Practice Tests for the Revised CPE 2 Student s Book
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Transcript of Practice Tests for the Revised CPE 2 Student s Book
8/16/2019 Practice Tests for the Revised CPE 2 Student s Book
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. . ;,.'. ".'~
P r o c t i c e .T e s t s
f o r t h e r e v i s e d .
C P E
V i r g i n i o E v o n s
~
Expres s Pub l i sh ing
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(l hour 3 0 mins)
has four parts with 40 questions drawn from
.: -;=yr- which contain approximately 3,000 words in
- ed d oze texts with six four-option multiple
C !, O:I:2 q uestions on each. (l mark per question)
:1rz::~idioms,collocations, fixed phrases, complementation,
, semantic precision
texts from a range of sources, with four-option
ice q uestions on each.
d et ail, opinion, main idea, attitude, purpose,
. : . : : r : : ; : : - l , t e xt organisation features (2 marks per question)
with seven questions.
.' e xt st ructure, cohesion , coherence, global meaning
(2 marks per question)
- =rom a range of sources, with seven four-option::;;~ !{liceq uestions.
same as Part 2 (2marks per question)
(2 hours)
two parts. Each task requires a total of
::::==,ely 300-350 words. Each question in this paper
~mar ks.
:C :: :J . ulsory contextualised writing task based on
Il:OIIDS" and one short text which may be supported by
pts.
. an art icle, an essay, a letter, a proposal
-discursive writing
= - f rom a choice offour. One of the choices is a
; u :; . on each of three set texts.
. an article , a letter, a proposal, a review , a report
_. description, narrative, evaluating, summarising, etc
R3
'H IN USE (l hour 30 minutes)~ has five parts with a total of 44 questions.
d oze containing fifteen gaps.
: gr ammatical / lexico-grammatical
(l mark per question)
2
romaining ten gaps. Words must be formed to complete
:-. using the given "stems" of the missing words.
~: wor d formation, lexical (1 mark per question)
3
:-:r esions made up of three discrete sentences. Each
Sx:e contains one gap. The gapped word is common and :- _ - te to the three sentences.
7 x:us: le xical (eg. collocation, phrasal verbs, idioms, etc)
(2 marks per question)
Part 4
Eight discrete items with a lead-in sentence and a gapped
response to complete using a given word .
Test focus: lexical / lexico-grammatical (2 mar ks per question)
Part 5
Two texts with two comprehension questions on each text
and one summary writing task using information from both
texts.Test focus: awareness of use of language, selection of
information, linking, sentence construction
(2 marks plus 4 marks for question 44)
PAPER 4LISTENING (approximately40 minutes)
This paper has four parts with 28 questions.
(l mark per quest ion)Part 1
Four short extracts from monologues or texts involving
interacting speakers with two three-option multiple choice
questions per extract.
Test focus: understanding gist , topic attitude or opinion,
feeling , purpose
Part 2
A monologue, or prompted monologue, with nine sentence
completion questions.
Test focus: understanding specific information, stated opinion
Part 3
A text involving interacting speakers followed by five
multiple choice questions .
Test focus: understanding opinion , detail, gist and inf erence
Part 4
Matching statements on a text to either of two speakers or to
both when they express agreement.Test focus: recognising stated and non-stated opinion ,
agreement and disagreement.
PAPER 5SPE AK ING (approximat ely20 minutes)
This paper contains three parts and is tak en by the
candidates in pairs with two examiners present. One of the
examiners acts as Interlocutor and the other one as A."SeSSOr .
Part 1
Conversation between the Interlocutor and each cand idate.
Interlocutor encourages candidates to give inf or mation aboutthemselves and express personal opinions.
Test focus: using general interactional and social language
Part 2
Two-way conversation between the candid ates based on
visual and spoken prompts.
Test focus: speculating, evaluating , com par ing , giuing
opinions, decision making, etc
Part 3
Individual long turn by each candidate f ollowed by a
discussion on topics related to the long turn. Each cand id ate
is given a written question to respond to. Then cand idates
engage in a discussion to explore fur ther the long turn wpics.Test focus: expressing and justifying opinions , cW :elo pingto pics.
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Paper 1 - Reading (l hour 30 minutes)
For q uestions 1-18, read the three texts below and decid e which answer (A, B , C or D) best fits each ga p.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
A u s t r a l i a n C i n e m aThirty years ago, the New
Australian cinema (1) .
the attention of the wor ld with
her oic stories set in the late-
nineteenth and early-twentiethcenturies. They were tales of the
for mation of a national identity,
of the recent Eur opean settlers'
tr ansactions with their strange
new world and its frighteningly
mystical inhabitants. When this
vein was (2) , local film
makers lef t home or tur ned to the
problematic pr esent of people
living lives of noisy desperation in
the (3) suburbs of the
big coastal cities, home to most
Austr alians. As television series,these cosy, unher oic stories
(4) wor ldwide popular ity,
but relatively f ew films of this sor t
have f ound success elsewher e,
except f or a small handful,
among which ar e these,
(5) accomplished
and calculatedly theatr ical f ilms.
They are loving assemblages of
conventions and cliches from
musicals of the past, pr oduced
with an exuberance that
(6) the audience up in
uncr itical en joyment.
1 A appropr iated B captur ed C annexed D master ed
2 A exhausted B dr ained C emptied D squandered
3 A lounging B stooping C str etching D spr awling
4 A reached B achieved C fulfilled D managed
5 A deeply B heavily C highly D widely
6 A sweeps B lifts C br ushes D car ries
R ecent ar cheological studies of the
isolated region have (7) .
astounding evidence of Mesolithic
hunter-gather ers, Neolithic f ar mers and
even an ar istocratic dynasty which
populated the area during the late Bronze
(8) The few centur ies befor e thetime of Chr ist saw the ar ea at its most
remar kable. Artef acts, relics and the
remains of dwellings, bear (9) to
its importance. An extraor dinary sequence
of buildings (10) in the erection
of a gigantic wooden structur e, at least 40
metres in diameter , which was pr obably
used for cer emonial (11) befor e
it was eventually burnt to the (12) .
and subsequently covered over with tur f tocr eate the huge mound which is still visible
today.
7 A unburied B uncovered C unf olded D unmasked
8 A Year s B Per iod C Er a D Age
9 A testimony B evidence C witness D pr oof
10 A ter minated B culminated C f inalised D ceased
11 A aims B intentions C purposes D tar gets
12 A sur f ace B ground C ear th D f ield
6
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T LIMITED
RISK
e believe that there are two
:- es of people who will take
~e time and (13) .
r ead this adver tisement. In
the f irst category are those
unbelievers who, in all
likelihood, will think to
themselves, 'sounds good,
but I don't think this is f or me.
I could never manage to do
that'. They then go back to
doing the same (14) .
job that they have (15) .
been doing f or the past
decade or so. Then, there is
the second category. This
gr oup is made up of those
people who believe in taking
(16) but not at the
expense of peace of mind.
These individuals caref ully
(17) the advantages
against the disadvantages.
You know, those people who
look befor e making the
pr overbial (18) .
A exer tion B effort C struggle 0 stress
A substandar d B unreliable C insuff icient 0 unfulf illing
5 A distastef ully B reluctantly C hesitantly 0 adversely
A r isks B dangers C hazards 0 stakes
A measure B weigh C compare 0 count
A jump B vault C leap 0 spr ing
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-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
you ~re going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with exploration and discover y. For
questIOns 19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
~. - . -' - [ r ave l l i n g A c r o s 's t h e -D e se r 't- '
Crossing the Sahara is a dangerous business.
George-Marie Haardt needed no reminder of this.
During the desert leg of his 1924 expedition's
15,000 mile trip, the expedition's eight trucks
travelled for 330 miles without finding a drop of
water. ' Any breeze there is, becomes a torment,'
the team reported. 'We are suffocated, saturated
with dust; we could almost believe ourselvesto be
like men turned into red brick.' Writer Donovan
Webster confirms this. 'People die all the time,' hesays. 'That's why you go with someone you trust.'
Don reckoned a little technology wouldn't hurt,
though. 'When I mentioned to my guide, a Tuareg
tribesman from Niger, that I had a GPS (global
positioning system) receiver to help us navigate,
he said he didn't need it,' saysDon. 'I've got TPS,'
he told me - 'Tuareg positioning system.' And he
did! He could find hisway anywhere just by seeing
ripples in the sand. He was as interested in my
world asI was in his,' Don recalls. 'When I showed
him a photo of my kids at NiagaraFalls, he wanted
to keep it. He thought the kids wen~ sweet - but
couldn't imagine that much water in the world.'
A could not find water.
B were not to be trusted.C didn't need technological aids.
D were affected by the climate.
A was indifferent to other cultures.
B wanted to visit Niagara Falls.
C was fascinated by the immense waterfall.
D wanted to keep a souvenir of his children.
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Maria Reiche, a German mathematician,
devoted f ifty years of her life to protecting and
studying the Nazca lines of the Inca. Born in
Dresden in 1903, she arrived in Peru, became
fascinated by the Inca culture and initially found
archaeological work. It was when, however, she
overheard someone discussing giant figures
carved into the ground, south of Lima that she
found what was to become her life's work.
Instantly mesmer ised by these strange objects,
she began to study them alone. 'I walked along
them to understand their meaning,' she said. 'I
noticed that they for med figures, a spider , a
monkey, a bird.' After surveying around 1,000
lines, she wrote her book Mystery of the Desert,
published in 1949.
In order to spend more time with the
geoglyphs, she set up home on the edge of the
desert, living off fruit and nuts and sleeping
under the stars. If vandals dared to set foot near
A immense shapes cut into the earth.
B a form of rock art found in the desert.
C vast and mysterious - Peruvian statues.
D paths left by the Incas.
A the Nazca: lines are uninteresting.
B Maria Reiche belonged to a religious order.
C in the past the lines were not valued.
D Maria Reiche's work was not continued.
Paper 1 - Reading
the lines, she shooed them away, so deter mined
that the lines should be preserved that when
plans wer e made to flood the ar eafor agricultural
use, she successfully blocked the move.
Her tireless work has now resulted in the Nazca
lines having been declared a World Heritage
Site and she is regarded by some as a national
heroine; she is Saint Maria, 'Lady of the Lines'.
When she died in 1998 aged 95, the question
arose of who would now protect the lines,
which were becoming increasingly threatened
by vandals, looter s, ir r esponsible tourists and
changing weather patter ns. Fortunately,however ,
the UN's cultural agency has recently donated a
substantial amount for their long-term
conservation.
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-------------------------
Marine ResearchThe World Centre for Exploration has been
running since 1904. Our international, professional
society has been a meeting point and unifying
force for explorers and scientists worldwide. The
Explorers Club is dedicated to the advancement of
field research, scientific exploration, and the ideal
that it is vital to preserve the instinct to explore. Wefoster these goals by providing research grants,
educational lectures and publications, expedition
planning assistance, exciting adventure travel
programmes, and a forum where experts in all the
diverse fields of science and exploration can meet
to exchange ideas. March will mark the fifth year of
the running of the Kosa Reef Protection Project.
The project is a joint effort by Kosa Marine
resources, an international group of volunteer
divers, and island support staff . Divers prepare
fish inventories, photo and video records, and
take scientific measurements documenting r eef
status. For the first time, this year 's team will
employ protocols developed by the internationalorganisation 'Reef Check'.
The Explorers Club also offers modest expedition
grants for expeditions that forge links between
space and earth exploration. Expeditions working
in extreme environments or using satellite and
space related technologies should contact us at
the following address.
A to provide somewhere to meet.S to record the world's resources.
C to promote on-site investigations.
D to support explorers financially.
A intending to ask for international aid.
S trying to increase marine resources.
C taking action to prevent damage.
D observing the condition of the reef.
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B a h a r i y a ' s T o m b ser 2,600 years, a desert oasis yields the long-sought tombs of its legendary governor and
is f amily. The streets of EI Bawiti, the largest town in Bahariya Oasis, are busier now. Hotels
ave been built since more than 200 Graeco-Roman mummies were discovered nearby. Yet,
EI Bawiti hid an older secret. The tombs of Bahariya's legendary governor , Zed-Khons-uef-
ankh, his father, and his wife were discovered in a maze of chambers beneath local homes.
chaeologists had been looking for Zed-Khons-uef-ankh ever since the tombs of three of
e governor's relatives were discovered in 1938. Zed-Khons-uef-ankh ruled Bahariya duringEgypt's 26th dynasty, a time when the isolated oases of the Western Desert were
str ategically important buffers against invaders. Bahariya, with governors who were wealthy
en with connections to the throne, flourished at the crossroads of caravan routes. Zed-
ons-uef~ankh, a man whose power to move men and material is most evident in the two
mammoth stone sarcophagi that were transported across miles of sand and wasteland to
is oasis tomb, had a chapel built in a temple nearby, with a relief depicting him as large as
e pharaoh, a bold assertion from a powerful man we now know better .
A many Graeco-Romans were buried there.
B it was well located on a prime trade route.
C it was the seat of a powerful man.
D many rich administrators were posted there.
A extremely confident.
B remarkably impious.
C hugely wealthy.
D very impertinent.
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-------------------------
You ar e going to r ead an extr act from a novel. Seven par agr a phs have been r emoved from the extr act. Choose f r om
the par agr a phs A-H the one which fits each ga p (27-33). Ther e is one extr a par agraph which you d o not need to
use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
The small, bright lawn stretched away smoothly
to the big, br ight sea. The turf was hemmed with
an edge of scar let geranium and coleus, and
cast-iron vases painted in a chocolate colour ,
standing at intervals along the winding path that
led to the sea, looped their garlands of petunia
and ivy geranium above the neatly raked gravel.
~I I A number of ladies in summer dresses and
gentlemen in grey f r ock-coats and tall hats stood
on the lawn or sat upon the benches. Ever y now
and then, a slender girl in starched muslin would
step from the tent, bow in hand, and speed her
shaft at one of the targets, while the spectator s
interrupted their talk to watch the result.
§]-------The Newbury Archery Club always held its August
meeting at the Beauforts'. The sport, which had
hitherto known no rival but croquet, was
beginning to be discarded in favour of lawn-
tennis. However , the latter game was still
considered too rough and inelegant for social
occasions, and as an opportunity to show off
pretty dresses and graceful attitudes, the bow
and arrow held their own.
~~------In New York, during the previous winter , after he
and May had settlE)ddown in the new, greenish-
yellow house with the bow-window and the
Pompeian vestibule, he had dropped back with
r elief into the old routine of the office. The renewal
of his daily.activities had served as a link with his
former self.
§ ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = At the Century, he had found Winsett again, and
at the Knickerbocker , the fashionable young men
of his own set. And what with hours dedicated to
the law and those given to dining out or entertaining
f r iends at home, with an occasional evening at
the opera or the theatre, the life he was living had
still seemed a fairly real and inevitable sor t of
business.
@ 2 ] ~But the Wellands always went to Newport, wher e
they owned one of the square boxes on the cliffs,
and their son-in-law could adduce no good
r eason why he and May should not join them
ther e. As Mr s. Weiland rather tartly pointed out, it
was hardly worthwhile for May to have worn
herself out trying on summer clothes in Par is, if
she was not to be allowed to wear them; and this
argument was of a kind to which Archer had as
yet found no answer .
§]-------It was not May's fault, poor dear. If , now and then,
dur ing their travels, they had f allen slightly out of
step, harmony had been r estored by their r eturn
to conditions she was used to. He had always
f or eseen that she would not disappoint him; and
he had been r ight. No, the time and place had
been perfect for his marriage.
§]-------He could not say that he had been mistaken in his
choice, for she fulfilled all that he had expected. It
was undoubtedly gratifying to be the husband of
one of the handsomest and most popular young
mar r ied women in New York, especially when she
was also one of the sweetest-temper ed and most
reasonable of wives; and Archer had not been
insensible to such advantages.
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May herself could not understand his obscure
r eluctanceto fall in with so reasonableand pleasant
a way of spending the summer. She reminded him
that he had always liked Newport in his bachelor
days, and as this was indisputable, he could onlyprofess that he was sure he was going to like it
better than ever now that they were to be there
together . But as he stood on the Beaufortverandah
and looked out on the brightly peopled lawn, it
came home to him with a shiver that he was not
going to like it at all.
In addition, there had been the pleasurable
excitement of choosing a showy grey horse for
May's brougham (the Wellands had given the
carriage). Then, there was the abiding occupationand interest of arranging his new library, which, in
spite of family doubts and disapproval, had been
car r ied out as he had dreamed, with a dark-
embossed paper , an Eastlake book-case and
"sincere" armchairs and tables.
The next morning Archer scoured the town in vain
f or more yellow roses. In consequence of this
search, he arrived late at the office, perceived that
his doing so made no difference whatever to
anyone, and was filled with sudden exasperation
at the elaborate futility of his life. Why should he
not be, at that moment, on the sands of St.
Augustine with May Weiland?
Newland Archer, standing on the verandah of the
Beaufort house, looked curiously down upon this
scene. On each side of the shiny painted steps,
was a large, blue china flowerpot on a bright
yellow china stand. A spiky, green plant filled each
pot, and below the verandah ran a wide border of
blue hydr angeas edged with mor e r ed geraniums.
Behind him, the French windows of the dr awing
rooms through which he had passed gave
glimpses, between swaying lace curtains, of
glassy parquet floors islanded with chintz pouffes,
dwarf armchairs, and velvet tables covered with
trifles of silver.
Archer looked down with wonder at the familiar
spectacle. It surprised him that life should be going
on in the old way when his own reactions to it had
so completely changed. It was Newport that had
first brought home to him the extent of the change.
Archer had married (as most young men did)
because he had met a perfectly charming girl at
the moment when a series of r ather aimless
sentimentaladventureswere ending in a prematuredisgust; and she had represented peace, stability,
comr adeship, and the steadying sense of an
inescapable duty.
Half-way between the edge of the cliff and the
square wooden house (which was also chocolate-
coloured, but with the tin roof of the verandah
striped in yellow and brown to r epresent an
awning), two large targets had been placed against
a background of shrubber y. On the other side of
the lawn, facing the targets, was pitched a real
tent, with benches and garden-seats about it.
Newport, on the other hand, repr esented the
escape from duty into an atmosphere of
unmitigated holiday-making. Archer had tr ied to
persuade May to spend the summer on a remote
island off the coast of Maine (called, appropriately
enough, Mount Desert) where a few hardy
Bostonians and Philadelphians were camping in
native cottages, and whence came reports of
enchanting scenery and a wild, almost trapper-like
existence amid woods and waters.
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~~i~~~D~~ _
You are going to read an extract f r om an article. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which
you think fits best accor ding to the text.
Although he made his name with his archeological
finds of early humans, Richard Leakey became famous
as the conservationist who turned the tide against
elephant poaching. Bringing the slaughter of Kenya's
elephants under control required a military solution, and
Leakey was not afraid to apply it. Many poachers were
killed, giving Leakey a reputation for being a cold-blooded obsessive who put animals before people.
Moreover , his ef f or ts to eradicate cor r uption in Kenya's
wildlife management system won him many enemies.
But the birth of the Kenya Wildlife Ser vice (KWS), the
er adication of elephant poaching and the ban on the
inter national tr ade in ivor y are his legacy, and they form
the basis of Wildlife War s. This surpr isingly personal
memoir has much to tell about the fr agile relationships
between conser vationists and governments. It is a stor y
not only of Kenya, but of the continuing cost of tr ying to
save the wor ld's wildlife from extinction.Life for the aver age per son in Africa is tough, and
basic needs ar e far from being met. This is the
background against which Leakey fought his war , and
he constantly r efers to the threat pover ty poses to the
preservation of Africa's spectacular wildlife. Leakey's
argument, here and in recent lectures, is that national
parks managed exclusively for biodiversity protection
must be cr eated, and that this protection of our wildlife
heritage should be funded by international sour ces.
However , in the early 1990s the development agencies
favour ed "community-based" conser vation. Leakey's stand
on pr otection of parks was seen as a lack of respect for
local communities, and used against him when he
r esigned as head of the KWS in 1994. Recently donors
and conservationists have come to r ecognise the
limitations of purely local conservation progr ammes;
there is a gr owing consensus that the poor are unlikely
to manage wildlife resour ces wisely f or the long term
because their needs are immediate.
Wildlife Wars continues where Leakey's memoir One
Lif e lef t of f. It spans a 13-year period, beginning in 1989
when Leakey became head of the KWS. Then the
elephant slaughter was at its height across Africa; it is
estimated that between 1975 and 1989 the international
markets for ivory in Europe, the United States and Asia
led to the death of 1.2 m elephants, slaughtered for their
ivory to make piano keys, games and fashion accessor ies.
Kenya's her ds wer e reduced by more than 85% by ar medpoachers, who turned their guns on anything and
anyone. To stop this killing r equired changing the
perceptions of ivor y user s so as to eliminate the markets,
as well as mounting an armed force against the poachers.
With both humour and seriousness, Leakey explains
the sacrif ices he had to make in order to see his vision
succeed. Despite the gravity of the situation, Leakey
makes light of the sometimes comical circumstances,
although it is clear that his life was at r isk many times
and he worked under tr emendous pressure. For many,
however , the r eal question is why this paleoanthr opologistshould r isk his life for wildlife. The answer may lie in
Leakey's own depiction of himself , although obviously
aggr essive and driven while running KWS, as essentially
r eflective. Presenting in moving terms his introduction to
elephant emotions and society, he describes his
outrage at the moral and ethical implications of
poaching and culling for ivory, arguing that elephants,
apes, whales and dolphins have emotions so like those
of humans that they deserve to be treated as such.
Hard-cor e wildlife gr oups snigger ed at his 'bunny-
hugging' tendencies, but they underestimated his
impact. It is impossible to put a value on Leakey's work
dur ing those year s. As the elephant population began to
recover , Kenya's tour ist industry r evived to become the
country's main source of r evenue. An international
awar eness campaign centred on an ivory bonfire, which
led to the ban on ivory trade and the collapse of ivory
pr ices.
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Richard Leakey is most well-known for
A increasing wildlife budgets.
B successf ully stopping illegal hunting.
e removing the ban on the ivory trade.
D helping to identify man's origins.
- In paragraph 3, Leakey makes the point that
A conservation should be a global responsibility.
B a war must be fought against poverty.
e Africa's wildlife is an inter national attraction.
D there is insufficient money to establish parks.
~ It is now becoming accepted that
A Leakey had no regard for local communities.
B conservation pr ogrammes should be under local control.
e donors have not yet received sufficient recognition.
D pover ty makes regional conservation programmes unreliable.
e writer says that between 1975 and 1989
A the per ceptions of the use of ivory changed.
B elephants were used to make piano keys.
e the elephant population was decimated.
D demand for ivory began to decrease.
eakey considers himself
A amusing.
B sentimental.e contemplative.
D obsessive.
hat does the wr iter imply in the last paragr aph?
A A disease had affected elephants.
B Leakey's views are overly sentimental.
e Leakey's success is in doubt.
D Leakey's wor k had wide-ranging effects.
his passage is taken fr om
A an ar ticle about endangered species.B a book about Richar d Leakey.
e an article about Kenya.
D a book r eview.
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~riting (2 hours)
1 You have r ead the extract below as par t of a news pa per article on teaching f oreign languages in secondar y
schools. Read er s wer e asked to send in their o pinions. You d ecid e to write a letter r es ponding to the points
raised and ex pressing your own views.
"It isn't enough that our teenagers are
constantly bombarded with hours of
lectures and reams of homework. Now,
they want to make learning a second
language compulsory for secondary
school students. Some of these childr en
will never visit a foreign country or mix
with foreigners, so why should they be
forced to pile this extra cour se onto their
academic plates? Whatever happened to
teaching the basics and preparing our children for the futur e?"
