sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf]sfd tTsfnsfod /x]sf];/sf/af6 cfof]u u7g u/fO{u/fpg]/ To;sf]l;kmfl/; tTsfn sfod s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n]

cGo txsf ;/sf/sf];xof]udf ;DkGg ug'{kb{5 . k|:tfljt cfof]udf lj1x ;dfj]z x'g]s'/f gofFF;+ljwfgdf g}pNn]v x'g'kb{5 .;/sf/sf]k|d'v bfloTj b]zjf;Lsf] lxt x]g'{/ pknAw u/fOg];]jfxnfO{k|efjsf/L kdf

k|bfg ug'{xf]. ctM ePsf ;\u7gxsf]k'g;+{/rgf, b/aGbL ;dfof]hg, sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]kfGt/0f/ ;dfof]hgsf nflu b]xfosf s'/fxnfO{kfGt/0f / ;dfof]hgsf]l;4fGtsf kdf :jLsf/ ul/g'kg]{s'/fnfO{;ldltn]cfkm\gf]cjwf/0ff v08df /fVg'kg]{lyof]M ;/sf/sf]sfo{If]q, pknAw u/fOg];]jfdf lskmfotLkgf, ldtJolotf tyf k|efjsfl/tf, pknAw 1fg / Ifdtfsf]clwstd pkof]u /

sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]cg'ej -pd]/ / sfo{cg'ej_ dft[efiff, u[xk|b]z jf If]q / p;sf]OR5f_ .kfGt/0f / ;dfof]hg Ps lbgdf ;DkGg x'g]s'/f xf]Og . o;n];do lnG5 t/ nfdf];do

lng'klg xF'b}g . gofF;+ljwfg nfu"ePsf]Ps jif{leq ;f]sfo{;DkGg x'g'kb{5 . o;af/]df ;+ljwfgdf;+qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yf x'g] b[li6s]f0faf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf lgldt dfq ;+qmd0fsf] Joj:yfaf/];ldltn]s]xL gaf]n]sf]x'g'kb{5 t/ kfGt/0f / ;dfof]hg x'Fbf sd{rf/Lxn]vfO{kfO{cfPsf];'ljwfdfs'g}k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ljifo :ki6 kdf pNn]v x'g'k5{. o;k|sf/sf]Joj:yf ef/tsf];+ljwfgdf(klg 5 .

#= lgisif{/fHosf]zf;sLo :jk lgwf{/0f ;ldltn];\3Lo zf;g Joj:yfcGtu{t d'n'ssf];~rfng

/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu aGg] gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g / ;~rfng ljlwsf ;DaGwdf/flvg'kg]{k|fjwfgdf xfn;Ddsf]k|rngeGbf /fHosf]9's'6Laf6 ;/sf/nfO{/fHo ;~rfngdf ;Nnfxk'ofpg]lghfdtL ;]jfnufot ;a};fj{hlgs ;+oGqnfO{;fj{hlgs k|zf;g gfds/0f u/L To;cGtu{tcg]s ;]jfx -;/sf/L ;]jf_ Pp6}5ftfleq kg]{k|:tfj ug{k'u]sf]5 . To:tf ;]jfsf];d"x ;~rfng/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu Pp6f 5ftf P]g lgdf{0f u/L To;cGtu{t k|To]s ;]jfsf]k|s[ltcg'k sfg'glgdf{0fsf]dfu{bz{g x'g'/fd|f]x'G5 . o;sf ;fy};\3Lotfsf];+/rgfcg'k ljleGg txdf lghfdtL;]jfnufotsf c ;]jfx /xg ;Sg] / ltgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlSt cfk"lt{ / sd{rf/Lk|zf;gdf ;DalGwt txsf];/sf/nfO{;Nnfx / k/fdz{lbg ljleGg txdf ;/sf/L ;]jf cfof]uxsf]cfjZostfnfO{;ldltn]cf}FnofPsf]5 . jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu ag]sf

* g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{-dfcf]jfbL, xfn PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL_ n]g]t[Tj u/]sf];/sf/sf];fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLkDkmf e';fnsf]cWoIftfdf dfu{$, @)^% df k|zf;g k'g;+{/rgf cfof]u u7g ePsf]lyof]. o; cfof]udfk|zf;g;DaGwL ljljw If]qsf lj1x ;lDdlnt 5g\. o;n]k|zf;gsf]jt{dfg ;+/rgfsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/nfO{Ps jif{leq ;'emfj k|:t't ug]{nIo /fv]sf]5 .

( Transitional provisions. Until other provision is made in this behalf under this Constitution, all the laws inforce immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and applicable to any public service or

any post which continues to exist after the commencement of this Constitution, as an all-India service

or as service or post under the Union or a State shall continue in force so far as consistent with the provisions

of this Constitution. ( Constitution of Republic of India , Article 313)

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ljleGg sfg'gxn];d]6]sf];dfj]l;tfsf]cjwf/0ff lglZrt cjlwsf nflu lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{wf/0ff;ldltn]k|:t't ug{k'u]sf]5 . t/ ;ldltn]cfkm}+n]k|:t't u/]sf]cjwf/0ffdf s]xL s'/fdfq ;+ljwfgsf]k|fjwfgsf kdf d:of}bf v08df k|:t't ug{ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf]ul/g'sf];f s:tfs:tf s'/f;+ljwfgsf]k|fjwfgsf kdf / s:tfs:tf s'/f sfg'gdf ;dfj]z ug]{eGg]s'/f cjwf/0ffdf g}k|:t't

u/L ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/g]s'/fdfq d:of}bf v08df ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{Yof]. ;aeGbf 7"nf];d:ofsfkdf lnOPsf]s'/f xf], d'n'sdf ljBdfg ;]jfxdWo];]gfafx]s, To;df klg k|Zg p7fpg yfn]sf5g\, ;a}sf];~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf cTolws dfqfdf bnut /fhgLlt xfjL x'g yfnsf]n];]jfx;+:yfut x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\. ltgLxn];+:yfut kdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{kfO/x]sf 5}gg\. o:tf]x'g'df /fhgLlts bn, ;Qfl;g ;/sf/ / ;]jfdf ;+nUg ;a} lhdd]jf/ 5g\. eljiodf :yfkgf x'g];fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{o; ;d:ofaf6 u|l;t x'g glbg cfh;Ddsf]cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;ldltaf6 7f];k|:tfj cfpg]ck]Iff lyof], ;f]k"/f x'g ;s]sf]b]lvFb}g . o;sf ;fy};'emfjcg'k ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/Fb}dfTo;df ;+nUg x'g]/ rnfpg]sf]dfgl;stf kl/jt{g gx'g'n]lghfdtL ;]jfnufot c ;/sf/L ;]jfklg ;Ifd, ;an / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g ;Sg]b]lvFb}g . o; ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg ;efn];ldltsf]

k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn ubf{ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

cg';"rL !! ;fj{hlgs

k|zf;g!=;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{s l;4fGt

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{s l;4fGtxb]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5g\M

