Practical Routers and Switches (Including TCP/IP and Ethernet) for Engineers and Technicians
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Transcript of Practical Routers and Switches (Including TCP/IP and Ethernet) for Engineers and Technicians
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Practical Routers & Switches (Including TCP/IP and Ethernet) for Engineers & Technicians
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Topics
• Overview
• Network Communication
• Types of Networks
• Open Systems
• Interoperability/Internetworking
• IEEE Standards
• Topologies
• Media Access Control
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Network Connection Methodologies
Two basic methods of communicationfor data exchange between computersand peripherals:• Circuit Switched
• Packet Switched
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Full tim e exclusive connection estab lishedacross netw ork for duration of each call.
Typica lD ata F low s Low utilization
Circuit Switched Data
one shared circu it
Packet Assem blerD isassem bler
Packet Sw itched N etw ork
Packet Switched Data
Typica lD ata F low s
S w itch1
Sw itch2
Sw itchn
BA
A
B
C
D
E
F
H igher utiliza tion
D ataeg. Address
A to E B to D C to F etc
00100111 00101101 10101101
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Circuit Switched
• Analogous to establishing a digital phone connection.
• Once connection is established, communication links is dedicated to user.
• No other communications/network activity affects circuit capacity.
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Packet Switching
• Used extensively in computer and related systems.
• Data is divided into small units (“Packets”) and multiplexed onto a common high speed circuit.
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Types of Networks
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Local Area Networks
500m m ax
LAN (10 Base 5) exam ple
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WAN Concept
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Open Systems Interconnection
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data L ink
Physica l
The OSI Reference Model
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Open Systems Interconnection
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
N etw ork
D ata L ink
Physica l
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
N etw ork
D ata Link
Physica l
Process A Process B
Communication Channel
Physica lD ata
B its
Fram es
Application PD U
Presentation PD U
Session PD U
Transport PD U
Packets
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PH
PH
M essage
M essage
M essage
M essage
M essage
M essage
A H
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
PH
PH
PH
PH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SHTH
TH
TH
THN H
N H
N HD LH
D LHPre N T
N T
N T
D LT
D LT
Post
App lica tion
P resen ta tion
Session
Transport
N etw ork
D a ta L ink
P ysica l
Protocol C ontro l In fom ation(PC I) or H eader
M essage
M essage
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Descriptions of the Seven OSI Layers
• Application Layer (7)
• Presentation Layer (6)
• Session Layer (5)
• Transport Layer (4)
• Network Layer (3)
• Data Link Layer (2)
• Physical Layer (1)
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Interoperability• Defined as:
“the ability of two different networks to work together”– How networks can communicate and share data,
even though they may have different architectures.– Also used to refer to the ability of different
software products to work together in the same environment
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Simplified OSI / RM
User
Physical
Data Link
Application
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Object oriented messagesbroadcast, point-to-point
Token-pass, addressing,error-checking
Twisted pair, fibre opticbus, star
Function blocks etc"Layer 8"
Fieldbus Layer Model
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Physical Topologies
• Physically, there are three structures:– Bus– Star– Ring
• Others ie hybrids are possible
• The logical topology may not reflect the physical!
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Bus Topology
Server
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Bus Topology• Advantages
– Uses relatively little cable compared to other topologies
– Easy to add or remove nodes– Simple & flexible architecture– Broadcast messages are easy– Failure of node does not affect network– Inexpensive cable and connectors
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Bus Topology
• Disadvantages– Security problem - every node “hears” every message– No automatic acknowledgment of messages– Failure diagnosis can be difficult– No automatic regeneration of signals
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Star Topology
Node Node
NodeNodeNode
Node
Hub
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Star Topology
• Advantages– Troubleshooting & fault isolation are easy– Easy to add / remove nodes & modify cable layout– Failure of a node does not isolate any other– Central hub allows monitoring for management
purposes
• Disadvantages- Hub fails - network fails!- Can require a lot of cabling
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Ring Topology
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
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Ring Topology
• Advantages
- Physical ring has minimal cable requirements
- No wiring centre needed
- Message can be automatically acknowledged
- Each node can regenerate the signal
• Disadvantages- If a node fails, the ring fails- Diagnosis & fault finding is difficult- Adding /removing nodes disrupts network- Limit on distance between nodes
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Media Access• Networks are for sharing!
• Each node will be connected to the shared media via a Network Interface Card (also called NI adapter)
• The card must be compatible with:– Cable, or medium, type– Computer bus– Access method
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LAN Access
• Only one node can transmit at a time
• Two main methods are in current use– Contention– Token Passing
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