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r ite an answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Wr ite your answer in 300-350 word s in an
a p pro priate style.
2 A national TV channel has just begun the br oad cast of a new soa p o per a. You have been ask ed to wr ite a
review of the show for a local magazine. Write a review and say why these shows ar e so po pular with some
peo ple and unpopular with other s.
3 Your local town council has announced plans to u pgr ade the town centre. They have invited proposals
f r om inter ested citizens on how to d o this. In your pr o posal, comment on the present condition of the ar ea
and make suggestions as to how to impr ove it.
4 A business magazine has invited read er s to contri bute an article entitled W h y I t's Good T o Be Your Own
Boss. Wr ite an article d escr ibing what k ind of company you would like to set up and the ad vantages and
disadvantages of running your own business.
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Paper 3 - Use of English (1hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-15, r ead the text below and think of the word which best fits each s pace. Use only one word in
each s pace. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answer s o n the separate answer sheet.
Example: ~ i _ n ~
A N IN F L U E N T IA L M A N Bor n (0) Sw itze r la nd in 18 75 , Karl Gustav jung' s ear ly li fe w as (I) from
conventional. Th e (2) child of a country pastor with waning religious convict ions and a
spiritualist mother (3) convers ed w ith ghosts , jung felt alie na te d a nd lo ne ly
(4) a child . He spent his life trying to under st an d (5) nature of the human
psyc he , to pr obe t he human mind to see w hat lur ked beneath. (6) he found helped for m
t he foundations of modern psychology , identi fy ing such familiar concepts as introver s io n a nd
extroversion , as (7) as complexes .jung went (8) t han t he mainstream of
science. (9) o f accepted scientific opinion , he d elved into ancient myths and rel igion s
and the esoteric l iterature o f alchemy and astrology. (10) his research, he discovered
r ecur rent images that he argued r evea led the exis tence of a ' collective unconscious' , wh ich we
(II) share. Such f ind ing s ha ve m ad e ju ng' s w ork in ffu en tia l in fie ld s w ell
(12) psychology , permeat ing literatur e , r el igion and culture.
jung co mpleted his final wor k just mont hs bef or e h is deat h in 1 9 6 1. T oday , jung ian an alys is thrives
( 13) psychological circles , attracting a steady stream of pat ient s s eeking s olace from
the personal difficulties in their live s. W it h mor e people th an (14) before d iscovering
t ha t ' success' often (15) to bring ha p piness , the impor tance of jung ' s efforts to find
co nt en t ment have never been c lear er .
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:or q uestions 16-25, r ead the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
'or d that f its in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers on
the separate answer sheet.
0 e _ s _ t _ a b _ ' _ i S _ h _ m _ e _ n _ t - - - - -
Co e
istorically a coffee house which served only coffee. The English ter m cafe,
borr owed from the French, is ultimately a (16) of the Turkish DERIVE
kahve, meaning coffee. The (17) of coffee and coffee drinking to INTRODUCE
Eur ope provided a much-needed focus for the social (18) of the ACT
iddle classes. The f irst cafe is said to have opened in 1550 in Constantinople;
r ing the 17th century, cafes opened throughout Europe. During the 200 years
after the mid-17th century, the most (19) coffee houses of Europe PROSPER
ourished in London as meeting points for (20) discussion about the END
f a est news and for bitter (21) During this time, the lucr ative AGREE
usiness of buying and selling insur ance, ships, stock and commodities was
isposed of in coffee houses. They became informal stations for the collection
a d distribution of packets and letters. By the 19th centur y, the (22) DAY
ewspaper and the postal service had displaced these f unctions. About the same
. e, the French cafe and restaurant were at their zenith as (23) .
laces for artists and (24) The cafe continued to be an
portant social institution in France thr oughout the 20th century. During the late
2 h centur y, as espresso and other various cof fees became popular , many
GATHER
INTELLECT
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------------------------
For questions 26-31, think of one wor d only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. Here is an
example (0).
0 g_ oo_ d _
26 Roger agreed that it was a(n) in the right direction, but said more progress was
needed.
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The new bill attempted to consumers with the means to fight back against
unscr upulous retailers.
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--------------------------
For questions 32-39, com plete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the fir st sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, induding the word
given. Here is an example (0).
~ a _ r _ e _ s u _ l t _ o _ f _ m _ y _ p _ r _ o _ m _ o _ t i _ o n _
Our other expenses befor e we decide to buy anew car.
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Th ere is for our picnic
tomorrow.
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When did you last go to a zoo? It's a fair bet that many people will reply 'not since I was a child'. Why do
so many people stop going to zoos when they reach adulthood, or at least until they have children of
their own? Maybe it's unease about, or opposition to all those bars.Or ganisations such as Zoo Check have campaigned vocifer ously in response to some blatant examples
of poor animal welfare. The group's doggedness has achieved positive results, with zoos in the 21st
century taking stock and questioning what their purpose is. Such pr essur e has generated a much greater
awareness of the need for good animal welfare and a r ole in conser vation. Animals are now kept in as
natur al conditions as possible and with as much space as possible.
Improving animal welfare is one aspect of work driving zoos into the 21st century. But what about their
conservation role? Clearly, education is an area to which zoos are ideally suited. An extensive collection
of the most popular animals ensures a healthy flow of visitors, while a large presence of less well-known
but endangered species aims to provide conservation education.
More direct involvement in conservation involves the captive br eeding of endanger ed species, rangingfr om snails right up to tigers. Unfortunately, the way things are going, with rapid loss of wild habitats,
widespread re-r elease of zoo-bred animals is not going to happen. The aim for now is to maintain stocks
of endangered species, breeding them in a co-ordinated way with other zoos so as to maintain their
numbers and minimise in-breeding.
Some would prefer zoos to drop their captive breeding and to pour their resources back into the
pr otection of wild habitats. Captive breeding incurs huge costs and encounters massive problems with
r e-introduction. In protecting the natural habitat, the animal, its environment and everything that lives with
it is protected. Thankfully, in-situ, or habitat protection, looks set to become a major component of many
zoos' work.
In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in your own words as far as possible, the
information given in the two texts on how effective the modern zoo is likely to be in conserving endangered
species.
Write your summary on the separate answer sheet.
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Paper 4 - Listening (approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four different extracts. For q uestions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according
to what you hear . There are two questions for each extract.
Ext ract One I
1 What does the expert say about foliage plants?
A They are very versatile.
B They need little attention.
e They ar e cheap and attractive.
2 The broadcast is aimed at people
A who suff er fr om allergies.
B who want backgr ound plants.
e who neglect their gar dens..
Ext ract Two I
3 The couple bought the farmhouse because they thought
A it was r easonably priced.
B it was in bad condition.
e it could be improved.
4 Using r ecycled wood made the kitchen look
A war m and sunny.
B more established.
e ultra modern.
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----------------------------------
You will hear a report on how English has become a global language. For questions 9-17, complete the
entences with a word or shor t phrase.
_______ 0·English first star ted to spread when explorers made I~ ~Q !Jo the other side of the world.
The influence of Britain in the past and the influence of American businesses are the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ IJ IJ which give English its present significance.
The number of people whose I I~ is English is
ignif icantly greater in the USA than in the UK.
t is dif f icult to I ~ the communicative functions of
English in some countries.
t is sometimes suggested that English is I ~ superior
o other languages.
People tend to judge languages using subjective rather than I I~ .
English sentence structur e is I~ ~.
Language success is I Q :I ] on a variety of different things.
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_ 'n hear an interview with Mar ia Stef anovich, co-found er of a cr eativity group which organises wor k shops
tives. For q uestions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which f its best accor d ing to what you hear.
porations appreciate mask-making workshops because
no one wants negative faces at the office.
B unhappy employees won't come to work.
C they realise how their employees see them.
D their employees change their approach.
mpanies are turning to creative workshops because they have acknowledged that
unpr oductive employees are a financial burden.
S the traditional work environment has its limitations.
e employees at the f irm 'Play'
change positions frequently to lessen boredom.
have business cards indicating their jobs.
dr ess up like comic book characters.
do not have stereotyped ideas about their jobs.
- e companies that show most interest in creative workshops are supr ising because
hey usually have creative employees to begin with.
eir employees are the ones who have to present regularly.
ther e are many other exciting workshops they would prefer.
heir employees should be used to being funny.
~ 'a mentions the traditional companies that have held workshops in order to
: = . I oast about the clients her company has helped.
3 show that they have a narrow list of clients.
ownplay the serious reputations of the firms.
oint out the diversity of those trying different approaches.
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-------------------------
You will hear two writers, Susan and Edward , talking about the best way to deal with luggage when travelling.
For questions 23-28, decid e whether the opinions are ex pressed by only one of the speaker s, or whether the
s peaker s agree.
Write S
E
or B
for Susan
for Edward
for Both
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~eaking (approx. 20 minutes)
'ng test involves two cand idates and two examiners. One examiner , the Inter locutor , will s peak to
the other , the Assessor , will just listen.
Part 1 (3 minutes)
be asked questions in tur n about certain as pects of your personal life; where you are from, what you- -:a li\ing, where you go to school, your hobbies and your general opinion on certain to pics.
Part 2 (4 minutes)
be ask ed to discuss the photogra phs on page 163 together . There are two stages in this par t.
-:::1-
- = - = E..r P some photogr aphs depicting people with dif f erent lifestyles. Look at pictures 2 and 4 on page 163 and
= er about the dif ferent ways of life the people shown here might have.
~2
k at all the pictur es. Imagine these photographs will be par t of an adver tising campaign for a new pr oduct.
other about the kind of product each of these photographs could be used to promote and select the best
,-C;:Jg j'8p,hf or an advertising campaign.
Part 3 (12 minutes)
_ iU be asked to talk on your own, comment on what your partner says and join in a thr ee-way discussion
- _ 'Our partner and the Interlocutor around a cer tain theme.
idate will be asked to look at prompt card (a)about it for two minutes.
- = 3 e also some ideas f or the candidate to use if
- = _-e ·f ishes.
- e candidate will then be asked if he/she has
o add.
e Inter locutor will ask both candidates a
such as:
, a extent is·tour ism promoted in your country ?
to u r ism im po r tan t to d a y ?a ional under standing
al economies
ement of f acilities
The second candidate is then given prompt card (b)and asked to discuss it for two minutes.
The other candidate will then be asked if he/she has
anything to add.
Then both candidates will be asked a question on the
sub ject, such as:
• What could be done to attract more tourists?
Prompt Card (b)
W h y d o t o ur is t s c o m e t o y o u r c o u n tr y ?- natur al beauty
- enter tainment
- history
--: -"'- will then be concluded with a number of general questions about the topic:
'--5i egative effects might an incr ease in tourism pr oduce ?
- " has tour ism aff ected the diet of local people?
- ,'/ successful would eco-tour ism be in your country ?
-5' -eatur es could make an ar ea attr active to visitor s?
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Paper 1 - Reading (l hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Mark your answer s on the separate answer sheet.
N E W D E V E L O P M E N T Svisit the cinema and as a result the
film industry was struggling. By
contrast, the music industry was
on the up. 'Micro-groove' seven-
inch records, made of unbreakable
vinylite, had begun to be produced
and for the first time, consumers
could choose from a (6) .
range of equipment on which to
play them.
now ubiquitous Dar chair - a one-
piece moulded plastic seat,
(3) by wire legs.
However , in this era of optimism
there were a few casualties. The
BBC had extended its service with
outside broadcasts of major
sporting events, plays, gardening
and children's programmes. With
such delights on (4) .
in their homes, people wer e
increasingly (5) to
After the war designers could
experiment more (1) .
with materials once regarded as
substitutes - in particular plastics,
acrylics and nylon. In 1948, American architect Charles Eames
(2) knowledge gained
during the war to design the
1 A copiously B freely C loosely 0 wildly
2 A exerted B allotted C applied 0 practised
3 A held B shoulder ed C supported 0 sustained
4 A offer B show C sale 0 approval
5 A disappointed B displeased C disconnected 0 disinclined
6 A wide B lavish C plentiful 0 excessive
~
ira Kurosawa's 1954 classic
Seven Samurai is about a bunch of
own-on-their luck warriors who
agree to defend a small village from a
band of thieves in (7) for three
meals a day and much honour . Since
Kurosawa's (8) influence was
the epic Westerns of John Ford, it is
ironic that in 1959 Hollywood thoughtSamurai would make a good cowboy
film - and The Magnificent Seven
appeared on the screen. Originally, Yul
Brynner was to direct the remake but
after much (9) , director John
Sturges took the helm. Aside from
Broadway actor , Eli Wallach, Brynner
was the only famous name in the movie;
Charles Bronson, Robert Vaughan and
James Coburn got their career changing
roles by (10) of mouth. Now,
in this digitally r ejigged (11) ,
you can f ind out what happened on theaction - filled set via an exclusive new
documentary and see how the film nearly
did not become the (12) classic
it is today.
7 A reciprocity B trade C exchange 0 substitute
8 A deep B major C large 0 most
9 A argument B combat C brawling 0 jostling
10 A talk B speech C word 0 claim
11 A edition B recital C variety 0 version
12 A idolised B revered C sacred 0 worshipped
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UNUSUAL
INSPIRATION
hen I was a teenager studying
r er atur e, I used to be annoyed by
"he way my father , a doctor , would
(13) the inspir ation for great
liter atur e to various illnesses.
Leontes in Shakespear e's The
Winter 's Tale was a 'case study' inpathological jealousy. Monet and
Turner achieved their gr eat wor k
because of (14) eyesight,
making things (15) blur r ed,
and so on. I realise now that such
thinking is characteristic of the
(16) that doctors have for
Paper 1 - Reading
their sub ject. Thomas Dormandy,
a consultant pathologist is noexception to t he (17) He
ar gues in his very (18) book
that dur ing the 19th and much of
the 20th century, tuber culosis was a
formative influence on art, music
and literatur e.
13 A credit B ascribe C account 0 suggest14 A contracting B failing C def icient 0 short15 A hardly B slightly C bar ely 0 narr owly16 A passion B vigour C fury 0 emotion17 A law B pr inciple C ethic 0 rule18 A informative B knowledgeable
C informed 0 instructed
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------------------------
ou ar e going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with marriage and weddings. For
uestions 19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think f its best accor d ing to the text. Mark your
nswers on the separate answer sheet.
- - _ . .' ~ . W : e d d i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s
Royal Lily Weddings exists to provide you and your
dear ones with a prof essional wedding co-ordination
ser vice.
We can attend to all aspects of the event. Restassur ed no detail will be disregarded by us.
Not everyone gets married in chur ch these days.
Even the tr aditional sometimes choose other venues
they consider more romantic or f itting - a beautif ul
garden for instance, or a beach, or a mountain top -
even a bus shelter.
Choice regarding the dr ess too, has become far
wider . If you don't want to be marr ied in white,
dar e to be bold. We offer advice and access to
select coutur iers and fashion designer s.
A wish to preser ve customar y styles.
B lack knowledge of wedding pr ocedures.
C only want something different.
D want their wedding day to be per f ect.
~ - : : : ~ ~ ; ~ g: n m : ~: f f i : ~ ; e ~ e ~ : ~ ;~ ~ l f o ,; ; - - lwrite the book. The traditional Christian vow made
by a wife to her husband has lar gely been
abandoned, and in its wake, per sonalised vows
have come to the fore.
Seating at the r eception, as at the chur ch, can be a
pr oblem. We will liaise between you and any
unintentionally dif f icult f amily members or f riends
using tact and discr etion to pr eserve the har mony
on the day as well as in the year s to follow.
Whatever f or mat you choose, do come to Royal
Lily Weddings to make sure it all adds up to a day
you will remember for the r est of your lives.
A accommodating
B f orbearing
C patr onising
D demanding
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An impor tant role of the church is to r emind to keep f amilies together . Using the tax
us of the moral concerns conf ronting system or custody laws to discipline
society. Recently we have been r eminded couples whose marriages f ail, will only add
of that r ole in a speech ,....---------------, to the str ess and har dship
given by the archbishop, of those contemplating
who lamented the high T1lJE divorce. Marriage is not
r ate of divor ce and linked I I 'the only contr act that
f alling fertility rates to theS'I t TE 0F people can walk awaycollapse of tr aditional I/1 f rom without a penalty' as
f amily life. He pr edicted he suggested, because
that the lower birth rate L A MIL Y divor ce itself can be awould have serious social I" great penalty f or those
consequences in the f uture LIFE af f ected by it. Keeping
and suggested that the couples together by
tax system be used to dur ess is not the best wayr eward couples who stay to str engthen mar r iage.together and have children. L...- --' How to nur tur e the
It is unlikely, however , that imposing a individual desir e f or gr owth and fulfilment,
'divorce tax' on separating couples, or while str engthening family lif e is a gr eat
r eintroducing fault as an element in challenge f or all of society. The ar chbishop
deter mining custody and pr oper ty is to be congr atulated f or r e-opening the
settlements, as he suggested, will do much debate.
A contractual.
B punitive.
C r ewarding.
o understanding.
A exceeded his role.
B overemphasised the individual.
C acted in accordance with his position.
o paid too much attention to divor ce.
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-
----------------------
MehndiMehndi is deeply ingrained in the
Indian tradition. Although applied on
other occasions as well, it is an
integral part of the wedding ceremony
and is almost synonymous with
marriage. A special time is set aside
for the application of mehndi to the
hands and feet of the bride-to-be,and the ceremony _generally takes
place on the night before the actual
wedding. In the past, when almost all
the women in any given household
were proficient in this art, the most
talented relative or friend was usually
designated to perform this duty. Now
that this art is getting lost in the race
for urbanisation, special beauticians
or artists have to be hired for the
purpose and mehndi parlours are
springing up in large cities.
The mehndi ceremony is a special
one for the bride. She is surrol,lnded
by all the female members of the
household, as well as the friends she
has grown up with and close relatives
who have come to attend the wedding.
There will be much singing and
dancing interspersed with bouts of teasing the bride. They have a
captive audience in her, since she
has to sit still for at least five to six
hours while the mehndi is being
applied. Like most customs and
traditions that surround a wedding,
there is an atmospher e of joviality
and nostalgia, with a tinge of sadness.
the mehndi ceremony may replace the marriage ceremony.
the growth of big cities is causing all traditional practices to disappear.
changes in liVing patterns have caused new types of businesses to appear.
the art of applying mehndi is learnt by the majority of women.
24 The writer gives the impression that, on the whole, the mehndi ceremony is
A a chance to review the past.
S a time of regret.
e a time for celebration.
o a daunting experience.
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O u t s i d e t h e R e ~ s t r y O f f i c e And then she saw the Registry Office and a small cr owd chatting on the pavement
in front of the entr ance. Like a visitor f rom another planet, she saw her publisher
and her agent and her poor f ather 's cr azy vegetarian cousin and several of her
friends and quite a f ew neighbour s. And she saw Penelope, animated, her red hat
attr acting the attention of one or t wo of the photographers, conver sing with the
best man and Geof f r ey. And then she saw, in a flash, but for all time, the totality
of his mouse-like seemliness.
Leaningf or war d, in a condition of extreme calm, she said to the driver , "Would you
take me on a little fur ther please? I've changed my mind."
"Certainly, Madam he r eplied, thinking she was one of the guests. "Wher e would youlike to go?"
"Perhaps r ound the par k?" she suggested.
As the car proceeded smoothly past the Registr y Of f ice, Edith saw, as if in a
still photogr aph, Penelope and Geof fr ey, star ing, their mouths open in horror . Then
the scene became slightly mor e animated, as the cr owd began to straggle down the
steps, reminding her of a sequence in some ear ly masterpiece of the cinema, now
pr eser ved as ar chive mater ial.
A th e wedding o f a fr iend.
S a relative's h ou se.
e her own wedding.
o an official reception.
A cut off from the scene.
S disturbed by what she sees.
e impressed by the immobility of the people.
o the onset of old age.
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------------------------
You ar e going to read an extract from a book a bout India. Seven paragr aphs have been removed from the extr act.
Choose f r om par agr a phs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extr a paragraph which you do not
need to use.
Mar k your answers on the se par ate answer sheet.
~ <~ - • ~ ~ .•..•_~.~~-.._. ~ _ _ ~~~~ ~-.-~:'Eo~ ~~~~~~~~......_;: •..•~~_=_~~~~
RAJASTHAN
One evening, by the light of an electric bulb we sat
out with the villagers in the main street of a 'model
village' of the command area. The street was
unpaved, and the villagers, welcoming us, had
quickly spread cotton rugs on the ground that had
been softened by the morning's rain, half hardened
by the afternoon's heat, and then tr ampled andmanured by the village cattle returning at dusk. The
women had withdrawn, we were lef t with the men
and, until the rain came roaring in again, we talked.
~~------The problems of the irrigation pr oject the commissioner
was directing wer e not only those of salinity or the
r avinesor land levelling.The problem as he saw it, was
the r emaking of men. And this was not simply making
men want something; it meant in the first place,
bringing them back from the self-wounding and thespecial waste that come with an established destitution.
§]~------But if in this model village - near Kotah Town, which
was fast industrialising - there had been some
movement, Bundi, the next day, seemed to take us
backward. Bundi and Kotah; to me, until this trip, they
had only been beautif ul names, the names of r elated
but distinct schools of Rajasthan painting. The artistic
glor y of Bundi had come first in the late seventeenth
centur y.
~IOld wars; bravely fought but usually little more had
been at stake other than the honour and local glory of
one particular prince. The fortifications were now
useless, the palace was empty. One dark, dusty room
had old photographs and remnants of Victor ian bric-
a-brac. The small formal garden in the courtyard was
in decay; and the mechanical, decorative nineteenth-
century Bundi mur als around the courtyard had faded
to blues and yellows and greens. In the inner rooms,
hidden from the sun, brighter colours survived, andsome panels wer e exquisite. But it all awaited r uin.
§]~------Their mock aggressiveness and mock exasperation
held little of real despair or rebellion. It was a ritual
show of deferenceto authority, a demonstration of their
complete dependence on authority. The commissioner
smiled and listened and heard them all; and their passion faded.
~~------They were far removed from the commissioner's
anxieties, from his vision of what could be done with
their land. They were, really, at peace with the world
they knew. Like the woman in whose yard we sat.
She was friendly, she had dragged out string beds for
us from her little brick hut; but her manner was
slightly supercilious. There was a reason. She was
happy, she considered herself blessed. She had hadthree sons, and she glowed with that achievement.
§J _Men had retr eated to their last, impregnable defences:
their knowledge of who they were, their unshakeable
place in the scheme of things; and this knowledge
was like their knowledge of the seasons. Rituals
marked the passage of each day, rituals marked
every stage of a man's life. Life itself had been turned
to r itual; and everything beyond this complete and
sanctified world was vain and phantasmal.
§]~-----~But to those who embraced its philosophy of
distress, India also offered an enduring security, its
equilibr ium. Only India with its great past, its
civilisation, its philosophy, and its almost holy
poverty, offer ed this truth; India was the truth. And
India, for all its surface terrors, could be proclaimed,
without disingenuousness or cruelty, as perfect. Not
only by pauper but by pr ince.
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e were, as the commissioner said, among men
who until recently, cut only the very tops of sugar
cane and left the rest of the plant, the substance
of the cr op, to rot. So the present concer n, her e
i the model village, about fertiliser s and yieldsas an immeasur able advance.
Kingdoms, empires, pr ojects like the
commissioner 's; they had come and gone.
