PRACTICAL L VETERINARY...
Transcript of PRACTICAL L VETERINARY...
UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES BRNO
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy
PRACTICAL LESSONS FROMVETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY
SMALL ANIMALS EXPERIMENTS
MVDr. Simona Pejřilová, PhD.Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy
BRNO 2011
Preface
Welcome to the first edition of Practical Lessons from Veterinary Pharmacology, Small
Animals Experiments. It´s dedicated to the veterinary students learning veterinary
pharmacology as a part of their quest to become doctors of veterinary medicine.
Main goal of this textbook is to contribute to the right way of the experiments realiza-
tion, correct and humanly approach to experimental animals.
Simona Pejřilová
Brno, 2011
Obsah
Introduction to the Textbook ............................................................................................... 5Experimental Animals and their Physiological Parameters ................................................ 6Drug Doses ........................................................................................................................... 8Summary of Experiments ................................................................................................... 9EXPERIMENT No. 1 all groups ......................................................................................... 10EXPERIMENT No. 2 version A .......................................................................................... 13EXPERIMENT No. 2 version B .......................................................................................... 15EXPERIMENT No. 3 version A .......................................................................................... 17EXPERIMENT No. 3 version B .......................................................................................... 20EXPERIMENT No. 4 version A .......................................................................................... 23EXPERIMENT No. 4 version B .......................................................................................... 27EXPERIMENT No. 5 version A .......................................................................................... 31EXPERIMENT No. 5 version B .......................................................................................... 34EXPERIMENT No. 6 version A .......................................................................................... 37EXPERIMENT No. 6 version B .......................................................................................... 40EXPERIMENT No. 7 all groups ......................................................................................... 43EXPERIMENT No. 8 all groups ......................................................................................... 45EXPERIMENT No. 9 all groups ......................................................................................... 47EXPERIMENT No. 10 all groups ....................................................................................... 50EXPERIMENT No. 11 all groups ....................................................................................... 54EXPERIMENT No. 12 all groups ....................................................................................... 57References ......................................................................................................................... 59Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 60
Introduction to the Textbook
How to use the Textbook
This textbook is intended for the students of 3rd Study Year of the Veterinary Univer-
sity, topic Veterinary Pharmacology.
Textbook detail specifies 12 experiments, which are carrying out on small laboratory
animals, namely laboratory rats and domestic rabbits.
Experiments are focused on these general topics: General and Local Anaesthesia,
Opioid Analgesics, Analeptics, Drugs with effects on Cardiovascular System and
Blood, Drugs affected Sympathetic and Parasympathetic system. Besides that, there
is one experiment (the first one), which is pointed at basic steps describing the ma-
nipulation with above mentioned animals.
Each experiment is divided into basic parts:
• Examination of the experimental animals in detail
• Task
• Necessary
• Procedure
• Results
• Conclusion
• Prescriptions
Basic Rules for Practical lessons:
• Read the manual first and study specified Topic!
• Keep the “three Rs” as guiding principles for manipulation with Experi-mental Animals in Research! (Refinement, Reduction, Replacement)
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Experimental Animals and their Physiological Parameters
Laboratory Rat. Rattus norvegicus.
Order: Rodentia.
Family: Muridae.
General Physiological Parameters
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
37.5—39.0 70—110 250—500
Weight of Adult 220—500 g Length of Gestation 21—26 days
Length of Life 2—3 years Weight of Newborn 5—7 g
Sexual Maternity 5—8 weeks Length of Breast-feeding 21 days
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Domestic Rabbit. Oryctolagus cuniculus.
Order: Lagomorpha.
Family: Leporidae.
General Physiological Parameters
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
38.5—40.0 30—60 180—325
Weight of Adult 2—6 kg Length of Gestation 29—33 days
Length of Life 3—7 years Weight of Newborn 30—80 g
Sexual Maternity 4—7 months Length of Breast-feeding 4—7 weeks
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Drug Doses
We focus on drug doses of some chosen active substances which are used in our
practical lessons in this part of textbook.
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Rabbits: 6—9 mg/kg IV or 9 mg/kg IM, other rodents: 20 mg/kg IM or
120 mg/kg IP.