-s_ pRr :t/Lo Jofj;flos g}ltstf k|bz{g ug]{,-v_ kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, ;fj{hlgs lxt Pj+k|efjsf/L

tj/n];|f]t kl/rfng ug]{,-u_ ljsf;d'vL k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{,

-3_ ljgf/fhgLlts x:tIf]k, :jtGqtf, :jR5tf,;dGoflos Pj+ljgfk"jf{u|xL tj/n];]jfk|jfx ug]{,

-_ hjfkmb]xL Pj+pQ/bfoL k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{,-r_ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf];xeflutf x'g],-5_ k|zf;g oGqdf gful/ssf];xh kx'Fr Pj+;xh

;]jfk|jfx x'g],-h_ ;|f]t;fwgsf]plrt k|aGw, lg/Gt/ j[lQ ljsf;sf]

cj;/ x'g],-em_ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt Pj+cfwf/e"t of]Uotf

/ bIftfsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf]lgo'lSt ug]{;fy}

dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;Lhghflt, lk5l8Psf]If]q,dw];L, d'l:nd, ckf\unufot k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{/ ;d'bfosf nflu dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfsf cfwf/dfIfltk"lt{sf]Joj:yf ug]{,

-`_ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t / ;'/Iffsf]k|Tofe"lt;lxt/fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'St k|zf;gsf]Uof/]G6L ug]{/

-6_ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf Psdfq cflwsfl/s 6]8 o'lgogdfkm{tplrt / dof{lbt >d cEof;sf]cj;/ k|bfg ug]{.

;/sf/L;]jfsf]u7g;Fu;DalGwtwf/fdf

ljleGg d'n'sxdf ;+ljwfgdf;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;DaGwdf ljljwvfnsf Joj:yf k|rngdf /x]sf]dfxfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] klg ;fj{hlgsk|zf;gsf] ljifonfO{ phfu/ ug'{kg]{ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsfcfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g l;4fGtx,

h;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljwvfn] efjgfnfO{ JofVof / ljZn]if0fug{;xh agfpg]x'Fbf ;+ljwfgdf g}pNn]v ug'{k/]sf]xf]. xfnsf]lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{tsf]6]8 o'lgogsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{casf];/sf/L ;]jfdf Psdfq cflwsfl/s6]8 o'lgogdfkm{t plrt / dof{lbt>d cEof; ug'{kg]{cfjZostf ;j{qdx;'; ePsf] / cGo b]zxsf]

Joj:yfsf];d]t cWoog ubf{Psdfqcflwsfl/s 6]8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yfug{pko'St ePsf]n].

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@ ;/sf/L;]jfsf]u7g/ ;+nUg

;/sf/L ;]jfsf]u7g M g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ;+nUg

ug{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfxsf] u7g/ ;~rfng ug]{5 M

lghfdtL ;]jf -gful/s ;]jf_, Gofo ;]jf, ;+;b\;]jf,

:jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff ;]jf, g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q tyfg]kfn k|x/L ;]jf / ;+:yfg ;]jf

:ki6Ls/0f M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf eGgfn] g]kfn;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] zflGt ;'/Iffnufot ;a}k|sf/sf ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L kn] pknAwu/fpg];DaGwdf :yfkgf ePsf ;+oGqx ;fj{hlgs;]jf dflgg]5g\.

;\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/n]/fHosf]k|zf;g;~rfng ug{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;/sf/L;]jfxsf]u7g / ;+nUg ug{;Sg]5g\.

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;]jfsf ;t{xsf] ;]jfsf]k|s[ltcg'k 5'f5'}sfg'gf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhdx'g]5g\.

;/sf/L ;]jfx ;\3Locg'k s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLotLg txdf /xg]5g\.

;/sf/L ;]jf cfof]ux s]Gb| / k|b]zdf /xg] u/Lk|fb]lzs txaf6 :yfgLo txsf];d]t sfo{ug]{u/L:yfkgf x'g]5g\.

s'g}Ps k|fb]lzs ;]jf cfof]ufn]tf]lsPadf]lhd PseGbfa9L k|b]zsf];]jf cfof]usf];d]t sfd ug{;Sg]5 .

nf]s ;]jfcfof]u;Fu;DalGwtefudf

;\3Lo 9fFrfcg'k zf;g k|0ffnLckgfpg ;f]xLadf]lhdsf] ;fj{hlgs;]jf cjnDag ug{sf nflu pSt;]jfnfO{s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo tLgtxdf /xg] u/L ljs]lGb|t ug{ .

;/sf/L ;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|/ k|b]zdf/xg] / k|fb]lzs txaf6 g} :yfgLotxsf] ;d]t sfd ug]{ u/L tf]Sg] .s'g} k|fb]lzs ;/sf/L ;]jf cfof]un]k|zf;lgs tyf ef}uf]lns ;'udtfsfcfwf/df ;+o'St kdf ======;f]eGbfa9L k|b]zsf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/LJoj:yf ug{. sd{rf/Lsf]lgo'lSt ubf{;DalGwt k|b]z jf :yfoLo 8f]nsfjfl;GbfnfO{k|fyldstf lbFbf ckgTj

x'g]/ ;]jf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g]ePsf]n];f]xLadf]lhd ug]{Joj:yf ldnfpg .

cg';"rL @lghfdtL ;]jf / k|zf;g;DaGwdf ljleGg ;+ljwfgdf ePsf k|fjwfgx

!= g]kfn ;/sf/sf]j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ -wf/f ^% s_ M d'n'se/ ;a}7fpFdf of]Uo sd{rf/L egf{ug{sf nflu >L # dxf/fhaf6 Ps b/vf:t kl/ifb\v8f ul/aS;g]5 .

