Practical of Clinical Hematology
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Transcript of Practical of Clinical Hematology
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Practical of Clinical Hematology
Lab 2 RBC’s Morphology
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RBCs Abnormal morphology
Peripheral Blood Morphology
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Abnormal erythrocyte morphology Is found in pathological states that may be
abnormalities in I. Red cell distribution.II. Size (anisocytosis).III. Hemoglobin content – Color Variation .IV. Shape (poikilocytosis).V. The presence of inclusion bodies in
erythrocyte.
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I. Erythrocyte Distribution Abnormalities Rouleaux formation
Stacking of RBCs due to increased plasma proteins coating RBCs (resembling a stack of coins)Found in:- Hyperfibrinogenaemia- Hyperglobulinaemia
AgglutinationAntibody-mediated Irregular clumping , temperature dependentFound in:- Cold agglutinins- Warm autoimmune hemolysis
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II. Variation in erythrocyte size (anisocytosis)
Anisocytosis: Variations in size (Microcyte and Macrocyte)
Normocytic RBC’s Normal size of RBC (8 μm) with a range of 7 to 9 μm.
The nucleus of a small lymphocyte (± 8 µm) is a useful guide to the size of a red blood cell).
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Microcytic RBC cell smaller than the normal RBC ( <7 μm), and is
associated with a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis Found in:
Iron deficiency anemia. Thalassaemia. Sideroblastic anemia. Lead poisoning. Anemia of chronic disease.
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Macrocyte RBC larger than the normal (<9 μm) and is the result of a
defect in nuclear maturation or stimulated erythropoiesis. May be round or oval in shape, the diagnostic significance being different.
Found in: Folate and B12 deficiencies (oval) Ethanol (round) Liver disease (round) Reticulocytosis (round)
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Example : Film Study
Most erythrocytes presented in the picture are microcytes (compare with the small lymphocyte). The degree of hemoglobinization is sufficient. Normal platelets and single ovalocytes are present.
1. microcyte 2. normocyte
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III. Variation in erythrocyte color A normal erythrocyte has a pinkish-red color with a
slightly lighter-colored center (central pallor) when stained with a blood stain, such as Wright.
The color of the erythrocyte is representative of hemoglobin concentration in the cell.
Under normal conditions, when the color, central pallor, and hemoglobin are proportional, the erythrocyte is referred to as Normochromic.
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Hypochromia Increased central pallor and decreased
hemoglobin concentration, the central pallor occupies more than the normal third of the red cell diameter. Found in:
Iron deficiency Thalassaemia any of the conditions
leading to Microcytosis
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Polychromasia Red cells stain shades of blue-gray as a consequence of
uptake of both eosin (by hemoglobin) and basic dyes (by residual ribosomal RNA). Often slightly larger than normal red cells and round in shape - round macrocytosis.
Found in:Any situation with reticulocytosis – for example bleeding, hemolysis or response to heamatinic factor replacement
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IV. Shape Abnormalities of Erythrocytes
Poikilocytosis is the general term for mature erythrocytes that have a shape other than the round, biconcave disk.
Poikilocytes can be seen in many shapes.(e.g. Acanthocyte, Spherocytosis,……)
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Shape Abnormalities of ErythrocytesTerminology Description Condition
Target Cells Central Hemoglobin; target shaped
Liver Disease; Thalassaemia, Abnormal Hb; Iron Deficiency
Echinocyte Short specula's, equally-spaced
Uremia, Hypokalemia, Artifact
Acanthocyte Speculated, Irregular Liver disease (Alcohol), Post-spleenoctomy.
Spherocyte Spherical, no central pallor HS, immune Hemolytic anemiaShistocyte Fragmented RBC, Helmet
cellsMAHA, burns
Ovalocyte Oval / Elliptical shaped Hereditary elliptocytosis, Megaloblastic anemia.
Sickle Cell Bipolar speculated shape “ banana” shaped
Hb S-containing hemoglobinopathy
Teardrop cell Single elongated extremity
Myelophthistic changes
Bite cells Irregular gap in membrane G6PD deficiency
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Red cell with a “target” or bull’s-eye appearance. The cell appears with a central bull’s eye that is surrounded by a clear ring and then an outer red ring.Found in:
Obstructive liver disease Severe iron deficiency Thalassaemia Haemoglobinopathies (S and C) Post splenectomy Lipid disorders
Target cell
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Red cells are more spherical. Lack the central area of pallor on a stained blood film.Found in: Hereditary spherocytosis Immune haemolytic anemia Zieve's syndromeMicroangiopathic haemolytic
Spherocytosis:
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Red cells with a central linear slit or stoma. Seen as mouth-shaped form in peripheral smear.Found in:- Alcohol excess- Alcoholic liver disease- Hereditary stomatocytosis
Stomatocytosis:
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Ovalocyte :
An elongated oval cell. They are a result of a membrane defect.Found in: Thalassaemia major. Hereditary ovalocytosis. Sickle cell anemia
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Elliptocytosis:The red cells are oval or elliptical in shape. Long axis is twice the short axis.
Found in:- Hereditary elliptocytosis- Megaloblastic anemia- Iron deficiency - Thalassaemia- Myelofibrosis
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red cell fragments that are irregular in shape and size. They are usually half the size of the normal RBC; therefore, they have a deeper red color.