Atropine
Small mammals: 0.04—0.1 mg/kg IM, SC; Rats: 0.05 mg/kg IP, SC; Rabbits:
0.05 mg/kg (50 µg/kg) IM, endogenous atropinase levels may make repeated
injections q10—15min necessary (40 % rabbits produce atropinase that meta-
bolizes atropine). Rodents: OP poisoning may require up to 10 mg/kg q20 min.
Dantrolene
Small mammals: No information available.
Doxapram
Rats 5—10 mg/kg IV, IP, once.
Morphine
Rabbits: 2—5 mg/kg IM, SC, q2—4h; Rats: 2.0—10.0 mg/kg SC, q2—4h.
Thiopental
Administration must be solely IV, concentration 1.25—2.5 % solution for injecti-
on.
Rats: 20—40 mg/kg, IV. Duration of GA: 5—10 min.
Xylazine
Rabbits: 2—5 mg/kg IM, SC. Rats: 5 mg/kg IM, 2—10 mg/kg IP.
Combination in rats: Ketamine + Xylazine; 40—75 mg/kg + 5—10 mg/kg IP, du-
ration 20—40 min.
Inhalant Agents
Halothane MAC ~1.0 %, to effect, Inhalant route
Isoflurane MAC ~1.4 %, to effect, Inhalant route
Sevoflurane MAC ~2.7 %, to effect, Inhalant route
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Summary of Experiments
Experiment No. 1. Manipulation with Laboratory Animals.
Experiment No. 2. Local Anaesthetics.
Version A Procaine hydrochloride
Version B Cocaine hydrochloride
Experiment No. 3. Sympathomimetics.
Version A Sympathomimetic effect of Ephedrine on the Blood Pressure of
Rabbit
Version B Sympathomimetic effect of Adrenaline on the Blood Pressure of
Rabbit
Experiment No. 4. Mydriasis and Miosis.
Version A Combination of Physostigmine (1) and Atropine (2)
Version B Combination of Atropine (1) and Physostigmine (2)
Experiment No. 5. Parasympathomimetics and Parasympatholytics.
Version A Antagonistic effect of Atropine and Pilocarpine on Salivary Glands
and Pupil Size
Version B Effect of Pilocarpine on Salivary Glands and Pupil Size
Experiment No. 6. Parasympathomimetics and Parasympatholytics.
Version A Opposite effect of Parasympathomimetic – Carbachol and Para-
sympatholytic – Atropine on the Function of Digestive Tract
Version B Effect of Parasympathomimetic – Carbachol and Parasympatholtic
– Atropine on the Function of Digestive Tract
Experiment No. 7. Effect of Amyl Nitrite.
Experiment No. 8. Hemostatics and Anticoagulants for Local Effects.
Experiment No. 9. General Inhalation Anaesthesia in the Rats.
Experiment No. 10. Non Inhalation General Anaethesia in the Rabbits.
Experiment No. 11. Opioid Analgetics and Analeptics.
Experiment No. 12. Straub Phenomenom.
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EXPERIMENT No. 1 all groups
Date:
Manipulation with Laboratory Animals
Task: Practical Animal Handling.
Necessary:
• Rabbit, Rat;
• Medicinal Products. Thermometer. Phonendoscope.
Procedure:
Take in ones and twos, rabbit and rat for this experiment.
Try with these animals:
1. Carry;
2. Restraint;
3. Relaxation of hide limb in rabbit for IM administration;
4. Complete examination and description of this examination in detail.
Try only with rabbit:
1. Administration of eye ointment into one conjuctival sac;
2. Administration of eye drops into second conjuctival sac.
Animal No. 1.
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
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Physical Examination:
Use all types of restraint in practice:
• by skin fold
• with cloth
• tie
Conclusion:
Animal No. 2.
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Use all types of restraint in practice:
• light fixation
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• stronger fixation
• semi-fixation
Administration in conjuctival sac:
Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
Prescribe and describe their using of all medicinal products which you used on
practice.