@= g]kfn clw/fHosf];+ljwfg, @)!% -wf/f ^%_ M o; ;+ljwfgf/f jf o; ;+ljwfgcg';f/ jftTsfn k|rlnt sfg'gdf k|lts"n Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s >L % sf] sd{rf/L >L % sf]OR5fcg';f/sf]cjlw;Dd cfkm\gf]kbdf axfn /x]g5g\.

#= g]kfnsf];+ljwfg, @)!( -wf/f **_ M of];+ljwfgf/f cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s >L % sf

sd{rf/L >L % sf OR5fcg';f/sf]cjlw;Dd cfkm\gf]kbdf axfn /xg]5g\t/ lghxsf];]jfsf];t{sfg'gf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5 .

$= g]kfn clw/fHosf];+ljwfg, @)$& -wf/f !@$_ M >L % sf];/sf/n]b]zsf]k|zf;g ;~rfngug{cfjZos ;]jfx u7g ug{;Sg]5 . To:tf ;]jfxsf]u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf ;t{xP]gf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5g\.

%= g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# -wf/f !%#_ M g]kfn ;/sf/n]d'n'ssf]k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo cfjZos ;/sf/L ;]jfxsf]u7g ug{;Sg]5 . o:tf ;]jfxsf]u7g,;~rfng ;]jfsf ;t{x P]gf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5g\.

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k|zf;g


cg';"rL #;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx

-s_ pRr :t/Lo Jofj;flos g}ltstf k|bz{g ug]{,-v_ kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, ;fj{hlgs lxt Pj+k|efjsf/L tj/n];|f]t kl/rfng ug]{,-u_ ljsf;d'vL k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{,-3_ ljgf/fhgLlts x:tIf]k, :jtGqtf, :jR5tf, ;dGoflos Pj+ljgfk"jf{u|xL tj/n];]jfk|jfx ug]{,-_ hjfkmb]xL Pj+pQ/bfoL k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{,-r_ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf];xeflutf x'g],-5_ k|zf;g oGqdf gful/ssf];xh kx'Fr Pj+;xh ;]jfk|jfx x'g],-h_ ;|f]t;fwgsf]plrt k|aGw, lg/Gt/ j[lQ ljsf;sf]cj;/ x'g],-em_ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt Pj+cfwf/e"t of]Uotf / bIftfsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf]lgo'lSt ug]{,

;fy}dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;Lhghflt, lk5l8Psf If]q, dw];L, d'l:nd, ckf\unufot k5fl8

kfl/Psf ju{/ ;d'bfosf nflu dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf\ssf cfwf/df Ifltk"lt{sf]Joj:yf ug]{,-`_ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t / ;'/Iffsf]k|Tofe"lt;lxt /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'St k|zf;gsf]Uof/]G6Lug]{/

-6_ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf Psdfq cflwsfl/s 6]8 o'lgogdfkm{t plrt / dof{lbt >d cEof;sf]cj;/ k|bfg ug]{.

;|f]t Mhttp://www.can.gov.np/np/dncps/view/64

cg';"rL $ljsf; If]qut kdf @)^% ;fn cfiff9 (July 2008);Dd s]Gb|b]lv Onfsf;Dd sfod

lghfdtL ;]jfsf]b/aGbLl;=

g+= sfof{nosf]:t/ k" jf{~rn dWodf~rn klZrdf~rn

dWo

klZrdf~rn hDdf

!=

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s]Gb||Lo

:t/ ljefu :t/

If]qLo :t/

c~rn :t/

l8lehg :t/

lhNnf :t/gu/kflnsf :t/

Onfsf :t/

;lrjfno

c:yfoL

gldn]sf]-_

@,@$^

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hDdf !(,*)$ $!,@^) !^,(*) !#,$$) (,!)( !,)),%^)

gf]6 M k|fKt ljj/0fdf g}hf]8sf];\Vofdf If]qut hf]8df km/s 5 .

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cg';"rL %lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]k];fut d"No / dfGotfx

c= /fi6;+ljwfg, P]gsfg'gk|lt cf:yfs_ /fli6o :jtGqtf / cv08tfk|lt cf:yfv_ k|rlnt ;+ljwfg @)$& sf d"ne"t tjxk|lt cf:yf .u_ ;+ljwfgcGtu{t ag]sf P]g / sfg'gsf k|fjwfgk|lt cf:yf / ltgsf k|fjwfg ;dfhsf ;a}

tx / tKsfsf JolStnfO{;dfg Jojxf/ x'g]u/L nfu"ug]{k|lta4tf .cf= hgtfk|lt ;]jfd"ns Jojxf/

s_ g]kfnsf];+ljwfgcg'k hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf :jLsf/ u/L To;cg'k hgtfk|ltpQ/bfloTjk"0f{Jojxf/ .

v_ g]kfnL hgtfsf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf];'/Iff ug]{k|lta4tf .u_ g]kfnL hgtfsf]df}lns clwsf/sf];'/Iff / ;+jw{gsf]k|lta4tf .

3_ /fHosf tkm{af6 hgtfnfO{pknAw u/fpg];]jf / ;'ljwfx lgwf{/0fdf /fHosf lgb]{zsl;4fGt tyf gLltxnfO{ dfu{bz{gsf kdf :jLsf/ u/L tb\cg'k /fli6o gLlt/ sfo{qmdsf]lgwf{/0f ug]{/ u/fpg]df k|lta4tf .

O= cfkm\g}k];fut / g}lts dfGotfxs_ /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox

/fhgLlts :t/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljutsf s'/fxsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] / gLltlgwf{/0f / sfo{qmd th'{dfdf k|fljlws ;]jf tyf ;Nnfx pknAw u/fpg].

