Praseetha Online Assignment ....NEW-2

8/11/2019 Praseetha Online Assignment ....NEW-2

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1

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

SUBMITTED TO : MISS. DHANYA KUMAR

(Lecturer in English

SUBMITTED BY : !r"seeth" #.! (B.E$ Tr"inee

Reg N%. : &')&**+*,&*


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INDEX

Seri"l N% #%ntent !"ge N%

&

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*

INTRODU#TION

#ONTENTS

i. !r%gr"//e$ Instructi%n

ii. A$0"nt"ges %1 2r%gr"//e$Instructi%n

iii. Line"r !r%gr"//ing

i0. #h"r"cteristics %1 Line"r

2r%gr"//ing

0. Li/it"ti%ns %1 Line"r

2r%gr"//ing

0i. A$0"nt"ges

#ON#LUSION

RE3EREN#ES

*

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INTRODUCTION

The ter/ !r%gr"//e$ le"rning h"s 6een c%ine$

1r%/ 2rinci2les %1 %2er"nt le"rning %r c%n$iti%ning $e0el%2e$ "t

the 2s7ch%l%gic"l l"6%r"t%ries %n the 6"sis %1 e82eri/ent"l stu$ies

c%n$ucte$ %n "ni/"ls 67 B.3.S9inner %1 H"r0"r$ Uni0ersit7. This

c%nce2t "s use$ t% $e0el%2/ent %1 sel1 le"rning /"teri"l %r

2r%gr"//e$ le"rning "n$ te"ching /"chines.

B.3.S9inner "n$ his c%/2"ni%ns h"$ 1irst st"rte$

;2r%gr"//e$ le"rning< in &5*. One $"7 B.3.S9inner "tten$e$ the

%2ening $"7 %1 his $"ughter


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PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

!r%gr"//e$ instructi%n in0%l0es c%ntr%lle$=

c"re1ull7 s2eci1ie$ "n$ s9ill1ull7 "rr"nge$ le"rning e82eriences.

!r%gr"//e$ le"rning "22lies the 2rinci2les %1 2s7ch%l%g7 "n$

techn%l%g7 in the le"rning 2r%cess. The /"in %6>ecti0e %1 2r%gr"//e$

le"rning is t% 2r%0i$e in$i0i$u"li?e$ instructi%n. !r%gr"//e$ le"rning is

" sel1 instructi%n"l "n$ sel1 c%rrecti0e techni@ue in hich "ll the le"rning

/"teri"l is 2resente$ t% the le"rner st"ge 67 st"ge thr%ugh se@uenti"ll7

"rr"nge$ s/"ller units c"lle$ ;1r"/esecti0es. !r%gr"//ing is the 2r%cess %1

"rr"nging the su6>ect /"tter ith " 0ie t% 1"cilit"te e11ecti0e le"rning.

The /"tter is "rr"nge$ int% " series %1 ste2s in " l%gic"l %r 2s7ch%l%gic"l

se@uence 6"se$ %n the 2rinci2le %1 rein1%rce/ent.

A stu$ent 2ic9s u2 @uic9er "n$ ret"ins l%nger

$ue t% the s"tis1"cti%n %1 9n%ing i//e$i"tel7= h% he h"s succee$e$ in

/"stering " le"rning /"teri"l. Thus= e0en in the "6sence %1 " te"cher=

instructi%n c"n 2r%cee$ 2r%1it"6l7. !r%gr"//e$ /"teri"l c"n 6e /"$e

"0"il"6le in the 1%r/ %1 6%%9s= c"r$s %r /"chines. It is "ctu"ll7 ;$irecte$

le"rning< ith n% 2r%0isi%n %r %rigin"l in0estig"ti%n.

ADVANTAGES OF PROGRAMMED LEARNING


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i. Instruction is individualized.

ii. Each student can work at his own convenience.

iii. Student is always kept active and alert.

iv. Emotional problems can be solved.

v. Instruction in complex subject matters made easy.vi. It can be utilized as a supplementary process along with

the study of regular text books.

vii. It helps in the improvement of the quality of teaching and

learning.

viii. eacher gets relief from continuous teaching.

ix. Shortage of teachers is compensated.