IPMPs:
1. Glycerol 85 %, total volume: 50 ml, for your private practice.
2. Etanol 60 %, total volume: 100 ml, for our classroom.
MPMPs, according the Trade names:
1. Ajatin Profarma Tinktura®, skin liquid with AS Benzododecinium. Prescribe 5
original packages, one package contains 50 ml at total, for your private practi-
ce.
2. Ophtal®, eye lotion with AS Boric Acid. Prescrice 1 original package, for pati-
ent.
3. Ophthalmo-azulen®, eye ointment with AS Guaiazulenum. Prescribe 2 original
packages, for patient.
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EXPERIMENT No. 2 version A
Date:
Local Anaesthetics
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Produce topical local anaesthesia in the rabbit’s eye with Procaine.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• IPMP: 5 % eye drops with procaine;
• rod with horsehair.
Procedure:
Administer 6 drops of the procaine eye drops to the right eye of rabbit. Before and af-
ter administration (five times over a period of one hour) check the corneal reflex by
rod with horsehair.
Result:
In table you record positive reactions (blinking).
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Tab. No. 1.
Presence of positive corneal reflexes
before 5´ 10´ 15´ 20´ 25´ 30´ 35´ 40´ 45´ 50´ 55´ 60´
Other changes on the eyes:
Other changes:
Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
IPMP:
5 % eye drops with procaine. Prescribe total amount 20 ml. Give to the drop-
ping bottle, for your practice.
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EXPERIMENT No. 2 version B
Date:
Local Anaesthetics
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Produce topical local anaesthesia in the rabbit’s eye with Cocaine.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• IPMP: 5 % eye drops with cocaine;
• rod with horsehair.
Procedure:
Administer 6 drops of the cocaine eye drops to the right eye of rabbit. Before and
after administration (five times over a period of one hour) check the corneal reflex by
rod with horsehair.
Result:
In table you record positive reactions (blinking).
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Tab. No. 1.
Presence of positive corneal reflexes
before 5´ 10´ 15´ 20´ 25´ 30´ 35´ 40´ 45´ 50´ 55´ 60´
Other changes on the eyes:
Other changes:
Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
IPMP:
5 % eye drops with cocaine. Prescribe total amount 10 ml, for your practice.
Cocaine hydrochloride belongs to Dependency Producing Substances (Narcotic
Substances, Group 1).
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EXPERIMENT No. 3 version A
Date:
Sympathomimetic effect of Adrenaline on the Blood Pressure
of Rabbit
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Measure the blood pressure changes of the rabbit by non-invasive method over the
time, observe the shape of the curve and register the changes after administration of
Adrenaline.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• Grant´s measuring device;
• syringes; needles;
• MPMP: Adrenalin Léčiva ®.
Procedure:
Measure the change of the blood pressure on Arteria auricularis centralis of rabbit.
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Measure it five times and calculate average value for elimination of mistake.
Administer Adrenaline 0.09 ml/kg IM.
Calculate the dose: Adrenaline 0.09 ml/kg. CHECK dose with assistant!
Measure the blood pressure at these intervals: 1 min., 3 min., 5 min., 10 min.,
15 min., 30 min. and 45 min. after administration of the active substance.
Always measure five times and calculate the average value!
Tab. No. 1.
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
before 1´ 3´ 5´ 10´ 15´ 30´ 45´
Plot results into the graph:
Graph No. 1.
x, Blood pressure (mm Hg)
y, Time (min)
Other changes:
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Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
MPMPs:
Adrenalin Léčiva ®, solution for injection. Prescribe 5 original packages, for
your practice.
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EXPERIMENT No. 3 version B
Date:
Sympathomimetic effect of Ephedrine on the Blood Pressure
of Rabbit
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Measure the blood pressure changes of the rabbit by non-invasive method over the
time, observe the shape of the curve and register the changes after administration of
Ephedrine.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• Grant´s measuring device; syringes; needles;
• MPMP: Ephedrin Biotika ®.
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Procedure:
Measure the change of the blood pressure on Arteria auricularis centralis of rabbit.
Measure it five times and calculate average value for elimination of mistake.
Administer Ephedrine 5 mg/kg IM.