/fhgLlts :t/nfO{;]jfleq pknAw gePsf]1fg, ;Lk / ;]jf aflx/af6 k|fKt u/LpknAw u/fpg].

r'gfjsf]cj;/df ul/Psf jfrfnfO{;+ljwfgsf]cfbz{/ dfGotf ljk/Lt gx'g]u/L;/sf/L gLlt / sfo{qmddf kfGt/0f ug]{.v_ /fhgLlts :t/af6 ug{rfx]sf sfdsf k|ltkmnsf af/]df ;+ljwfg / ljBdfg k|fjwfg

Pjd\k];fut cfwf/df dof{lbt kdf :ki6tfsf ;fy /flvlbg].u_ JolStut /fhgLlts cf:yfeGbf dfly p7]/ ;+ljwfgtM ul7t ;/sf/ tyf ;+j}wflgs

lgsfoxnfO{k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg ;dlk{t eO{sfd ug]{.3= ;u7gsf]bIftf j[l4 Pjd\k|efjsf/L agfpg]ljifox

;\u7gdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/Lxsf aLr ;b\efjgf / ;f}xfb{tf j[l4 u/L Ps}kl/jf/sf ;b:oemF}aGw'Tjsf]efjgf hufpg]/ nIok|flKttkm{pGd'v /xg].

k|hftflGqs, kf/bzL{/ j:t'lgi7 k|lqmofx cjnDag u/L ;'zf;gsf l;4fGtk|ltk|lta4 /xg]. vr{lskmfot, sfo{s'zntf, u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug]{l;4fGtsf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg

ug]{. cfb]zsf] z[\vnfsf] l;4fGt kl/kfng u/L cfkm"eGbf dflyaf6 k|fKt cfb]z

l;4fGtk"j{s kfng ug]{. o:tf cfb]z ;+ljwfg lgod, sfg'g / k|rngsf]ljk/LtePdf dof{lbt kdf ;f]cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug{;lsg]s'/f df}lvs / lnlvt kdfcfb]z lbg];dIf k]z ug]{.

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k|zf;g


= JolStut hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox sfof{nosf] ;do kfngf / cg'zfl;t Jojxf/ u/L ;\u7gsf] sfdsf/afxLk|lt

Odfgbfl/tf b]vfpg]. ;a} hflt, ju{ / /fhgLlts bnsf ;b:oxnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lsf]lgikIftf / t6:ytf;DaGwL dfGotfsf]kl/ro lbg]. /fhgLlts If]q, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox, gful/s ;dfh / cfd hgtfk|lt lzi6Jojxf/ ug]{.

lghfdtL ;]jfsf]OHht, :t/ :jR5tf, lgikIftf cfFr cfpg ;Sg]s'g}sfo{nfO{;a}tkm{af6 lj/f]w ug]{/ ;]jfsf]OHht a9\g]sfdsf];/fxgf ug]{.

;]jfleq /fu]if, rfs8Lr's\nL, v'f tfGg]vfnsf Jojxf/nfO{;fj{hlgs kdf lgGbf/ 3[0ff ug]{.

r= ljljw ljifox lghfdtL ;]jfsf]:t/ qmdzM pRr u/L ;]jfJofkL kn]k/Dk/f a;fNg].

lghfdtL ;]jfsf]k];fut st{Jo kfng ug{lgwf{l/t sfo{;Dkfbg ug{s'g}sd{rf/Lst{JoRo't ePdf jf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{tf]lsPsf sfo{;Dkfbgdf cGtaf6 x:tIf]kePdf jf afwfJojwfg k'ofpg]jf lglxt :jfy{k"lt{tkm{k|]l/t /x]df To:tfsf]eT;{gf/ lj/f]w ug]{.

/fi6, ;dfh, ljleGg hghflt tyf ef}uf]lns If]qsf];fdflhs Gofosf]b[li6sf]0faf6enf]/ sNof0f x'g]s'/fnfO{ljrf/ u/L s'g}klg kl/l:yltdf s:tf]gLlt ckgfpg'pko'St x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg]s'/f lgikIf / j:t'k/s kdf cfkm\gf]/fo k]z ug]{.

lgjf{lrtsf] ;dodf dtbfg ug]{ sfo{afx]s cGo /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk cfkm\gf]cf:yfsf cfwf/df /fhgLlts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg]{ sfo{, /fhgLlts bnsf]

;lqmo sfo{stf{h:tf]eO{dt dfUb} lxF8\g]/ ljk/Lt /fhgLlts cf:yf ePsfsf];fj{hlgs kdf cfnf]rgf ug{/ ;+;b\jf :yfgLo lgsfosf]r'gfjdf pd]bjf/ x'g]sfo{df ;+nUg geO{ /fhgLlts kdf lgikIftf / t6:ytf sfod ug]{ lghfdtL;]jfsf]k/Dk/fut dfGotfsf]cjnDag ug]{.

cg';"rL ^;/sf/L sd{rf/Lk|ltsf]wf/0ffsf]gd'gf

s= ;/sf/L k|zf;g ;]jfu|fxLk|lt d}qLk"0f{-Friendly)5}g .v= cg'zf;gsf]sdL . /fd|f]g/fd|f]sfd ug]{nfO{Ps}kdf x]l/g]u/]sf]5 .

u= k|zf;g oGq hglgolGqt / hgd'vL clg k/Dk/fjfbL x}sd / ;fdGtjfbL ;f]rdf cfwfl/t 5 .sd{rf/Lsf]Jojxf/, sfo{z}nL / cfr/0f k'/fg}5 .

3= lgodsfg'gsf]kfngf ul/Fb}g .= sd{rf/LtGqnfO{tflnd lbP/ kfGt/0f ul/g'kg]{. g;'lw|P cjsf; lbg].r= sd{rf/LtGq k"/}eTsfpg'kb{5 .5= :yfgLo lgsfon]cfkm}+n]:yfgLo sd{rf/L egf{ug{kfpg'kb{5 .h= clxn]sf sd{rf/Lx ;fdGtL ;f]r ePsf tyf cfw'lgstfl;t ldNg g;Sg]vfnsf ePsfn]

ltgnfO{cjsfz lbg'kb{5 / gofFFegf{lng kfpg'kb{5 .

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;Gbe{;fdu|Lx9']n, fl/sfgfy, g]kfnsf]ax'bnLo zf;g Joj:yf lgikIf / t6:y lghfdtL ;]jf, ;'zf;g -}dfl;s_

jif{@ M$, @)%&, sf7df8f}F.

lg/f}nf, g[kWjh cflb, ;\3Lo g]kfndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/x, ;f/yL,

@)^%, sf7df8f}F. ,k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf]kfGt/0f, nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/x, ;f/yL, @)^%, sf7df8f}F.

e/fO{, , Zofds'df/, g]kfnsf]lghfdtL ;]jfsf]efjL :jk, s]xL k|zf;lgs lgaGwx, ;f]kfg dfl;s,@)^^, sf7df8f}F.