Found in: DIC Micro angiopathic haemolytic
anemia Mechanical haemolytic anemia
Schistocyte:
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Have accentric hallow area. Resemble a women's handbag and may be called pocket-book cell.
Found in: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Blister cell: pre keratocyte
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Part of the cell fuses back leaving two or three horn-like projections. The keratocyte is a fragile cell and remains in circulation for only a few hours.
Found in:- Uraemia- Severe burns- EDTA artifact- Liver disease
Also called helmet cells
Keratocytes (horn cell)
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Degmacyte "bite cell" An abnormally shaped red blood cell with one or more
semicircular portions removed from the cell margin. These "bites" result from the removal of denatured
hemoglobin by macrophages in the spleen. Found In:
G-6-PD deficiency, in which uncontrolled oxidative stress causes hemoglobin to denature and form Heinz bodies, is a common disorder that leads to the formation of bite cells
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Sickle shaped red cells Found in: Hb-S disease and trait
Sickle Cells:
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Red cell with 30 or more, short blunt projections which are regularly distributed on their surfaceFound in: Usually artifactual— the result of slow drying under humid conditions.Sometimes are non - artifactual, indicating uremia or pyruvate kinase deficiency. Hemolytic anemia Uremia. Megaloblastic anemia
Cells retain the central pallor.
Echinocyte “Burr” (crenation ) cell:
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Echinocytes (Burr Cells)
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Red blood cells with irregularly spaced projections, these projections very in width but usually contain a rounded end
Found in:- Liver disease - Post splenectomy- Anorexia nervosa and starvation
Acanthocytosis (Spur Cells):
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Acanthocytes (Spur Cells)
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Resembles a tear and usually smaller than the normal RBC.
Found in: Bone marrow fibrosis Megaloblastic anemia Iron deficiency Thalassaemia
Dacryocytes (Teardrop):
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Envelope form cell
Found in Thalassaemia Sickle cell
anemia
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V. Erythrocyte Inclusions with Wright’s Stain
Inclusion Composition
Appearance Condition
Basophilic stippling
Precipitated ribosomes
Evenly dispersed fine or coarse granules
- Lead poisoning- Thalassaemia ,
other anemia.
Howell-Jolly bodies
DNA in originNuclear Fragment
Dense, round blue granule
Post – Splenectomy
Pappenheimer bodies
Iron-containing granules
Small blue granules in clusters
Anemia's
Heinz bodies Denatured Hemoglobin
Round blue precipitates
G6PD
Cabot Rings Remnants of Nuclear membrane
Reddish-blue thread like rings
Severe anemia, Lead poisoning.
Organism Small blue inclusion
MalariaBabesiosis
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Small round cytoplasmic red cell inclusion with same staining characteristics as nuclei
Found in: Post splenectomy Megaloblastic anemia
Howell-Jolly Bodies:
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These are iron containing granules in red blood cells that are seen because the iron is aggregated with mitochondria and ribosomes. They appear as faint violet or magenta specks, often in small clusters, due to staining of the associated protein. They are associated with severe anemias and thalassemias. Pappenheimer bodies can be increased in hemolytic anemia, infections and post-splenectomy.
Siderotic Granules (Pappenheimer Bodies)
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Considerable numbers of small basophilic inclusions in red cells. Found in:- Thalassaemia- Megaloblastic anemia- Hemolytic anemia - Liver disease- Heavy metal poisoning.
Basophilic stippling:
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Represent denatured hemoglobin (methemoglobin - Fe+++) within a cell. With a supravital stain like crystal violet, Heinz bodies appear as round blue precipitates. Presence of Heinz bodies indicates red cell injury and is usually associated with G6PD-deficiency.
Heinz Bodies:
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Heinz Body Preparation. RBC are incubated supravitally in new Methylene blue to identify precipitates of oxidatively denatured hemoglobin.
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Reddish-blue threadlike rings in RBCs of severe anemia's. These are remnants of the nuclear membrane or remnants of microtubules and appear as a ring or figure 8 pattern. Very rare finding in patients with 1. Megaloblastic anemia. 2. severe anemia's.3. lead poisoning.4. Dyserythropoiesis.
Cabot Rings:
A - Cabot ringB - Howell-Jolly body
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Two organisms are have a tendency to invade the RBCs.1. All 4 species of the malaria parasite will invade RBCs. We
will see the Plasmodium of different species in RBCs.2. Theileria microti (Bebesia microti)
Parasites of Red Cell:
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Malaria
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RBCs Abnormal morphologyDepiction of red blood cell morphologies that may appear on a peripheral smear, showing: (A) basophilic stippling, (B) Howell-Jolly bodies, (C) Cabot's ring bodies and (D) Heinz's bodies.
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Blood Film in Some Cases
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Normal Peripheral Smear
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Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Spherocytes
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Hereditary Spherocytosis
Spherocytes
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Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis
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Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
Schistocytes
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Sickle Cell Anemia
Hb SS
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Idiopathic myelofibrosis
Dacryocytes
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
Severe Hypochromia
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Treated Iron Deficiency Anemia
Mixed Population:
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Alpha Thalassaemia (a-/--)
Microcytic Hypochromia
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Target Cells Spur Cells
Morphologic Changes in Liver Disease
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Hepatorenal Syndrome
Burr + Spur Cells