Calculate the dose: Ephedrine 5 mg/kg. CHECK dose with assistant!
Measure the blood pressure at these intervals: 1 min., 3 min., 5 min., 10 min.,
15 min., 30 min. and 45 min. after administration of the active substance.
Always measure five times and calculate the average value!
Tab. No. 1.
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
before 1´ 3´ 5´ 10´ 15´ 30´ 45´
Plot results into the graph:
Graph No. 1.
x, Blood pressure (mm Hg)
y, Time (min)
Other changes:
Conclusion:
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Prescriptions:
MPMP:
Ephedrin Biotika ®, solution for injection. Prescribe 3 original packages, for
your practice.
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EXPERIMENT No. 4 version A
Date:
Mydriasis and Miosis
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Recognize the effects of Physostigmine and Atropine on the diameter of the pupil of a
rabbit.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• 0.05 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine;
• 1 % eye drops with salicylate of physostigmine.
Procedure:
1st part:
Measure size of pupil before experiment by paper gauge.
Administer 4 drops of eye drops with Physostigmine into right conjunctival sac.
Left eye of rabbit is for control.
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Observe changes on eyes (size of pupils) and other changes on rabbits for 45 min.
Tab. No. 1.
TimePhysostigmine
left eye right eyebefore administrativ3 min after administration5 min after administration15 min after administrativ30 min after administrativ45 min after administrativ
Other changes on the eyes:
Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:
Other changes – RT:
2nd part:
Make opposite procedure after 45minutes:
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Administer 4 drops of eye drops with Atropine into right conjuctival sac (the same
treated eye).
Observe changes of pupils and other parts of organism after re-administrations for
20 minutes.
Tab. No. 2.
TimeAtropine
left eye right eye
Administration 2nd drug
3 min after administration
5 min after administration
15 min after administrativ
20 min after administrativ
Please, rinse out rabbit´s eye by Ophtal (MPMP) after finishing of experi-
ment!
Other changes on the eyes:
Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:
Other changes – RT:
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Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
IPMPs:
0.05 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine, 10 ml. For patient.
1 % eye drops with salicylate of physostigmine, 20 ml. For your private
practice.
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EXPERIMENT No. 4 version B
Date:
Mydriasis and Miosis
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Recognize the effects of Physostigmine and Atropine on the diameter of the pupil of a
rabbit.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• 0.5 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine;
• 1 % eye drops with salicylate of physostigmine.
Procedure:
1st part:
Measure size of pupil before experiment by paper gauge.
Administer 4 drops of eye drops with Atropine into right conjuctival sac.
Left eye of rabbit is for control.
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Observe changes on eyes (size of pupils) and other changes on rabbits for 45 min.
Tab. No. 1.
TimeAtropine
left eye right eye
before administration
3 min after administration
5 min after administration
15 min after administration
30 min after administration
45 min after administration
Other changes on the eyes:
Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:
Other changes – RT:
2nd part:
Make opposite procedure after 45minutes:
Administer 4 drops of eye drops with Physostigmine into right conjunctival sac (the
same treated eye).
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Observe changes of pupils and other parts of organism after re-administrations for
20 minutes.
Tab. No. 2.
TimePhysostigmine
left eye right eye
Administration 2nd drug
3 min after administration
5 min after administration
15 min after administration
20 min after administration
Please, rinse out rabbit´s eye by Ophtal (MPMP) after finishing of experi-
ment!
Other changes on the eyes:
Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:
Other changes – RT:
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Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
IPMPs:
0,5 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine, 10 ml. For patient.
1 % eye drops with salicylate of physostigmine, 20 ml. For your private
practice.
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EXPERIMENT No. 5 version A
Date:
Antagonistic Effect of Atropine and Pilocarpine on Salivary
Glands and Pupil Size
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Recognize the effects of Pilocarpine and Atropine on the rabbit´s Salivary Gland.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• glass cylinder; funnel;
• IMPM: 1 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine; 1 % eye drops with hydro-
chloride of pilocarpine.