/fhe08f/L, cRo'taxfb'/, uf}td, k|]d/fh cflb, ;\3Lo g]kfn k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, ;jf{L0f ljsf;cWoog s]Gb|-cfO{=cfO{=8L=P;=_,@)^%, sf7df8f}F.

,;\3Lotfsf]kl/j]zdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf]k'g;{rgfsf ljifo ;f]kfg dfl;s, lghfdtL ;]jfsf]efjL:jk, jif{% M@, k"0ff{ %), @)^%, sf7df8f}F.

, k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf]k|ltj]bg, @)$*, sf7df8f}F, d'b|0f tyf k|sfzg ljefu . , ;+ljwfg ;ef, /fHosf] zf;sLo :jk lgwf{/0f ;ldlt M cjwf/0ffkq Pj+ JofVofTds

l6Kk0fL;lxtsf]k|f/lDes d:of}bf k|ltj]bg, @)^^, sf7df8f}F, ;+ljwfg ;ef ;lrjfno .

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k|zf;g


cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg

lji0f'k|;fb /]UdL*

!= ljifo k|j]zcfof]hgf / kl/of]hgf kof{ojfrL zAbsf kdf k|of]u x'Fb}cfPsf 5g\. ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t

s'g}ef}uf]lns If]q jf sfo{If]qdf lglZrt cjlw / nufgL /sd tf]sL k"j{lgwf{l/t p2]Zosf lglDttof/ ul/Psf]Joj:yfnfO{cfof]hgfsf kdf lng]ul/Psf]5 . cfof]hgfsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTdsb'j}kf6f x'g ;Sg]eP tfklg g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df o;sf];xL Joj:yfkg / pkof]u x'g g;Sbf e|i6frf/sf]lqm8f:ynsf kdf lrlgg]u/]sf]5 . oBlk o;sf];}4flGts kIfnfO{dgg ubf{s'g}lglZrt p2]Zojf sfo{;DkGg ug]{k|of]hgsf nflu tf]lsPsf];do / ;|f]t;fwgsf]nfutdf :t/o'St ;]jf jf j:t'pTkfbg ug]{lgof]lht sfo{k4ltsf kdf lnOG5 . cfof]hgfsf]pko'St Joj:yfkg u/L o;sf]dd{/ efjgfcg'k lgdf{0f, ;~rfng / pkof]udf nlIft ju{sf];xeflutfsf]k|aGw ug{;s]df ;Lldt;|f]t;fwgsf]k|of]u u/]/ yf]/};dodf lglb{i6 k|ltkmn k|fKt u/L nlIft ju{sf]hLjGf:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg/ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{df ;xof]u k'ofpg ;lsG5 .

@= cfof]hgfsf]kl/efiff / ljz]iftfcfof]hgfnfO{lgDglnlvt kdf kl/eflift ug]{ul/Psf]5 M

ljZj a}n]cfof]hgfnfO{Project are activities launched in order to achieve deniteresults utilizing denite inputs with in denite time frame. eg]/ kl/efiff u/]sf]5 .

/fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] ljZj a};Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5, h'g o;k|sf/ 5, Psof]hgfa4, cGt;{DalGwt / ;+of]lht lqmofsnfkxsf]9fFrf xf], h'g lgwf{l/t ah]6 / ;dofjlwleqlglZrt p2]Zox xfl;n ug{sf nflu agfOG5 . cGt/f{li6o cf}Bf}lus ;+:yf UNIDOsf]egfOdf, s'g};d'bfoleq lglZrt ;dosf]cGt/fndfj:t'jf ;]jfsf]pTkfbgdf clej[l4 ug]{k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{;'ljwf ;[hgf jf la:tf/ jf

ljsf;sf nflu ul/g]nufgL k|:tfj g}cfof]hgf xf]. oL dfly plNnlvt kl/efiffxnfO{lgofNbf cfof]hgfdf lgDglnlvt ljz]iftfx kfpg ;lsG5 M

cfof]hgfsf]lglZrt p2]Zo / nIo x'G5 . cfof]hgf nufgL lqmofsnfk xf], h'g k'FhLlgdf{0fsf nflu ul/G5 / o;af6 cfof]hgf

cjlwe/ nfe k|fKt ul/G5 . cfof]hgfdf ljQLo, ef}lts, >d cflb ;|f]t;fwgsf]pkof]u x'G5 . cfof]hgfaf6 d"t{jf cd"t{kmfObf k|fKt x'G5 .

*pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

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cfof]hgf a;f}{+;Dd ;~rfng x'g ;S5 . cfof]hgfsf]cf/De / clGtd ljGb'x'G5 . cfof]hgf o;sf]cjlwe/ lbuf]/xg'k5{. ;fdfGotM cfof]hgf ;~rfng PsfO x'G5 . cfof]hgf /fli6o / If]qLo of]hgfsf kdf x'G5 / of]sfo{qmdsf]efu xf]. cfof]hgf hgd'vL / kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . cfof]hgfsf]5}klxrfg x'G5 / of]hf]lvdk"0f{x'G5 . lg/Gt/tf .

plNnlvt ljz]iftfsf sf/0f cfof]hgf eg]sf] w]/} jif{sf nflu kmfObf lbg] vfnsf] ;fd"lxslqmofsnfk xf]eGg]a'lemG5 .

#= cfof]hgfsf]juL{s/0f M ;fdfGotM cfof]hgfnfO{lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{;lsG5 Ms= pTkfbgzLn cfof]hgfx M s[lif, jg tyf vfgL;DaGwL pTkfbgzLn cfof]hgfx,v= k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cfof]hgf M cfly{s j[l4 / ljsf;nfO{;'lglZrt ug]{vfnsf ef}lts tyf

;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f;DaGwL cfof]hgfx,u= hg;fwg ljsf; tyf ;+:yfut ;]jf cfof]hgf M ljsf;sf]k|d'v ;fwg hgzlStsf]Ifdtf

la:tf/, Joj:yfksLo bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] bIftf clej[l4 h:tf dfgjLo Ifdtfljsf;sf sfo{qmdx,

3= ;fdflhs cfof]hgfx M ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo, lzIff tyf ;dfh sNof0f;DaGwL ;]jfpknAw u/fpg]cfof]hgfx cflb .

