Prapaiwan Sunwong - Acceleratoraccelerator.slri.or.th/seminar/documents/ATD_SLRI_140709.pdf · •...
Transcript of Prapaiwan Sunwong - Acceleratoraccelerator.slri.or.th/seminar/documents/ATD_SLRI_140709.pdf · •...
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Prapaiwan Sunwong
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• General background – characteristics of superconductor
• Material selection and cable structure
• Multipole magnets
• Generation of multipole fields
• Magnet function and coil structure
• Insertion devices
• General design requirements
• Superconducting magnet at SPS
• Concluding remarks
Talk OutlineTalk Outline
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IntroductionIntroduction
High bending field is required for
High energy
Compact machine
http://home.web.cern.ch
LHC
[ ]ρBE 3.0=
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Superconducting CharacteristicsSuperconducting Characteristics
1. Zero resistanceDiscovered by Onnes in 1911– solid mercury exhibitsvanishing resistance below 4.2 K.
2. Meissner effectExclusion of magnetic flux fromits interior – discovered in 1933by Meissner and Ochsenfeld.
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Critical TemperatureCritical Temperature
YBCO
www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/
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Critical Magnetic FieldsCritical Magnetic Fields
Type I
Type II
Nb3Al
Keys, 2002
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Critical Current DensityCritical Current Density
Keys, 2002
Nb3Al
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Critical Surface Phase DiagramCritical Surface Phase Diagram
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Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
• Superconducting electromagnets (low Tc)
• Medical uses – MRI scanners
• Scientific research – NMR
• Transportations – MAGLEV trains
• Fusion tokamak – ITER
• Particle accelerators
• Josephson junction devices – SQUID
• Low-loss power cables (high Tc)
• Magnet current leads (high Tc)
• Electric motors, generators, fault current limiters
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Why Superconducting Magnets?Why Superconducting Magnets?
Type Advantages DisadvantagesPermanent • Compact
• Low cost ( in small low field magnets)• No utilities required• No maintenance• Simple to operate• Can result in very precise fields
• Constant field (mostly)• Limited in field
Resistive • Variable field• No need for complicated cryogenic or vacuum systems• Can be built in house or through existing industrial base• Relatively low capital cost
• Limited in field (up to ~ 2 T)• May require large amounts of electrical power and cooling water• Possible large operating costs for power & water
Superconducting • High and variable field• Lower operating costs• Reliability• Cold beam tubes yield very high vacuums• Can be made compact
• High capital costs• Limited industrial base• Requires complicated ancillary systems – cryogenics, vacuum, quench protection
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www.magnet.fsu.edu
Material SelectionMaterial Selection
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• Alloy of niobium and titanium extremely ductility
• Tc ≈ 9 K, Bc2 ≈ 15 T (vary with composition, 46.5% Ti optimum)
• Ic is influenced by microstructure (flux pinning)
• Copper stabiliser (RRR ≥ 100)
- mechanical stability
- electrical bypass
- heat sink
• Multifilamentary wire
• Typical filament diameter 5 – 50 μm
• Typical wire diameter 0.3 – 1.0 mm
• Twisted filament/wire reduce coupling between filaments
for ac field or during field sweep
NbTi WiresNbTi Wires
ATLAS strand
LHC MQY duadrupole strand
LHC dipole strand
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RutherfordRutherford--type Cablestype Cables
Filaments(6 μm each)
Wire/strand(6,300 filaments)
Rutherford cable (36 strands)
http://lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch
• Transposed cable: every wire changes places with every other wire along the length of the cable, to decouple the wires with respect to their own self field and promote a uniform current distribution.
• Rutherford-type cables can be compacted to a high density (88 – 94 %) and rolled to a good dimensional accuracy.