Procedure:
Administer 5 drops of eye drops with Piocarpine into left conjuctival sac and adminis-
ter 5 drops of eye drops with Atropine into right conjuctival sac.
Collect and measure amount of saliva in glass cylinder in ml every five minutes.
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Tab. No. 1.
SALIVA (ml) 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min 25 min 30 min
Atropine
Pilocarpine
Tab. No. 2.
Pupil size in mm beforeadministration
afteradministration
Left eye-Pilocarpine
Right eye- Atropine
Please, rinse out rabbit´s eye by Ophtal (MPMP) after finishing of experi-
ment!
Other changes on the eyes:
Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:
Other changes – RT:
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Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
1 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine, 10 ml.
1 % eye drops with hydrochloride of pilocarpine, 10 ml.
For your private practice.
Prescribe these 2 MPs one 1 form for prescription.
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EXPERIMENT No. 5 version B
Date:
Effect of Pilocarpine on Salivary Glands and Pupil Size
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Recognize the effects of Pilocarpine on the rabbit´s Salivary Gland.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• glass cylinder; funnel;
• IMPM: 1 % eye drops with hydrochloride of pilocarpine.
Procedure:
Administer 5 drops of eye drops with Pilocarpine into left and right conjuctival sac
(into both conjuctival sacs).
Collect and measure amount of salivas in glass cylinder in ml every five minutes.
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Tab. No. 1.
SALIVA (ml) 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min 25 min 30 min
Pilocarpine
Tab. No. 2.
Pupil size in mm beforeadministration
afteradministration
Left eye
Right eye
Please, rinse out rabbit´s eye by Ophtal (MPMP) after finishing of experi-
ment!
Other changes on the eyes:
Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:
Other changes – RT:
Conclusion:
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Prescriptions:
1 % eye drops with sulphate of atropine, 10 ml.
1 % eye drops with hydrochloride of pilocarpine, 10 ml.
For your private practice.
Prescribe these 2 MPs one 1 form for prescription.
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EXPERIMENT No. 6 version A
Date:
Opposite effects of Parasympathomimetic- Carbachol and Para-
sympatholytic- Atropine on the Function of Digestive Tract
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Recognize the stimulating effect of Carbachol on peristalsis and saliva secretion and
the antagonistic effect of Atropine.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• IPMP: solution with Carbachol (0.01 %); MPMP: Atropin Biotika ®;
• syringes; needles, glass cylinder.
Procedure:
First administer Atropine 0.1 mg/kg SC, after 20 min administer the solution with
Carbachol (0.01 %) 1 ml pro toto SC.
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Dose calculation:
Atropine 0.1 mg/kg. CHECK dose with assistant!
Administer 0.01% solution with Carbachol 1 ml pro toto SC.
You have 0.1% solution at your disposal. Calculate dilution. CHECK dose with as-sistant!
Results:
Observe changes of peristalsis by phonedoscope and other possible changes after ad-
ministration of drugs.
Tab. No. 1.
Pupil size in mm
bef 1st admin / Atropine
after 1st admin / Atropine
bef 2nd admin / Carbachol
after 2nd admin / Carbachol
Left eye
Right eye
If it need to collect and measure amount of salivas in glass cylinder in ml every five
minutes.
Tab. No. 2.
SALIVA (ml) 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min 25 min 30 min
after admin. Carbachol
Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:
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Other changes – RT:
Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
IPMP:
Solution for injection with Carbachol (0.01 %), 10 ml, for your private practice.
MPMP:
Atropin Biotika ®, 1 original package, for your private practice.
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EXPERIMENT No. 6 version B
Date:
Effects of Parasympathomimetic- Carbachol and Parasympatholy-
tic- Atropine on the Function of Digestive Tract
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
recognize the stimulating effect of Carbachol on peristalsis and saliva secretion and
the antagonistic effect of Atropine.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• IPMP: solution with Carbachol (0.01%); MPMP: Atropin Biotika ®;
• syringes; needles, glass cylinder.
Procedure:
First administer solution with Carbachol (0.01%) 1 ml pro toto SC, if it be need
later (according the signs) you can administer Atropine 0.1 mg/kg SC – after
deal with assistant.
