[PPT]Intro to Carbon-based Molecules: Organic Chemistry · Web viewAuthor Callie Wilson...
Transcript of [PPT]Intro to Carbon-based Molecules: Organic Chemistry · Web viewAuthor Callie Wilson...
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Bell RingerWhat is the importance of Carbon in living
things?
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• Explain what organic chemistry means?• What is a polymer?• What is a monomer?
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• What is a monosaccaride? Give an example.• What is a disaccaride? Give an example.• What is a polysaccaride? Give an example.
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Bell RingerCompare the structure of monosaccarides,
disaccarides, and polysaccarides.
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Bell RingerAre Carbohydrates monomers, polymers or
both? Explain.
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Bell RingerWhat 4 types of carbon compounds are
essential for living things?Provide an example for each.
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Bell RingerHow do plants get the nitrogen they need
(where and what form)?What do plants do with the nitrogen?
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Bell RingerAre proteins monomers or polymers or both?
Explain.
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Intro to Carbon-based Molecules:
Organic Chemistry
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Carbon-based MoleculesAlthough a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based moleculesOrganic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
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Organic vs. InorganicAll compounds can be classified
into 2 broad categories: Organic Compounds- contain
carbon atomsExamples: Proteins, DNA,
Sugars, Fats
Inorganic Compounds- do not contain carbon atoms
Examples: Ammonium (NH4+)
and Nitrate (NO3-)
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Carbon is a Versatile AtomIt has four valence electrons
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds
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Carbon can use its bonds to::
Attach to other carbonsForm an endless diversity of carbon skeletons (chains, branched chains, and rings)
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Hydrocarbons
The simplest carbon compounds …Contain only
carbon & hydrogen atoms
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Large Hydrocarbons:Are the main
molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars
The hydrocarbons of
fat molecules provide energy for our bodies
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Shape of Organic Molecules
Each type of organic
molecule has a unique three-dimensional
shapeThe shape determines its function in an
organism
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Giant Molecules - PolymersLarge molecules that consist of repeated, linked units are called polymers
Polymers are built from smaller, simpler molecules called monomers
Biologists call these large polymers macromolecules
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Examples of MacromoleculesProteins
Lipids
CarbohydratesNucleic
Acids
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Most Macromolecules are Polymers
Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers
Nucleic Acid Monomer
(Nucleotide)
Nucleic Acid Polymer (DNA)
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Linking Monomers to Make PolymersCells link monomers by a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of
water to form bonds)
EX: This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar
Remove H
Remove OHH2O Forms
Each time a monomer is added to a polymer, a water molecule is released
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Breaking Down Polymers
Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water to break bonds). This is the reverse of a condensation reaction.
Water added to split a double sugar
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Macromolecules in OrganismsThere are four categories of large
molecules in cells:Carbohydrates
LipidsProteins
Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
Organic compounds composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
ratio of 1:2:1
Can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides
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Monosaccharides:Called simple
sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same chemical, but different structural formulas (Isomers)
C6H12O6
Monomers of Carbohydrates
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MonosaccharidesGlucose- main source of energy for cells
Fructose -found in fruits
Galactose – found in milk
-OSE ending means SUGAR
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IsomersGlucose & fructose are isomers because they’re structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same
C6H12O6
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RingsIn aqueous (watery) solutions,
monosaccharides form ring structures
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Cellular Fuel
Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work
Glucose Ring Structure
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DisaccharidesA disaccharide is a double sugarThey’re made by joining two monosaccharidesInvolves removing a water molecule (condensation)Bond called a GLYCOSIDIC bond
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Disaccharides
Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)Lactose (Milk Sugar)Maltose (Grain sugar)
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DisaccharidesSucrose is composed of glucose + fructoseMaltose is composed of 2 glucose moleculesLactose is made of galactose + glucose
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PolysaccharidesComplex carbohydrates
Composed of many monosaccharides linked together to form a polymer
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Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glucose Monomer
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StarchStarch is an example of a
polysaccharide in plantsIt includes only glucose monomersPlant cells store starch for energy
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
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GlycogenGlycogen is an
example of a polysaccharide in animals. It is a branched chain of glucose monomersAnimals store
glycogen for energyGlycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers
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CelluloseCellulose is the most abundant
organic compound on EarthIt provides structure and support to plant cell walls
It is a major component of wood It is also known as dietary fiber
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Cellulose
SUGARS
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Dietary CelluloseMost animals cannot digest
cellulose to get nutrientsThey have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose
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Sugars in WaterSimple sugars and double sugars
dissolve readily in waterThey are hydrophilic, or “water-loving”
WATER MOLECULE
SUGAR MOLECULE
-OH groups make them water soluble
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Lipids
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Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”
Includes triglycerides, phospholipids fats, waxes, steroids, pigments& oils
Do NOT mix with water
Large, nonpolar organic molecules
More carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms
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Function of LipidsFats store energy (more than
carbohydrates) in long term storage, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs
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Types of Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons)
Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons)
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Types of Fatty Acids
Single Bonds in Carbon chain
Double bond in carbon chain
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Triglyceride
Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chainsGlycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat Organic
Alcohol (-OL ending)
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Triglyceride
Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains
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Fats in OrganismsMost animal fats have a high
proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)
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Fats in OrganismsMost plant and fish oils tend to be
low in saturated fatty acids and high in unsaturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)
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FatsDietary fat consists largely of the
molecule triglyceride composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains
Glycerol
Fatty Acid Chain
Condensation links the fatty acids to Glycerol
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Waxes
A wax is a structural lipid
Contains a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain.