The monuments of ambition and r estlessness
littered the land, so many of them abandoned
or destroyed, so many unfinished, the wor k of
dynasties suddenly supplanted. India taught
the vanity of all action; and the visitor could be
appalled by the waste, and by all that now
appear ed to thr eaten the commissioner 's
enterprise.
So handsome, these men of Rajasthan, so
self -possessed; it took time to understand that
heir concer ns were limited. The fields, water,
cr ops, cattle: that was wher e concern began
and ended. They wer e a model village, and so
hey considered themselves. There was little
more that they needed, and I began to see my
own ideas of village impr ovement as f antasies.
othing beyond f ood - and survival - had, as
yet, become an object of ambition.
All vitality had been sucked up into that palace
on the hill; and now vitality had gone out of
Bundi. It showed in the rundown town on the
hillside below the palace; it showed in t he
ields; it showed in the people, more beaten
down than at Kotah Town just sixty miles away,
less amenable to the commissioner 's ideas,
and more full of complaints. They complained
even when they had no cause; and it seemed
hat they complained because they felt it wasexpected of them.
All the chivalry of Rajasthan had been reduced
here to nothing. The palace was empty; the
petty wars of pr inces had been absorbed into
legend and could no longer be dated. All that
r emained was what the visitor could see: smallpoor fields, ragged men, huts, monsoon mud.
But in that very abjectness lay security. Where
the world had shrunk, and ideas of human
possibility had become extinct, the wor ld could
be seen as complete.
The Prince's state, or what had been his state,
was wr etched; just the palace and the peasants.
The developments in which he had invested
hadn't yet begun to show. In the mor ning, in the
rain, I saw young child labour ers using their
hands alone to shovel gravel onto a water logged
path. Gr oundnuts were the only source of
protein her e; but the peasants preferred to sell
their crop, and the childr en were stunted.
And after the flat waterlogged fields, pallid
paddy thinning out at times to mar shland, after
the desolation of the road from Kotah, the
flooded ditches, the occasional cycle-rickshaw,
the damp groups of bright-turbaned peasants
waiting for the bus, Bundi Castle on its hill was
startling, its great walls like the wor k of giants,
the extravagant creation of men who had once
had much to defend.
Later we sat with the 'village level' worker s in the
shade of a small tr ee in a woman's yard. These
officials were the last in the chain of command;
on them much of the success of the scheme
depended. There had been evidence during the
morning's tour that they hadn't all been doing
their jobs. But they were not abashed; instead,
sitting in a line on a str ing bed, dressed likeofficials i n tr ouser s and shirts, they spoke of
their need for pr omotion and status.
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--------------------------------------
You ar e going to r ead an extract f r om an ar ticle on Marco Polo. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B,
C or D) which you think f its best according to the text.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
"Here begins the introduction of this book, which is
called 'The Description of the World.' Lords, Emperor s,
and Kings, Dukes, and Marquesses, Counts, Knights,
and Burgesses, and all people who wish to know the
different generations of men and the diversities of the
different regions of the world, then take this book and
have it r ead and her e you will find all the greatest
mar vels and the great diver sities ..."
So begins Marco Polo's book, 'The Description of the
World,' as pr esented in Ar thur Christopher Moule's
masterful English translation of a ver sion of Mar co Polo's
book known to scholars as the 'F' text. The storied
Venetian trader escaped bandits, pirates, r ampaging
r ivers and sandstorms on his epic eastbound journey.
Sailing the treacherous coasts of Southeast Asia and
India, Marco Polo r eturned to Venice in 1295, after 24
year s, rich in gems, and wild tales of unimagined lands.
Shortly after his retur n to Venice, Mar co Polo wascaptured at sea, possibly by pir ates. One tr adition
suggests he was imprisoned in Genoa's Palazzo and
that he devoted his prison time to composing his book.
On his deathbed in 1324, the legendary adventurer
reflected that he had many more stories to tell.
'The Description of the World,' the original pr oduct of
Marco Polo's collaboration with a romance wr iter named
Rustichello has been lost, and so scholars are lef t to sift
through the some 150 ver sions known to exist, no two
exactly alike. Scholars divide the 150 ver sions into two
gr oups, labeled ' A' and 'B'. The 'F' text, which f alls into
the ' A' group, is housed in the Bibliotheque Nationale in
Par is. Considered one of the best and very close to the
original, it is written in a Franco-Italian language
described by one scholar as 'uncouth French much
mingled with Italian.'
Some of these ' A' texts are notor ious for variations that
show the biases, mistakes and editor ial judgments of
their copiers. For example, when some tr anslators were
pr esented with the news that the thr ee Magi wer e buried
at Saveh in Per sia rather than in Cologne, they inser ted
that the people of Saveh tell many lies. As these books
wer e translated f rom language to language, the
oppor tunities for er r or multiplied; one text fr om the early
16th centur y is a Tuscan translation of a Latin tr anslation
of an earlier Tuscan translation of the original Fr anco-
Italian language. Although we have no conf irmation of
the Marco-Rustichello collaboration other than the book
itself, Marco Polo seems to have approved of at least
some of its versions, for in 1307 he presented a French
tr anslation of it to an envoy of Charles of Valois.
The second gr oup of manuscr ipts, known as the 'B'
group, pr ovides some provocative mater ial not found in
the ' A' texts. Fr om this 'B' group, for example, we learn
that the people ar ound Yarkand in western China suf f er
from goitr e - a pr oblem for them even today. Until the
1930s the only examples of 'B' texts wer e.a f ew odd bits
of manuscr ipt and a printed text by Giambattista Ramusio
that appeared in 1559, two years after his death. Ramusio
tells his reader s that his Italian version was produced 'with
the help of diff er ent copies.' The foundation of his work
appears to be a Latin text dating f r om before 1320, with
influences f rom other identifiable ver sions. What isdistinctive about Ramusio's work is that about twenty per
cent of it was, until 1932, considered unique. That twenty
per cent is thought to have come fr om another early Latin
text, which may have been destroyed in a 1557f ire. In any
event, the source has never been f ound.
A second version containing much of Ramusio's original
material sur f aced in Toledo, Spain in 1932. Most of this
Latin manuscript agr ees with the 'F' manuscript, but it
also contains some 200 passages not found in 'F'. About
120 of those, however , ar e f ound in Ramusio's book.
Because the remaining 80 of f er valuable historical and
geographical material and even help to clarif y some
obscur e passages of 'F', this manuscript is thought to be
a copy of something that was very close to an original.
In sorting this out, scholars have come to conclude that
Marco Polo probably wrote two ver sions of his book.
The second version, repr esented by the 'B' texts, may
have been a revision and expansion done for a select
gr oup of r eaders who had alr eady made their way
through the fir st book. It is unlikely that we will ever know
exactly what f orm the first book took, but the versions we
have still make for a very good read.
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P a p e r 2 - W r it i n g (2 hours)
A proposal has been made by an international retail gr oup of companies to build a lar ge sho pping complex,
complete with r estaurants and leisur e facilities in a countr y ar ea close to your town. This is lik ely to cause
disruption to the area with new road and rail link s and relocation of local residents. Th e f ollowing comments
were made at a public meeting to discuss the situation.
- - - - - - -It will bring new')
lif e to the ar ea! /
~
- - - " ~-~-- - - - - -
)What a bout t he noise
an d pollution fr om
the traffic?I
Your local newspaper has published an editorial and invited readers to express their views, to be
brought up at the next public meeting. You decide to wr ite a letter to the editor to state your point
of view. Write your letter. Do not write any postal addresses.
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answer to one of the questions 2-5 in this part. Write your answer in 300-350 words in an
~ _ ~ate style.
~-o are employed by a local magazine and have been asked by your editor to write a review of a new hotel
. h bas r ecently opened in the town. Describe the f acilities available. Give your impression of the
::t- rio d ecorations, courtesy of the staff , and value for money and say whether you would recommend it
:-not.
·ou are a member of a group that is involved in a campaign to encourage people to help the environment.
·ou have been asked to contribute an article for a local magazine, describing how you became interested protecting the environment and explaining how groups such as yours can help.
The company for which you work is planning to renovate and ex pand its present premises. Staff have been
ed to give in proposals on how this can best be done. In your proposal, comment on the present
• remises and make proposals for improving and extending them.
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For q uestions 16-25, read the texts below. Use the wor d given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to for m
a \ ord that fits in the s pace in the same line. Ther e is an example at the beginning (0). Wr ite your answers on
the se parate answer sheet.
~ ~ a _ p _ p _ e _ a _ r _ a _ n c _ e _
EINinoOver the years the (0) 0P.P.~0~.0 .~.~.~.. of La Nina has been mor e
(16) than that of EI Nino; its patterns are not yet fully
r emembered for more than just a litany of disasters. The 1997-98
EI Nino marked a (18) breakthrough in that for the
fir st time scientists were able to predict (19) flooding
and dr oughts months in advance, allowing time for (20) .
populations to prepare. At the very least, preparation can save
lives. Even in regions affected by (21) , constr ucting
(22) systems and stockpiling emergency supplies saved
hundr eds of lives. Forewar ning brought (23) international
aid to such places as Papua, New Guinea, wher e highland populations
were f aced with (24) after frost and drought combined
to destr oy (25) crops.
APPEA R
PREDICT
HISTORY
NORMAL
THREAT
POOR
DRAIN
TIME
STARVE
SUBSIST
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-----------------------------------
For q uestions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used ap propriately in all thr ee sentences. Here is an
exam ple (0).
~ g _ O _ O _ d _
The recent economic downturn has meant that more workers can expect to be in the
next few months.
Susan returned from the meeting with new enthusiasm to do what she could to
protect the environment.
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The children about which TV channel to watch all the time. It's driving their mother
mad!
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------------------------
For questions 32-39, com plete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word
given. Here is an example (0).
l iJ C l _ f e _ S _ u _ lt_ o _ f_ m _ y _ p _ f o _ m _ o t_ io _ n _
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My neighbour him to use my lawn mower
whenever he likes.
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~~tBB _
For questions 40-44, r ead the following texts on off ice technology and ergonomics. For questions 40-43, answer
with a wor d o r shor t phrase. You d o not need to wr ite com plete sentences. For question 44, wr ite a summar y
accor ding to the instr uctions given.
Wr ite your answers to questions 40-44, on the separate answer sheet.
Thir ty years ago, the TV series UFO envisioned 1999 as an era when space fighters were launched
from submarines, the world was under thr eat fr om alien invader s - and ever yone carried a slide rule in
a holster on their belts.
Even as the programme was being made, pocket calculator s were coming onto the market. There was
a lesson about the f uture: it will overtake your wildest imaginings. If you f ocus on how existing
technologies will develop, you miss the real changes - and thr eats. This autumn sees the changeover fr om keyboar ds and mice to using the human voice to dictate dir ectly onto the scr een, and to
command the computer . Wonderful, you may think. A cur e f or r epetitive strain in jury (RSI), caused by
r epeated physical actions. Except that it will not be. It will tr ansf er RS I fr om the wr ist to the thr oat. The
voice box is a ver y delicate instr ument and we are not used to speaking all the time. Even 200 words
(taking a little over a minute to say) leaves us clearing our thr oats and sipping a dr ink. There will be
catastrophes unless we lear n how to use our voices saf ely. Students who get up on the mor ning of an
essay deadline to compose 4,000 wor ds on a voice-oper ated computer could per manently damage
their voices.
Each new technological development tends t o br ing pr oblems with it. Nobody had heard of RSI until
word pr ocessor s exploded onto the mar ket. Long hour s spent star ing into a computer monitor led to
complaints of eyestrain, backache and even worries about radiation leaks f r om the scr een. Repetitive
computer related tasks are such a common feature of moder n wor k that many companies are calling
in ergonomic consultants to recommend ways to avoid RSI conditions such as carpal tunnel
syndrome, a wrist condition commonly found in people who use keyboards. Companies f ound that by
f ollowing their advice, claims for in jury or illnesses suf f er ed by employees wer e greatly diminished.
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Certain characteristics of the wor k setting have been associated with injury. These char acter istics are known
as task physical, or pr imarily, interaction between the worker and the wor k setting, and environmental, or
primarily, interaction between the worker and the envir onment. Task physical character istics in a wor kplace
such as a modern office are likely to be r elated to posture, repetition, dur ation and r ecovery time.Environmental character istics may be r elated to heat or cold str ess, lighting and mor e r arely, noise.
Posture is the position of the body while perf orming work activities. Awkward postur e is associated with
an increased risk of in jury. It is generally consider ed that the moment a joint deviates fr om the natural
position, the greater the risk of in jur y and there ar e specif ic postures which have been associated with
cer tain types of injury, for example, to the wr ist while bending it up and down or fr om side to side. The
neck can be injured by bending it f orwar d or to the back, or side bending as when holding a telephone
to the shoulder . Back injuries may occur when bending at the waist or twisting. With industrialisation, the
r end regarding lighting has been to provide higher lighting levels. This has pr oven hazar dous within
certain work settings such as in offices in which problems of glare and sight pr oblems have been
associated with bright lighting. The current recommended tr end is for low-level background light coupled
with non-glare task lighting which can be contr olled.
oise is unwanted sound and can cause many problems in an industr ial setting. In an office, however , noise
evels that are well below thresholds that cause hearing loss may interfere with the ability of some people to
concentrate, as indeed, can other f actor s such as mental loading, decision making or invariability of tasks.
Er gonomic solutions to these pr oblems may include providing chairs with wr ist and f oot r ests, moving
'IOrk stations to minimise glare without shutting out daylight and pr oviding window coatings and blinds
o f urther reduce glar e in some ar eas. These are only a f ew of the ways to ensur e that worker s can be
or e comfortable at their jobs and will be able to spend mor e time at their wor kstations. In juries would
e r educed and there would be a commensur ate r eduction in wor ker s' compensation costs.
In a par agraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in your own words as far as possible, the ways
given in the texts in which employers and employees could solve the problems brought about byechnological advances in modern off ices.
rite your summar y on the separate answer sheet.
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Paper 4 - Listening (approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four diff er ent extr acts. For q uestions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which f its best accor d in=
to what you hear . There are two questions for each extract.
I Extract One I
1 How does he feel about the estate wher e he lived?
A He thinks too much importance was attached to housing needs.
B He feels fortunate to have gr own up there.
C He resents the lack of play facilities for children.
2 How did he and his fr iends feel about having to make their own enter tainment?
A They didn't like being left to their own devices.
B They went ahead and enjoyed themselves anyway.
C They were too busy working to think about it.
I Extract Two I
3 What do they disagr ee about?
A That it is the par ents' responsibility to ensure regular attendance at school.
B That it is better to stay at school to gain qualifications.
C That the young man is at least getting wor k experience.
4 What is the woman's opinion r egar ding her son's truancy?
A She f ully supports her son since he works f or himself.
B She doesn't condone it, but feels power less to stop it.
C She doesn't want to be prosecuted because of her son.
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----------------------------------
You will hear a radio programme about a family who gave up their suburban lifestyle for a life in the countr y.
For q uestions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
______ 0.
Their house has 1 ~ [ tO J views of the countr yside.
Their main priority is to make themselves I I T Dbefore putting their own produce on the market.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ IJ IJ ·
For the time being Nina is star ting to make a(n) 1 1 2 ! J .
Many people like them, who are I~ I~ with their jobs,
have moved to the countr y.
They invested in a TV set for the I ~of their daughter .
The couple find their new way of lif e extremely 1 [ 1 " 6 ] .
This kind of life is demanding so it is impor tant to be
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C ! D to make it work.
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'ou will hear an interview with Haile Gebrselassie who recently won an Olym pic gold med al. For q uestions 18-
-2, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which best fits what you hear .
18 Runner s f r om Ethiopia and other Rif t Valley countries have an advantage because
A Ethiopians like r unning f or its own sake.
B they tr ain fr om an ear ly age.
e their bodies have adapted to their environment.
D they were bor n with unusual physical attributes.
19 Runners f rom other countr ies may suff er
A dur ing training in the mountains.
B due to bad cir culation.
e when they leave high altitudes.
D due to insuf f icient training.
20 Haile is par ticularly good at distances of 10 kilometr es because
A he was obliged to r un to school and back.
B he was taught to run at school.
e school in Asela had many long-distance athletes.
D his running style was inf luenced by car r ying books.
21 Altitude plays a part in producing top athletes, but another f actor involved is
A that childr en ar e encour aged to r un by their parents.
B that r unning is their only means of getting ar ound.
e the influence of the Ethiopian attitude to life.
D the long distances between places.
22 Haile and his equipment sponsor established the Global Adidas running club because
A they wanted to r ecr uit mor e athletes in Ethiopia.
B they wanted to invest money in the spor t in Ethiopia.
e they wanted to see mor e r unner s in the hills.
D they wanted to bring athletes fr om Asela to Addis Ababa.
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er 5 - Speaking (approx. 20 minutes)
-' g test involves two cand idates and two examiner s. One examiner , the Interlocutor, will speak to
L be other, the Assessor , will just listen.
Part 1 (3 minutes)
be asked questions in turn about where you live and where you are from, your wor k , studies and _ ~= and your views on cer tain things.
Part 2 (4 minutes)
_ ill be asked to d iscuss the photogr aphs on page 164 together . Ther e are two stages in this part.
ome photographs which show animals in the wild and in some for m of captivity. Look at pictures 1 and 2
64 and discuss the dif ferences in the ways the animals live.
g to a gr oup which wishes to promote better tr eatment of animals. Discuss how these images might help- = ~campaign. Select two pictures which show two strongly contrasting images of animals.
Part 3 (12 minutes)
be asked to talk on your own, comment on what your partner says and join in a three-way discussion
UI par tner and the Interlocutor around a certain theme.
idate will be asked to look at prompt car d (a)
about it for two minutes.
-- ==;;; e also some ideas f or the candidate to use if -,;:;-- ,·shes.
- : ~e candidate will then be asked if he/she has
a add.
e Inter locutor will ask both candidates a
such as:
uch stress are people in the countr y likely to
-=' (om compar ed to those who live in cities?
t Card (a)
p o r t a n t i s s o cial s tatus to p eo p le to d a y ?
- - _ 3aSed demands
- -:; ass media
The second candidate is then given prompt card (b)
and asked to discuss it f or two minutes.
The other candidate will then be asked if he/she hasanything to add.
ThEmboth candidates will be asked a question on the
sub ject, such as:
• To what extent do you feel an only child will grow up
spoiled and lacking in social skills?
Prompt Card (b)
To w h a t e x t en t w e r e y o u r g r an d p a r en t s h ap p ie r in th ei r
e v er y d a y l i v e s t h a n y o u r p a r e n t s ?
- the rat race
- health and education- materialism and gr eed
_ -t will then be concluded with a number of gener al questions about the topic:
-aar e the advantages of rejecting the modern lif estyle and r etur ning to the past?
-- 0people sacr if iced per sonal happiness in their fight to 'keep up with the Joneses'?
-- '. at extent do you think people get what they want in life?
a: ar e the advantages and disadvantages of living in an extended family envir onment?
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Paper 1 . Reading (l hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-18, read the thr ee texts below and decid e which answer C A , B, C or D) best f its each gap.
Mar k your answer s on the se parate answer sheet.
T H E R O T H S C H I L D S
When, in the 18th century, Mayer
Anscher Rothschild (1) his
studies to join a banking firm in his
native Frankfurt, he took the first
steps towards creating one of the
most successful,and most influential
banks.
For nearly two centuries, the
fortunes of the British Government
and those of the bank were
fundamentally (2) Thanks
to the Rothschilds, the Duke of
Wellington wasable to pay his ar my
in 1814-15 (thebank received a two
per cent commission on the deal).
Ten years later , the Rothschilds
again came to the (3) when
145 British banks failed, helping
prevent the (4) of the whole
UK banking system.
The 19th centur y Prime Minister ,
Benjamin Disraeli (5) one
of his great coups as buying
enough shar es in the Suez Canal
to secure Britain a contr olling
inter est - again thanks to a £4
million Rothschild loan. Today, the
company (6) among the
world's lar gest pr ivately-owned
banks, with 40 of f ices in 30
diff er ent countr ies.
1 A abdicated B abandoned C absconded 0 discar ded
2 A bound B fastened C bonded 0 linked
3 A deliverance B rescue C salvation 0 relief
4 A subsidence B descent C collapse 0 demolition
5 A observed B beheld C saw 0 watched
6 A ranks B classes C ranges 0 positions
----
Down by the river lie the cur rant and
gooseber ry bushes - liter ally the
fruit of the potter 's field - for the
loam there is (7) with Roman
pottery. Just above, the bit of straight - or
the army path as the Saxon farmers called
it - (8) past towards the coast.
The heights are crowned with mill sites and
within the village pr oper there exists an
empty secondary hor se village, a deserted
(9) of packways, stables, harness
rooms and tackle. Nothing has contributed
more to the swif t destruction of the old
patter n of life in Suf folk than the death of
the hor se. It (10) with it a quite
different conception of time. The old
farmsteads ride high on the hills. They
must remain remote unless some huge
(11) pr oject thr usts up to meet
them. And this is not likely. Akenfield itself
has no development plans and even if
Ipswich's overspill ever thr eatened it, it is
doubtful if any preservationist society would
launch an (12) to save it. It is not
that kind of village.
7 A splashed B spattered C litter ed 0 disper sed
8 A shoots B bolts C dashes 0 hurls
9 A scheme B collectivity C entirety 0 complex
10 A drew away B carried away C made away 0 r an away
11 A housing B shelter ing C accommodating 0 dwelling
12 A attack B effort C appeal 0 or der
58
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-------------Part 2
Yo .u are gomg to read four extracts which are all con .For questions 19-26, choose the answer (A B C 0 D)ce~e~ m so~e way with children and their development
answers on the separ ate answer sheet. " r w Ie you Ihmk f ils best according to the lext. Mark you;
. ~ ~ " ." : . , ' f e a r s ' " a n d ~ F e a r ~ s ~ '~"·".t.,- . .
'. .
Like many par ents I had not f ully appreciated the
emotional upheaval going to school for the f irst time
involves for a child. I had tended to focus on my
own feelings, and notwithstanding my awareness
that this was a major step in my daughter 's life, my
own r eluctant acceptance of this as a rite of
passage which signalled the end of babyhood, had
preoccupied me to the exclusion of all else. Never
once did I imagine she would have any objections.
To be fair to myself, this was par tly because, having
gone back to wor k r elatively soon after she was
bor n, I had had to leave her at home in the care of
a childminder from a very early age, so she was
quite a sociable child. What I had failed to
appreciate, though, was the strong sense of
placeyoung childr en possess.To my daughter ,
what mattered, perhaps more than anything
else, was the shiftto a new, possibly thr eatening
environment. Per hapsit is impossible for adults,
with our acceptance of the transience of everything in the modern wor ld, to understand
how primitive small childr en still are in the their
reactions to the wor ld ar ound them. The wor ld is
unchanging, permanent and any alteration
represents an enormous tragedy. At any rate, my
attempts to leave her at nursery school were
gr eeted with hear t-rending screams which left me
shaken and shamefaced as I slunk awayto my office.
19 What had the writer no t expected her child to do on the first day of school?
A Go willingly to school.
B Feel comf or table in new surr oundings.
C Get on with the other childr en.
D Rebel at her new situation.
A guilty.
B r elieved.
C startled.
D unconcerned.
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Early Literacy Development
This great resource gives the latest information on emer ging r eading and writing skills.