40
Dose calculation:
Administer 0.01% solution with Carbachol 1 ml pro toto SC.
You have 0.1% solution at your disposal. Calculate dilution. CHECK dose with as-sistant!
Results:
Observe changes of peristalsis by phonedoscope and other possible changes after ad-
ministration of drugs.
Tab. No. 1.
Pupil size in mm
bef 1st admin / Atropine
after 1st admin / Atropine
bef 2nd admin / Carbachol
after 2nd admin / Carbachol
Left eye
Right eye
If it need – to collect and measure amount of saliva in glass cylinder in ml every five
minutes.
Tab. No. 2.
SALIVA (ml) 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min 25 min 30 min
after admin. Carbachol
Other changes (GIT, RT) – GIT:
Other changes – RT:
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Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
IPMP:
Solution for injection with Carbachol (0.01 %), 10 ml, for your private practice.
MPMP:
Atropin Biotika ®, 1 original package, for your private practice.
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EXPERIMENT No. 7 all groups
Date:
Effect of Amyl Nitrite
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Observe the effects of Amyl nitrite on ear’s lateral vein and central artery of the rab-
bit.
Necessary:
• Rabbit; measuring paper;
• glass bottle with Amyl nitrite.
Procedure:
Fixate the rabbit, measure of diameter of the ear’s lateral vein and central artery of
the rabbit with the assistance of measuring paper; observe the vessels through
Shikl’s lamp.
Application: hold the bottle of Amyl nitrate in front of the rabbit’s nose and allow the
rabbit 2 – 3 deep breaths (rabbit WILL resist). Please, immediately measure changes
of vessels and duration of measurable changes.
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Result:
Tab. No. 1. Results in mm and in %.
Artery Vein
Original Diameter (mm)
Changed Diameter (mm)
Duration (sec)
Change in %
Conclusion:
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EXPERIMENT No. 8 all groups
Date:
Hemostatics and Anticoagulants for Local Effects
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Observe the Effect of different drugs on blood coagulation.
Necessary:
• Rabbit;• 6 x slides; needles; 5 x medicinal dropper bottle with:
MPMP: Adrenaline ®, Heparin ®; IPMP: 20 % solution of Ferric chloride,
5 % solution of Sodium citrate, 0.9 % solution of NaCl.
Procedure:
Put one drop of each solution on one slide (one drop/slide):
• solution with Adrenaline;
• solution with Heparin;
• 20 % solution of Ferric chloride;
• 5 % solution of Sodium citrate;
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• 0.9 % NaCl solution.
KEEP the rules of STERILITY
Puncture the lateral vein of rabbit’s ear by the needle and sample intact blood, apply
one drop of blood directly from conus of needle onto the slide with mentioned solu-
tions. Mix these drops and observe time differences in blood clotting.
Control: use two drops of the intact blood on a 6th slide for control.
Compare duration of influenced blood clothing with intact blood (2 drops).
Results, blood clotting, duration:
Tab. No. 1.
Combinations Time of coagulations
blood + Adrenaline
blood + Heparin
blood + 20 % solution of Ferric chloride
blood + 5 % solution of Sodium citrate
blood + solution of 0.9 % NaCl
2 drops of the intact blood
Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
IPMPs:
20 % aqueous solution for skin administration with Ferrosi sulfas, 100 ml
and
5 % aqueous solution for skin administration with Natrii citras, 150 ml.
for your private practice, prescribe these two MPs on one prescript form.
MPMP:
Heparin Léčiva ®, 1 original package, for your private practice.
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EXPERIMENT No. 9 all groups
Date:
General Inhalation Anaesthesia in the Rats
Animal No. 1
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Animal No. 2
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
47
Physical Examination:
Task:
Observe and describe the different stages and plains of anesthesia induced by Ether
and Halothane.
Necessary:
• 2 rats;
• IPMP: Ether;
• MPMP: Narcotan®;
• anaesthetic chamber; filter paper; cotton wool; syringes.
Procedure:
Place the filter paper and cotton wool (size: 3 – 4 cm in diameter) inside the anesthet-
ic chamber.
