PRACTICE CLASS #2 (#3) 2012-03-06. a responsible girl / the person responsible …the students...

ADJECTIVES AND THE AP

PRACTICE CLASS #2 (#3)2012-03-06

TWO EXERCISES THAT WE WERE SUPPOSED TO DO

LAST WEEK…

…BUT WE WERE NOT FAST ENOUGH :(

exercise 6

a responsible girl / the person responsible

…the students present…/ …those absent….

her late husband / …wasn’t conscious… / conscious effort

…all the people involved…/ involved inquiry

exercise 7

Is this an easy camera to use?

His was too strong an argument to be expressed in public.

It is big enough a house for two families to live in.

I need as big a table as possible.

NOW SOMETHING THAT WAS ACTUALLY PLANNED

FOR TODAY…

Fascinated with her inner beauty, he sat in silent admiration and ...

Uneasy, he just sat and waited to receive an email.

When nervous, count to ten. When really nervous, count to twenty.

Magnificent! How nice of you!

WHAT ARE THESE STRUCTURES? HOW SHOULD WE CLASSIFY THEM?

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (pg. 96)

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

exercise 10

Eager to start the climb, the students rose at first light.

When not used to the climate, dress sensibly.

Excited, they shouted loud.

If possible, try to work out every day.

INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT inherent, adj. =a quality that is inherent in

something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it

Not all adjectives characterize the referent of the noun directly:◦ an old friend ≠ my friend is old◦ Here “old” refers to the friendship and it does not

characterize the person. Adjectives that characterize the referent of

the noun directly are called INHERENT, and those that do not are called NON-INHERENT.

Who/what can be INHERENTLY happy?

happy girl happy rock

Who/what can be INHERENTLY hard?

hard rockhard Rock

Who/what can be INHERENTLY wooden?

wooden Nichols Cage

wooden table

exercise 3 (a,b,c,d)

NI

I

NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

I

exercise 3 (e,f,g,h)NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT

I NI

NI

NI

I

exercise 3 (i,j)NI = NON-INHERENT; I = INHERENT

NI

I

SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 96) i.e. THEIR SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR

syntactic classification of adjectives

CENTRAL PERIPHERAL

This classification is based on syntactic functions which adjectives can perform.

Adjectives that can have BOTH attributive and predicative function are called CENTRAL. E.g. a happy girl vs. The girl is happy. / He made her happy.Adjectives that have EITHER attributive or predicative function are called PERIPHERAL. E.g. an utter fool vs. *The fool is utter.

PERIPHERAL As: ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY Adjectives that are attributive only are

adjectives usually CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS.

INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES

ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As

There are adjectives that have a hightening effect on the noun they modify, or the reverse, lowering effect. Such adjectives are called INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES.

EMPHASIZERS (sheer madness) AMPLIFIERS (complete fool) DOWNTONERS (slight effort)

MOST OF THEM ARE USUALLY ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY.

ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:DOWNTONERS: ERROR IN THE WORKBOOK

The adjectives that have a lowering effect, i.e. DOWNTONER ADJECTIVES are CENTRAL ADJECTIVES (NOT ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY):

a slight effort = The effort was slight.

a feeble joke

= The joke was feeble.

ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:EMPHASIZERS

The adjectives that have a GENERAL HEIGHTENING effect, i.e. EMPHASIZER ADJECTIVES are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY:

a clear failure≠ The failure was clear.

sheer arrogance

≠ His arrogance was sheer. plain nonsense

≠ The nonsense was plain.EMPHASIZERS ARE NON-INHERENT.

ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:AMPLIFIERS: confusion in the workbook

The adjectives that SCALE THE MEANING UPWARDS FROM AN ASSUMED NORM, i.e. AMPLIFIER ADJECTIVES can be ATTRIBUTVE ONLY OR CENTRAL, depending on whether they are INHERENT OR NON-INHERENT.

a complete victory= The victory was complete. (INHERENT)

a complete fool

≠ The fool is complete. (NON-INHERENT) great destruction

= The destruction was great. (INHERENT) a great fool

≠ The fool is great. (NON-INHERENT)

ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES

The adjectives that RESTRICT THE REFERENCE OF THE NOUN EXCLUSIVELY, PARTICULARLY OR CHIEFLY, are called. RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES and they are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY:

the main reasin≠ The reason was main.

a certain person

≠ The person was certain. the very man

≠ The man was very.