There "re t% c%//%n 0"rieties %1 2r%gr"//ing. The7 "re:

&. Line"r

-. Br"nching

1. LINEAR PROGRAMMING

The Line"r !r%gr"//ing "s $e0el%2e$ 67

B.3.S9inner. Hence it is c"lle$ the S9inneri"n st7le %1

2r%gr"//ing. Acc%r$ing t% hi/= the 6est "7 t% te"ch stu$ents is

t% 6re"9 the su6>ect /"tter int% /e"ning1ul seg/ents %1

in1%r/"ti%n "n$ rite s/"ll ste2s in such " "7 th"t %nl7 the

c%rrect res2%nses "re li9el7 t% %ccur. This %ul$ le"$ t% success.

Stu$ents le"rn 6etter hen the7 "re success1ul. The stu$ent sh%ul$

6e 2r%0i$e$ i//e$i"te 9n%le$ge %1 the result %1 his 2er1%r/"nce.

He sh%ul$ "cti0el7 2"rtici2"te in the 2r%cess 67 c%nstructing

res2%nses. S9inner is %1 the %2ini%n th"t rec"ll res2%nses %r

c%nstructe$ res2%nses "re /%re e11icient in the le"rning 2r%cess

th"t rec%gniti%n t72e res2%nses. He 6elie0es th"t the "ct %1

res2%n$ing %n the 2"rt %1 stu$ent c"uses le"rning t% %ccur.


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Line"r 2r%gr"//e$ /"teri"l c%nsists %1 c"re1ull7 th%ught %ut

@uesti%ns "n$ "nsers "ss%ci"te$ t% e"ch si/2le ite/. uesti%ns "re

"s9e$ $irectl7 "n$ the stu$ent is re@uire$ t% thin9 "n$ n%te $%n "s the

le"rner st"rts 1r%/ his initi"l 6eh"0i%r t% the ter/in"l 6eh"0i%r 1%ll%ing" str"ight $irecti%n. Line"r 2r%gr"//ing c"n 6e re2resente$ in the

1%ll%ing "7:

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

As in$ic"te$ e"rlier= su6>ect /"tter 6r%9en $%n int% 0er7 s/"ll ste2s is

2resente$ ste2 67 ste2 in 2r%2er se@uence. A stu$ent h"s t% /"ster ste2

= 6e1%re 2r%cee$ing t% ste2 = "n$ s% %n. These ste2s "re c"re1ull7

$eci$e$ 67 the te"cher 6e1%re h"n$ "n$ the stu$ents 1in$ it e"sier t%

le"rn. This is "ls% c"lle$ extrinsic programming6ec"use " le"rner h"s n%

ch%ice %1 his %n in 1%ll%ing the 2"th %r se@uence. It is $eci$e$ 67 the

2r%gr"//er.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING:

i. Linear Arrangement: The le"rner st"rts 1r%/ his initi"l

6eh"0i%r t% the ter/in"l 6eh"0i%r 1%ll%ing the str"ight) line

se@uence.

1 2 !

1

2


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ii. Responses are controe!:The le"rner h"s n% ch%ice. The

res2%nses "re 1i8e$ 67 the c%ntr%ller.

iii. Response is emp"asi#e!:The le"rner /ust res2%n$ t% e"ch

"n$ e0er7 1r"/e 1%r le"rning t% %ccur.

i$. Imme!iate %ee!&ac':As s%%n "s the le"rner res2%n$s t% the

1r"/e= he c"n i//e$i"tel7 c%/2"re his res2%nse ith the

res2%nse %1 the 2r%gr"//er "n$ g"in 9n%le$ge %1 result.

$. Prompting:A 2r%/2t gi0en in the 6eginning in the 1%r/ %1

cl"ri1ic"ti%n reg"r$ing the 1r"/e hel2s the le"rner t% res2%n$

c%rrectl7. This ill n%t %nl7 2r%/%te le"rning 6ut "ls% "0%i$

unnecess"r7 "st"ge %1 ti/e t% 6e s2ent 1%r 1in$ing %ut the

c%rrect "nser.$i. Acti$e participation: It ensures "cti0e 2"rtici2"ti%n %1 the

le"rner. He h"s t% c%nstruct res2%nse 1%r e0er7 1r"/e.

$ii. Se% (pacing: E0er7 le"rner 2r%cee$s "t his %n s2ee$.

$iii. Simpicit):Mech"nis/ t% %r9 %n " line"r 2r%gr"//e is

si/2le.

i*. S+ita&iit):It is 6est suite$ in su6>ect "re"s here 1"cts "n$

in1%r/"ti%n c"n 6e 2r%2erl7 se@uence$.