1st rat – administer 5 ml of Ether onto the cotton wool and close the chamber by its
cover, after 1 – 2 min place the rat in the chamber.
2nd rat – administer 1 ml of Narcotan ® onto cotton wool and close the chamber by
its cover, after 1 – 2 min put the rat in the chamber.
Observe and Record the individual Stages and Planes of the General Anesthesia. Ob-
serve the duration of individual stages, typical signs.
At the 3rd Stage of the Anesthesia we take the rat out of the chamber.
Results:
Record the results in the annexed tables.
Conclusion:
48
Prescriptions:
IPMP:
General anaesthetic Halothan, total volume: 100 ml, officinal name: Halothan-
um, for your private practice.
Table with results:
No. 1. Induction.
ExcitationduringInductionYES / NO
Signs ofExcitation
Duration ofExcitation(sec – min)
Duration ofInduction(sec – min)
Ether
Halothane
No.2. Surgical Stage.
Signs of Surgical Stage
Duration of Surgical Stage(sec – min)
Analgesia (outside chamber)
YES / NOEvidences of Analgesia
Myorelaxation(outside chamber)
YES / NOEvidences of Myorelaxation
Ether
Halothane
No. 3. Recovery.
Excitation during RecoveryYES / NO
Signs ofExcitationduring Recovery
Duration ofRecovery(sec – min)
Duration of allExperiment(sec – min)
Ether
Halothane
49
EXPERIMENT No. 10 all groups
Date:
Non Inhalation General Anesthesia in the Rabbit
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Anesthetize the Rabbit by Thiopental.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• MPMP: Thiopental Valeant 0,5 g®;
• needles; syringes; stick with horsehair.
Procedure:
1. Dilution of active substance, Thiopental, in injection bottle.
You need 2.5% solution for IV administration. Thiopental injection bottle con-
tains 0.5 g of dry active substance.
50
How much water for injection do you need for dilution?
2. Changes in reflexes of the Rabbit:
Observe these reflexes of the rabbit before the administration of Thiopental,
and later observe them again during the induction of anesthesia.
Reflexes:
• Natural position of rabbit’s body: rabbit normally seats in sitting posi-
tion.
• Correction of lateral recumbence. If you lay a rabbit in a lateral recum-
bence, it will immediately correct its position.
• Soreness: pressure on rabbit’s tail, rabbit reacts and trys to run away.
• Palpebral reflex: pressure on internal canthus provokes eyewink.
• Corneal reflex: corneal irritation by stick with horsehair provokes eye-
wink.
• Patellar reflex: relax rabbit´s hind limb, knee must be free, percussion
under patella provokes jerk of knee.
3. Calculation of dose
Please confirm with assistants! 20 mg/kg of body weight.
Weight; calculation:
4. Administer Thiopental IV into lateral auricular vein.
KEEP the rules of STERILITY
Results:
Record results in annexed table.
Conclusion:
51
Prescriptions:
MPMPs:
Thiopental Valeant 0,5 g ®, 3 original packages,
Water for injection, 1 original package,
for your private practice, prescribe these two MPs on one prescript form.
Table with results:
Tab. No. 1.
Excitation during InductionYES / NO
Signs of Excitation
1/ Duration of Excitation (sec)
2/ Duration of Induction (sec – min)
Duration of Surgical stage of GA (sec – min)
Signs of Surgical Stage
1/
2/
AnalgesiaYES / NO
Evidences of Analgesia
MyorelaxationYES / NO
Evidences of Myorelaxation
Excitation during RecoveryYES / NO
Signs of Excitation
Signs of RecoveryDuration of Recovery (sec – min)
Duration of all Experiment (min)
Reflexes during Surgical Stage of the General anesthesia, when is restored these reflexes:
1. Correction of lateral recumbence to natural: YES x NO, time for reappearance
of reflex after introduction of anesthesia:
2. Soreness: YES x NO, time for reappearance of reflex after introduction of an-
esthesia:
52
3. Palpebral reflex: YES x NO, time for reappearance of reflex after introduction
of anesthesia:
4. Corneal reflex: YES x NO, time for reappearance of reflex after introduction of
anesthesia:
5. Patellar reflex: YES x NO, time for reappearance of reflex after introduction of
anesthesia:
53
EXPERIMENT No. 11 all groups
Date:
Opioid Analgesics and Analeptics
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Administration of Morphine to a rabbit; observe the depression of breathing and oth-
er changes in rabbit.