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Rutherford Cables ManufactureRutherford Cables Manufacture
Martin Wilson’s lecture
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Multipole MagnetsMultipole Magnets
Dipole
Quadrupole
Resistive magnets Superconducting magnets
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Generation of Multipole FieldsGeneration of Multipole Fields
)cos()( 0 φφ mII = , m = order of multipole
)sin(2
),(
)cos(2
),(
100
100
θμθ
θμθθ
mar
aIrB
mar
aIrB
m
r
m
−
−
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛−=
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛−=
PR
θr
x
y
beam axis
φa
current in z direction
In superconducting magnet, field shape is defined by position of each conductor (that carries current) in the coil.
Current distribution
Magnetic field
θBrB
B
θr
x
y
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Current distribution can be created by multiple intersecting circles/ellipses carrying constant current densities (J) in differentdirections.
The field inside the current free region is computed by superimposing the field produced by the conductors.
Circular conductor:
Elliptical conductor:
⇒ Difficult to fabricate⇒ Use of current shells for practical constant-CSA conductors
Generation of Multipole FieldsGeneration of Multipole Fields
)cos()( 0 φφ mII =
21
20
21
10 ,
aaxaJB
aayaJB yx +
=+
−= μμ
2 ,
2 00xJByJB yx μμ =−=
+J-J
y
x
1a2a
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Magnet Function and Coil StructureMagnet Function and Coil Structure
Dipole • m = 1
• Uniform field for bending
• Intersecting (overlapping) circles
• Intersecting (overlapping) ellipses 2
0JdBB yμ
−==
21
20 aa
daJBB y +−== μ
B
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Quadrupole• m = 2
• Intersecting ellipses
• Gradient field for focusing
Magnet Function and Coil StructureMagnet Function and Coil Structure
xaa
aaJB
yaa
aaJB
y
x
21
210
21
210
)(
)(
+−
=
+−
=
μ
μ
y
a1
a2
Sextupole• m = 3
• Intersecting ellipses
• For chromaticity correction
( ) ...
...222 +−=
+=
yxSB
SxyB
y
x
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Liu, 2011
Some novel designs (for pure multipole fields)
Sextupole Octupole
Magnet Function and Coil StructureMagnet Function and Coil Structure
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Major ProjectsMajor Projects
USPAS Course on Superconducting Accelerator Magnets, 2003
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TevatronTevatron
Bottura, 2011
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Major ProjectsMajor Projects
USPAS Course on Superconducting Accelerator Magnets, 2003
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LHCLHC
Bottura, 2011
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LHC TwinLHC Twin--aperture Dipoleaperture Dipole
cds.cern.ch
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Insertion DevicesInsertion Devices
Undulator
K ≤ 1, θ ≤ 1/γ
- many alternating low-field magnetic poles- strong interference effects to increase photon flux
Wiggler
K > 1, θ > 1/ γ
Multipole wiggler- several periods to increase photon flux- less important interference effects
Wavelength shifter- one period with high field center pole (usually 5-6 T)- very short-wavelength radiation
http://pd.chem.ucl.ac.uk/pdnn/inst2/insert.htm
2c E
BK
u
u
λλ
λ
∝
∝Parameter
Critical wavelength
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Helical undulator Planar undulator
Superconducting helical undulator for ILC (bifilar helix design)
UndulatorUndulator
YuryIvanyushenkov, ASD Seminar, 2013
Argonne National Laboratory’s planar superconductor undulator
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Period length switching for hybrid superconducting undulator/wiggler
UndulatorUndulator
Grau, 2010
BK uλ∝
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The iron yoke and poles of a CESR superconducting wiggler magnet for ILC
Multipole wigglerMultipole wiggler
Superconducting wiggler at NSLS
Superconducting wiggler at DLS
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Wavelength ShifterWavelength Shifter
Prototype SWLS at NIRS
Total power distribution of SWLSat SPS (1.2 GeV, 200 mA)
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YuryIvanyushenkov, ASD Seminar, 2013
Country Organization ActivityTaiwan TLS, TPS SC wigglers, R&D on SCUs
Russia Budker Institute SC helical undulator for HEP;SC wavelength shifters;SC wiggler
France ACO, Orsay SCU
Germany ANKA SCU for Mainz Microtron, R&D on SCUs
ACCEL Two SCUs (for ANKA and for SSLS/NUS, Singapore)
Babcock Noell New SCU for ANKA
UK ASTeC, RAL and DL Helical SCU for ILC
Sweden MAX-Lab SC wiggler
USA Stanford Helical SCU for FEL demonstration
BNL R&D on SCUs
LBNL R&D on SCUs
Cornell SC wiggler
NHFML R&D on SCUs
APS R&D on SCUs
Work on superconducting insertion devices around the world
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General Design RequirementsGeneral Design Requirements
• Keep it superconductive with a comfortable margin
• Magnet training
- well protected (when quench)
• Reduce heat load
- minimise contact resistance
- vapour-cooled/hybrid current leads
• Good cryogenic system to handle all heating
• Good support structure to handle large Lorentz force
• Cheap and easy to manufacture
• Field quality (uniformity) – relative field error better than 10-4 is required.