You will get facts and background information to help you identify the stages of literacy
development as well as strategies to facilitate them for future academic success. Learn
about the characteristics and factors that promote or inhibit reading acquisition and
writing development. This resource covers:
• stages in early reading and writing
• characteristics of delay and 'at risk' factors
• reading and writing facilitation strategies
• literacy activities
• suggestions for working with parents and families
• lists of picture books
A They are now appearing at a later stage.
B They slow later progress at school.
C They are not always easy to acquir e.
D Parents should not be involved in developing them.
A parents.B educators.
C booksellers.
D children.
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-
--------------------
Growing upMy friends were quite envious of my having
famous parents. That set me apart in a
strange way. At other times though, I could
be terribly embarrassed by the fact that my
par ents weren't the same as everyone
else's par ents. I think that when you are
growing up you want to fit into some
pattern, but you don't see a big enough
picture to know what that patter n really is.
You just see a ver y nar row social pattern
into which you have been put and if you ar e
spilling out over that in some way, it can be
ver y embarrassing for a child.
I would love childhood to mean a sort of
free gr owing, but in reality it never is
because all childr en, no matter what their
background, have dar k cor ner s which they
keep to themselves. There is never that
openness - it's just the nature of the
beasts, both parents and children. The one
cannot actually see lif e fr om the per spective
of the other, and so the 'dark corners'
become caver ns of misunderstanding at
times. It's only when you're grown up that
you can actually come to ter ms with those
misunder standings and see your parents as
they really are. Similarly, par ents looking at
children see them as people they love,
people they have to protect from the world
(probably quite wr ongly) and people f or
whom they have their particularexpectations.
There ar e of cour se marvellous moments of
great happiness; but ther e ar e also
inescapable pains and disappointments.
23 In the first paragraph, the writer implies that childr en are usually
A ashamed of their parents.
B jealous of each other .
C confor mists.
o adventurous.
A ar e in need of parental pr otection.
B cannot regard their par ents as individuals.
C need to be open with their parents.
o have high expectations of their parents.
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P o s t - T r a u m a t i c S t r e s s~'1ild maltr eatment is a ma jor health problem in the United States, with, accor ding
:'0 the U.s. Department of Health and HumanSer vices, mor e than 1 million cases of
~1i1d abuse documented in 1994. It is well established that exposure to tr auma
~ eatly incr eases an individual's long-ter m vulner ability to psychiatric problems.
Besides being linked to the development of post-tr aumatic str ess disor der , it has
een f ound that a high level of adult patients suffering f r om ma jor depr ession, panic
disor der and personality disorder were abused, either physically or psychologically, as
ildren. Clar if ying what follows f r om tr auma and classifying the var ious types of
abuse may pr ovide per tinent inf or mation which could lead to better means of 1:-r eatmentf or those individuals who wer e maltr eated as childr en.
A can no longer be properly helped.
B are likely to have mental problems in later lif e.C will all need psychiatric help when they gr ow up.
D will be depr essed a gr eat deal of the time.
A when the victim has r eached adulthood.
B af ter it is lear ned how the child suffered.
C by giving the victim certain facts.
D by the sufferer 's personality type.
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~E~I~B _
You are going to read an ar ticle about the S panish treasure fleets. Seven paragraphs have been removed f rom the
extract. Choose f r om paragr a phs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extr a par agraph which you
do not need to use.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
Gold ear rings hung with pearls sank with a Spanish
galleon west of Havana, one of the many wrecked by
pirates, storms and treacherous reefs. These and
other artefacts offer a wealth of clues about the
histor y of Cuba's golden past. A glittering fortune in
gold and silver has been recover ed from the sea
floor . Treasures including luxuries such as rar e wood
and exotic f eathers wer e shipped from the New Worldto Seville by way of Cuba.
@ J _In a typical year , the fir st of the two annual treasure
fleets left Spain in spring and entered the Caribbean
near the island of Margarita, off Venezuela - a
source of pearls and a frequent target of pirates. Here
the flotilla usually split in two, following courses that
touched much of the Spanish New World. One
convoy stopped at por ts along the Spanish Main, as
the English called the northern coast of South America
and the Caribbean islands. Colonists, forbidden to
manufacture anything, had to buy even such ordinary
items as cutlery, tools and religious medals from the
convoy.
§ ] = = = = = = = = = = = = =In late summer, the merchant ships and war ships
sailed to Havana's well-fortified harbour to form the
treasure fleet. Theoretically, the captain general and
his warships defended all the mer chantmen against
pirates. In r eality, storms frequently scattered the flotilla
making individualships vulnerable. Pirateschose these
loners to attack and loot. But Piet Heyn, to the
Spanish a pirate, to the Dutch a fabled admiral, wasnot satisf ied with picking off the stragglers. He
wanted the whole treasure.
~-------Officials in Havana, who feared this legendary figure
more than any other foe, kept watch for him,
especially when a treasure fleet was about to sail f or
Spain. On August 4, 1628, Heyn and his ships layof f
Cuba, not sure whether the treasure fleet's Mexican
component (the Dutch called it the silver fleet) had
left for Havana to link up with the r est of the flotilla.
Spanish scout vessels spotted the Dutch and sent swift
courier ships to Veracruz to warn Juan de Benavides,
captain general of the treasure fleet. But, unknown to
the Spanish, Heyn had captured one of the courier
ships. Now aware that his prey would soon arrive off
Cuba, Heyn waited to pounce.
§]-------Finally in August, he set sail again. As he neared
Matanzas Bay, about 50 miles east of Havana, he saw
more than 30 Dutch warships bearing down on him. 'I
continued my course, resolved to die,' Benavides
bravely wrote in a letter to the king. But another
officer later testified that Benavides had foolishly led
the fleet into the bay. In his panic, he grounded his
own ship and all that followed.
~-------'I jumped into a boat,' Benavides later recounted,
claiming he had arranged in vain for his ship to be set
af ire in his absence. Leoz, seeing his ship boarded by
the Dutchmen, ran below, changed into the clothes of
an ordinary sailor, and slipped in among the crewmen
who already had laid down their muskets.
§]-------That done, Heyn put his men aboar d the six looted
galleons, along with three other s, and sent them off
to the Netherlands in the wake of the nine he had
captur ed earlier. Benavides' flagship, so jammed with
cargo that the cannon por ts were obstructed, had 29
guns; Leoz's had 22. Neither had fired a shot.
§]~------The story of Heyn's triumph and Benavides' death is
preserved in the General Archives of the Indies in
Seville, Spain. Treasure searchers begin here, sifting
through the voluminous r ecords that officials kept on
ever y f lotilla, on every ship and every cargo. Even
though the locations are sometimes impr ecise, the
searchers press on, going from document to hunch,
f rom the shelves in Seville to the waters off Havana.
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Their pursuers rapidly closed in, anchored or
gr ounded their ships, boarded boats manned
ith musketeers and headed for the hapless
Spanish ships. The Dutch swarmed aboard
Benavides' ship and the ship of Admiral Don
Juan de Leoz, second in command of the flotilla.
Spain's l ong reign in the New World is
chr onicled in archives, tucked away in endless
shelves in the vaulted, echoing halls of a stately
17th century building. Included in these archival
tr easures are intriguing charts and maps from
the 16th and 17th centur y, vividly portraying the
har bour of Havana. Here historians and treasure
hunters plough through documents which bear
witness to Spain's and Cuba's turbulent marine
histor y.
The Netherlands hailed Heyn as a hero and
cast a commemorative medal from the silver .
ong afterward children sang a song - 'He
has won the Silver Fleet, hur r ah, hurrah,
hur r ah!' Benavides and Leoz r eturned to Spain
in disgrace. Leoz was impr isoned for life.
Benavides was tried, not for loss of the treasure
f leet but for cowardice, and later executed. Heyn
did not last long as a hero. In 1629, while
attacking pirates in the English Channel, he
was killed by a cannonball.
Other ships carrying similar cargoes sailed into
Cartagena, Colombia, and then west to
Por tobelo, Panama, the collecting point for the
silver that flowed in from the mines of Peru. One
day, a Dominican friar in Portobelo counted 200
mules laden with silver , which was stacked in the
mar ketplace 'like heaps of stones in the str eet.'
E Flushed with a previous success - they had
alr eady captured nine ships of the silver fleet
- Heyn and his men seized half a dozenSpanish ships and put the Spaniards ashore.
In the days that followed, the Dutch sailors
inventoried and transferred the 'large amount
of plunder present,' which included 46 tons of
silver.
Hundreds of ships sank in Cuban waters, victims
of pirates, war , storms or bad navigation. These
are the ships sought today in the hope of
finding the richest prize in the Cuban seas:
ships of the Spanish treasur e fleets, the flotillas
which carr ied New Wor ld gold, silver and gems
to the royal court of Spain. The flotillas, first
sailed into history in the 16th century when
Spain's powerful Casa de Contratacion (House
of Trade) ordered merchant ships to travel in
convoy, guarded by armed warships.
As a young privateer in Spanish waters, he had
been captured and sentenced to be a galley
slave. Freed in a prisoner exchange, he returned
to sea and sought vengeance. In 1623 and
1626, as a Dutch admiral f ighting against
Spain for his homeland, he led rampages
against Spanish America, sacking the Cuban
port of Matanzas and capturing many ships.
Scion of a wealthy family of shipbuilders, Juan de
Benavides was an admir al who had never fought
a sea battle. He got his appointment through
influence, not skill. Benavides, shepherding
about 20 ships, had left Veracruz for Havana in
July, but was forced back to port because of
what he described as 'an emergency' that had
dismasted his flagship.
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-------------------------------------
You are going to read an ar ticle about lenses used in painting. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, C
or D) which you think f its best accor ding to the text. Mar k your answers on the separate answer sheet.
David Hockney's br eakthr ough work on the use made
by the old masters of mir ror s and lenses is becoming
well known. Though ther e ar e carpers and hecklers, it
has leapt fr om hunch, through theory, to accepted fact,
in a remarkably short time. His basic idea, that the use of
lenses - eff ectively photogr aphy without the chemical
fixing - spread thr oughout Eur opean painting fr om the
Renaissance onwards, alter s f orever our own per ception
of some of the gr eatest artists in history.
Two years ago, Hockney was at the National Galler y'sIngr es show in London. He was gr ipped with curiosity at
the speed, accuracy and odd certainties of Ingres'
extr aordinar ily fast portr ait sketches done in Rome and
thought Ingr es might have used an optical device called
a camer a lucida. Hockney obtained one and, with its
help, was soon also doing ver y f ast, accurate pencil
por traits. The more paintings Hockney studied, the more
evidence he f ound that lenses wer e used. This is not to
say that the great names in Western ar t wer e cheating.
Why is using a lens cheating, any more than using a
plumb line? But they were cer tainly being helped ... with
photogr aphy.
When I met Hockney in his London studio, he was
f linging out ideas. 'The photograph is far , f ar older than
we think. It's just that they didn't have the chemical
f ixative until the nineteenth century,' he says. 'It frees us.
It makes the artists of the past much closer . They wer e
mar vellous artists and their techniques have a great deal
to teach the ar tists of today.'
Hockney created a massive gallery of photos and
postcards of paintings on a wall of his Calif ornian studio,
running from the 1300s to the last century, divided into
Northern and Southern European, along which
breakthroughs in r ealism become strikingly obvious.
Each, he thinks, corresponds to a new technologicalbreakthrough in lens making, with the f ir st around 1420.
That is well known and much discussed. But why did it
happen? Hockney chuckles in der ision; 'Oh, they say,
suddenly in 1420 everyone could draw better. From that
moment you never see a badly drawn basket again in
Wester n ar t. They are suddenly all perf ectly woven, in
perfect perspective. The answer is in f act the new lenses
that spread from the Low Countries to Flor ence and then
the r est of Italy.'
Lenses show movement; the pro jections, hundreds of
years ago, are f ar better than high-def inition television.
In clarity and colour, they are amazing, but they could
not be preser ved, except by drawing. They wer e living
pr o jections. There is no doubt that painters saw colour
images, optical pr o jections which look like paintings,
and they made paintings which look like optical
projections. The old master s saw moving colour pictures.
Hockney pursued the theory with ar t historians and
f riends. Fr om ever ywhere, the evidence accumulated. Amere artist, a hand, brush and pencil man, seemed to
have spotted what the combined intellects of academic
art history had missed. It sounds, at f irst hearing, a
complex theory. But here is the simple ver sion. Think of
three periods of art history, all def ined by photogr aphy.
First, the use of lenses from the Renaissance to the mid-
nineteenth century. A tr ick of the artist's tr ade, not much
talked about to laymen. Second, the arrival of chemically
f ixed photography, which immediately threatens the
painters' trade. Ar tists r espond by either trying to tur n
back to the pr e-lens era or by emphasising an anti-
photographic style of painting.The third phase, through
which we are living today, is that of the computer.
The computer allows the manipulation of the
photographic image. Chemical photogr aphy gives way to
digital technology, which can be infinitely manipulated
and manipulation means dr awing. Since photogr aphs
are going to be increasingly made by dr awing, the
photograph has r eally lost its ver acity.
Here, tr iumphantly, the Hockney case that the gr eat
masters used lenses comes full cir cle, retur ning us in
2001 to the r evival of dr awing, another life-long passion.
'For 400, nearly 500 years, the hand was involved with
the camera. Artists were using the lens. Then for 160
years, you had chemical photography. But that has nowcome to an end, and with digital photography, you have
got the hand back in the camer a. This is why photography
is changing and actually moving back towards drawing
and painting.' And Hockney leans back and laughs. As
well he might.
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e r esult of David Hockney's work is that
the theory has been accepted too quickly.
B it is no longer understood how these ar tists painted.
C the work of well-known ar tists has been discredited.
D the ar tists' wor ks must be viewed diff erently.
35 The writer takes pains not to suggest that the painters wer e cheating because
A Hockney could do f ast, accurate pencil drawings using lenses.
B he consider s the use of lenses an acceptable technique.
C as the paintings were studied, it became clear that lenses wer e used.
D modern day artists use photography to help them.
36 Hockney considers that drawing became better in 1420 because
A the improvement corresponded with the fir st improvement in lensmaking.
B the depiction of objects suddenly gained gr eater impor tance in art.
C each breakthrough in r ealism cor responded with a br eakthr ough in lens making.
D new types of lenses spread across Italy fr om then onwar ds.
37 The old masters used lenses to
A copy paintings.
B keep a recor d of the image.
C see coloured images.
D impr ove on their abilities.
38 How did artists r eact when fixed photogr aphy was introduced?
A They attempted to paint their sub jects more r ealistically.
B They responded by using lenses themselves to paint.
C They tur ned to a mor e abstr act style.D They began using computer s instead of a camera.
39 What does the writer mean when he says that photography has 'lost its ver acity'?
A Digital technology is increasingly being used in photography.
B Artists are using computers to produce their work instead of brushes.
C Photographs cannot be r elied upon to pr oduce a tr ue image.
D Digital technology allows images to be changed by hand.
40 What does the writer mean in paragraph 7 by 'the Hockney case ... comes f ull circle'?
A Artists are reverting to an older style of painting.
B Photography now involves earlier techniques.
C Ar tists are increasingly using lenses again.
D Painting and drawing have been super seded by photography.
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Paper 3 - Use of English (1hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-15, r ead the text below and think of the word which best f its each s pace. Use only one wor
each s pace. There is an example at the beginning (0). Wr ite your answers on the separate answer sheeL
Example: 0 o f _
B AZAAR S
A bazaar was originally a public market dist r ict (0) R L .. a Persian town. From Persia the term
spread to Arabia , Turk e y, an d Nor th Afric a. In India it ca me to (I) applied to a single
shop; and in current English usage it refers to (2) : a single shop or concession selling
miscellaneous articles and to a fair at (3) s uc h miscellany is sold , of t en for char ity .
The familiar bazaar o f the ancient Islamic nations is vividly described (4) the
traditional folktales of The Thousand and One Night s' . (5) is a distinct quar ter of t he
town , ac cess (6) which i s forbidden after sundown , b us tli ng a nd n ois y b y d a y ,
(7) the quieter residential quar ter s. Such a bazaar may be divided into districts,
(8) all the purveyors of one type of merchandise grouped together .
(9) the bazaar in smal ler towns i s (10) o f a single
na r row s tr ee t o f stalls , in larger c it ies such as I stanbul i t is by (I I ) means simple,
co nsisting of many miles of such passageways. Some bazaars , such as the (12) built
at S a sh an a nd Is fa ha n in I ra n i n th e 1 7t h c en tu ry , w er e d es ig ne d w ith g re at ar chitecturalintegr ity. They were usually roofed for protect ion (13) the hot desert sun,
( 14) with a single roof of individual vaulted domes or · with awnings. Most of these
an cient b az aar s have gradual ly been moder nized (15) the centuries.
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- uestions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
_ or d that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answer s on
e eparate answer sheet.
~ d _ o m _ e _ s t _ i c _ a _ t _ e _ d _
The Cat
-h (0) d omest icated t I f d t th h tIe ca , mor e common y re err e 0 as e ouse ca , DOMESTIC
EXTEND
CHARACTER
is the smallest member of the (16) feline f amily. Like their wild
ousins, house cats (17) have str eamlined bodies,
classically shaped skulls, elongated tails and specially evolved teeth and claws.
All of these physical attributes contr ibute to the (18) of the cat as
AGILE
GRACE
wild, are renowned f or their acute sense of balance, amazing (19) .
and lithe, (20) movements.
In contr ast to man's best friend the dog, cats are not considered to be social
animals in the sense that they have never (21) travelled in packs
or adopted leader s. Dogs, on the other hand, which have always been social
(22) , seem to have been better suited f or the f ir eside hear th as they CREATE
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------------------------
For questions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. Here is an
example (0).
0 g _ o _ o d _
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36 If anyone can get lost, he will.
depended
He get lost.
37 Philip rarely bothers about what other people think.
takes
Philip what other people think.
38 Protective clothing must be worn when entering this area.
forbidd en
It protective clothing.
39 There will be no progress until we have fully understood the problem.
full
Not until there is be any progress.
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_ • . . . _----------------------------------
For q uestions 40-44, read the following texts about comedy. For q uestions 40-43, answer with a wor d o r short
phrase. You d o not need to wr ite complete sentences. For question 44, wr ite a summar y accord ing to the
instr uctions given.
Write your answer s to q uestions 40-44 on the se par ate answer sheet.
The American public has never been quite comfortable in the presence of comedy. The calculated
r idicule and the r elentless exposure of ten seem cr uel or unfair to a democr atic public. If all men are
created equal, then it ill becomes anyone to laugh at follies that are likely to be shared, given the
common background of social opportunity and exper ience of the gener al public. There is an
insecurity in the mass audience that is not compatible with the high self -assurance of comedy as it
judges between the wise and the foolish of the world. The cr itical spirit of comedy has never been -
welcome in Amer ican literature; in both f iction and dr ama, humour, not comedy, has raised thelaughter. Amer ican literatur e can boast an honourable tradition of humorists, fr om Mar k Twain to
James Thurber , but has pr oduced no genuinely comic wr iter. As American social and mor al tenets
were sub jected to incr easing critical scr utiny from the late 1960s onwar d, however , ther e were some
striking achievements in comedy in var ious media: Edward Albee's American Dr eam and Who's
Afraid of Virginia Woolf? on the stage; novels such as those of Saul Bellow and Joseph Heller 's Catch-22;
and films such as Dr . Str ange/ave.
This last example is remar kable, because comedy in the medium of film in America had been
conceived as enter tainment and not much mor e. That is not to say that film comedies lacked style. ' i
The best of them always displayed verve and poise and a thoroughly pr ofessional knowledge of how
to amuse the public without troubling it. - line 17
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European film makers produced comedies of considerable stature owing to the old and intellectual
tr adition of comedy available to them. Among French directors, Jean Renoir , in his The Rules of the
Game, conveyed a moving human drama and a profoundly ser ious vision of French lif e on the eveof World War II in a form, der iving f r om the theatre, that blends the comic and the tragic. Though not
generally r egarded as a comic artist, the Swedish film maker Ingmar Ber gman pr oduced a masterpiece
of f ilm comedy in Smiles of a Summer Night, a wise, wry account of the indignities that must
sometimes be endured by those who have exaggerated notions of their wisdom or vir tue. The f ilms
of the Italian director and writer Fellini r epresent a comic vision worthy of Pirandello. La Dolce Vita is
a luridly satiric vision of modern decadence, where ideals are tr avestied by reality, and ever ything is
illusion and disillusionment. 8% and Juliet of the Spir its are Fellini's most br illiantly inventive films,
but their technical exuberance is controlled by a profoundly serious comic purpose. The principals -- line 1
in both films are seeking - through the phantasmagor ia of their past and pr esent, of their dreams
and their delusions, all of which seem hopelessly mixed with their r eal aspir ations - to know
themselves.
44 In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in your own words as far as possible, how,
American and European attitudes to comedy differ.
Write your summary on the separ ate answer sheet.
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Paper 4 - Listening (approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four d if f erent extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according
to what you hear . There are two questions f or each extr act.
I Ext ract One I
1 The teacher says that haiku
A has a deceptively simple f orm.
B is limited because of its length.
C contains two similar ideas.
2 The teacher descr ibes haiku as 'active' because
A it has a strong rhythm.
B it makes the reader wor k.
C it is still a popular art form.
I Ext ract Two I
3 The couple agree
A on their son's ability to make good decisions.
B that their son should be self -suf f icient.
C on their son's need for f or mal qualifications.
4 Compared to the man, the woman is
A conservative.
B realistic.
C naive.
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c t Three I
Total colour blindness
A is more common in men than in women.
B is a her editary condition.
e aff ects f ewer people than par tial colour blindness.
Colour blindness
A can exempt the sufferer from some types of employment.
B affects many aspects of the suf f erer 's life.
e means suf f erers ar e obliged to under go tests.
7 According to the lecture many people lef t their homes due to A the large number of roads and railways.
B their inability to f ind wor k.
e the lack of land available.
8 The speaker believes that people's attitudes to work were based on
A their backgr ounds.
B a desire f or pr of it.
e mar ket f orces.
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Y~)Uwill hear a radio r e por t about a species of shark called a Great White. For questions 9-17, complete the
sentences with a word or short phrase.
______0
Sharks need deep water to give them I~ ~ to
attack a seal.
Jumping out of the water is possibly a way of I ~ I J : : ! J seals.
Sharks turn over when they breach because their I @]
at the front.
Sharks have been 1 [1 3 ] the same for millions of years.
The number of sharks has I~ ~ enormously r ecently.
The shark's I ~ is a pr ized ingredient for certain dishes.
A shark produces very few young when it 1 [ i S ] .
____________ ~~that
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'ou will hear an interview with Marion D'Souza about homes exchanged for holidays. For questions 18-22,
-' DOsethe answer (A, B , C or D) which best f its what you hear .
18 Marion f eels that 'Houseswaps UK' provides safeguards
A by its mere existence.
S by carefully vetting its clients.
C by finding out about a client's home.
D by checking available accommodation. aIJ
9 Subscription charges are not considered to be too high because
A subscribers do not have to pay for the exchange.
S of the cost of keeping records up to date.
C damage insurance is included in the price.
D they issue three catalogues per year . ~
20 Marion believes that the areas visited will gain because
A people will spend more money on accommodation.
S f amilies generally prefer home exchanges.
C people will have more money to spend when on holiday.
D home exchanges are popular with professional people. C§]
21 Marion says that Ana from Spain was
A extremely envious.
S always enthusiastic.
C never satisfied.
D initially dubious. ~
22 Marion thinks that prospects for 'Houseswaps' are
A getting better all the time.
S not very good in Spain.
C better in Europe than elsewhere.