Waxes are waterproof and form protective coatings on plants and protective layers in animals (such as earwax)
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Lipids & Cell Membranes
• Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids
• Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic)
• Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)
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SteroidsThe carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused ringsCholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroidsEstrogen & testosterone are also steroids
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Estrogen
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic AcidsStore and transfer hereditary (genetic) informationContain information for making all the body’s proteinsTwo types exist --- DNA & RNA
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
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Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphategroup
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
BaseSugar
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotide
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Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer
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Nucleic Acids
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BasesEach DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
–Adenine (A)–Guanine (G)–Thymine (T)–Cytosine (C)
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Nucleotide MonomersForm long chains called DNA
Backbone
Nucleotide
Bases
DNA strand
Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side
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DNA- Deoxyribonucleic AcidTwo strands of DNA join together to form a double helix
Contains the sugar deoxyribose
Basepair
Double helix
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RNA – Ribonucleic AcidRibose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl groupIt has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or U)
Sugar (ribose)
Phosphategroup
Uracil
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ATP – Cellular Energy
•ATP is used by cells for energy
•Adenosine triphosphate•Made of a nucleotide with 3
phosphate groups
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ATP – Cellular Energy
•Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP
•The last 2 phosphate bonds are HIGH ENERGY
•Breaking the last phosphate bond releases energy for cellular work and produces ADP and a free phosphate
•ADP (adenosine Diphosphate) can be rejoined to the free phosphate to make more ATP
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Proteins
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ProteinsProteins are polymers made of
monomers called amino acids
All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders
Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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20 Amino Acid Monomers
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Structure of Amino Acids
Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it:Amino group –NH2
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -HSide group -R
Amino
group
Carboxylgroup
R group
Side groups
Leucine -hydrophobic
Serine-hydrophillic
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Linking Amino AcidsCells link amino acids together to make proteinsThe process is called condensation or dehydrationPeptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together
Carboxyl
Amino Side
Group
Dehydration Synthesis
Peptide Bond
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Dipeptide- two amino acids bonded together
Polypeptide- long chains of amino acids.
Proteins are composed of one or more polypeptides
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Functions of Proteins1.Enzymes (saliva and catalase)2.Structure (keratin and collagen)3.Transport (molecules in and out of cell)4.Movement (muscles)5.Defense against disease (antibodies)6.Storage (bean seed proteins)7.Others
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Proteins as EnzymesMany proteins act as biological
catalysts or enzymesThousands of different enzymes exist in the bodyEnzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction
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Enzymes
Their folded conformation creates an area known as the active site.
Enzymes are globular proteins.
The nature and arrangement of amino acids in the active site make it specific for only one type of substrate (the reactant being catalyzed).
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Enzyme + Substrate = Product
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How the Enzyme Works
Enzymes are reusable!!!Active site changes SHAPECalled INDUCED FIT
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Primary Protein StructureThe primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a proteinCalled polypeptide
Amino Acid
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Protein Structures
Secondary protein structures occur when protein chains coil or foldWhen protein chains called
polypeptides join together, the tertiary structure forms because R groups interact with each otherIn the watery environment of a cell, proteins become globular in their quaternary structure
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Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Amino acid(a) Primary structure
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
(b) Secondary structure
Polypeptide(single subunit)
(c) Tertiary structure
(d) Quaternary structure
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Denaturing ProteinsChanges in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it
no longer worksCooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures
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Changing Amino Acid Sequence
Substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes
sickle-cell disease
(a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin
1 2 34 5
6 7. . . 146
(b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
2 314 5
6 7. . . 146
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Other Important Proteins
•Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin
•Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen
•The cell membrane also contains proteins
•Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells
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INSULIN
Cell membrane with proteins & phospholipids
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Summary of Key Concepts
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Macromolecules
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Macromolecules