• Not degraded by exposure to the high radiation levels
• Well cooling of the chamber and active interlock system
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Iron YokeIron Yoke
heat exchanger
bus-bar
saturation control
Wilson’s and Bottura’s lectures
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CryostatCryostat
Wilson’s and Bottura’s lectures
Radiative heat transfer ∝ T4
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Thermal PropertiesThermal Properties
Ekin, 2007
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Quench and ProtectionQuench and Protection
Quench = conversion of magnet energy (LI2/2) into heat inside the volume of
magnet winding which has transited into the resistive state
E = 7.8 × 106 J for LHC dipole magnet
equivalent to the kinetic energy of 26-tonnes magnet
travelling at 88 km/hr
Cause of quenching
• Low specific heat
• Conductor motion (10μm motion of
NbTi
raise local temperature to 7.5 K)
• Resin cracks
• Jc decreases with increasing temperature
Wilson’s lecture
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Quench and ProtectionQuench and Protection
3D simulation of quench propagation for a cos theta type magnet
http://research.kek.jp/people/wake/magqt/
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Quench and ProtectionQuench and Protection
LHC dipole GSI001
Wilson’s lecture
Safe hot spot temperature = 100 – 150 (300) K
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Quench and ProtectionQuench and Protection
ten Kate 2013
1. Normal zone detected 2. Switch opened3. Heater activated
Bypass diodes for magnets connected in series
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Training of Superconducting MagnetsTraining of Superconducting Magnets
Several thermal and electrical cycles need to be applied to a new coil before
the optimal performances are obtained.
Wilson’s lecture
LHC short prototype dipoles
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Superconducting Magnet at SPSSuperconducting Magnet at SPS
6.5 T Superconducting Wavelength Shifter (from NSRRC, Taiwan)
• Current operating field = 4.0 T at 170 A (maximum field = 6.5 T at 308 A )
• Critical current of NbTi is 428 A at ∽8 T inside the coils.
• Helium consumption = 1.4 L/hr (published value = 1.3 L/hr)
• Hard x-rays radiation used in
macromolecular crystallography
- energy range = 12.7 keV
- flux = 109 photons/s at 100 mA
www.slri.or.th
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www.slri.or.th
6.56.5 T Superconducting Wavelength ShifterT Superconducting Wavelength Shifter
Liquid nitrogen
Liquid helium
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Cryogenic SystemCryogenic System
www.slri.or.th
Production capacity : 20 L/hr
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• From MAX-Lab, Sweden
• Maximum field = 6.4 T at 250 A
• No liquid nitrogen screening
• 10 out of 1482 windings in side pole
were burnt off and replaced by Cu sheet.
• Helium consumption < 5 L/hr (???)
6.46.4 T Superconducting Wavelength ShifterT Superconducting Wavelength Shifter
Wallen, 2002
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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
• Magnet is the most important application of superconductivity.
• Superconducting magnets provide high magnetic fields, which are required for
high-energy and/or compact accelerators. NbTi has been used the most.
• Magnetic field profiles from superconducting magnets are determined by position
of superconducting coils, which can be obtained at high accuracy.
• Advantages of superconducting insertion devices:
- High field increases photon energies
- High flexibility
- Smaller period for the same peak field
- New research possibilities