PowerPoint Presentation - 2011-12 Powerpoint Presentation Template
[PPT]PowerPoint Presentation - Memorial University of …hawboldt/courseslides2sv.ppt · Web...
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2.0 Natural gas processing• natural gas is gaseous form of petroleum
mostly methane (C1), some ethane(C2), propane (C3), butanes (C4), pentanes (C5), hexanes (C6) and C7+
Reserves at Year End: Natural Gas: 1.6 trillion m3 (56.5 trillion ft3)
Production: Natural Gas: 484 million m3/d (17.1 billion ft3/d)
Prices: Natural Gas – Nymex Henry Hub $8,300 US$/MJ (8.77 US$/mmbtu)
Exports: Natural Gas: 289 million m3/d (10.2 billion ft3/d)Share of Primary Energy
Consumption (2000):Natural Gas: 30%
Crude Oil: 38%
Coal: 11%
Electricity – Hydro: 10%
Electricity – Nuclear: 3%
Other: 10%
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Inlet Separators
Condensate Stabilization
Acid Gas Removal
Sulphur Recovery
Dehydration/Compression
Propane/Butane Processing
e.g. deep cut, turboexpansion
C5+
C3 , C4
condensate (C2-C5+)
C1 , C2, H2S, CO2 etc..
C1 , C2, H2O
H2S, CO2 HC, SO2, CO2
S
Simplified PFD for Sour Gas Processing Plant
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Point of processing is to meet pipeline/storage/use specifications
Pipeline Specification (Typical)Oxygen 10 ppmNitrogen 3 %CO2 2-3% pipeline to 100 ppm for LPG plant feedH2S low as 4 ppm (0.25grains/100 scf) for pipeline higher for fuel gasCS2, COS, RSH 20 grains/100 scf
H2S, Sulfurs Pass Copper Strip, ASTM D-2420
CO2varies – 0.35 LVP of Ethanecontent 1000 ppm orless, depends on application
Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) Specifications:
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Inlet Separation
Gas Sweetening
Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection
Condensate Stabilization
Dewpoint Control and
Compression
gasfromwells
C2-C5+
light gases
C5+
natural gasto market
acid gas
Simplified PFD for Sable Island
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Inlet Sep
Condensate stabilization/ fractionation
Amine plant
dehy comp
Claus Plant
C1, C2
some C3-C4
+contaminantsacid gas
C1, C2
some C3-C4
+H2O
C1, C2
some C3-C4
SO2, CO2, CO etc..
S
C5+,C3-C4C3-C4
C5+
Sour Gas Plant in AB
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2.1 Auxiliary Equipmenta) fired equipment- heat exchangers throughout plant, furnaces used in utility and SRU2 types (figure 8-2)i. direct fired- combustion gases heat process stream which is contained in pipesii. fire tube- combustion gases are surrounded by a liquid that either is used as a heat transfer
medium or is the process stream itself
application characteristicsdirect fired regeneration gas heaters more equip/controls
amine reboilers higher ηthermal
lower spaceforced/natural combust
firetube line heaters low heat dutyC3+ vaporizers skid mountgly/am reboilers forced/natural combustlow P steam gen less hot spot
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b) HE- discussed in section 1.3 c) cooling towers- detail in section 1.3- purpose cool process water by ambient air achieved by maximize
evaporation of H2O in droplets exposed to maximum air flow over longest time (picture)
- mech draft – fans move air and natural draft – use density d) pumps/turbines- mostly centrifugal type due to lower cost, smaller space, and low
maintenance e) compressors/expanders- compressors used inlet and sales gas to boost pressure
+ displacementdynamicthermal
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f) refrigeration- used in:
NGL/LPG recovery HC dewpoint control reflux condensation for light HC fractions LNG plants
- refrigerant type selected by T requirements, availability, economics, previous experiencee.g. natural gas plant may use C2 and C3 while due availability and economics olefin plant may use ethylene and propylene
i. mech refrigeration- most common- simple cycle of expansion, evaporation, compression, condensation
ii. Absorption Refrigeration- if low cost of n.gas, low level heat source, and electricity rates
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from GPSA Handbooks
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2.2 Inlet Separators• discussed fractionators in general, separator is like one stage of a
fractionator where adjust P of incoming gas to separate v and la) 4 major sections
A. primary section – sep main portion of free l by abrupt change in momentum or direction (nozzle)
B. secondary or gravity sectn – use gravity to enhance sep of entrained droplets
• gas moves at low velocity w/ little turbulenceC. coalescing sectn – coalescer (wire, mesh, vane elements, cyclonic
passage) or mist extractor• removes droplets can’t be sep by gravity by impingement on surface• limits l carryover into gas (<0.013 mL/m3) D. sump/l collection – recover l from ii and iii – provides surge V for
degassing a slug catching b) orientation• vertical – high v:l ratio or total gas V low• horizontal – used large V total fluids and large amounts of dissolved gas in l• spherical – occasionally used where high P and compact size needed, l volumes
are small• new are small valve types on platforms
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from GPSA Handbooks
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2.5 Fractionation•separate gas mixtures into individual products•in next section discuss bulk separation of NGLs from gas which differs from this discussion
•absorption -type units also used use trays/packinga)types of fractionators at gas plants•demethanizer – product bottom is C2+, OH is C1•deethanizer - product bottom is C3+, OH is C1/C2
commercial C3, C3/C4 (LPG), C4, C4/gasoline, natural gasoline
e.g. at gas plant in AB deethan run depending price butane•depropanizer•debutanizer
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from GPSA Handbooks
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from GPSA Handbooks
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b) Product specs• material balance around column is 1st step in design calcs need to
assume product stream compositions• defined in terms of
% recovery of component in OH or bottom OR composition of component in either product OR specify physical properties (Pvap) in either product
c) design• in fractionation there usually 2 components which are key in separation
lightest component in bottom (LK) heaviest component in OH (HK)
• these components are adjacent to each other in volatility• in hand calcs make the assumption all components heavier than than
heaviest in OH are in bottoms