D poor in tour ist areas. C§
81
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Paper 5 - Speaking (approx. 20 minutes)
~ e . peaking test involves two candid ates and two examiner s. One examiner , the Interlocutor, will s peak to
hile the other , the Assessor , will just listen.
Part 1 (3 minutes)
·ou will be asked questions in turn about certain aspects of your personal life; where you are from, what youo for a living, where you go to school, your hobbies and your general opinion on certain topics.
Part 2 (4 minutes)
You will be asked to discuss the photographs on page 165 together . There are two stages in this par t.
Stage 1
er e ar e some photographs of different types of technological advances. Look at pictur es 1 and 3 on page 165 and
/k together about what life was like befor e these existed.
Stage 2
ow look at all the pictur es. Imagine you are a member of a gover nment committee appointed to invest money inne of the aspects of progr ess shown. Talk together about which would be the best investment and why the others
'1ould be less advantageous.
Part 3 (12 minutes)
You will be asked to talk on your own, comment on what your partner says and join in a three-way discussion
"ith your partner and the Inter locutor around a certain theme.
Wor k and the workplace
One candidate will be asked to look at prompt card (a)
and talk about it for two minutes.
here ar e also some ideas for the candidate to use if
e/she wishes.The other candidate will then be asked if he/she has
anything to add.
Then the Interlocutor will ask both candidates a
question such as:
• Should people be forced to retire at a certain age ?
The second candidate is then given prompt card (b)
and asked to discuss it f or two minutes.
The other candidate will then be asked if he/she has
anything to add.Then both candidates will be asked a question on the
sub ject, such as:
• How far would you agree that new father s should be
gr anted pater nity leave f rom their jobs ?
Prompt Card (a)
How do you think the work place will change in the next
50 years?
- working week
- robotics
- gender r oles
Prompt Card (b)
To what extent do you think people are fairly paid for the
job s they do ?
- athletes/entertainer s
- the developing world
- qualifications
The test will then be concluded with a number of general questions about the topic:
• Should people be free to cross inter national borders in search of employment?
• To what extent should the state provide employment for people who have been made r edundant?
• Should the state pr ovide pensions for all ?
• How great a threat is unemployment?
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Paper 1 - Reading (1hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1.18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
- including the principle of the
electric motor, the transformer and
the dynamo, work that (3) .
the way for the development of
technologies based on electricity.
The research he did for Trinity
House was far less exciting. Over
the years, he experimented with
different oils, looking for one that
would bur n brighter and more
(4) He checked out new
designs of lamps and made
improvements to the optics.
Lighthouse keepers had a lot of
problems with water. One which
constantly arose was the amount
of condensation that ran down the
windows of the room at the top of
the tower that (5) the oil
lamps. Condensation reduced the
intensity of the light beam and in
cold weather the water froze,
(6) the light still more.
F A R A D A Y A N DL I G H T H O U S E S
Faraday was (1) adviser
to Trinity House in 1836, a job he
held for almost 30 years. By the
1830s, he had already made the
greatest (2) of his career
1 A applied B positioned C appointed D allotted
2 A breakthroughs B breakdowns C breakouts D breakaways
3 A set B established C made D paved
4 A eff iciently B competently C capably D ef fectually
5 A encased B housed C sheltered D accommodated
6 A fading B lessening C dimming D shading
Astronomers may have taken a step
towar ds under standing the origins
of Ear th's oceans - thanks to a
(7) comet.
All the evidence suggests that when the
Earth was formed it was too hot to
(8) water . So, astronomers
(9) that the oceans came from
comets bombarding Earth shor tly after its
formation. However , (10) show
that these icy celestial ob jects contained
too much 'heavy' water (one hydrogen
atom in the water molecule contains an
additional neutron) to be (11) for
Earth's oceans. Fur ther progress was not
made until comet Linear fell to pieces
during late July, 2000 and r eleased more
than three billion kilograms of water into
space. Chemical analyses suggest this
comet probably contained the right
elements for Earth's oceans. Astronomer s
are now searching for more comets like
Linear to (12) their ideas.
7 A decomposing B disintegrating C dismantling D disentangling
8 A enclose B hold C embody D carry
9 A proposed B recommended C stipulated D specif ied
10 A examinations B reviews C disser tations D studies
11 A responsible B liable C answerable D accountable
12 A ratif y B confirm C certif y D resolve
84
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CADETSCHOOLThe Director nodded, 'Yes. Well,
we've (13) our
system over a long period of time,
and we've found that home visits
just don't f it into the picture until
the cadet is thor oughly oriented
to our (14) of
doing things. We say a year merely as a general guide.
Sometimes it's longer than that.
Parents can visit here at
(15) times.' The
Director (16) .
enquir ingly at Mr Holston, who
tried to think of some mor e
questions but could not.
' Actually,' the Director continued,
'the cadets seem to prefer it this
way, once they get started. Whatwe're (17) , Mr
Holston, is to motivate them to
achieve success, which means
success in becoming a f ully
or iented member of this
community and you can see how
home visits might cause a little
(18) in the
process.'
13 A wr itten out B wor ked out C phased out 0 br ought out
14 A usage B process C way 0 custom
15 A specif ic B distinctive C characteristic 0 distinguishing
16 A leer ed B gazed C ogled 0 gaped
17 A standing f or B looking f or C hunting f or 0 making f or
18 A distortion B disorganisation C disruption 0 distinction
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An Unusual StoneIn the latter par t of the 19th century, the jewellery profession was str ictly confined to precious
stones. No so-called fancy stones were on sale in any jewellery store in the country; one could
scarcely f ind them in a lapidary shop, yet, reviewing the beautiful minerals that I had gathered
dur ing my mineralogical investigations, it seemed to me that many women, even those who
could afford the gesture of a diamond tiar a and pearl choker , would be happy to array
themselves in the endless gorgeous colours of these gems. So one day, armoured in youthful
enthusiasm, I wrapped a tourmaline in a bit of gem paper , swung on a hor se car , and all the
way to my destination rehearsed my ar guments. Arr ived there, I was finally received by the
managing head of what was even then the largest jewellery establishment in the world and
showed him my drop of green light. I explained - a very little; the gem itself was its own best
ar gument. Tiffany bought it - the great dealers in precious stones bought their f irst tourmaline
fr om me. The cheque, which crinkled in my pocket as I walked home in the late afternoon,
stargazing, tripping over curbs, meant very little in comparison with the fact that I had interested
the foremost jeweller of that time in my revolutionary theor y and made the acquaintance of a
man who was later to become my close fr iend.
A He was too nervous to say much.
B His concise arguments persuaded the jeweller .
C The stone's potential was obvious to the jeweller .
o The jeweller didn't have time to spare.
A He had profited from the sale of his humble gem.
B He had developed an important relationship.
C He had sold his gem to a conservative jeweller.
o He had successfully challenged a bias.
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J a d eThe tr ack leads down to a small encampment. As the sun's f irst glow appear s, its
aur a illuminates a Yunnan tr ader pr eparing f or the day ahead. With a watchmaker's
precision, all the possessions in his ear thly wor ld ar e gathered together and placed
into bur lap sacks. These ar e then str apped onto a mule's saddle, a stone picked up
f rom the nearby river helping to balance the load.
He sets of f in the misty light just bef ore dawn, slowly wor king his way alongside a
small river snaking thr ough the valley bottom. The surr ounding jungle pushes in
everywher e, clothing all in a sticky gr een glow.Each step a mar k of patience - down
the tr ack, into the sunlight... into histor y ... into immor tality ... f or the rock on the mule'sback is no ordinar y stone. Bur ma's jade mines are on the br ink of discover y.
In the same r emote cor ner of the planet, yester year's idyll is today br oken. Acr oss
the naked ear th cr awl thousands of human ants, pr ying boulder s loose f r om the
compact br own soil. As a boulder is tur ned over , it is qUickly examined,then discar ded,
along with the mounds of dirt that sur round it. The oper ation is a study in patience.
The constr uction of Egypt's Gr eat Pyr amids was a similar study in patience but with
one impor tant dif f er ence. That in Upper Bur ma consists of deconstr uction, the
dismantling of entir e mountains, one pebble at a time. All involved shar e a single-
minded devotion to the task. Patience, patience - those who hurr y lose, they miss
something, they don't go to heaven.Those who hurry don't find jade.
A entirely unintentional.
B a historical event.
e a difficult achievement.
D shrouded in greed.
A is a laborious process.
B leads to a virtuous lif e.
e jeopar dises the workers' lives.
D is a spir itual exper ience.
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You ar e going to r ead an extract f rom an article about rock paintings. Seven par agraphs have been r emoved f r om
the extr act. Choose f r om par agr aphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra par agr aph which
you do not need to use.
Mar k your answers on the separate answer sheet.
All eyes are on the shaman: arms outstretched, head
back, her face hidden behind a mask. She wears a
long, taper ing cap, and clutches a short wand in
each hand. There are tassels at her hips and elbows,
and these jump as she begins to move. The crowd
ar ound her watches, spellbound, as she embar ks
upon her journey to the spirit world.
§J~ _The suggestion that this rock ar t may be the oldest
known depiction of a shamanistic ritual comes from
a group of researchers led by Per Michaelsen, a
geologist at James Cook University in Queensland.
They argue that these ancient paintings may
represent not only ear ly religious pr actices but
perhaps also a cultural her itage common to all
humans. Such daring new theor ies do not go down
well with the rock art establishment. But regardless
of which ideas prevail, the controversy is certain to
attract attention to an astonishing record of a
vanished people.
§J _ Michaelsen estimates that there may be as many as
100,000 Bradshaw 'galleries' tucked under r ock
overhangs along the region's major river systems.
Many of the paintings have never been studied. But
observations made by other researchers over the
past few decades reveal several distinct ar tistic
styles. Researchers recognise at least four major
periods which they can place in chronological or der
by looking at patterns of weathering and instances
where one style is super imposed upon another .
~~-----~The subjects' dress changes over time, as does the
style of the paintings themselves. The next oldest
figures are notable for the sashes around their
midriffs. These sash figures still have armbands, but
not the prominent tassels.
§J _ There ar e also so-called elegant action f igures of
people running and hunting, which ar e dif f icult to
date because none is super imposed on a painting
f rom another per iod. However, the abstract style
suggests that they wer e cr eated some time after the
tassel and sash figur es.
§]-------In 1997, a group led by Richar d Rober ts, now at the
University of Melbour ne, used a technique known as
lumine~cence dating to assign a minimum age of
17,000 years to one of the younger paintings. The
second study, also published in 1997, used
r adiocar bon dating and came up with a much
younger estimate: about 4,000 year s. Its author , Alan
Watchman, believes the Bradshaw cultur e might
date back f r om between 5,000 and 6,000 years, but
r ejects the idea that it could be 17,000 year s old or
more.
§]~------Either way, the Bradshaw people wer e not the
original inhabitants of the Kimber ley. Their paintings
have little in common with the cr udely rendered
animals of the r egion's oldest ar t. Archaeological
evidence suggests the f ir st settler s of the Kimber ley
arr ived at least 40,000 year s ago. They would have
f ound a region of open tropical f or est and woodlands
wher e they seem to have f lour ished f or 10,000 year s.
Then things began to change.
§]-------Intriguingly, one of the Bradshaw paintings shows a
boat with upswept prow and ster n, and multiple
paddlers. It r aises the possibility that the artists wer e
or iginally a seafaring people. The idea that the
Bradshaw people came fr om Indonesia or f urther
af ield has a long pedigr ee in Australian anthr opology,
but ther e is no hard evidence to support it.
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Both r esearchers stand by their results. Roberts
spects that Watchman's radiocarbon samples
might have been contaminated by traces of
younger carbon. Watchman thinks that the
ainting dated by Roberts was, in fact, pre-Br adshaw. Despite their differences of opinion,
e two are currently working together and expect
o present new results before the end of the year .
e Bradshaws, as the paintings are collectively
own, were first noted by Europeans in 1891
and take their name f rom Joseph Bradshaw, the
ancher who described them. They are found in a
egion known as the Kimberley, a remote place
even by Australian standards. It is a rugged
sandstone landscape of plunging canyons and
- eacherous swamps.
Younger than the sash and tasseled figures, the
o hes-peg figures are much more highly stylised.
e older paintings tend to show profiles. but
" ese ar e frontal portraits. Gone is the anatomical
etail, and many figures assume aggressive
"a ces and carry multi-barbed spears and spear
owers.
e Ice Age brought cooler temperatures, strong
• 'nds and lower rainfall to northern Australia. The
sea level dropped, and at times, during the glacial
aximum. it was up to 140 metres below its
esent level. The coastline was as much as 400
'Iometr es further to the north-west. Australia was
nected by land to New Guinea and separated
om Southeast Asia by just a narrow channel.
uld the Bradshaw culture have arrived in
str alia at this time?
The other s are skeptical. Grahame Walsh, author
of the most comprehensive book on the
Bradshaws to date, is critical of the newcomers'
lack of experience. He says that there are many
people beginning to enter the Kimberley rock artscene and set themselves up as experts. He has
so far found nothing that indicates shamanism
and warns that one has to be extremely cautious
in attempting to link such prehistoric ar t with
comparatively modern art in distant countries.
All these paintings provide a wealth of detail
about the material culture of the Bradshaw
people. Yet, despite this, nobody knows when the
Br adshaw culture developed or where it came
f r om. Only two groups have attempted to date the
paintings directly, and their r esults are widely
differ ent.
The oldest and largest paintings, which are up to
1.7 metres tall, ar e known as the tasseled figures.
They are the most realistic of the images and
show figures in static poses in what appears to be
ceremonial dress. The figures are character ised
by tassels attached to the upper arms, elbows,
hips and knees.
That is one possible interpretation of a scene
recor ded thousands of years ago on a remote
rocky outcrop in north-west Australia. The
painting is part of a vast collection that opens a
window on an ancient. hunter-gatherer society
that may date back to the last ice age. Despite the
quality and extent of this record, much about the
paintings remains a mystery. Who were the
artists? When were the paintings done - and what
ciQ,\.""~\.l"m.~'6-~"
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~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
You are going to r ead part of an ar ticle on ad vertising. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B , C or D)
which you think fits best accor d ing to the text.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
The average citizen is bombarded with TV
commercials, posters and newspaper advertisements
wherever he goes. Not only this, but promotional
material is constantly on view, with every available public
space from shop to petrol station covered with
advertising of some kind. People who are foolish
enough to drive with their windows open are likely to
have leaflets advertising everything and anything thrust
in at them. The amount of adver tising to which we ar e
exposed is phenomenal, yet adver tisers are being hurt
by their industry's worst recession in a decade and a
conviction that is in many respects more frightening than
the booms and busts of capitalism: the belief that
advertising can go no further . Despite the ingenuity of
the advertisers, who, in their need to make their
advertisements as visually attractive as possible, often
totally obscure the message, the consumer has become
increasingly cynical and simply blanks out all but the
subtlest messages. The advertising industry has
therefore turned to a more vulnerable target: the young.
The messages specifically aimed at children are for
toys and games - whose promotional budgets
increased fivefold in the 1990s - and fast food, which
dominates the children's adver tising market. However,
the main thr ust of advertising in this area is no longer
towards traditional children's products. Advertisers
acknowledge that the commercial pr essures of the
1990s had an extraordinary effect on childhood: it is now
generally believed that the cut-off point for buying toys
has been falling by one year every five years. Research
suggests that while not so many years ago children
were happy with Lego or similar construction games at
ten or eleven, most of today's children abandon them at
six or seven. In effect, the result is the pr emature ageing
of children.
There is nowhere where the advertising industr y's
latest preoccupation with the young is so evident as in
schools. Increasingly low budgets have left schools
vulnerable to corpor ate funding and sponsorship
schemes in order to provide much needed equipment,
such as computers, or to enable them to run literacy
schemes. While on the face of it this would seem to be
a purely philanthropic gestur e on the part of the
companies concerned, the other side of the coin is a
pervasive commercial presence in the classroom, where
textbooks and resource books are increasingly likely to
bear a company logo.
This marked shif t in adver tising perceptions also
means that a great deal of supposedly adult advertising
has an infantile appeal, inasmuch as adult products
can be presented within an anecdote or narrative, thus
making the message mor e accessible to young teenagers
and smaller childr en. Childr en obviously cannot buy
these things for themselves; what is behind these
advertisements is more subtle. Advertisers have come to
recognize that if children can successfully pester their
parents to buy them the latest line in trainer s, then they
can also influence their parent's choice of car or credit
card, and so childr en become an advertising tool in
themselves.
Ther e are many, on all sides of the ideological
spectr um, who would argue that advertising has little
influence on childr en, who are exposed to such a huge
variety of visual images that adver tisements simply
become lost in the crowd. Rather, they would argue that
it is the indulgent parents, who do not wish their children
to lack for anything, who boost sales figures. While ther e
may be a great deal of tr uth in this, it would seem that to
deny that advertising influences at all because ther e is
so much of it, while accepting that other aspects of life
do have an effect, is a little disingenuous. In fact, the
adver tising industry itself admits that since peer pr essur e
plays such an important role in children's lives, they ar e
not diff icult to persuade. And of cour se, their minds ar e
not yet subject to the advertising overload their par ents
suffer from. The question that arises is whether indeed,
we as a society can accept that children, far f rom
being in some sense pr otected f rom the myr iad of
pressures, decisions and choices which impinge on
an adult's life, should now be exposed to this influence
in all aspects of their lives, in ways that we as adults
have no contr ol over . Or do we take the attitude that,
as with everything else f rom crossing city streets to the
intense competition of the modern world, childr en will
have to learn to cope, so the sooner they are exposed
the better?
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• a does the wr iter say about advertising in the first paragraph?
Capitalism has led to the demise of advertising.
B We should have a cynical view of advertisers.
C Adver tising is facing new challenges these days.
o The industr y has r un out of new ideas.
e bombar dment of adver tisements has led to
A childr en taking more notice of them.
B gr eater diff iculty in attracting consumer s' attention.
C mor e appealing adver tisements.
o people being less likely to spend money.
ow have children changed during the past decade?
A They have become consumer s.
8 They are growing up more quickly.
C They ar e becoming clever er .
o They ar e not playing as much.
at does the wr iter imply in the third par agr aph?
A Advertising agencies need to pr eser ve their r eputations.
B Schools welcome aid f r om big business.
C There are restr ictions on how financial aid may be used.
o Companies expect nothing in return for their help.
w have childr en changed the face of advertising?
A Children are influencing the pur chases of adult products.
B They are now the adver tising industr y's sole mar ket.
C Mor e products have to be sold to children.
o Childr en have become mor e selective in their choices.
at does the writer suggest in the last par agr aph?
A Adults feel incr easingly threatened by advertising.
B Childr en ar e unlikely to be inf luenced by their friends.
C Par ents avoid spending too much money on their children.
o Childr en have a less sheltered existence than they used to.
In the text as a whole, the wr iter's purpose is to
A explain the inspiration for advertisements.
B expose the exploitation of childr en.
C deter parents f rom giving in to advertiser s.o pr event advertisers f rom infiltrating schools.
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~riting (2 hours)
1 Your school or college has been allocated a large grant from the government. It has unveiled a plan to use
the money to renovate the li brary. However , the following remarks were mad e at the last student council
meeting to discuss this plan.
What about the condition of the
buildings? Bring them into the 21stcentury!
Th e old
library is still perfectly suited
to our needs. What our
school/college really needs is better sports facilities.
It's a disgrace that there is
no properly equipped
auditorium fo r music and
drama perfor mances.
The student council has asked people to submit proposals in which they express their views on the school/college's
plan and comment on other people's suggestions.
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-"';-a an answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in 300-350 words in an
r o pr iate style.
2 A magazine has asked its readers to contribute to a special edition it is bringing out entitled 'Childhood to
Ad ulthood '. Readers are invited to send in articles in which they describe childhood experiences which had
a gr eat inf luence on their lives.
3 You work for the newly set up local tourist board of a previously undeveloped part of your country. The
board is trying to promote the area as a destination for summer and winter holidays. You have been asked
to visit some local places of interest to assess their value in attracting tourists.
The restaurant of a successful chain has just received a new area supervisor . As manager of the restaurant,
ou are aware of the main problems of its employees: Write a report for the new supervisor summarising
the complaints, identifying the most urgently needed changes and making recommendations for achieving
these.
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Paper 3 - Use of English (l hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each s pace. Use only one word in
each s pace. There is an example at the beginning (0). Wr ite your answers on the se parate answer sheet.
Example: ~ i _ n _
AL L W O R I ( AN D N O PL AY
Universally, work has been a central focus point (0) . ! n societ y. As o ld as the idea of work
( I ) is the question of what consti tutes ' real wor k'. T his is , in fact , a very subjective
question indeed . (2) yo u to ask a miner , or an y" labourer for that matter, what real
work is, he would probably reply that real work entails working (3) your hands and,
in the process , getting them dirty. To the average blue-collar worker , white-collar workers are those
peop le wh o si t in their of fic es da y (4) day doing little o r (5) in the l ine
of actual work . By (6) , if you approached a white-collar worker or a professional of
(7) sor t with the same quest ion , yo u ca n rest assu red that they (8) .
a da ma ntly m ai nta in th at th e w or ld w ou ld s to p r ev olv in g (9) the ir invaluable
intellectual contribution to the scheme (10) things.
This idea is reffected ( I I ) the vocabular y us ed to descr ibe work and i ts related
subjects. Words (12) career, vo ca tio n a nd pr ofession carry a (13) .
elevated connotation than the sim ple t erm ' job' . T he (14) three lexical i tems convey
the idea of learned persons sitting at desks and using their grey matter to solve matters involving
fin an cial , legal or me d ical matter s, (15) the humble s lave away at some mundane
work station o r assembly l ine task .
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- ~ q estions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
_ 'ord f at fits in the s pace in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers on
e parate answer sheet.
~ c _ o _ m _ p _ o _ s _ i t _ i o _ n _ s _
Po p Mu s ic alscompositions. CO OS
r d Andrew Lloyd Webber, a man whose (0) , eclectic rock based MP E
rks, helped (16) Br itish and Amer ican (17) theatr e VITAL / MUSIC
he late 20th century. As a student at Oxford University, a (18) PARTNER
" as founded between Webber and Timothy Rice to put on dramatic productions.
eir f ir st (19) successful ventur e was 'Joseph and The Amazing
echnicolor Dreamcoat', a pop oratorio for children that earned world-wide acclaim.
as f ollowed by the rock opera, 'Jesus Christ Superstar ', an extremely popular ,
ough (20) work that blended classical forms to tell the story of CONTROVERSY
. h Rice was on 'Evita'. 'Cats' was his next major production, in which he set to
sic verses from a children's book by T.S. Eliot. With two (23) ,
ar les Hart and Richard Stilgoe, he then composed a hugely successful version
'The Phantom of the Opera'.
yd Webber 's best works were flashy spectacles that featur ed vivid melodies
f or ceful and dramatic staging. He was able to blend such varied and
24) genres as rock and roll, English music-hall song, and
25) forms into music that had a wide mass appeal.
SIMILAR
OPERA
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For q uestions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. Her e is an
example (0).
~ g _ O _ O _ d _
Stephen blamed the in his f lat on the fact that he could find no one to help with the
housework.
Since he was constantly misinformation by those around him, he was never aware
of the r eal situation.
Children on plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables are generally healthier than those
who are not.
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Br ian deals mainly with the company's clients, while Mary handles the financial of
hings.
Julie had to the impulse t o answer b ack when she was reprimanded for her
behaviour.
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For q uestions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the f irst sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the wor d
given. Her e is an example (0).
