PRACTICAL REPORT

Submitted to Comply an Assignment of Plant and Animal Diversity

LICHEN

Arrange By:

AJENG RATIH NASRUDIN (1003394)

IFA AMBARITA INZIATI ()

NURUL AISYAH ()

RIZAL FADLI NURHADI ()

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE EDUACATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

2012

A. OBJECTIVE

To identify lichen and fungi found in laboratory To classify lichen and fungi found in laboratory To make determination key based on lichen and fungi found in laboratory

B. BASIC THEORY

Lichens  are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic organism composed of

a fungus (the mycobiont) with aphotosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont),

usually either a green alga (commonly Trebouxia) or cyanobacterium (commonly Nostoc).

(Dobson, 2000)

The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the

isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments

on Earth—arctic tundra, hot deserts, rocky coasts, and toxic slag heaps. However, they are

also abundant as epiphytes on leaves and branches in rain forests and temperate woodland,

on bare rock, including walls and gravestones, and on exposed soil surfaces (e.g., Collema)

in otherwise mesic habitats. Lichens are widespread and may be long-lived. Many are also

vulnerable to environmental disturbance, and may be useful to scientists in assessing the

effects of air pollution, ozone depletion, and metal contamination. Lichens have also been

used in making dyesand perfumes, as well as in traditional medicines. (Morris, 2007)

The body (thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga

growing separately. The fungus surrounds the algal cells, often enclosing them within

complex fungal tissues unique to lichen associations. In many species the fungus penetrates

the algal cell wall, forming penetration pegs orhaustoria similar to those produced by

pathogenic fungi. Lichens are poikilohydric, capable of surviving extremely low levels

of water content. However, the re-configuration of membranes following a period of

dehydration requires several minutes at least. (Honegger, 1988)

The algal or cyanobacterial cells are photosynthetic, and as in plants

they reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic carbon sugars to feed both symbionts.

Both partners gain water and mineral nutrients mainly from the atmosphere, through rain and

dust. The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining water, serving as a larger capture area

for mineral nutrients and, in some cases, provides minerals obtained from the substrate. If

a cyanobacteriumis present, as a primary partner or another symbiont in addition to green

alga as in certain tripartite lichens, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, complementing the

activities of the green alga. Although strains of cyanobacteria found in

various cyanolichens are often closely related to one another, they differ from the most

closely related free-living strains. The lichen association is a close symbiosis. It extends the

ecological range of both partners but is not always obligatory for their growth and

reproduction in natural environments, since many of the algal symbionts can live

independently. A prominent example is the alga Trentepohlia which forms orange-coloured

populations on tree trunks and suitable rock faces. Lichen propagules (diaspores) typically

contain cells from both partners, although the fungal components of so-called "fringe

species" rely instead on algal cells dispersed by the “core species. Lichen associations may

be examples of mutualism, commensalism or even parasitism, depending on the

species. Cyanobacteria in laboratory settings can grow faster when they are alone rather than

when they are part of a lichen. (Sciencemag.org)

C. METHOD

There are only few methods of doing this experiment as the plants are already available in the

lab. So, the things that are needed are:

1. Pencil

2. Drawing paper

3. Microscope

For the macro plant, the thing that should be done is only observe and draw and then it can be

determined the characteristic of those species and classify it into several groups. While for

the micro plant, the thing that should be done are observe all of the plants by using the

microscope and then analyze the data. After that, it can be determined the characteristic and

might be classify into several groups.

D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Observation Table of Lichen

No.

Name Aspects Symbiosis to substrate

Substrate Growth form

Lichenezed Thallus Type

1

Cetraria

Leaves Commensalistic Rocks Branched Algae Foliose

2

Peltigera

Leaves Commensalistic Rocks Flat Fungi Foliose

3

Cladonia furcata

Shrubby Commensalistic Soil Branched Fungi Fruticose

4

Parmelia

Leaves Commensialistic Trees Leafy Fungi Foliose

5

Physcia

Crust Commensalistic Trees Powdery Fungi Foliose

6

Alectoria

Leaves Parasitic Trees Hair-like Fungi Fruticose

7

Lobaria

Leaves Commensalistic Trees Leafy Fungi-Algae

Foliose

8

Hypogymnia

Leaves Commensalistic Trees Branched Fungi Foliose

Classification Table of Macroscopic Lichenes

KlasifikasiGambar Pengamatan(Sumber: Dokumen

Pribadi, 2011)Gambar Literatur

Divisio : LichenesClassis : AscolichenesOrdo : LecanoralesFamilia : ParmeliaceaeGenus : CetrariaSpecies : Cetraria sp.