$= cfof]hgf rqm(Project Cycle) cfof]hgf rqmnfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] hLjg rqmsf kdf klg lnOG5 . cfof]hgfleqsf

kl/eflift / qmda4 lqmofsnfknfO{g}cfof]hgf rqm elgG5 . csf]{zAbdf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgcGtu{t;~rfng ug'{kg]{cfk;df ;Da4 / z[\vnfa4 sfo{xnfO{cfof]hgf rqm elgG5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkxo;k|sf/ 5g\M

s= cfof]hgf klxrfg M klxnf]r/0fsf]sfo{cfof]hgfsf]klxrfg xf]. :yfgLo hgtf, hgk|ltlglw,;/sf/L lgsfo, cg';Gwfg ;+:yf, bft[;+:yfsf];xeflutfdf cfof]hgf klxrfg x'g]ub{5 .lgDglnlvt cfwf/df cfof]hgf klxrfg x'g ;S5 M k"/f ug{g;lsPsf dfu tyf cfjZostf af]w u/]/, ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos j:t', ;]jf, dfgjLo ;fwgsf]sdL dx;'; u/]/, ljsf;sf nflu pknAw ePsf ;fwgxsf]k"0f{pkof]u ug{g;Sgfsf]sf/0f ljj]rgf u/]/,

Pp6f cfof]hgfsf] ;kmntfsf nflu cTofjZos 7flgPsf] kl/k"/s cyjf ;Da4cfof]hgfaf/]hfgsf/L lnP/ cflb .

v cfof]hgf tof/L M cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg eO;s]kl5 cfof]hgf tof/L ug'{cufl8 lgDglnlvtljifodf k"j{;DefJotf cWoog ug'{kb{5 . cfof]hgfsf]pTkfbgn]kfpg ;Sg]ahf/, nfeflGjt x'g];d"x j}slNks k|fljlws ;|f]tsf]t'ngfdf pknlAwsf]l:ylt, xfn pknAw ;Lk tyf hgzlSt,

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k|zf;g


d'Vo ef}lts ;fwg pknAw x'g ;Sg]cyjf g;Sg];Defjgf, nfutsf]qmlds j[l4, cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf x'g ;Sg]cj/f]w / hf]lvd, n}lstf cflb .k"j{;DefJotfaf6 k|fKt plNnlvt tYosf cltl/St lgDglnlvt kIfdf ;d]t lj:t[t ljj]rgfug'{k5{M k|:tfljt cfof]hgf d'n'ssf]/fli6o ljsf; gLlt Pj+k|fyldstf;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf]5 jf 5}g < ljBdfg gLltut s'/fx cfof]hgfsf]p2]Zo;Fu d]n vfg]5g jf 5}gg\< cfof]hgf k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'St 5 jf 5}g < o;sf ;fy}pknAw k|fljlws

ljsNkxdWo]pko'St k|ljlw ;xh}pknAw x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g < cfof]hgf k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'St tyf ;~rfng ug{afwf gkfg]{vfnsf]5 jf 5}g < cfof]hgfsf]pTkfbg tyf ;]jfsf]kof{Kt dfu x'G5 jf x'b}g < cfof]hgf cfly{s b[li6af6 dgfl;a Pj+ljQLo b[li6n];DefJo 5 jf 5}g < cfof]hgfsf]k|s[lt To;af6 nfu"x'g]hg;d"xsf]k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf]5 jf 5}g < cfof]hgf jftfj/0fLo Pj+n}ls b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'St 5 jf 5}g < cflb .

u= cfof]hgf ljj]rgf / :jLs[lt cfof]hgfsf];DefJotf cWoog eO{tof/L r/0f k"/f eO;s]kl5 k|fKt tYosf cfwf/df ljZn]if0fu/L sfg'gL kdf :jLs[lt lbOG5 . ljleGg ul0ftLo ;"qxsf]k|of]u u/L tYoxsf]ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .cfof]hgfsf] vr{ / pknlAw lglZrt u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu clVtof/L k|fKt lgsfoaf6:jLs[lt lbOG5 .

3= cfof]hgfsf];Demf}tf, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[ltkZrft\bft[ kIf;Fu cfof]hgf k|:t't u/L ;Demf}tf ug]{, C0f lkmtf{ug]{tl/sf / cjlw, Jofh b/ lglZrt ug]{, k|fljlws Joj:yf u/L ;\u7gfTds 9fFrfsf]Joj:yf, kbk"lt{,sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgfsf ;fy}cg'udg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f sfo{tflnsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf ptfl/G5 .cg'udg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f tflnsfcg';f/ cg'udg ug]{ / sfof{Gjog :t/df s'g} ;d:of b]vf k/];d:ofsf];dfwfg u/L cfof]hgfnfO{glthfd"ns agfpg]k|of; ul/G5 .

= cfof]hgfsf]d"Nof\sg d"Nof\sg vf; u/L cfof]hgfsf]p2]Zosf cfwf/df o;sf lqmofsnfkxsf];fGble{stf, bIftf,k|efjsfl/tf / k|efjsf];'Jojl:yt / p2]Zok"0f{tl/sfn]lgwf{/0f ug]{k|lqmof xf]. of]rfn"sfo{qmdnfO{;'wf/ ug]{/ efjL of]hgf jf sfo{qmd / lg0f{oljlwdf Joj:yfkgnfO{;xof]u k'ofpg];\u7gfTdsk4lt xf]. cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf]r/0fdf rfn"d"Nof\sg, ;dflKtdf clGtd jf cfjlws / ;dflKtsf]

s]xL jif{k5fl8 k|efj d"Nof\sg ul/G5 .