LIMITATIONS OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING:

i. Lac' o% moti$ation: Le"rning 6ec%/es $ull "n$ /%n%t%n%us

6ec"use it t"9es t%% /uch ti/e t% te"ch " 1e si/2le 2%ints.

ii. Limitation o% seria or!er earning:3r"/es "re 2resente$ in "

seri"l %r$er 6ut le"rning in "ctu"l situ"ti%n is n%t "l"7s seri"l.


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iii. No %ree!om o% c"oice:the le"rner h"s n% ch%ice %1 his %n t%

res2%n$. HIS cre"ti0e i/"gin"ti%n "n$ >u$ge/ent"l "6ilit7 "re

inhi6ite$. Inste"$ %1 $isc%0ering "nsers= the stu$ents "re

1%rce$ t% 1%ll% " rigi$ line 2rescri6e$ 67 the riter.i0. Limite! scope o% s+&,ect matter:It c"n 6e use$ %nl7 in li/ite$

"re"s here the su6>ect /"tter c"n 6e 2r%2erl7 se@uence$.

0. A&sence o% !i%%erentiation: it $%es n%t 2er/it $i11erenti"ti%n

"/%ng res2%nses.

ADVANTAGES OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING

i. The line"r 2r%gr"//ing techni@ue hel2s t% /"9e the 6est2%ssi6le use %1 "0"il"6le 2r%$ucti0e res%urces (such "s ti/e=

l"6%ur= /"chines etc.

ii. In " 2r%$ucti%n 2r%cess= 6%ttle nec9s /"7 %ccur. 3%r

e8"/2le= in " 1"ct%r7 s%/e /"chines /"7 6e in gre"t $e/"n$

hile %thers /"7 lie i$le 1%r s%/e ti/e. A signi1ic"nt

"$0"nt"ge %1 line"r 2r%gr"//ing is highlighting %1 such

6%ttle nec9s.

CONCLUSION

Programmed learning%r rogrammed in!"r#$"ionis " /eth%$ %1 e$uc"ti%nth"t6eh"0i%ristB. 3. S9inner2r%2%se$ in &5+

t% /"n"ge hu/"n le"rning un$er c%ntr%lle$ c%n$iti%ns. !r%gr"//e$

le"rning h"s three ele/ents: (& it $eli0ers in1%r/"ti%n in s/"ll 6ites= (-

it is sel1)2"ce$ 67 the le"rner= "n$ (* it 2r%0i$es i//e$i"te 1ee$6"c9=

6%th 2%siti0e "n$ neg"ti0e= t% the le"rner. It "s 2%2ul"r in the l"te
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner


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&5',s "n$ thr%ugh the &54,s= 6ut 2e$"g%gic"l interest "s l%st in the

e"rl7 &5+,s "s it "s $i11icult t% i/2le/ent "n$ its li/it"ti%ns ere n%t

ell un$erst%%$ 67 2r"ctiti%ners. It "s re0i0e$ in the &55,s in the

c%/2uteri?e$ integr"te$ le"rning s7ste/s (ILS= 2ri/"ril7 in 6usiness

/"n"ge/ent e$uc"ti%n. !r%gr"//e$ le"rning re/"ins 2%2ul"r in sel1)te"ching te8t6%%9s.

The /eth%$%l%g7 in0%l0es

sel1)"$/inistere$ "n$ sel1)2"ce$ le"rning= in hich the stu$ent is

2resente$ ith in1%r/"ti%n in s/"ll ste2s %1ten re1erre$ t% "s 1r"/es.C-

E"ch 1r"/e c%nt"ins " s/"ll seg/ent %1 the in1%r/"ti%n t% 6e le"rne$=

1%ll%e$ 67 " @uesti%n hich the stu$ent /ust "nser. A1ter e"ch 1r"/e

the stu$ent unc%0ers= %r is $irecte$ t%= "$$iti%n"l in1%r/"ti%n 6"se$ %n"n inc%rrect "nser= %r 2%siti0e 1ee$6"c9 1%r " c%rrect "nser "n$

"$0"ncing t% the ne8t 1r"/e.

REFERENCES

Si0"r">"n.9 % Tren$s "n$ $e0el%2/ents in /%$ern e$uc"ti%n"l

2r"ctices= &+)&*

htt2:en.i9i2e$i".%rgi9i!r%gr"//e$Fle"rning

htt2:.sli$esh"re.net$i2utr2r%gr"//e$)le"rning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_learning_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_learning#cite_note-Pritchard-24-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_learning_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_learning#cite_note-Pritchard-24-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_learning


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