Gambar 4.1 Cetraria sp.Gambar 4.2 Cetraria islandica

(Stephen, 2008)Divisio : LichenesClassis : AscolichenesOrdo : LecanoralesFamilia : ParmeliaceaeGenus : ParmeliaSpecies : Palmeria subridect

Palmeria sp.Palmeria perlataParmelia pastallifera lobesParmelia caperata

Gambar 4.9Palmeria subridect

Gambar 4.11 Palmeria pastallifera lobes

Gambar 4.12 Parmelia perlata

Gambar 4.10 Parmelia perlata(Sumber: Anonim, __)

Gambar 4.13 Parmelia capperata

(Sumber: Jordi Badia, ____)

Gambar 4.14 Parmelia sp.Divisio : LichenesClassis : AscolichenesOrdo : LecanoralesFamilia : ParmeliaceaeGenus : PhysciaSpecies : Physcia sp.

Gambar 4.17 Physcia sp.Gambar 4.18 Physcia sp.(Sumber: Twiggy, 2003)

Divisio : LichenesClassis : AscolichenesOrdo : LecanoralesFamilia : CladiniaceaeGenus : CladoniaSpecies : Cladonia sp. Gambar 4.19 Cladonia sp.

Gambar 4.20 Cladonia sp.(Sumber: Mosquin, 2006)

Divisio : LichenesClassis : AscolichenesOrdo : CyanophytalesFamilia : PeltigeraceaeGenus : PeltigeraSpecies : Peltigera sp.

Gambar 4.23 Peltigera sp.Gambar 4.24 Peltigera

membranacea(Sumber: Mosquin, 2006)

Divisio : LichenesClassis : AscolichenesOrdo : CyanophytalesFamilia : LobariaceaeGenus : LobariaSpecies : Lobaria sp.

Gambar 4.25 Lobaria sp. Gambar 4.26 Lobaria pulmonaria

(Sumber: Anonim, 2009)Divisio : LichenesClassis : AscolichenesOrdo : GraphidalesFamilia : GraphidaceaeGenus : GraphisSpecies : Graphis elegan

Graphis sp. Gambar 4.27Graphis elegan

Gambar 4.28 Graphis scripta(Sumber: Trnkoczy, 2009)

Gambar 4.29 Graphis sp.

After the observation was conducted, there are some similarities and differences between one species to another species. Based on observation result, the observation table might be interpreted into determination key diagram which based on the characteristics of Lichen in order to easier in classify each species into several groups.

E. CONCLUSION

From the experiment we can identify, classify, and make determination key of fungi and

lichen based on their appearance, reproduction, and their structure.

F. DETERMINATION KEY

Lichen

Foliose Fructicose

Algae Fungi Algae-Fungi

FungiAlgae Algae-Fungi

Branched Flat Hair-like Leafy Powdery

Leafy Shrubby Crust

ShrubbyLeaf Crust

Determination key

1. a. Foliose………………………………………….……………………………………..(2)b. Fructiose……………..…………………………….………………………………….(5)

2. a. Algae………………..…………………………………………………………..Cetrariab. Algae-Fungi…………….……………………………………………………….Lobariac. Fungi…………………………………………………………………………………..(3)

3. a. Leaf………..………………………………………………………………………….(4)b. Crust……………………………………………………………………………..Physcia

4. a. Bracnched……..……………………………………………………………Hypogymniab. Flat…………………………………………………………………………………….Peltigerac. Leafy……………………………………………………………………………..Parmelia

5. a. Fungi……………..……………………………………………………………………(6)6. a. Leaf……………………..………………………………………………………….Alectoria

b. Shrubby…………..……………………………………………………………Cladonia furcata

G. REFERENCE

F.S. Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond

Publishing Co. Ltd., Slough, UK

Morris J, Purvis W. (2007). Lichens (Life). London: The Natural History Museum. p. 19.

R. Honegger (1988) Mycobionts. Chapter 3 in T.H. Nash (ed.) (1996) Lichen Biology.

Cambridge University Press.

(n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Science: http://www.sciencemag.org