~ a _ r _ e _ s u _ l t _ o _ f _ m _ y _ p _ r _ o _ m _ o _ t _ i o _ n _
The plans f or a new sports centr e ar e .
........................................ unless the cost is r educed.
Lack of adequate collater al may .
him a loan.
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The company's the owner 's
mismanagement.
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For questions 40-44, read the following texts on dyslexia For questions 40-43, answer with a word or short
phrase. You do not need to write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summar y according to the
instructions given.
Write your answers to questions 40-44 on the separate answer sheet.
Ther e is no avoiding the fact that in today's institutes of lear ning, from primar y to ter tiary level, it is
impossible to absorb and interpr et the bulk of the subject matter taught without competent reading
skills. Modern schooling assumes literacy and numeracy skills and children need to be able to read
and spell correctly, and also to communicate clearly in wr iting. In this educational climate, dyslexic
children are at a huge disadvantage.
Dyslexia is a condition which can affect much more than merely the ability to read: ther e may be
difficulties in problem solving or in organising work and time, there may also be problems withconcentration or remembering pieces of information long enough to use them. If the child is allowed
to work at his own pace and level, then results can be achieved, but if the condition is not picked up
it is not unusual for the dyslexic child to find that school is a peculiarly hostile environment, since
such a child is all too often labelled, by peers and teachers alike, as lazy and uncooperative or
simply of low intelligence. This per ception of the child will almost cer tainly r esult in it rejecting the
institution, and disruptive behaviour and an enduring sense of failure are the most common r esults.
It is therefore vital that the teacher should be aware of what constitutes dyslexia and should be able
to counter any feeling in the child that it is inadequate. The teacher must be able to provide a
classroom situation in which all the children, whatever their difficulty, should feel secur e, and through
positive reinforcement make it possible for the dyslexic child to understand that he or she can do as
well as his or her peers.
line 11
line 12
41 In your own words explain what makes teachers think that dyslexic children are 'lazy' or 'of low intelligence'
(lines 11 and 12).
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:Jyslexia is a disorder that af fects millions of people all over the world. It is one type of specif ic
earning disability that af fects liter acy and which can manifest itself in a number of ways.
In adults, dyslexia may not have been identif ied and individuals often believe they have a liter acy
r oblem or r elated diff iculties which make it har d f or them to f unction efficiently in the wor kplace. An
i dication of whether these pr oblems are due to dyslexia or to other reasons can be gained by
r unning through an adult dyslexia checklist, followed by an initial inter view to gain background
i f or mation about the individuals and their educational histor y. If an adult is assessed as dyslexic, a
r eport would then provide a full description of the individual's str engths and weaknesses and offer
r ecommendations for action. The concr ete evidence of the presence of dyslexia provided in the
r epor t can be used in a variety of ways, for example, when applying f or suppor t on cour ses and
r eceiving appropr iate support within the workplace.
=xper ience suggests that the majority of dyslexic adults are relieved to discover their dyslexia. It
enables dyslexic adults to under stand their educational history and put past exper iences into
context; this relieves some of the frustration they will inevitably have felt. When dyslexic adults
nder stand their dyslexia, they are able to participate in continuing education and succeed in the
ar eas of their choice; some people will need specific details about dyslexia and advice on how they
can impr ove their skills effectively. In a sympathetic envir onment, dyslexic adults ar e able to f ulfil
. eir potential.
In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in your own wor ds as f ar as possible, how,
according to the passage, adults and children can benefit from r ecognition of their pr oblem.
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'T ac t Three I
e speaker says that the fire was
A set deliberately.
8 hampered by high winds.
C put out twice.
e speaker comments that as a result of the fire
A the layout of London's streets was radically changed.
8 St. Paul's Cathedral was built as a memorial.
C a large edifice now stands near to where the fire began.
Accor ding to the speaker , the Angus South Course
A caters for professional golfers.
B has knowledgeable employees.
C has changed its name.
he speaker feels that
A both courses are well-designed.
8 each course caters for differ ent skills.
C both courses have been extremely successf ul.
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You will hear part of a radio talk about an ancient Mesoamerican city and the discoveries that were made ther e.
For q uestions 9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
The Aztecs believed that Teotihuac n had been constr ucted by 1
0.
Teotihuac n I ~ ~ was bigger than many
Our inability to r ead the 1 ~[2D limits our
knowledge of how people lived in the city.
Bones discovered in 1989 seem to have belonged to
_____ _ _____ _ ____ ~~ buried with their weapons.
The ar cheologist compar es the construction of Mesoamer ican pyramids to that
of an I @].
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ C I D
-----@]
If the skeleton had shar pened teeth and precious jeweller y, this would indicate I I~.
In order to shed more light on the city and its civilization, fur ther
______________ ~ must be done.
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, ar an inter view with Jack Brown, the creator of the ver y popular car toon character, Ar thur .
. _="'·ons 18-22, choose the answer (A , B, C or D) which best fits what you hear .
• = - :: t is bemused by his character's popularity because
he never thought Arthur would be attractive to adults.
aar dvarks aren't particularly lovable.
Arthur has drawn so many families closer together.
O!!J Ar thur is rather old.
r ding to Jack, Arthur's character
came to him, as he was reading to his child.
developed slowly over a period of time.
was meant to cheer up his recuperating son.
~was meant to mirror an actual person.
- or ding to Jack, Arthur
made him wealthy when he first appeared.
B has appeared in children's theatre.
C is still important in his son's life.
~was so popular that he continued creating stories.
ack says he stopped touring when
A a book was written about Arthur .
S he met Carol Greenwold after a TV broadcast.
C Arthur happened to be discovered.
~D he was asked to appear on a TV programme.
e Ar thur car toon series seems to have
A enjoyed incredible success from the outset.
S exhausted its possibilities,
C not done very well in a popularity poll.
DE]0 been used as a vehicle for adver tising goods.
1 0 7
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You will hear two theatre critics talking about modern theatres. For questions 23-28, decide whether the
opinions ar e ex pressed by only one of the speaker s, or whether the s peakers agree.
Write S
L
or B
for Stephen
for Lucy
for Both
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Paper 5 - Speaking (approx. 20 minutes)
peaking test involves two candidates and two examiners. One examiner , the Interlocutor , will s peak to
wllile the other , the Assessor , will just listen.
Part 1 (3 minutes)
\\ill be asked questions in turn a bout where you live and where you are from, your work , stud ies and - "'::-e ts. and your views on certain things.
Part 2 (4 minutes)
ill be ask ed to d iscuss the photogra phs on page 166 together . There are two stages in this part.
_e 1
e some photographs which show the way in which today's young people express themselves. Look at
"C:Jt; jlap,hs 1 and 2 on page 166 and discuss how the images relate to the lifestyle of young people today.
at all the pictures. Imagine these photographs are being used by parents' groups to demonstrate to the'es the need for more facilities and activities for the youth of your town. Discuss what each image shows
about how young people's energies can be channelled in a positive way.
Part 3 (12 minutes)
be ask ed to talk on your own, comment on what your par tner says and join in a three-way discussion
ur par tner and the Interlocutor ar ound a certain theme.
i ate will be asked to look at p r o m p t c ar d (a)
about it for two minutes.
' = ' ;;or e also some ideas for the candidate to use if
es.
~ candidate will then be asked if he/she has
o add.
~ Interlocutor will ask both candidates a
s ch as:
, extent does fashion playa role in your daily
The second candidate is then given p r o m p t c a rd (b )
and asked to discuss it for two minutes.
The other candidate will then be asked if he/she has
anything to add.
Then both candidates will be asked a question on the
subject, such as:
• Why do people feel the need to conform to the
standards set by society ?
P ro m p t C ar d (b )
Is m od ern life m ore d em a n d i n g t h a n i t u s e d t o b e ?
- f ear of rejection
- peer pressure
- image enhancement
: ',rillthen be concluded with a number of gener al questions about the topic:
the media influence our ideas on fashion ?
iety got the right to dictate what people wear?
other ar eas of life does fashion playa role ?
o you think people should be follower s of fashion?
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Paper 1 - Reading (l hour 30 minutes)
For q uestions 1-18, r ead the thr ee texts below and d ecide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Mark your answer s on the se parate answer sheet.
F O L K L O R Efire at night, the har d-working
Indians could be tr anspor ted to
another wor ld through the talent
of a good storyteller . The ef f ect
was not only (3) f rom
the novelty of the tale itself but
also from the imaginative skill of
the narrator , who often added
gestur es and songs and
occasionally adapted a par ticular
tale to (4) a specif icculture. One adaptation fr equently
used by the storyteller was the
r epetition of incidents. The
description of an incident would
be r epeated a (5) .
number of times. This type of
r epetition was very eff ective in oral
communication, for it firmly
(6) the incident in the
minds of the listener s, much in the
same manner that repetition is
used today in r adio and television
adver tising.
Folktales have always been a
(1) of the social and
cultural lif e of American Indian
and Inuit peoples regardless of
whether they were sedentary
agricultur alistsor nomadic hunters. As they (2) around a
1 A section B par t C por tion D piece
2 A joined B merged C gather ed D united
3 A derived B issued C stemmed D ensued
4 A connect B blend C suit D compar e
5 A peculiar B cer tain C typical D positive
6 A planted B allocated C assigned D trapped
Almost ever y culture thr oughout
histor y has valued gold in its
various (7) and sought it
as a pr ecious mater ial, either to wor ship
or (8) in. A symbol of power and
success, the desire to own it tends to
provoke greed and lust. Itsvery pr esence
can make or break a nation. The esteem
associated with it has (9) .
mankind to great lengths to obtain it and
the great gold rushes of the 19th century
saw hundreds of thousands die in their
attempt to (10) it r ich. Despite
declining gold pr ices and uncer tainties in
the mar ket, as countries such as Australia
and the UK sell off lar ge (11) of
their gold reserves, the desire to f ind gold
is as strong as ever . Inthe US, panning f or
gold has become a huge leisure industry,
wher e once men (12) and slaved
for the glitter of gold, families now take
their gold pans and picnics f or a day out.
However , for most, gold is still only the
stuff of dreams.
7 A kinds B f orms C states D designs
8 A bar gain B engage C tr ade D handle
9 A sent B thrown C forced D driven
10 A hit B discover C str ike D make
11 A helpings B fr actions C portions D ser vings
12 A exer ted B toiled C str ained D gr ound
110
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EARS
_ ar e famous for wak ing u p
r e head s, at least according
• pular (13) .
eone who'd disagree with
Il-t) is Pr ofessor
"-Harlow of the Univer sity of
Wyoming . He has found that
bear s wake u p r aring to go after
their winter slee p. 'After 130 d ays
of hiber nation, a bear can come
(15) out of its d en and
clim b a mountain,' he says. His
team is investigating how bears
manage to (16) this
trick , in the hope of helping
humans with muscle-wasting
conditions. Ther e ar e a number
Pap er 1 - Reading
of possi ble ex planations of how
bears (17) their
str ength during hi ber nation. One
possibility is that bear s sacr ifice
their less essential muscles to
keep 'f ight or f light' muscles up to
(18) which is a usef ul
id ea for anyone trying to get back
to normal af ter a plaster cast is
removed.
knowledge B belief C jUdgement 0 awarenesspledge B f allacy C claim 0 avowal
away B f ar C clear 0 straight
pull of f B set of f C take off 0 star t of f keep B maintain C hoar d 0 upholdscr atch
B level C score 0 mar k
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-
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You ~re going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with labour -savin
questIOns 19-26, choose the answer (A, B , C or D) which you think fits best according to the text
g
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. .
Jim Kirby was an inventor for most of his adult life.
After seeing his father work too hard for too little, he
decided early on that he would not spend his life as a
salaried worker . Instead, he started his own business
designing gadgets for a fee. Best known for the
vacuum cleaner that bears his name, his goal in life
was to reduce or eliminate drudgery wherever i t
existed.
His first cleaner, invented in 1906, used water for dirt
separation. In 1907, displeased with the unpleasant
task of disposing of dirty water, he went back to work
and designed a system that used a spinning action
and cloth to filter the dirt. Over the years, he
developed numerous innovative vacuum cleaner
designs. Over 200 patents, along with a host of
products being used today, are a tribute to Jim Kirby'ssuccess.
In 1907, another man, James Murray Spangler also
built a machine f or cleaning carpets. The device grew
out of his own need, for he was employed as a janitor
i n a department stor e and used a broom and carpet
sweeper in his daily work. Spangler was apparently
familiar with the then new idea of using suction to
remove dust and dirt from car pets. It occurred to him
that carpets could be more easily cleaned with the
sweeping action used in the carpet sweeper .Using tin and wood as materials and a pillow case for a
dust bag, he combined the two ideas in a single
machine and although it was a crude and clumsy
device, it worked. Spangler lacked the capital,
manuf acturing capacity and merchandising experience
to market his new machine, so he contacted a boyhood
friend, William H. Hoover to try to interest him in the
pr oject. Hoover perceived the possibilities of the new
device, and a company was formed in 1908 to begin
the manufacture of the machine. Three years later, the
company started trading under the name of 'Hoover',
which remains even today a household word for
vacuum cleaners.
A become prosperous businessmen.
B make manual labour easier .
C become famous designers.
o to experiment with new ideas.
A bore the inventors' names.
B were not an instant success.
C removed grime from carpets.
o worked on the same principle.
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Until the 1920s, domestic servants were
ommon in Europe and any easing of their lot
was fr owned on. It was not until after the First
or ld War , which dr ained economies and
~emporar ily obstr ucted affluent society, that
omestic life in Europe started to change.
Women were emancipated, domestic labour
less easily available and items previously
r eserved only for the wealthy were now
available to all. In Amer ica, however, things had
been different; the r apidly expanding wester n
fr ontier had meant har d wor k and long hour s.
Combined with high wages and a labour
shortage, this had presented a par ticularly
receptive market for mass pr oduced labour saving devices of all kinds.
When the Second World War came, it cr ippled
Eur ope but lef t the American economy
r elatively unscathed, with the result that
Amer ica took the lead in the production and
mar keting of household appliances. By the
latter part of the centur y though, the rest of the
world had caught up. Since then, consumers'
expectations have risen as technological
improvements have r esulted in a bewilder ing
arr ay of products. 'State of the Art' is now a 21st
century catchphr ase.
A less time being available f or housework.
B the women's liber ation movement.
e the extr avagant lifestyle in Europe.
D people's unwillingness to do household chores.
A when technology advanced.
B pr ior to their availability in the US.
e in the ear ly part of the 21s1 century.
D compar atively late.
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available at that time and was a good
conductor of heat without being destroyed
by its application. Hence the name we still
use today. Tr iangles of various shapes and
sizes which were heated from the outside
wer e used f or the purpose of smoothing
linens. Many of these triangular ir ons were
wr ought in artistic styles, even being
veneer ed on the outside with embossed
silver , making them heavy and cumbersome.
By the end of the eleventh centur y, smoothing
irons were part of Fr ench household
equipment. Itwas soon recognised that if the
irons could be heated f rom the inside then
the labour involved in heating the iron would
be reduced. Accordingly, some irons were
invented which were heated by placing
bur ning char coal or a piece of r ed hot iron
inside the iron. A much later model was heated
by gas, and eventually ar ound the 1900s, an
ir on was developed using an electr ic cur r ent
which heated the iron from the inside. This type
of iron can still be found today in many homes
ar ound the world.
•••------------
WRINKLES AND CREASESFor centur ies, ir oning gar ments and household
linen to f r ee them of wr inkles and cr eases has
been an ever -pr esent chore, and still is even in
today's societies wher e ir oned gar ments
continue to be a standar d desir ed in many par ts
of the wor ld.
In the past bef or e ironing boards, irons and
ironing machines, the Chinese stretched their
gar ments acr oss bamboo poles as a way of
smoothing their garments free of wr inkles. The
Gr eeks folded their garments in chests devised
with weights, to f r ee them of creases. The
Romans used wooden mallets in or der to beat
garments into smoothness and later invented the
first press to serve that purpose. Other devices
wer e undoubtedly used, all of which cer tainly
employed weight or f r iction as a method of
reducing the wrinkles found in linen and other
fabr ics af ter washing.
In the Middle Ages, it was discover ed that cloth
pressed while being steamed would hold the
shape into which it was moulded. Numerous
devices were invented by which heat and
pressure could be applied to moistened
gar ments. Iron was the heaviest material
stretched bef ore being ironed.
weighed down and then washed.
ironed while still damp.
smoothed out with an electric iron.
24 According to the text, iron was used to smooth out materials because it
was made in attractive for ms.
could easily pass heat f r om one surface to another .
did not destroy the delicate clothing mater ials.
could hold heated material.
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W a s h i n g D a yI remember when I was young how laborious washing days were for my mother . In those
days we had no r unning water, and even the simplest handwashing used stagger ing
amounts of time and labour. She used to fill buckets f r om a communal pump in the village
squar e and haul them back to the house wher e each one was heated in a tub over a gas
stove. My mother spent what seemed like an eternity on r ubbing, wr inging and lif ting water -
laden clothes into a second tub to be rinsed. Large articles like sheets, table cloths and my
f ather 's heavy work clothes played havoc with her arms and wrists, and the whole pr ocess
exposed them to the caustic soap then used.
How my mother would envy those neighbour s who were lucky enough to have r unning
water and electr icity, not to mention the pr ivileged few who owned what was then known as
a clothes washer. She consoled her self with something she'd r ead somewher e, that this type
of washer was a death trap. She might have been r ight, too; the motor which rotated the tub
in the machines was completely unpr otected, so water often dripped into it, causing shor t
cir cuits and jolting shocks. Apar t from possibly electrocuting the user , it ver y of ten left the
clothes in shr eds.
All this made me determined to buy my mother a clothes washer , the per formance of which
had greatly improved, of course, and which bore very little relation to the original, being now
f ully automatic with different speeds for differ ent textiles, as well as being equipped with what
seemed like a thousand different buttons to control water temper ature, rinsing, spinning,
and whatever else the manuf acturer s could imagine could be done to clean one's clothes!
This model, the ultimate of its kind, was the one I eventually longed to buy. The only tr ouble
was, my mother 's chicks had all f lown the nest and the need for this modern contr aption was
now beyond her compr ehension. She declined the off er graciously, although I can't imagine
lif e without it.
A r esented those who had moder n appliances.
B was less well off than some other s.
C helped her mother with household chores.
D had never heard of a washing machine.
A has no need of a clothes washer .
B has bought her mother a washing machine.
C has f ulfilled her childhood dream.
D does not have to wash by hand.
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---------------------------------------
You ar e going to read an extract from an ar ticle a bout 19th centur y London. Seven paragra phs have been r emoved
from the extract. Choose from paragraphs A-H the one which f its each ga p (27-33). Ther e is one extra paragra ph
which you do not need to use. Mark your answer s on the separate answer sheet.
When Booth conducted his survey, he had no
precedents to guide him except occasional reports
from factory inspector s, royal commissions, the
census and other statistical surveys. There had
been no inquiry into poverty in general, no
breakdown of income and classes. In attempting
to deal with just these problems through his own
observations, Booth, despite the defects of his
methods, was a pioneer .
@]-------There is an openness to reality, a willingness to look
at squalor without coating it over with moralistic
language, and a humility bef ore the plight of some
of the poor , which give the wr iting a literary
distinctiveness truly reminiscent of Or well's own
effor ts to assert decency. It is journalistic without
seeming callous and sensationalist. 'Here in
Ferdinand Street,' he writes of one packed block of
houses, 'not an inch was lost, and the f ingers of any
one passer-by might have tapped at any window or
door as he passed along.'
§J _ He has a remarkably good ear f or common speech
and an eye for telling details. One pictures him tall,
stooped, notebook in hand, intent upon his
subject, asking frequent questions, at times a tr ifle
self -depr ecating, but never so awar e of his posture
as to lose sight of his inquiry. Booth was,
apparently, cour teous almost to a fault, and his
prose is a perfectly unaffected vehicle for such
decorum. Sometimes we are hardly conscious of
the intrusion of his style. To judge from his
frequently tor tured letters of self-doubt to his wife
and other collaborators, his control was a car ef ully
contr ived per sona, yet the ease with which Booth
is able to maintain the illusion is str iking.
~I -Whether Booth's manner , which lends so much
dignity to the poor without special pleading, would
be as approriate to writing about them today is
wor th consider ing. Nowadays the wr iter about
poverty is likely to make much of his own
motivations, to assert his involvement, or to agonise
over it, even attempting to de-class himself , and
always questioning his r elatedness because of the
strain of trying to r elate.
~-------Yet once he encounter ed the poor , his compassion
was nevertidy or priggish; it was what motivated him
to keep on lear ning and writing. Booth did not
attempt to r ender poverty in its most existential
ter ms. Pr obably he would have found such effortscontemptible, for he truly believed that between
himself and the poor there was an unbridgeable gap
of class and culture. But by forcing himself to live
among the poor , to make a confrontation with their
lives, h~achieved a human r ecognition. His writing is
never so opinionated that it does not ref lect this.
@ ! J _Booth's study of the poor also achieved its first
objective: it gave the public some idea of the
dimensions and meaning of poverty in London.
Never before had the middle classes been told in
such har r owing detail about the ef fects of moraldecay and destitution, about the domestic lives of
the poor , about the oppression of work, the
condition of women workers, the practice of
sweating, about the new immigrants.
§]-------He now found that the propor tion in East London
was close to thir ty-f ive per cent; that of the 900,000
people in the distr ict, 314,000 were poor; that of
these far more than half (185,000) belonged to
families earning less than eighteen shillings a
week; and that mor e than half of these in turn (over
100,000) suffered f r om acute 'distr ess'.
§]~------Booth's evidence thus demolished the middle-
class myth that poverty resulted from personal
failure, vice or improvidence. Despite himself, he
implicitly lent suppor t to the argument that pover ty
was a collective, not an individual, r esponsibility.
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Booth uses metaphor and figurative language
sparingly. There is a deliberate no-nonsense
quality to the prose which may be a trifle off-
putting to those accustomed to learning of
poverty through the lyricism of a James Ageeor the r hetorical indignation of James Baldwin.
But, though Booth's primary aim was not to
create literature but to describe reality, it is
difficult to read his writings today without
r eflecting on the literary strengths of such a
method.
And if the writing, like the thought, never
manages to encompass the total reality
behind London poverty, it does manage to
convey strength, resilience, patience, and a
certain toughness of observation which seemswholly pertinent to the harsh realities he was
called upon to observe. He is hardly ever
censorious, never contemptuous and often
gently humorous.
Booth made a second important discover y. On
the basis of information received from 4,000
poor people, he concluded that the cause of
poverty in about eighty-five per cent of the
cases was either 'employment' (both lack of
work and low pay) or 'circumstances' (large
family and sickness). 'Habit' ('idleness, andthriftlessness') acounted for only about fifteeen
percent.
Booth's wanderings among the habitations of
the poor on Chester, Eldon, Ferdinand and
Dutton streets, his tough-minded, empirical
descriptions of housing, styles of dress, eating
habits, shops and employment, may recall
George Orwell's visits nearly fifty years later
among the poor of Wigan Pier.
E Politically and administratively, London had
scarcely advanced beyond the Middle Ages.
In the 1880s with a population of over four
million, it still lacked a water, sanitation and
public health system; it still suffered from
periodic plagues of typhus and cholera; and
its poor laws were as archaic and oppressive
as ever . There was no central government to
speak of. Not until 1888 was a County Council
established to assume overall r esponsibility
for education, sewage disposal, housing and
hospitals.