In case of a considerable depression of the respiratory cycle, administer analeptic
drug Nikethamide. Observe effect of the Nikethamide.
Necessary:
• 1 rabbit;
• IPMP: 1% solution for injection of Morphine;
• 25% solution for injection of Nikethamide;
• needles; syringes.
54
Procedure:
1. Calculation of dose
Please confirm with assistants! Morphine, single dose: 5 mg/kg of body
weight SC.
Weight; calculation:
Please confirm with assistants! Nikethamide, single dose: 50 mg/kg of body
weight IM.
Weight; calculation:
2. Administer Morphine SC.
Tab. No. 1.
Respiratory rate (breaths/min), administration of morphine
before 5´ 10´ 15´ 20´ 25´ 30´ 35´ 40´ 45´ 50´ 55´ 60´
Other changes:
3. Administer Nikethamide IM.
After individual agreement with assistants!
Tab. No. 2.
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)after administration of nikethamide
5´ 10´ 15´
55
Other changes:
Conclusion:
Prescriptions:
IPMPs:
Injection with Morphine, Concentration: 1 %, Total amount: 50 ml,
Active substance: Morphini hydrochloridum (dependency producing sub-
stance, narcotic group I),
Vehicle: Aqua pro iniectione,
for your private practice.
Injection with Nikethamide, Concentration: 25 %, Total amount: 20 ml,
Active substance: Nicethamidum,
Vehicle: Aqua pro iniectione,
For your private practice.
MPMP:
Prescribe 10 ampoules with morphine (Morphinum hydrochloridum), one am-
poule contains 2 ml of solution.
Prescribe for your practice.
56
EXPERIMENT No. 12 all groups
Date:
Straub Phenomenon
Species:
Personal data:
TRIAS:
Body Temperature°C
Respiratory RateBreaths/min
Heart RateBeats/min
Physical Examination:
Task:
Administration of Morphine to a rat; observe the typical Straub reaction and depres-
sion of breathing in rat.
Necessary:
• 1 rat;
• IPMP: 1% solution of morphine;
• needles; syringes.
Procedure:
1. Calculation of dose
Please confirm with assistants! Morphine, single dose: 5 mg/kg of body
weight.
57
Weight; calculation:
2. Administer Morphine SC.
Straub reaction:
Tab. No. 1.
Respiratory rate (breaths/min), administration of morphine
before 5´ 10´ 15´ 20´ 25´ 30´ 35´ 40´ 45´ 50´ 55´ 60´
Other changes:
Conclusion:
58
References
Český lékopis 2009. Grada Publishing a.s., Praha. 2009.
Mikro-verze AISLP : Automatizovaný informační systém léčivých přípravků, (CD-ROM). Ver. 2010. 1 pro MS Windows platná k 1. 1. 2010, Praha. 2010.
Ramsey, I. Small Animal Formulary, 6th Edition. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2008, 404 p.
Suckow, M. A., Weisbroth S.H., Franklin, C.L. The Laboratory Rat, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Academic Press, 2006, 912 p.
59
Abbreviations
AS Active Substance
DPS Dependency Producing Substances
GIT GastroIntestinal Tract
IM IntraMuscular
inj. injection
IPMP Individually Prepared Medicinal Product
IPMPs Individually Prepared Medicinal Products
IV IntraVenous
MP Medicinal Product
MPMP Mass Produced Medicinal Product
MPMPs Mass Produced Medicinal Products
MPs Medicinal Products
RT Respiratory Tract
SC subcutaneous
60
Authors MVDr. Simona Pejřilová, PhD.
Department Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Title Practical Lessons from Vetrinary Pharmacology
Pages 60
Issue 1st
Publisher Veterinární a farmaceutická univerzita
ISBN 978-80-7305-592-9