%= g]kfndf cfof]hgfsf]cf}lrTo / cj:yf g]kfndf @)!# ;fnb]lv of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] qmd ;'? eof] . To;}a]nfb]lv of]hgfsf nIo/ p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;xh x'g]b]lv cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ult k|bfg ul/of] . g]kfndfcfof]hgfsf]cf}lrTonfO{lgDglnlvt sf/0fsf cfwf/df k'li6 ug{;lsG5 M

l56f]/ pRr k|ltkmnsf nflu, ;|f]t;fwgsf]pRrtd k|of]u,

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Joj:yfksLo bIftf, Ifdtf, s'zntf clej[l4sf nflu, Jofj;flostfsf]ljsf;, ;xL ljsNkxsf]5gf]6, sd{rf/LtGqLo z}nLsf]cGTo, cg'udg / d"Nof\sgdf ;xhtf cflb .

g]kfndf cfof]hgfxsf]ljBdfg cj:yfnfO{lgDglnlvt kdf cfFsng ug{;lsG5 M j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf]ljsf; x'Fb}hfFbf cfof]hgfx lgdf{0f x'g]u/]sf], s]Gb|Ls[t cfof]hgf k4lt, ;DefJotfxsf]ljZn]if0f / tYok/s d"Nof\sg gu/L cfof]hgfsf]:jLs[tL x'g]u/]sf], /fhgLlts / bftfsf]x:tIf]kn]ubf{nfeu|fxL ju{af6 :jfldTjaf]w gx'g], dd{t;Def/ sf]ifsf]cefj, sfof{Gjogdf l9nf;':tL, a9L nfut / lg/Gt/tfsf]cefjn]Go"g pknlAw, >ldsxsf] aGbx8\tfn, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf l9nfO / Ifltk"lt{sf] bfaLn] ;dodf sfo{

;DkGg x'g g;sL nfut a9\g]u/]sf], 7]Ssfk6\6fdf hl6ntf, e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtf, ;/sf/L ;+:yfxdf ;Lldt dfqfdf eP klg bIftf, hjfkmb]lxtf / sfo{d"nstf a9]sf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'u]sf], gofFk|ljlw lelqPsf]cflb .

^= cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx g]kfndf cfof]hgfsf];~rfng Pj+Joj:yfkgdf lgDgfg';f/sf ;d:ofx b]lvg]u/]sf 5g\M

s= gLltut ;d:ofx pkef]Qmf ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ffsf]cefj, jftfj/0fLo / ;+:s[lt k|lt Vofn gul/g', nfeu|fxL ju{sf]cfjZostfeGbf klg /fhgLlts / bftfsf]x:tIf]ksf]k|efj cfof]hgf

5gf]6df, cfof]hgf l8hfOg g}q'l6k"0f{, k/Dk/fut sfo{rl/q, :yfgLo k|ljlwdf eGbf cfofltt k|ljlwdf hf]8 cflb .

v= ;\u7gfTds ;d:ofx sdhf]/ ;\u7gfTds Ifdtf, cfof]hgf Joj:yfksnfO{kof{Kt clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg gx'g', bIf Joj:yfkssf]5gf]6 gx'g', ;+:yfut k4ltsf]cefj, ;\u7gfTds 9fFrfdf k6sk6s x/]km]/, ;dGjosf]cefj cflb .

u= Joj:yfksLo ;d:of p2]Zod"ns / dfkb08df cfwfl/t hgzlSt 5gf]6sf]cefj, k/Dk/fut Joj:yfksLo z}nL, hgzlStsf]k"0f{pkof]u gx'g',

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k|efjsf/L ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf]cefj, cg'zf;g / OdfGbf/Lsf]cefj cflb .

3= sfo{k|lqmofut ;d:ofx lgoGq0fd'vL lgod / sfo{ljlw,

ah]6 lgsf;fdf hl6ntf, kof{Kt ah]6 gx'g', e|i6frf/ / r'xfj6, l9nf]lg0f{o, ;"rgf k|0ffnL r':t gx'g', hgzlSt ljsf;df Wofg glbg', sfo{tflnsfsf]cjnDag ug]{afgLsf]cefj, k/fdz{bftf lgo'lStdf l9nfO cflb .

= Jojxf/hGo ;d:ofx

ljsf; of]hgf;DaGwL gsf/fTds wf/0ff, sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ffsf]cefj, sdhf]/ g}lts an, /fhgLltdf cfr/0fsf]cefj, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t j[lQljsf;sf]cefj, sd{rf/Lsf]l56f]l56f];?jf, c:yfoL sd{rf/L, Go"g tna ;'ljwf, kl/jt{g lj/f]wL ;f]r, hjfkmb]xL lgjf{x gug]{k|j[lQ cflb .

r= afXo ;d:ofx kof{Kt k"jf{wf/sf]cefj, ;|f]tsf]Go"g pkof]u, lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf]cfk"lt{df sl7gfO cflb .

cfof]hgfdf dfly plNnlvt ;d:ofx cfOkg'{df lgDglnlvt sf/0fxnfO{lhDd]jf/ 7fGg ;lsG5 M cfof]hgf :jLs[lt ubf{g}cfwf/e"t s'/fsf ;DaGwdf Wofg glbg', pko'St, cfjlws tYof\s Pj+ ;dsfnLg ;fdflhs cfjZostfcg'k cfof]hgfsf]

:jk lgwf{/0f gx'g', cfof]hgfsf]k|fljlws kIf Pj+Joj:yfkg ;Lksf]cefjsf sf/0f k/fdz{bftfk|lt cTolws

lge{/ /xg', :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf]pRrtd pkof]u ug]{Pj+hg;d{yg h'6fpg]tkm{kof{Kt k|of; gul/g', ;\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{;'b[9 u/fpg];fy}lhDd]jf/L :ki6 ls6fg ug]{k|of; gx'g', nfe cyjf pknlAw ;'lglZrt ug]{/ To;nfO{lbuf]/fVg]lbzfdf Wofg ghfg', cfof]hgfsf]sfo{;"rLcg';f/ cfjZos kg]{ljQLo ;|f]tsf]k|aGw x'g g;Sg', cfGtl/s lgoGq0f tyf k|zf;lgs cg'zf;gsf]cefj /xg', klxn];~rflnt cfof]hgfsf k[i7kf]if0fnfO{Vofn gul/g', cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s Pj+k|efjsf/L gx'g'cflb .