Booth's dry statistical data furnished
incontestable proof that previous wr iters hadbeen in error; they had actually seen only a
fraction of London poverty. In the Pall Mall
Gazette of 1885, the Social Democratic
Federation had contended that twenty-five per
cent of the working class was poor, a statistic
that Booth had then condemned as
shockingly high.
Stripped of abstractions, except f or an
occasional epithet which temper or compassion
provokes, it describes a reality only to be found
on the str eets of London. As Booth himself pointed out in a letter to his assistant Ernest
Aves, 'I am afraid we are sure to shock ver y
many good people in the conclusions - the
danger of hurting is rather to be found in the
details necessary to support these conclusions.
It cannot be entirely avoided, but must never be
wanton.'
Booth's prose shows none of the strains of
such an engagement. No doubt he was
inspir ed to begin his researches chiefly
because - like many other Englishmen of hisclass and era - he felt vaguely threatened by
the presence of so much poverty and wished
to specify the problem in hopes of finding the
most appropriate solutions to it.
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-------------------------------------
You are going to r ead par t of an auto biogr aphy. For q uestions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which
you think fits best accor ding to the text. Mar k your answer s on the separ ate answer sheet.
It was tr ue I r ead a lot, but by now I had gr aduated to
adult reading. Dickens had my f ull attention, f or sur ely in
those novels he was telling the same story of travail and
triumph. The additional benefit, apar t from the eccentr ic
character s with their eccentric names, was that many of
these travails were undertaken by young men of
peerless disposition. This was welcome proof that such
life exper iences were universal, and, more impor tant,
could be, and usually wer e, brought about while
suffer ing an initial handicap - wicked step-par ents, or anindigent f amily - which the hero (f or David Copperf ield
and Nicholas Nickleby were undoubted her oes) could
manage with little more than his own blamelessness to
guide him. This struck me as entirely beautiful and
convinced me that one must emulate their efforts, that
one must never be discouraged by the unhelpfulness of
others. Not that I had ever experienced such an obstacle
at close quar ters; what I took f or wickedness was in fact
worldliness, as my mother explained to me.
The unapologetic presence of our visitors, their
peculiar blend of restlessness and complacency, which
was discordant, was essentially harmless, though itoccasionally sought relief in imprecations, in disappr oval
of other s, pr incipally of my mother and myself . I saw - in
Nancy's hoarse smoker 's laugh, in Millicent's delicate
hand smoothing her hair - a quality that was alien to our
own lives, faintly undesirable. Sometimes my mother 's
eyes had a look of tiredness, and she was obliged to turn
her head away f o r a br ief moment, as suggestions for
improvement, or rather self -impr ovement, came her way.
These visits, which I now see were under taken for mor e
mercif ul r easons than mere cur iosity, were in essence a
f orm of female solidarity before that condition had been
politicised. They wer e concer ned for any woman, living onher own with only a child for company. At the same time,
they wer e fear ful that such ivory tower isolation might be
catching. They wanted my mother to be r einstated in
society for their sakes as much as her own. They
genuinely pitied a woman who had no status, but they
also tr anslated this lack of status as failure in the world's
terms.
What distinguished my mother was a for m of
guilelessness which they had, regretfully, laid aside. This is
what I saw: they had exchanged one position for another
and may not have been entirely compensated. My mother
was their crusade; they also usefully saw her as a pupil.
When they rose to leave, the frowns disappeared from
their faces, the concern evapor ated, and their embraces
wer e genuine. They were glad to get back to their own
orbit, with its compr ehensible distractions, glad to have
done their social duty, even if the results wer e so sadlylacking. My mother , shaking cushions after their
depar ture, would be more silent than usual, and I
somehow knew I should not intrude on her thoughts. I
r eflected that Nancy and Millie were characters, no less
and no more, and that any confrontation - but none had
taken place nor would take place - would be unequal: my
mother was bound to succeed, for she was untainted by
the wor ld's cor ruption and thus qualified for r emission. I
comfor ted myself that even David Copperfield had had
moments of downheartedness.
On the whole, I was happy. I liked my school, I liked my
fr iends; I liked the shabby charm of my f lat from which alight shone out in winter to guide me home. I liked our
silent str eets, the big windows of the houses in which
artists had once lived. I liked its emanations of the
nineteenth century. That we were somewhat on the margin
of things did not disturb me, although the girls making their
way by car from Kensington, complained of the distance,
as if they had been obliged to cross a frontier , or to go
back in time. It is tr ue that our sur roundings were a little
mournf ul, per haps unnatur ally so to those habitual
shopper s. I, on the other hand, cherished them as a place
of saf ety. The str eet lamp that shone outside my bedroom
window I accepted as a benign gestur e on behalf of thetown council, the man who swept the leaves in autumn as
a guar dian of our decency. I was hardly aware of the
sound of cars, f or fewer people drove then. Even footfalls
sounded discreet and distant.
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hat does the writer say about Dickens' novels?
A She has always found them to be intriguing.
B They often portr ayed hard work and success.
C They were unequalled by other novels of that time.
D The main characters were invariably impover ished orphans.
e wr iter 's mother seemed to
A en joy Nancy and Millicent's visits.
S disappr ove of Nancy and Millicent.
C toler ate the r emarks they made.
D become visibly angr y when they spoke.
ccording to the writer the visitors were
A per sistently critical.
S extremely sensitive.
C f undamentally supportive.
D utter ly contemptuous.
ancy and Millicent regarded the writer 's mother as
A someone to be envied.
S someone they could conf ide in.
C someone who could give them status.
D someone who disregar ded their advice.
In par agraph 3, how does the writer r eact after the visitors leave?
A She feels happy the visit was br ief .
S She tries to lift her mother's spirits.
C She hopes they will not visit again.D She reflects that others have felt the same.
39 To the wr iter, her neighbourhood is
A a place where ar tists gather.
S too f ar away from her friends.
C a r efuge f rom the world.
D a depr essing, r undown area.
40 The wr iter gives the impression of having been
A always happy during childhood.
S lonely because she was an only child.
C protected from the outside world.
D thankf ul to have overcome life's hardships.
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~riting (2 hours)
1 You have r ead the extr act below as par t of an article on the employment situation. R eaders wer e ask ed to
send in their o pinions. You d ecide to send in a letter r es ponding to the points r aised and giving your own
views.
The job market has become so
competitive that applicants are even
being asked to sing, dance, or act out asketch when they go for an interview.
There are now so many well-qualified
people looking for jobs and so few
positions available that soon there will be
thousands of young people hanging
around doing nothing. What effect will
this have on the future? How can young
people today think of settling d.own if
they can't earn a living? Surely, this must
be one of the biggest problems we face
today?
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answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in 300-350 words in an
ri te style.
You belong to a group responsible for collecting money to support voluntary organisations such as aid
or ganisations of various kinds. You and your colleagues have collected a large amount of money and
di tri buted it. Write a report saying how the money was collected and which organisations it was given to.
Giye reasons for your choice.
Your local museum is holding an exhibition entitled 'The Way We Used To Live', depicting scenes and
di playing artifacts from the early 19th century. Write an article describing how our lives are different with
the modern conveniences we take for granted nowadays and how your life would change without these.
R ecently, you took advantage of a package holiday that was being offered by a well-known tourist agency.
The trip was not what you had expected and although you feel that the company was not to blame, you
consider that holiday makers need to be aware of potential problems. Write a letter to the newspaper that
had advertised the holiday describing the problems you encountered , saying how these could be dealt with
or avoided .
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Paper 3 - Use of English (l hour 30 minutes)
For q uestions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. Ther e is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answer s on the se parate answer sheet.
Exam ple: ~ b _ e _ t _ w _ e _ e _ n _
THEATRE DESIG N
Bu ilt (0) ~~~~~!!.... c. 35 0 an d c. 330 Be, the semi-ci rcular theatre at E pida ur us ha s
(I) been bett er ed . I ts acoust ics are near per fect , its de sig n an d na tur al setting
breathtaking . Y et , has theatre design real ly got anywhere since Epidaur us?
In toda y' s w or ld , (2) remains a divide between the expectations of tr aditionally-
minded audien ce s a nd (3) of inventive theatr ical companies , with no one seeming
to know quite (4) a theatre (5) to be - a group of wandering player s
or permanent l y ho us ed in magnif icent buildings?
In the (6) ca se , go ing to see a p lay i s (7) going to the cinema: ac t or s play on a d is tant s tage f ramed by heavy cur ta ins. T here i s (8) similarity between
this and the audience part icipation promoted by o ther theatre groups; the two ex per ie nc es a re
quite (9) each other , r equire different architectural sett ings and , (10) .
date , have appealed to different audiences.
Finding an ideal architectural setting (II) theatre has been a quixotic quest for
centuries. (12) a mirror of the cultur e of the relatively homogenous society t ha t
created i t, Epidaurus was perfect in its time. In today's far (13) inclusive societies ,
though, directors can hardly expect to find easy solutions to something that (14) .
pred eces so rs h av e s tr ug gle d w ith (15) s ince ancient audiences abandoned t he
stone seats o f Epidaur us .
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;,.testions 16-25, read the text below. Use the wor d given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to f or m
_ 'ord that fits in the space in the same line. Ther e is an example at the beginning (0). Wr ite your answer s on
€ se parate answer sheet.
~ ~ G 1 _ s _ s _ is _ t _ G 1 _ n _ c _ e _
'With Many ThanksM I h . (0) assist ance d . th 't' f h'any peop eave given to me unng e wn mg 0 t IS
that I am most deeply (16) f or her loyalty and DEBT
(17) dur ing the four year s the project lasted. She gave her time DEVOTE
and advice (18) in order for this work to be completed, giving STINT
both moral and (19) support for the lengthy resear ch into social PRACTICE
conditions the project (20) Her assurance and encour agement NECESSARY
sustained me in my (21) that this was valuable work and it was
(22) what enabled me to continue in the face of often
BELIEVE
DOUBT
in all my ef f or ts and who spent long hours in libraries and on trains to distant
parts of the country in search of material. I know that he will say that he enjoyed
it, but without his (24) enthusiasm this book would never have
been wr itten. Finally, I would l ike to thank my fr iends and f amily, who have
had to put up with what must have seemed to them an (25) EXCEPT
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Even though she left the area many years ago, she still has a inter est in what goes
on here.
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er f riends still hadn't arr ived by 9 o'clock so Helen went to the party alone.
sign
Ther e 9 o'clock, so Helen went to the party alone.
6 It doesn't look as though John wants to buy that house after all.
decided
John buying that house after all.
7 More spices would make this dish taste much better .
greatly
More spices this dish.
38 She's not very good at arranging f lower s.
fl air
She arranging flower s.
39 My salary never lasts beyond the end of the month.
short
I the end of the month.
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------------------------
For questions 40-44, read the following texts on homes and housing. For q uestions 40-43, answer with a wor d
or short phr ase. You do not need to write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summary accord ing to
the instructions given. Wr ite your answer s to q uestions 40-44 on the separate answer sheet.
Have you talked to your neighbour today? This week? People disenchanted with isolated homes - line 1
could consider co-housing, a concept of collaborative housing designed and r un by r esidents who
want their own private space, but wish to oper ate as a community that works better when looking
after dependants, for example.
This kind of living emphasises community care and welfar e. It relies on a participator y process in
which the residents design the community, which is built on a neighbour hood model: there are
private houses or f lats for f amilies or individuals, but also communal facilities such as lounges,
meeting rooms and child car e areas. The facilities ar e run by local people and there is a non-
hierarchical organisation: different individuals lead on different areas of activity, but ther e is n o
over all leader . It is not a commune, however , and operates on a sound f inancial and legal basis,
enabling residents to buy lar ge properties whose value quickly appreciates, and which they could
not otherwise have af forded.
One successf ul scheme in Br itain is the Community Pr o ject in East Sussex. Thr ee lar ge buildings
have been converted into 17 f amily houses, and four new houses are to be built there shortly. Some
23 acres of land and other buildings provide communal f acilities f or the adults and children in the
group. The project is a company which owns the freehold of all land and buildings, and community
member s purchase individual proper ties on a leasehold basis, giving them r ights to the property
according to the ter ms of the lease. Each leaseholder then becomes a dir ector of the company. This - line 18
structure optimises the f inancial position for the company and gives it legal sanctions against any - line 19
community member f ailing to meet community obligations - a standard procedur e for co-housing
groups.
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The whole ethos of social housing, which was once to provide pleasant thriving communities for
people who had been marginalised by the high-earning house-buying populace, is finally coming tofr uition. Social housing has finally started to challenge the traditional stereotypes and is seeking to
r estor e a human scale and a sense of place to council owned proper ties. It is typif ied by
contemporary design, energy eff iciency and 'flexible living' (the buzzwords of moder n architecture)
within a high quality environment. The change is social as well as architectural; social housing is no
longer segregated off on estates and council houses are dotted in among pr ivate homes.
At the Greenwich Millennium Village, social housing will eventually make up 20% of the properties.
Inside the houses, everything is built around an open plan design to accommodate tenants'changing
needs thr oughout their lives. There are wide corridors and doorways to allow for wheelchairs, and a
r ubber-floored toilet downstairs, plumbed to take a shower if the ground floor needs to be converted
o include a bedr oom. Heating bills are low, thanks to good insulation, energy efficient appliances
and low cost electricity from a combined heat and power plant. On London estates, tenants
onsulted about new building plans rejected mor e dense, high r ise designs and voted for less openspace but more houses, and so the tower blocks ar e gradually being replaced by low r ise homes
and apartments in a var iety of styles, going back to the old concept of a close-knit neighbour hood.
Per haps some of the post-war mistakes on council estates are finally being cor rected .
."... In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in your own words as f ar as pos sible, the ways in
which people can benefit from the types of housing described in the text.
Write your summary on the separate ans wer sheet.
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Paper 4 - Listening (approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according
to what you hear . There are two questions for each extract.
I Ex tra c t O n e I
1 The woman decided to work with victims of lepr osy because
A she was running away from her pr evious lif e.
B she happened to be in the valley.
C she was moved by their plight.
2 People who get the disease often delay treatment
A because they think they will be shunned.
B they think lepr osy is incurable.
C because tr eatment is too expensive for them.
I Ext ract Two I
3 According to the woman,
A education and tr aining is par t of the rehabilitation pr ocess.
B the young people need to be treated mor e harshly.
C the young people do not need to be educated.
4 The man expr esses the opinion that
A the young people brought misfortune upon themselves.
B the young people need to be given a sense of self -esteem.
C the young people should be punished mor e.
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ccor ding to the man he
A was impressed by the capabilities of the machine.
S was baf f led by the complexity of the machine.
C needed a computer f or his work.
e man gave up using the computer
because his daughter wanted the machine for herself .
3 because he did not know how to connect all the components.
because he believed his typewriter was more reliable.
-<:>~ does the archaeologist say about the existence of the ancient cities up till now?
was widely believed that they existed.
er e was not much concrete proof that they existed.
Some r uins proved that they existed.
oes the ar chaeologist say about the discoveries beneath the sea?
ey ar e well preser ved due to their location.
ater pollution has caused them some damage.
is diff icult to remove them without damaging them.
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----------------------------------,
You will hear a radio d ocumentar y about myths. For questions 9-17, complete the sentence
short phrase.
Myths wer e created as a means of explaining 1 0].
Man expressed his feelings about himself and his world in stories with
_____________ ~ that we call myths.
_________ _ ____ ~c:!IJf r om
Man's fate was controlled by a group of I C E J .
The Greeks used the behaviour of the gods to show them the way to have a
1 [13].
The I ~ of the world thought nothing existed
Because of its ability to give life, Earth was represented as
--------~.
Only later did I I~ gods appear.
Names of mythological figures still f amiliar today were discover ed written on
________0.
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You ",ill hear an inter view with Marger y Paige, a specialist in alternative medicine. For questions 18-22, choose
the answer (A, B , C or D) which best f its what you hear .
18 Marger y tells us that the convention was held because
A pr evious events had been too informal.
B mor e illnesses had come to light in the recent past.
C an international meeting was long overdue.
D alternative medicine had been slow to catch on among lay people.
19 According to Marger y, what was differ ent about this par ticular event?
A It was more widely adver tised.
B Member s of the public were able to attend.
C People f rom opposing schools of thought were welcome.
D Medical practitioners were barred.
20 The f act that non-specialists were present meant that
A more money was collected in registration fees.
B no one could be recognised as being an expert.
C the proceedings were more inter esting.
D clar ity became indispensable.
21 The response received by the ideas pr esented at the convention was
A too enthusiastic.
B rather subdued.
C generally favourable.
D ver y sceptical.
22 Mar gery's conclusion was that the convention had been
A an indication of a smaller gap between tr aditional and alternative views.
B a way of improving the pr ofessional standing of alter native healers.
C an exer cise in public relations.
D important in strengthening inter national collaboration.
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-----------------------------------
You will hear two self -employed people discussing changes in employment patterns. For questions 23-28, decide
whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speakers agree.
Write C for Cecilia
W for Will
or B f or Both
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: - Speaking (ap p rox. 20 minutes)
g test involves two candidates and two examiner s. One examiner , the Inter locutor , will s peak to
e other , the Assessor , will just listen.
Part 1 (3 minutes)
k ed q uestions in turn a bout where you live and wher e you are fr om, your work , studies and d your views on certain things.
Part 2 (4 minutes)
k ed to discuss the photogra phs on page 167 together . There are two stages in this part.
--~=-:;= - me photographs which show different forms of success. Look at photographs 1 and 3 on page 167 and
~.a~difficulties these people might have had to face on their r oad to success.
_ = . at all the pictures. Imagine these photogr aphs ar e illustrating a lecture on how to achieve success.- ,'; the attitudes of the people shown might lead to their success or f ailure.
Part 3 (12 minutes)
, e asked to talk on your own, comment on what your partner says and join in a three-way d iscussion
- ar tner and the Interlocutor around a certain theme.
ate will be asked to look at pr ompt card (a)
ut it f or two minutes.
--= = - :;-<> also some ideas for the candidate to use if
~ es.
-- -:;- candidate will then be asked if he/she has
-.- ;;: add.
-3nterlocutor will ask both candidates a
~~ s ch as:
- _ ~a change affected your own life?
The second candidate is then given pr ompt card (b)
and asked to discuss it f or two minutes.
The other candidate will then be asked if he/she has
anything to add.
Then both candidates will be asked a question on the
subject such as:
• How do you think learning a foreign language can
help br ing about changes?
Pro mpt Card (b)
W h a t r o l e d o y o u t h in k techno log ic a l a d va n ce s h av e p la y ed
i n c h a n g in g s o c i et y ?
- gender roles- infor mation
- the family
ill then be concluded with a number of general questions about the topic:
-- , a extent is it important to avoid change?
- u think that ther e is a place for tr adition in today's ever -changing world?
-2: ave been the most significant changes in r ecent years ?
-::;" can one balance cultural values with the challenges of the future?
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For questions 1-18, read the thr ee texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Mark your answers on the se parate answer sheet.
A new system has recently been
installed which should make a
great deal of (1) to future
test cr icket matches. The system
has been dubbed 'Hawkeye' and
is a good example of how military
technology has been used for
peaceful purposes. Based on
missile tracking technology, six
digital cameras placed around the
(2) will track the path of
the ball and help the umpire when
he makes Ibw decisions, (for non
cricketers Ibw = leg before wicket,
when the umpire must (3) .
whether the ball would have hit
the stumps had the batsman's leg
not got in the way). Modern
bowlers deliver the ball at such
incredible speeds that umpires
have diff iculty following the ball
with the (4) eye.
New software predicts with an
accur acy of 5mm whether the ball
would have gone on to hit the
stumps. At the same time, the
system collects statistical data,
including the height it (5) .
and the speed it travelled at. Since
Ibw decisions are often (6) .
disputed, this system will gr eatly
help umpires.
1 A contrast B differ ence C variance 0 diversity
2 A land B ground C soil 0 earth
3 A descr ibe B infer C evaluate 0 deter mine
4 A naked B exposed C bar e 0 uncovered
5 A managed B increased C reached 0 ranged
6 A fierily B smoulderingly C blazingly 0 hotly
Inthe household of the Notch he
found warmth and simplicity of feeling
and the wisdom of New England,
which the family had gather ed from the
mountains and valleys and br ought to
the ver y (7) of their home. He
had travelled far and wide. His whole life,
indeed, had been a lonely path; for with
the pride of his (8) , he had
(9) himself apar t from those
who might other wise have been his
companions. The family, too, though so
kind and friendly, had a feeling of
(10) among themselves and
separation from the wor ld. But this
evening, the ref ined and educated youth
(11) out his heart before the
simple mountaineers. The secret of the
young man's character was a
(12) ambition. He could have
borne to live an ordinary lif e, but not to be
for gotten in his grave.
7 A root B ker nel C essence 0 heart
8 A natur e B trend C mood 0 temper
9 A shut B taken C kept 0 backed
10 A individuality B entity C per sonality 0 unity
11 A poured B drained C str eamed 0 f lowed
12 A glowing B swollen C inflamed 0 burning
136
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A SPECIA L
B R E E D O F D O GThe Greenland dogs are a
(13) version of the Inuit
dog, the original working dog of
the North. Though not fast, they
ar e true cargo dogs - good at
pulling sleds over vast distances
in (14) conditions. They
ar e the (15) type of dog
for Arctic exploration, but they
became increasingly hard to get,
as the expeditions of the 'Heroic' Age' (roughly 1850 - 1910)
(16) supplies.
The Greenland dog has been
described as 'a wolf in dog's
clothing' and in fact, purists
believe this sled dog is a
descendant of the wolf. Today the
dogs are to be found only in
designated sled-dog regions in
Eastern and North Western
Greenland where the (17) .
of the breed is protected by law. Itis (18) to import, or keep
dog breeds other than police
dogs in those districts. A measure
of the value placed on the dogs
can be found in statistics. The
population of Greenland is
currently 60,000 people (mostly
Inuit) and 30,000 sled dogs!
13 A healthy B powerful C potent D resolute
14 A profound B excessive C extreme D unnatural
15 A flawless B ideal C sound D impeccable
16 A depleted B dissipated C consumed D spent
17 A purity B clarity C innocence D cleanliness
18 A disallowed B proscribed C restricted D prohibited
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-
Io0o- _
You are goir ig to read four extr acts which are all concerned in some way with f ood and cooking. For que _ .
19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think f its best according to the text.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
Good f ood is one of life's pleasuresand more than
1,200 years ago, or iental cooks knew that certain
foods tasted better when prepar ed with a soup
stock made f r om a type of seaweed. But it was
only in 1908 that Japanesescientists identified the
ingredient responsible for enhancing flavour.
That ingredient is best known today by its scientific
name, monosodium glutamate. It is often refer r ed
to as MSG and is an amino acid found in both its
forms, free and bound, in vir tually all foods. The
bound form is linked to other amino acids in
proteins and is manufactured in the human body.
The free form of glutamate (not linked to protein)
in f oods enhancesfood f lavours. Tomatoes, cheese
and mushrooms are just some free-glutamate rich
f oods, long prized f or their taste and flavour
enhancing qualities. Fr ee glutamate content
incr eases during ripening, bringing out a fuller
taste in many foods and is made as a f lavour
enhancer by a f er mentation pr ocess, commonly
using sugar beet or sugar cane, similar to that used
for making soy sauceand vinegar .
People have long known about the f our basic
tastes- sweet, sour, salty and bitter . But now a fifth
basic taste called umami has been recognised.
This is impar ted to f oods by glutamate and is
responsible f or the savoury taste of many foods,
such as tomatoes and cheese, broccoli and other
vegetables, as well as milk. If it didn't taste good,
babies would not want to feed.