Adjectives that ARE DERIVED FROM ADVERBS OR ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS, i.e. ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY. They are NON-INHERENT.

my former friend≠ My friend is former. (~ formerly my friend)

past students

≠ The students are past. (~students from the past)

the late president

≠ The president is late.SOMETIMES an adjective related to adverbials can be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun which it modifies.


a good thief≠ The thief is good. (~ he thieves well)

a good writer

= The writer is good. a poor liar

≠ The liar is poor. (~ he lies poorly)

the poor man (who went bankrupt)

= The man is poor.

ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES

Adjectives that ARE DERIVED FROM NOUNS, i.e. DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY. They are NON-INHERENT.

a criminal lawyer≠ The lawyer is criminal. (~ he specializes in criminal law)

an atomic scientist

≠ The scientis is atomic. (~ he specializes in atomic science)

SOMETIMES an adjective related to adverbials can be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun which it modifies.

exercise 4 (a, b, c)CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only)

PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter

PERIPHERAL, attributive only, intensifier/amplifier

CENTRAL

exercise 4 (d,e,f)CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only)

PERIPHERAL, predicative only

CENTRAL

PERIPHERAL, attributive only, denominal

exercise 4 (g,h,i)CENTRAL; PERIPHERAL (attributive only; predicative only)

PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter

CENTRAL

PERIPHERAL, attributive only, related to adv.

Now, let’s introduce

ADVERBS!

REVIEW: THE ADVERB PHRASE The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an

adverb as its head. The AdvP can have the following forms:

◦ AdvP = Adv e.g. carefully◦ AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefully◦ AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. carefully enough◦ AdvP = Adv Adv Cl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see

it fast enough to escape

oAdvP = (Adv) Adv PP e.g. (much) better than Bill

exercise 1 (d,e,p)

ADV HEAD

HEAD HEAD

HEAD PP

TRANSITIONAL EXERCISES

From ADJECTIVES to ADVERBS

exercise 15

exercise 12 – a&b

exercise 12 – c&d

exercise 12 – e&f

exercise 14

MORE CLEARLY

LAST

HIGH

IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER

EARLY

LATE

IN A MOTHERLY WAY

FIRST

exercise 11 (a,b,c,d)

The Stock Exchange reacted quite calmly.

These almonds taste bitter.

She smiled bitterly.

To a European, Chinese sounds strange.

exercise 11 (e,f,g,h)

The sports committee meets monthly / once a month / on a monthly basis.

Her mother had slapped her hard.

She walks in an ugly way/manner.

You acted in a cowardly way/manner.

exercise 11 (i,j,k,l)

Bob works much harder than Tom.

The play impressed me considerably.

He approaches the subject less scientifically.

She glanced at me slyly.

NOW JUST ADVERBS!!!

exercise 16

THE ADVERB PHRASE The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an

adverb as its head. The AdvP can have the following forms:

◦ AdvP = Adv e.g. carefully◦ AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefully◦ AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. carefully enough◦ AdvP = Adv Adv Cl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see

it fast enough to escape

oAdvP = (Adv) Adv PP e.g. (much) better than Bill

SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99)

SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS

INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT (PART

OF OTHER PHRASES)

ADVERBIAL:He speaks slowly.

MODIFIER:extremely slowvery slowlyrather a messstraight through the wallover ten victims

COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION:over heretill thenfrom inside

INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS

ADVERBIALS

INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE

Primarily NON-LINKING:

Provide speaker’s comment

PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE

Primarily LINKING:

connect sentences

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

ADJUNCTS

exercise 13 (a-k)

DISJUNCTModifier of AdvP

/ADJUNCTCONJUNCT

Modifier of NPModifier of PP

Modifier of APADJUNCTADJUNCTModifier of AP

Modifier of APModifier of NP

exercise 13 (l-q)

Modifier of PPDISJUNCT

ADJUNCT

Modifier of APModifier of NP

ADJUNCT /

Modifier of NP

Modifier of AP

THE ENDActually, to be continued…

PRACTICE CLASS #2 (#3) 2012-03-06. a responsible girl / the person responsible …the students...

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