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&= lgisif{Pj+;'emfj hgtfsf]hLjg:t/ p7fpg]sfo{df ljsf; cfof]hgfxsf]dxj cBflk 5 . ljsf;n]hgtfsf]hLjg:t/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g NofPdfq ljsf; ;kmn x'g ;S5 . ljsf;df nufgL ug'{ hltcfjZos 5, To;nfO{pknlAwd"ns Pj+k|efjsf/L agfpg'Tolts}sl7g 5 . ;fdflhs hl6ntf Pj+

k|fljlws ljsf; tyf ;|f]t;fwgsf]pknAwtfsf b[li6af6 cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cg]s sl7gfOx b]vfkg'{:jfefljs 5 . To:t}cfof]hgf klxrfgnufot k|efj d"Nof\sg ug]{;dofjlw;Dddf ;+:yfxn]k|z:t >d, ;do tyf ;fwgsf] Joo ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf]hl6n l:yltnfO{;'wf/ u/L nufgLnfO{k|efjsf/L agfpg cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf k|rlnt sfg'g / Joj:yfn]lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08xnfO{kfng ug{u/fpg ;s]df cjZo klg cfof]hgfx kmnbfoL x'g]cfzf / ljZjf; ug{;lsG5 . o;sfnflu /fhgLlts k|lta4tf / k|zf;lgs sl6a4tf eg]k"j{;t{s}kdf /xG5 .

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf plNnlvt ;d:ofxnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{lgDglnlvt ;'emfjx k|:t't ul/G5 M

/fhgLlts / bftfsf] rfxgfdf eGbf nfeu|fxL ju{ sf] xf] < ;xof]uL ;d"x sf]xf]< cfof]hgfsf]kl/0ffddf k|efj kfg]{c sf]x'g\< klxrfg u/L cfof]hgfsf]5gf]6/ l8hfOg ug'{k5{.

dfgjLo, k|fljlws, cjwf/0ffTds 1fg, sf}]zn / g}]lts cfr/0f ePsf] Joj:yfkslgo'lSt ug'{k5{.

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf cfwfl/t kl/of]hgf k4lt nfu"ug'{k5{. :yfgLo ;d'bfo / lgsfosf]Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{k5{. cfof]hFgfsf]n]vfk|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug'{sf ;fy}Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs n]vf k/LIf0fdf

hf]8 lbg'k5{. sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] Absortion capacity a9fpg'sf ;fy} Project based

information system nfu"ug'{k5{. :yfgLo ;fwg, ;Lk, 1fg, k|ljlw / hgzlStdf cfwfl/t cfof]hgf 5gf]6 ug'{k5{. sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t j[lQ k|0ffnL nfu"ug'{k5{. k'/:sf/ / b08nfO{glthfdf cfwfl/t agfpg'k5{. c:yfoL sd{rf/L lgo'lSt k|yfsf]cGTo x'g'k5{. lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x u/]gu/]sf]lgoldt cg'udg / d"Nof\sg ug'{k5{. cfof]hgfsf]n]vf k/LIf0fdf nfeu|fxL ju{sf];d]t ;xeflutf u/fpg'k5{.

cfof]hgf klxrfg ubf{b]lv g}o;sf k|To]s r/0fdf oL ;'emfjx sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/jfnflgsfo, ;+:yfxn]OdfGbf/L b]vfP ljsf; cfof]hgfx glthfd"ns x'g'sf ;fy}cfof]hgf lbuf]x'g]dfljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|Lclwsf/L, w'|j / rGb|dl0f, -@)%^_, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg tyf lgof]hg, sf7df8f}F, ;[li6 k|sfzg .=== === ===, tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$^%@)^^^&_, sf7df8f}F, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf]

;lrjfno .=== === ===, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .=== === ===, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .=== === ===, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .=== === ===, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .

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k|zf;g


glthfd'vL k|zf;g / g]kfnsf];Gbe{

lzj/fd Gof}kfg]*

k[i7e"ld glthf s'g}sfdsf]clGtddf x'g]/fd|f]jf g/fd|f]kl/0ffd xf]. s'g}>d jf k|of;sf]lgisif{jf kmnnfO{glhtf egL kl/efiff ug]{ul/G5 . s'g}klg sfo{sf]uGtJo jf kl/0ffd :jfefljs x'G5 .

oxfFglthfd'vL k|zf;gnfO{/fd|f]kl/0ffdtkm{pGd'v k|zf;gsf ;Gbe{df JofVof ug{vf]lhPsf]5 .k/Dk/fut k|zf;g glthfdf eGbf k4lt Pj+k|lqmofdf a9L pGd'v ePsf sf/0f pSt k|zf;gaf6hgtfsf]a9\bf]ck]Iffcg'k pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]g . k|zf;g ;+oGqsf nflu ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;dosf]k|of]u eO/xg]t/ ck]Iffs[t pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;Sg]cj:yf /lx/x\of]. pknlAwsf]clglZrttfsf]cj:yfdf k|zf;gdf x'g] nufgL, ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFbf ljsf; lgdf{0f;d]tsfk|of;x sd kmnbfoL x'g]qf;sf sf/0f df}h'bf k|zf;gnfO{;dofg's"n kl/jt{g u/L pknlAwtkm{pGd'v u/fpg]wf/0ff NofOof]. k/Dk/fut k|zf;gsf]d'Vo cfnf]rgf o;sf]k|lqmof pGd'v ljz]iftfd}/x]sf] lyof] . k/Dk/fut ;f]r, z}nL, k|ljlwd} cfwfl/t eP/ k|zf;gnfO{ ;~rfng ubf{ o;nfO{;docg's"n u/fpg g;lsg];fy}Ifdtf Pj+u'0f:t/df ;'wf/;d]t Nofpg g;lsg]b]lvof]. o;sfsf/0f df}h'bf k|zf;gsf]cf}lrTodf g}k|Zg v8f x'g]u/]sf sf/0f gofF;f]r, dfGotf / Jojxf/sf]k|of]uu/L k|zf;gnfO{glthf jf pknlAw pGd'v u/fO{k|zf;gsf]Ifdtf, ljZj;gLotf, cf}lrTottf sfodug]{wf/0ff :jk glthfd'vL k|zf;gnfO{Jojxf/df Nofpg k|of; eof].

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PRASHASAN


glthf pGd'v Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf Geroge R. Terryn]u/]sf]JofVof o:tf]5 M Whatis results management ? It is a System made up of denite components where by each

employee participants in the determining of personal objective as we as the means by

which one hopes to achieve they're these objectives (Principle of Mgt.)Osborne and Gabler

sf cg';f/ MThey (traditional bureaucratic governments) focus

on inputs, not outcomes. They fund schools on how many poor people are eligible, police

departments based on police estimates of manpower needed to ght crime. They pay little

attention to outcomes to results. It does not matter how well the children to in the one

school versus another, how much crime rate falls or how secure the public feels. In fact,

schools, welfare departments, and police departments welfare roles, swell or the crime

rate rises.

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