A from mature fruit and vegetables.
B from fermenting soy sauce and vinegar.
C from sugar beet or sugar cane.
D from a type of Japanese seaweed.
A All food would be tasteless and bland without it.
B It should be added to all foods to improve the taste.
C It is a basic food taste.
D It is an entirely natural ingredient.
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Organic Food & Business!
Or ganic farmers pride themselves on fostering Ear th-f riendly sustainable agriculture, but it
r emains to be seen if the organic food industr y's r apid gr owth is equally sustainable.
One challenge facing the industr y is t o br ing the pr ice of or ganic pr oducts mor e in line with
those of conventional f ood products. The pr ice of organic ingr edients is improving over time, but
demand still outpaces supply in many cases. However , supply issues ar e over shadowed by the
f act that the organic foods segment continues to gr ow faster than the food industry as a whole,
f undamentally due to the natur al alliance between organic cr ops and processed foods. For one
thing, organic f ruit and vegetables earmarked for processing do not have to be as cosmetically
perfect as their f r esh counterparts. In addition, f r eezing or tinning organic products reduces
many of the shelf-lif e problems associated with fr esh pr oduce. It was only a question of time
bef ore mainstr eam f ood companies woke up to these synergies.The pioneer s of the organic f ood industry view the gr owing presence of major f ood companies
in their markets as a mixed blessing. Many smaller companies f ear that the philosophical ideals
of organic agricultur e will be compromised by business interests. Other s think ma jor f ood
companies will only help the or ganic cause; many consumer s who ar e r eluctant to buy organic
products may be tempted to actually tr y them if they see a name they trust.
A organic products last longer than pr ocessed foods.
B the range of pr ocessed foods is still limited.
C the appear ance of f ood used in processing is unimpor tant.
D f r aud has entered the organic f ood industry.
A Brand loyalty.
B An idealistic attitude.
C Consumer awareness.
D Larger farms.
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---------------
CHILLICapsicums, commonly known as chillis,
come in all dimensions and colours from the
tiny, pointed, extremely hot, bird's eye chilli,
to the large, mild, fleshy pepper s like the
Anaheim. Indigenous to Central and South
America and the West Indies, they were
cultivated there long before the Spanish
conquest, which eventually was the cause of
their introduction to Europe, where, along
with tomatoes, avocados, vanilla and
chocolate, they changed the flavours of the
known world. Today, there are in all
likelihood 400 different varieties of chillis
grown. They are as easy to cultivate as
tomatoes and are one of the world's most
widely distributed crops, available for sale at
most food outlets.
In 1902, a method was developed
for measuring the strength of a
given variety of capsicum, giving it a
ranking on a predetermined scale.
This originally meant tasting the
peppers, but nowadays it can be
done more accurately with the help
of computers to rate the peppers in
units to indicate parts per million of
capsaicin. This potent chemical not
only causes the fiery sensation, but
also triggers the brain to produce
endorphins, natural painkiller s that
promote a sense of well-being.
are closely related to tomatoes and other fruit.
all have a hot, burning taste.
seem to be adaptable plants.
will only grow in selected areas.
contain a pain-killing ingredient.
are automatically graded by strength.
cause a physical reaction when eaten.
are measured according to variety.
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_ • . . . _-----------------------------------
You are going to read an extr act f rom a novel. Seven paragra phs have been removed fr om the extr act. Choose
from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each ga p (27-33). There is one extra par agr a ph which you do not need to
use. Mar k your answers on the separate answer sheet.
'I'm sorr y,' said Oliver dr yly. 'I suppose she goes
back to school shortly?'
'No, she was - we were asked to r emove her . She
ran away from school, you know, last term. Not in
this direction.'
'Who enticed her ? Where did she go?'
'I don't know,' said Henr y.
'You should find out. What will she do now?'
Henr y looked vague and began to move awayfrom the gate.
'Nobody seems to know. I believe she's quite
clever . The school seemed to think so, bef ore all
this trouble,'
'Isn't it time,' said Oliver prof essionally, 'she was
making her mind up?'
@]-------One gets sore. Of cour se, she thought, hating her
father now, too, for betraying her too casually; of
cour se, I'm silly. I know I'm silly, I know this stage
will pass. But meanwhile, until I'm not silly, there'snothing. One is tr apped in one's own silliness,
quite as much as in love. Pr obably mor e.
§]-------Her e she went out into the city to look at it, ther e
was nothing she could do that day, it was
Sunday, nothing was ever done on a Sunday.
She climbed up onto the walls, with her suitcase
knocking against her knees, and walked briskly
round them, looking out brightly at roofs and
sloping grass ramparts. Just not to be at school
was a release, to be doing something on her own,
was to be light and singing.
~-------She walked a long way in this indecision, and in
the end, when it was already dar k, she came back
to the station and sat on her suitcase, staring
miserably at the bulk of the Station Hotel. She
was ver y tired and there was a f ine r ain falling.
§]-------Finally, she walked into the f ir st house she came to
- a small Victorian tenement house, painted an
uneven chocolate br own, with narrow, dirty
windows and a hand painted notice in r ed ink. Bed
and Breakfast. Her room was hor rid - a sloping
attic with f r osted glass at the window, and gr ey,
limp cur tains and sheets, which seemed slightlygreasy to the touch. The bed was cast iron and
rattled. There was no mir r or , only a huge wash
stand with a bowl of water, f ilmed over with dust.
@! J ~ _ And then f ailur e set in. Looking back, Anna could
still not understand it, and jibbed, so painful was
the r emember ing, at tr ying to do so. She hadn't
known, when she got there, quite what she meant
to do, but there seemed, from the garden, to have
been so many things.
§]------- At f ir st, she had been filling a putative 'waiting
time' and later she could not think of anything
else to do. When she had visited all the cinemas,
and her money was r unning out, she packed her
suitcase, paid the landlady and spent her last
shillings on a ticket back to school.
§]-------------When she arr ived late at night, she was hustled
crossly into the sick-room, isolated and allowed to
speak to no one. In a day's time, Henr y appear ed
and told her she was to go and pack her trunk,
they wer e going home, now. Anna, who had spent
her period of isolation sitting on the bed and
looking out of the window, had not got up when he
came in; now she looked up at him and said,
'Why? When'm I coming back?'
'You ar en't,' Henry said. 'I've been asked to
remove you.'
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She could have got a job. She could have sat,
alter natively, in the Minster, which was
oeautif ul, and have thought out what she
, anted. She could have worked all day and
itten the novel at night. But she had gone to: e pictures, afternoon and evening, sitting in
: e r ed warmth, in the cheapest seats,
sometimes seeing the whole progr amme
.hr ough twice.
In the evening she began walking from hotel to
hotel, hesitating at every f r ont door, afraid to
go in. She felt that inside, under bright lights.
por ters and receptionists would immediately
see that she was in some way a f raud. They
would know she was out without leave from
somewhere where she should have been shutup, and they would find out from her where it
was, and make telephone calls.
'I don't want to,' said Anna. She added,
unwillingly, exposing herself, 'It's not as though
it made any real difference to anyone whether I
was there or not.'
' Ah, I see,' said Oliver, as though she had
of fered him an impor tant conf idence. He
seemed to think that she had given him the
right to settle in; at least, he drew forward one
of Jeremy's boxes from the wall, dusted it, andsat on it, facing her.
She had been quite calm over all this at the
time, as though mesmerised by her daily
r outine, cold breakfast, cold ear ly lunch, the
cinema, supper , the cinema and cold bed, into
thinking not that this course of action was
inevitable, it was nothing as forceful as that,
but that all her actions had no weight and no
importance, that she was living in a vacuum,
and might as well do anyone thing as any
other . It had been a running down, an
unwinding, and when her mind was moving
slowly enough, she saw, in blinkers, no road
except this. So, with this cur ious calmness, she
went back.
She felt suddenly and f inally trapped - when
she pushed up the window with a great deal of
effort to look at the sky, she was confronted by
a blank wall and a dark window. Once up, the
window would not close again, and thedraught sucked directly across the bed. Anna
slept badly.
Anna saw them for a moment and then heard
them weaving back as they had COr!:..9,
between the tr ees, one behind the other . They
said something indistinguishable and then
Henr y's voice reached her for a moment,
'She'll grow out of it,' and then she heard the
creak of the gate into the garden. Grow out of
it, she thought. Of course I'll grow out of it. I'm
growing out of it n ow, that's what hurts. I'mgr owing out of everything, all the time, too
quickly.
Looking back at this time from the garden Anna
told herself that there was no reason to be
afraid, no reason at all, that she had behaved
extremely stupidly - and, nevertheless, she
shuddered, remembering the heavy street, and
the cold gas lamps, the sudden gr im and
oppressive northernness of the city that had
been by day so lightly poised, and carved, and
clean.
And they had br oken her mood, obtruding
things she was deliberately not thinking of, her
future and, worse, her abortive attempt to
escape, which she would have preferred to
for get altogether. She had left quietly one
Sunday morning whilst the other girls were
putting on their Sunday hats for church and
had taken the train north as far as the largest
city, which was York.
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-------------------------------------
You ar e going to r ead par t of the intr oduction to a book of Welsh shor t stor ies. For questions 34-40, choose the
answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best accor ding to the text.
Mar k your ' answers on the separate answer sheet.
It was an American wit who listed one of man's greatest
virtues as the art of making the long story shor t, but he
was saying nothing about the short story, which has its
own necessary length, neither too long nor too short,
and is at its best when it presents a revealing insight
into a person in a par ticular situation. What interests me
most is being at the core of another life, seeing new
light thrown upon it through the mind and world of the
central character . It is a help if I am so involved at the
outset that my attention does not wander and that my
sympathies are immediately engaged, but ultimately, I
must know more at the end than I did at the beginning.
Now and again, let it also be stated, I can certainly do
with a smile.
These stories have been chosen to fulfil such requirements
where they can be met, but they are in addition, of a place
and a time. The place is Wales and the time is the twentieth
century, since the short story is a comparatively new arrival
here. They r eflect Wales, not always flatteringly, as it is and
has been. English writers, it has been said, are often
refugees from society, but almost all the stor ies in this
book written by Welsh men and women show a concern
for a par ticular landscape or community. It is as if Welsh
writers cannot escape this involvement, and often there is
also a sense of characters off stage, present but unseen at
the stor yteller 's elbow. Perhaps the reason for this
awareness of others is that so many of us have lived in
cr owded places, and, while it is not always healthy, it is a
part of the Welsh experience which is very different from
that of our neighbours.
I have not otherwise been able to define a specific
characteristic of the Welsh story which makes it
immediately identifiable, save for the nationality or place
of residence of the writer , but it should be pointed out that
some Welsh writers writing in English have faced
particular difficulties when they have felt the need to
emphasise their difference from English counterparts.Often this need has led to stereotyped patterns of speech,
the whimsicality of which often gives a false impression.
At the back of it, one suspects the seductive pressures of
those who like to see their Welshmen as clowns or
'characters', but it should also be said that many
Welshmen have woven myths about themselves and their
country with mischievous delight, and one doubts if they
needed much encouragement. Of course, this forced use
of language can be detected in other literatures, some of them colonialist, and it is perhaps the inevitable
consequence of the dominance of a distant metropolis.
Having said that, it is only fair to note that many of the
short stor y writers who write in English received their first
encouragement in England, and indeed some of them,
like Alun Lewis, represented here by an almost unknown
stor y of army life, are at their best away from home. In his
case, he was probably more searching as an observer
with a f oreign eye and his stor ies dealing with English lif e
were perhaps more acutely observed than those dealing
with his native South Wales. Ther e is an abundance of
riches from which the anthologist may choose and my
task has been made easier by the selections of other
editors whose choices I have tried not to duplicate wher e
possible.
I have said that these stories were chosen because they
please one reader and are of a place and time, but I
have also had a number of other consider ations in mind
and I have tried to represent all Welsh writers, including
those whose work belies the concept of Wales as a
homogeneous society, some who write in English and
others who write exclusively in Welsh and for whom
Welsh is the first language. All arguments about degrees
of Welshness I f ind to be fruitless; for me, the story is the
thing, although on re-reading so many stor ies in
preparing this volume, I could not help but detect the
security of so many writers in the Welsh language, which
has freed them from painful attempts to emphasise their
nationality, a str ain which affected the work of their
counterparts writing in English for a time. Ironically, this
freedom seems to be in danger of ending and, judging
by some of the stor ies made available in translation,
appears to have been replaced by the aim of political
conversion, to the detriment, in my view, of the
stor yteller 's ar t. However , the representation of writers in
the Welsh language, translated here, is varied enough to
warrant a f urther anthology comprised solely of stories
translated from the or iginal. It is my hope that the Walesof the past and the present is well repr esented in this
volume, together with the world of work and workmen in
some of our mor e ravaged terrains, an aspect which has
tended to be neglected in the past.
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~ P a p e r 2 - W r i t i n g (2 hours)
1 You have read the extract below as part of a newspaper ar ticle about genetically modified food s. Reader s
were ask ed to send in their opinions. You decide to write a letter responding to the points raised and
expressing your own views.
Scientists ar e making hugEr advances in
food pr oduction. We have seen cloned
sheep, possibly soon we will have cloned
chickens and cows. Now, fr uit and
vegetables are the targets - scientists
can alter their genetic str ucture to make
them bigger or smaller , a darker colour
or a lighter colour and of cour se resistant
to disease. They claim that this will put an
end to world hunger , but is it saf e to
change our f ood in this way? Are we
putting our health in danger?
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Paper 3 - Use of English (I hour 30 minutes)
For questions 1-15, r ead the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each s pace. Ther e is an example at the beginning (0). Wr ite your answer s on the separate answer sheet.
Example: ~I a _ s _
C HAN G IN G SE ASO N S
If we measur e th e s ea so ns , (0) 0.L in t he past t he y hav e (I) , by or dinar y
na t ur al events such as t he departure of migrat ing bird s or t he appearance of t he firs t f lower ,
(2) spring now begins in N o ve mb er a nd a utumn ends in December. (3) .
may seem an un likely situat ion to us , but in (4) fact , da ta s ho w s th at s pr ing no w
occurs t en to t hirty days earlier than i t did , while r ecent research bears (5) t ha t
autumn is arr iving (6) .
Trad it ional data on phenology - the study of t he timing of na t ur al events - goes (7) to
1736 in Br it ain. Taken (8) isolation , ph enological d at a m a y n ot mea n (9) ,
but the received wisd om f r om ecology is about inter co nnectedness. (10) , with
higher temperatures in winter , some species will br eed ear l ier and then find that their f ood source
has been dest royed ( I I ) wint er finally arrives. Com pe tit ion for wint er food wil l probably
increase too , as bi r d s s to p m igr ating south in winter, as ha s (12) happened in a
(13) o f cases.
( 14) it is often difficult to be cer t ain t hat seasonal t r en ds ar e progr essive and not cyclical , those involved in ana lys ing the informat ion see the f inger pr ints o f global warming
(15) t his blurring o f the seasons' edges.
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For questions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. Here is an
example (0).
~ g _ o o _ d _
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her e have been complaints by residents living on the outskirts of the city of attacks by a
................. of stray dogs.
You should be a bit more suspicious! That story is obviously a of lies from start to
finish.
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For questions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the f ir st sentence, using
the wor d given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, includ ing the wor d
given. Her e is an example (0).
~1 C 1 _ r _ e _ s _ u l _ t _ o _ f _ m _ y _ p _ r o _ m _ o _ t _ io _ n _ _ ~
The failur e of to the crisis meant
negotiations collapsed.
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For questions 40-44, read the following texts a bout 'danger ous s ports'. For questions 40-43, answer with a wor d
or shor t phrase. You d o not need to wr ite complete sentences. For q uestion 44, wr ite a summary according to
the instructions given.
Wr ite your answer s to questions 40-44 on the separate answer sheet.
Hang gliding and hang gliders have been por trayed by the media as a danger ous occupation whose
practitioner s have a death wish. Nothing is further f rom the tr uth. What is true is that you ar e taking f ar
greater risks dr iving to a flying site than in flying.
When flying a hang glider , pilots are more in control of their fate than at any other time that they are in
motion. Hang glider pilots' constant ref r ain is that they love life far more than the ear th-bound can even
start to appreciate, and they can state that they will not have an accident flying a hang glider with the
same certainty that they can say they will not break their necks walking down the stair s.
There are only five criteria that must be met if there is to be a safe flight, however . Having good
equipment is one, along with the following learned skills: the pilot can launch per fectly and can make
the glider go wher e he or she wants it to, the conditions are well within an envelope of safety (learned - line 10
with guidance and caution) and he or she can land safely. That's it. There is no mysticism, no magic,
just solid learned skills and the wisdom to fly in predictably safe, carefully contr olled conditions.
Good instruction, a lot of flying and wor k are the key ingredients in learning to f ly saf ely. A good
instructor is an active hang glider pilot. His or her rating is not as important as the ability to 'get inside
your head' and find the best words for the most complete understanding of what you are supposed to
do and why you are supposed to do it. A good instructor is a cost effective investment.
Finally, fear of heights and of falling is natural. Hang gliders fly and the pilot is in control. Falling is not
an issue and altitude is a friend. Paradoxically, the higher you go, the saf er it gets and should you makea mistake, you will have more time to correct it.
Bear in mind that today's hang glider has fantastic potential. There is one 400 foot site that r egular ly
allows pilots to reach cloud base and, not long ago, a pilot reached 12,000 f eet in New Yor k. In many
places, pilots fly with oxygen as altitude gains regular ly put them very high indeed. Hang glider s are
not toys, they are really neat, sophisticated aircraft.
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_ ~<: ir ation for bungee jumping has its roots, so to speak, in the South Pacific village of Bunlap
_- :"",~~ecost Island. Legend has it that a village man named Tamalie treated his wife so badly that
- away and climbed a banyan tree, then tied liana vines to her ankles. When Tamalie climbed
~. er , she jumped and so did he, except that he wasn't attached to any vines. He died and she
d the men of Bunlap began to practice land diving so that if the situation ar ose again, they
e r eady. Eventually, the sport evolved into a ritual, from which women were excluded, meant
• e ur e a rich harvest of yams and later a rich harvest of tourists. Just before they launch line 7
--e s !ves, the men stand on 80 foot tall wooden platforms and make speeches complaining about
es. Then they swan dive onto a softened landing-area wher e their heads thump the dirt just
::.::. e car ef ully measured vines become taut.
:. f ar as anyone can tell, the high-tech evolution of the leash-diving concept was realised on April
= I's Day 1979 by the Oxford Dangerous Sports Club, a group of Br itish daredevils who clipped
- emselves to elastic bungee cords and stepped off the 245 foot high Clifton Br idge in Bristol, not
~ yams and not in memory of a fallen comrade, but f or pure excitement. The same men leapt off
.r . e Golden Gate Br idge and then, in 1980, jumped over Colorado's Royal Gor ge, one of them falling
a f eet on a 415 foot bungee cord and setting a r ecor d that was only to be br oken much later .
one of this is as deadly as it sounds. In all the years that they have been carrying on this custom,
not one of the land divers of Pentecost Island has ever been killed. Bungee jumping cannot claim
quite the same spotless record, but done with the right, experienced people, it too, is a lot safer than
i t looks.
44 In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summar ise in your own words as far as possible, how
bungee jumping and hang gliding can be practised safely.
Write your summary on the separ ate answer sheet.
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Paper 4 - Listening (approx. 40 minutes)
You will hear four d iffer ent extracts. For q uestions 1-8, choose the answer C A , B or C) which fits best according
to what you hear . There are two q uestions for each extr act.
Extract One I
1 What does the speaker say about the names of Indian restaurants?
A Most names are unique.
B There is a limited choice of traditional names.
C Confusion of names can easily occur.
2 How does the speaker feel about the food served at the two restaurants?
A It represents the full range of Indian cooking.
B Indian cuisine has been simplified.
C He thought it could have been cooked better.
Extract Two I
3 What conclusion about success does the book suggest?
A Talent is enough to secure a directing job.
B Most directors lack the necessary dedication.
C Directors run into diff iculties along the way.
4 It is implied that inexperienced directors are
A arrogant.
B dependent.
C creative.
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I,;t Three I
-0 speaker values the turns in the road because they
make the journey enjoyable.
ar e full of interesting sur pr ises.
arr ant cautious dr iving.
oes the speaker compare the appearance of the tortoise to a privilege?
was unexpected.
3 was touching.
I was rare.
-n ecame a 'born again biker ' because
e wanted to tr avel to Africa.
8 . r eminded him of his youth.
is children thought he was going through a mid-lif e crisis.
e he enter ed Spain, he was sur pr ised that
car number plates had changed.
8 he had become tir ed of his motor cycle.
e was not stopped at the border .
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You will hear a rad io featur e where a woman talk s about how she copes with her migraine attacks. For questions
9-17, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
The two most usual kinds of migr aine ar e known as 1~ ~0 migraine.
__ ______ C §]
pr eceded by I Q I J .
The speaker f eels I~ ~ dur ing an attack and
has pr oblems expr essing her self clearly.
-------@].
It is an upsetting and I ~ exper ience.
A variety of things can I I~ a migraine.
Slump migr aine can occur when a source of anxiety is
I ~ .
The speaker 's attacks ar e less I ~ now than bef or e.
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~ an inter view with Dr Timothy Cowey, a pr ominent paleontologist, who is d iscussing a f or thcoming
=:e::f::ii~?~q uestions 18-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which best fits what you hear .
- ::- 0 the f ollowing facts about the Gobi Deser t is false?
- e desert is located in Mongolia.
a y mines can be f ound there.
- ontains ar eas r ich in f ossils.-~is home to the Nemegat Basin.
- ar e 'The Flaming Clif f s' at their most beautiful?
ur ing the night.
3 I the light of the r ising sun.
nytime during the day.
~When they catch the setting sun.
r ding to Dr Cowey,
there are more dinosaur eggs to be found.
S ther e is nothing mor e to be learnt about bir ds.
C animals developed flight to sur vive.
~D f ossils show birds in f light.
2 e excavation
A is not r estricted to experts.
S is only f or pr of essionals.
C is the best in the world.
DIDD is diff icult to find.
ongor yn Els
A was the site of one pr evious excavation.
S is close to the sea.
C is a potentially valuable site.
D is of no particular interest.
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You will hear two com puter analysts talking about pro blems buying computer s. For q uestions 23.28, d ecid e
whether the o pinions ar e ex pressed by only one of the speakers, or whether the speaker s agree.
Write WM
or B
f or Wend yfor Mar k
for Both
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r o c l i cT I
l o r t h e r e v i s e d
V is u o l M o te r i o l f o r t h e S p e o k i n g P u p e r
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D I I l R L . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~_a_k_i_ng _
======================o ===========: ; : : : : : ; : : : ; ================" ' " " " " ' -
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m m rD I I~ : n g = = = = = ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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·Paper 5 - Speaking
.0
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P r o fic ie n c y P r a c ti c e T e s ts i s a se t of s ix co m ple te pr ac 'ce
tests wr it ten in l ine w i th the specif ica tions f or the r evise
Cambr idge Proficiency examination ( in t roduction Dece m ber
2002). This set of tests, wr i t ten by an exper ience d EF L author .
prov ides comprehensiv e c ov er a g e o f th e ty pe of language
points and individual ski l ls focuses targeted in the exam ina '0
and , taken together , offers thorough pract ice i n the tasksconta ined in each of the five papers.
K e y f e a t u r e s o f S tu d e n t' s B o o k :• Six ful l prac tice tests for the revised CPE exam ination
• In tr oductory section provid ing a compr ehens iv e overv iew
of each of the five papers